Chapter V: Part II: Vol. IV

Kumhar (_Potter_) 3 Kunbi (_Cultivator_) 16 Kunjra (_Greengrocer_) 50 Kuramwar (_Shepherd_) 52 Kurmi (_Cultivator_) 55 Lakhera (_Worker in lac_) 104 Lodhi (_Landowner and cultivator_) 112 Lohar (_Blacksmith_) 120 Lorha (_Growers of_ san-_hemp_) 126 Mahar (_Weaver and labourer_) 129 Mahli (_Forest tribe_) 146 Majhwar (_Forest tribe_) 149 Mal (_Forest tribe_) 153 Mala (_Cotton-weaver and labourer_) 156 Mali (_Gardener and vegetable-grower_) 159 Mallah (_Boatman and fisherman_) 171 Mana (_Forest tribe, cultivator_) 172 Manbhao (_Religious mendicant_) 176 Mang (_Labourer and village musician_) 184 Mang-Garori (_Criminal caste_) 189 Manihar (_Pedlar_) 193 Mannewar (_Forest tribe_) 195 Maratha (_Soldier, cultivator and service_) 198 Mehtar (_Sweeper and scavenger_) 215 Meo (_Tribe_) 233 Mina or Deswali (_Non-Aryan tribe, cultivator_) 235 Mirasi (_Bard and genealogist_) 242 Mochi (_Shoemaker_) 244 Mowar (_Cultivator_) 250 Murha (_Digger and navvy_) 252 Nagasia (_Forest tribe_) 257 Nahal (_Forest tribe_) 259 Nai (Barber) 262 Naoda (_Boatman and fisherman_) 283 Nat (_Acrobat_) 286 Nunia (_Salt-refiner, digger and navvy_) 294 Ojha (_Augur and soothsayer_) 296 Oraon (_Forest tribe_) 299 Paik (_Soldier, cultivator_) 321 Panka (_Labourer and village watchman_) 324 Panwar Rajput (_Landowner and cultivator_) 330 Pardhan (_Minstrel and priest_) 352 Pardhi (_Hunter and fowler_) 359 Parja (_Forest tribe_) 371 Pasi (_Toddy-drawer and labourer_) 380 Patwa (_Maker of silk braid and thread_) 385 Pindari (_Freebooter_) 388 Prabhu (_Writer and clerk_) 399 Raghuvansi (_Cultivator_) 403 Rajjhar (_Agricultural labourer_) 405 Rajput (_Soldier and landowner_) 410

Rajput Clans

Baghel.
Bagri.
Bais.
Baksaria.
Banaphar.
Bhadauria.
Bisen.
Bundela.
Chandel.
Chauban.
Dhakar.
Gaharwar.
Gaur.
Haihaya.
Huna.
Kachhwaha.
Nagvansi.
Nikumbh.
Paik.
Parihar.
Rathor.
Sesodia.
Solankhi.
Somvansi.
Surajvansi.
Tomara.
Yadu.

Rajwar (_Forest tribe_) 470 Ramosi (_Village watchmen and labourers, formerly thieves_) 472 Rangrez (_Dyer_) 477 Rautia (_Forest tribe and cultivators, formerly soldiers_) 479 Sanaurhia (_Criminal thieving caste_) 483 Sansia (_Vagrant criminal tribe_) 488 Sansia (Uria) (_Mason and digger_) 496 Savar (_Forest tribe_) 500 Sonjhara (_Gold-washer_) 509 Sudh (_Cultivator_) 514 Sunar (_Goldsmith and silversmith_) 517 Sundi (_Liquor distiller_) 534 Tamera (_Coppersmith_) 536 Taonla (_Soldier and labourer_) 539 Teli (_Oilman_) 542 Thug (_Criminal community of murderers by strangulation_) 558 Turi (_Bamboo-worker_) 588 Velama (_Cultivator_) 593 Vidur (_Village accountant, clerk and writer_) 596 Waghya (_Religious mendicant_) 603 Yerukala (_Criminal thieving caste_) 606

