Chapter XXXVI: Appendix: E (4)

Spalding, Rufus P., counsel in the Oberlin-Wellington case, 282.

Speed, John, 65.

Speed, Sidney, incident of unsuccessful pursuit narrated by, 65, 66.

Spradley, Wash, a colored abductor of Louisville, Ky., 151.

Sprague, Judge, on legal force of a commissioner's certificate, 270.

Springfield, Mass., "League of Gileadites" in, 71-75.

Stanton, Henry B., 169, 170.

State sovereignty, doctrine of, in the Northern states, 326-330.

Stations, in New Hampshire, 132;
in Maine, 134;
initial, in Ohio, 135;
initial, in Iowa, 136;
number and distribution of, in portion of Morgan County, O., 137;
stations in Michigan, 138;
corresponding stations in Falley's and the author's maps, 138,
139;
initial, along the Ohio River, 139, 346;
limited activity of, in eastern and western extremities of the
free region, 141;
isolated, in New York, Pennsylvania, Indiana and Illinois, 142;
terminal, 145-148;
cause of formation of initial, 295;
Harriet B. Stowe's house one of the, 321.

Station-keepers of the U. G. R. R., significance of the name, 67;
character of work of, 69;
explanation of division of labor between special agents and, 70,
71;
expense to, 76-78. _See_ also Agents and Conductors.

Steele, Capt., master of a lake boat carrying fugitives, 82.

Steele, William, letter of, on escape of slave family, 51, 52.

Stephens, Alexander H., abduction of slave of, 176.

Stephens, Charles,
in Brown's raid, 163-165;
arranges for trip east of Brown and party, 164, 165.

Stevens, Thaddeus, operator, 106; in the Christiana case, 282.

Stevenson, Henry, on slaves' desire for freedom, 196.

Stewart, family of, fugitive settlers near Detroit, 236.

Stewart, John H., colored operator, 89.

Stewart, Peter, reputed President of the U. G. R. R., 69.

Still, Peter, a fugitive from Alabama, 160.

Still, William,
author of _Underground Railroad Records_, 2, 3, 5, 8, 75;
chairman of Vigilance Committee of Philadelphia, 8, 232;
on instances of fugitives shipped as freight, 60;
on stowaways from the South, 145;
on value of Canadian refugees as citizens, 234 _n._;
coöperation of, with station at Elmira, 253.

Stone, Col. John,
secret signal used by, 56;
facsimile of message sent by, 57.

Story, Justice,
on the Fugitive Slave Law, 245;
on power of Congress to legislate on subject of fugitive slaves,
261.

Stout, Dr. Joseph, indicted for helping fugitive, 284.

Stow, L. S., on transportation of fugitives across Lake Erie, 146.

Stowe, Harriet Beecher,
correctness of her representation in _Uncle Tom's Cabin_, 25,
322;
material for _Uncle Tom's Cabin_ gathered by, while living at
Cincinnati, O., 105, 321;
connection of, with the U. G. R. R., 105;
influence of the slave controversy upon, 290;
champion of fugitive slaves, 323.

Stowe, Prof. Calvin, model for a character in _Uncle Tom's Cabin_,
322.

Stowell, Martin, one of leaders in attempted rescue of Burns, 332.

Sturgeon, of Pennsylvania, supports the Fugitive Slave Law, 314.

Subterranean Pass Way of John Brown, 339, 357.

Sumner, Charles,
efforts of, in behalf of Capt. Drayton, 173;
on number of fugitives fleeing from Northern states after
enactment of law of 1850, 249;
efforts of, in Senate to secure repeal of Fugitive Slave
Law, 324;
champion in Senate of the fugitive slave and his friends, 325;
reads a letter in the Senate on employment of Northern troops as
slave-catchers, 355.

Supplies,
for U. G. R. R. passengers, 76-78;
furnished by Fred. Douglass, 78 _n._;
for Canadian refugees, 202, 214;
gathered for fugitives in Lawrence, Kan., 348, 349.

Syracuse,
Vigilance Committee of, 71, 72;
rescue of Jerry McHenry in, 72, 86, 318, 326;
passes distributed to runaways in, 80;
underground work of Rev. S. J. May in, 109;
fugitives sent by train to, 124;
indignation meeting at, held after passage of law of 1850, 244;
public action against Fugitive Slave Law in, 320;
congratulatory message on Glover rescue from convention in, 328,
329.