Note.--The Gonds are the most important of the non-Aryan or primitive tribes, and their social customs are described in detail. The Baiga, Bhil, Kawar, Khond, Kol, Korku and Korwa are other important tribes. The two representative cultivating castes are the Kurmis and Kunbis, and the articles on them include detailed descriptions of Hindu social customs, and some information on villages, houses, dress, food and manner of life. Articles in which subjects of general interest are treated are Darzi (clothes), Sunar (ornaments), Kachera and Lakhera (bangles), Nai (hair), Kalar (veneration of alcoholic liquor), Bania (moneylending and interest), Kasai (worship and sacrifice of domestic animals), Joshi (the Hindu calendar and personal names), Bhat (suicide), Dahait (significance of the umbrella), and Kanjar (connection of Indian and European gipsies). The articles on Badhak, Sansia and Thug are compiled from Sir William Sleeman's reports on these communities of dacoits and murderers, whose suppression he achieved. For further information the Subject Index may be consulted.

MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS

Maps

Map of India _Frontispiece_
Map of the Central Provinces
Map of the Central Provinces, showing principal linguistic or
racial divisions 6

Illustrations

Volume I

1. Hindu temple of the god Siva 16
2. Hindu sculptures 26
3. Peasant's hut 40
4. Group of religious mendicants 56
5. Drawing water from the village well 72
6. Gayatri or sacred verse personified as a goddess 108
7. Image of the god Jagannath, a form of Vishnu 118
8. The god Rama, an incarnation of Vishnu, with attendant
deities 144
9. Hindu bathing party 158
10. Pilgrims carrying Ganges water 184
11. A meeting of the Arya Samaj for investing boys with the sacred
thread 202
12. Jain temples at Muktagiri, Betul 220
13. Jain ascetics with cloth before mouth and sweeping-brush
224
14. Jain gods in attitude of contemplation 228
15. Jain temple in Seoni 230
16. Kabir 232
17. Beggar on artificial horse at the Muharram festival 248
18. Carrying the horse-shoe at the Muharram festival 252
19. Tazia or tombs of Hussain at the Muharram festival 256
20. Famous Tazia at Khandwa 260
21. Representing a tiger at the Muharram festival 272
22. Temple of Siva at Bandakpur, near Damoh 302
23. Images of Siva and his consort Devi, or Parvati, with the
bull and tiger 304
24. Devotees, possessed, embracing each other, while supported
on tridents, at Siva's fair at Pachmarhi 306
25. Image of the prophet Swami Narayan in the Teli temple at
Burhanpur 326
26. Images of Rama, Lachman and Sita, with attendants 330
27. Image of Lakshmi, the Goddess of Wealth, the consort of Vishnu,
with attendant 332
28. Image of the boar incarnation of Vishnu 334
29. Bahrupia impersonating the goddess Kali 344
30. Dasari religious mendicant with discus and conch-shell of
Vishnu 406

Volume II

31. Aghori mendicant 14
32. Ahirs decorated with cowries for the Stick Dance at Diwali
18
33. Image of Krishna as Murlidhar or the flute-player, with
attendant deities 28
34. Ahir dancers in Diwali costume 32
35. Pinjara cleaning cotton 72
36. Baiga village, Balaghat District 88
37. Hindu mendicants with sect-marks 94
38. Anchorite sitting on iron nails 98
39. Pilgrims carrying water of the river Nerbudda 100
40. _Coloured Plate_: Examples of Tilaks or sect-marks worn on
the forehead 102
41. Group of Marwari Bania women 112
42. Image of the god Ganpati carried in procession 116
43. The elephant-headed god Ganpati. His conveyance is a rat,
which can be seen as a little blob between his feet 120
44. Mud images made and worshipped at the Holi festival 126
45. Bania's shop 128
46. Banjara women with the _singh_ or horn 184
47. Group of Banjara women 188
48. Basors making baskets of bamboo 210
49. Bhat with his _putla_ or doll 256
50. Group of Bhils 278
51. Tantia Bhil, a famous dacoit 282
52. Group of Bohras at Burhanpur (Nimar) 346
53. Brahman worshipping his household gods 380
54. Brahman bathing party 384
55. Brahman Pujaris or priests 390
56. Group of Maratha Brahman men 392
57. Group of Naramdeo Brahman women 396
58. Group of Naramdeo Brahman men 398
59. Chamars tanning and working in leather 416
60. Chamars cutting leather and making shoes 418
61. Chhipa or calico-printer at work 430
62. Dhimar or fisherman's hut 502
63. Fishermen in dug-outs or hollowed tree trunks 506
64. Group of Gurujwale Fakirs 538

Volume III

65. Gond women grinding corn 42
66. Palace of the Gond kings of Garha-Mandla at Ramnagar 46
67. Gonds on a journey 62
68. Killing of Rawan, the demon king of Ceylon, from whom the
Gonds are supposed to be descended 114
69. Woman about to be swung round the post called Meghnath 116
70. Climbing the pole for a bag of sugar 118
71. Gonds with their bamboo carts at market 122
72. Gond women, showing tattooing on backs of legs 126
73. Maria Gonds in dancing costume 136
74. Gondhali musicians and dancers 144
75. Gosain mendicant 150
76. Alakhwale Gosains with faces covered with ashes 152
77. Gosain mendicants with long hair 154
78. Famous Gosain Mahant. Photograph taken after death 156
79. Gujar village proprietress and her land agent 168
80. Guraos with figures made at the Holi festival called Gangour
176
81. Group of Gurao musicians with their instruments 180
82. Ploughing with cows and buffaloes in Chhattisgarh 182
83. Halwai or confectioner's shop 202
84. Jogi mendicants of the Kanphata sect 244
85. Jogi musicians with _sarangi_ or fiddle 250
86. Kaikaris making baskets 298
87. Kanjars making ropes 332
88. A group of Kasars or brass-workers 370
89. Dancing girls and musicians 374
90. Girl in full dress and ornaments 378
91. Old type of sugarcane mill 494
92. Group of Kol women 512
93. Group of Kolams 520
94. Korkus of the Melghat hills 550
95. Korku women in full dress 556
96. Koshti men dancing a figure, holding strings and beating
sticks 582

Volume IV

97. Potter at his wheel 4
98. Group of Kunbis 16
99. Figures of animals made for Pola festival 40
100. Hindu boys on stilts 42
101. Throwing stilts into the water at the Pola festival 46
102. Carrying out the dead 48
103. Pounding rice 60
104. Sowing 84
105. Threshing 86
106. Winnowing 88
107. Women grinding wheat and husking rice 90
108. Group of women in Hindustani dress 92
109. _Coloured Plate_: Examples of spangles worn by women on the
forehead 106
110. Weaving: sizing the warp 142
111. Winding thread 144
112. Bride and bridegroom with marriage crowns 166
113. Bullocks drawing water with _mot_ 170
114. Mang musicians with drums 186
115. Statue of Maratha leader, Bimbaji Bhonsla, in armour 200
116. Image of the god Vishnu as Vithoba 248
117. Coolie women with babies slung at the side 256
118. Hindu men showing the _choti_ or scalp-lock 272
119. Snake-charmer with cobras 292
120. Transplanting rice 340
121. Group of Pardhans 350
122. Little girls playing 400
123. Gujarati girls doing figures with strings and sticks 402
124. Ornaments 524
125. Teli's oil-press 544
126. The Goddess Kali 574
127. Waghya mendicants 604

PRONUNCIATION

_a_ has the sound of _u_ in _but_ or _murmur_.
_a_ has the sound of _a_ in _bath_ or _tar_.
_e_ has the sound of _é_ in _écarté_ or _ai_ in _maid_.
_i_ has the sound of _i_ in _bit_, or (as a final letter)
of _y_ in _sulky_
_i_ has the sound of _ee_ in _beet_.
_o_ has the sound of _o_ in _bore_ or _bowl_.
_u_ has the sound of _u_ in _put_ or _bull_.
_u_ has the sound of _oo_ in _poor_ or _boot_.

The plural of caste names and a few common Hindustani words is formed by adding _s_ in the English manner according to ordinary usage, though this is not, of course, the Hindustani plural.

Note.--The rupee contains 16 annas, and an anna is of the same value as a penny. A pice is a quarter of an anna, or a farthing. Rs. 1-8 signifies one rupee and eight annas. A lakh is a hundred thousand, and a krore ten million.