Tabor College, U. G. R. R. work of, 98.

Tamar, slave recovered by Fairbank, 159.

Taney, Judge, prosecution of Thomas Garrett before, 110.

Tappan, Lewis, supporter of Dr. A. M. Ross, 180.

Tennessee,
abducting trip of Dr. A. M. Ross into, 28;
John Rankin, a native of, 109;
fugitives from, 109;
underground route through eastern, 119;
involved in Brown's plan of liberation, 167;
Dillingham's attempted abduction of slaves from, 174, 175;
Canadian refugees from, 195;
fables about Canada circulated in, 198.

Terminal stations of U. G. R. R., 70, 76, 82, 83, 123, 126-128,
131, 133, 136, 138, 139, 145-149;
in Canada, 148, 149.

Terminology of U. G. R. R., 67, 124.

Territories, slavery prohibited in the, 287.

Texas,
question of annexation before Congress, 310;
escape of slaves from western, 348.

Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, 356.

Thomas, Dr. Nathan M., operator, 88.

Thompson, George, a party in the case of Burr, Work and, 155,156.

Thurston, Brown, operator, 37, 133.

Ticknor, George, on political effect of _Uncle Tom's Cabin_, 323.

Todd, Rev. John,
author of reminiscences of "The Early Settlement and Growth of
Western Iowa," 7;
quoted, 43.

Todds, the, station-keepers, 15.

Toledo, O.,
boat service for runaways from, 83;
U. G. R. R. helpers in, 92.

Tompkins, case of Johnson _vs._, 259, 273, 274.

Toombs, Robert, 173;
abduction of slaves of, 176.

Toronto, Canada,
mission work of Rev. W. M. Mitchell in, 3;
goods received for Canadian refugees at, 202, 203;
number of refugee settlers in, 220, 221;
condition of fugitive settlers in, 226;
Drew on condition of colored people in, 227;
equal school privileges for whites and blacks in, 229;
evening school for adult negroes in, 230.

Torrence, James W., method of, in conveying fugitives, 61.

Torrey, Rev. Charles T.,
abductor, 28, 168, 169;
number of slaves abducted from Maryland by, 88;
succeeded by Mr. Chaplin as editor of the Albany _Patriot_, 175.

Townsend, Martin I., on routes in New York, 126.

Townshend, Prof. Norton S., operator in Cincinnati, 104.

Treason,
charged in Christiana case, 319;
charged by Webster against transgressors of the law of 1850, 320.

_Treatise on Slavery, in which is shown forth the evil of
Slaveholding, both from the Light of Nature and Divine
Revelation_, immediate abolition advocated in, (1824,)
304-306.

_Tribune_, of New Lexington, O., on U. G. R. R., 6.

Troy, N.Y., rescue of fugitive Chas. Nalle in, 85.

"True Bands," societies for self-improvement among Canadian
refugees, 230, 231.

Trueblood, E. Hicks, author of articles on U. G. R. R. in
_Republican Leader_, 6.

Tubman, Harriet,
mentioned, 6, 28, 178, 183;
line of travel of, in Delaware, 118;
character of, 185;
work as an abductor, 186, 187;
faith of, 188;
most venturesome journey of, 188, 189;
service of, as scout in the Civil War, 189;
passenger on U. G. R. R., 340.

Turner, Rev. Asa, on U. G. R. R. lines in Iowa and Illinois, 114.

_Uncle Tom's Cabin_,
correctness of representations in, 25, 322;
sources of the knowledge of underground methods displayed in,
105, 321;
political significance of, 321-324;
Sumner on reception given to, 325;
object of, 357.

Underground Railroad,
as a subject for research, 1, 2;
works on, 2, 3;
articles on, 5-7;
lack of contemporaneous documents relating to, 7;
conditions of development of, 17, 18;
numerous lines of, in Northern states, 22;
early stations of, on Western Reserve, extended into Southern
states, 28;
effect of local conditions on growth of, 30;
church connections of operators of, 32, 93-99;
origin of, 33, 34, 191, 192;
development of, 35-43,
in New Jersey, 34,
in New York, 34, 35,
in New England, 36,
in Ohio, 37-40,
in North Carolina, 40,
in Indiana, 40, 41,
in Illinois, 41, 42,
in Iowa, 42, 98,
in Kansas, 43;
activity of (1830-1840), 44, 308;
activity of (1850-1860), 44, 71, 316, 317, 357;
naming of, 44-46;
midnight service on, 54-56;
communications in work of, 56-59;
methods of conveyance on, 59-61;
nature of routes of, 61, 62, 70, 130, 141-146;
variety of stations on, 62-64;
use of disguises in work of, 64-67;
lack of formal organization in, terminology of, 67;
spontaneous character of, 69;
places of deportation, 70, 145-147;
terminal stations of, 70, 145-148;
routes by rail, 78-81, 142-145;
connection of Fred. Douglass with, 80, 91, 118, 251, 340;
river routes, 81, 82, 142;
traffic by water, 81-83, 142, 144-148, 219;
routes by sea, 81, 129, 144, 145, 219;
church connections of operators of, 94-97;
notable operators of, 104-112, 155-189, 251-253;
rise of, in Connecticut, 109;
study of general map of, 113 _et seq._;
extent of system, 114;
broken lines and isolated place-names, 115, 116, 123, 141, 142;
lines of New York and New England states, of
Wisconsin and Michigan, 116;
organized in North Carolina, 117;
Southern branches, 117-119;
signals used on Delaware River, 125;
relative number of routes in Western states, 134;
local map of Morgan Co., O., 136, 137;
map of Indiana and Michigan routes of, 137-139;
map of line of, in Livingston and La Salle counties, Ill., 139;
trend of routes of, 139-141;
lines of lake travel, 147, 148;
Canadian termini of, 148, 149, 200, 219, 220, 225;
operations of, through Clinton, O., in year 1842, 153;
route followed by Brown from Missouri to Canada, 163-166;
Brown's proposed use of, 166;
route through Morgan Co., O., 178, 179;
through Pennsylvania to Erie, 181;
made use of by abductor A. M. Ross, 181;
"general superintendent" of, in northwestern Ohio, 183;
Canada, the refuge of passengers of, 190;
Dr. S. G. Howe, on the origin of, 192;
development of, during decade 1828-1838, 193;
increased efficiency of, due to law of 1850, 193, 338;
ease of escape over, in later years of, 213;
lines through New England to Quebec, 219;
capacity of, for transportation of fugitives, 222;
agents of, appealed to, for abduction of friends, 231;
agents of, among fugitive settlers in Northern states, 251-253;
explanation of secrecy of, 255;
escapes from Indian Territory over, 284;
political aspect of, 290;
explanation of development of initial stations of, 295;
early branches in Pennsylvania, 298;
influence in spreading anti-slavery sentiment, 302;
organization of, in Philadelphia, 309;
grievance of border states due to, 312, 341, 342;
most flourishing period of, 316;
Harriet Beecher Stowe's house a station on, 321;
rapid expansion of, during period 1840-1860, 337;
the work of, a real relief to masters, 340;
Osborn's record of fugitives aided during five months, 344, 345;
computation of fugitives aided in Ohio and Philadelphia during
1830-1860, 346, 347;
work of Lawrence station, in Kansas, described, 347-350;
work of, compared with that of Colonization Society, 350, 351;
organized societies of, said to be maintained by the Republican
party, 351;
relation of, to the Civil War, 357, 358.

_Underground Railroad_, the Rev. W. M. Mitchell, author of, 2, 3.

_Underground Railroad in Chester and the Neighboring Counties of
Pennsylvania_, the, R. C. Smedley, author of, 2, 4.

_Underground Railroad Records_, by Wm. Still, 2, 3, 4;
work of the Philadelphia Vigilance Committee revealed in, 75, 76;
story of the abducting trip of Seth Concklin as given by, 160-162.

Unitarian Church, Rev. Theodore Parker a minister of, 8;
underground work of Meadville Seminary of, 98;
Rev. Samuel J. May, a clergyman of, 109.

United States, census reports of, on fugitive slaves, 26, 342;
escape of fugitives from Canada to, 190;
school-teachers for Canadian refugees supported by religious
societies of, 215;
relative progress of Canadian negroes and free negroes in, 227;
ministers of Canadian refugees canvass for money in, 231;
fugitive slave cases before courts of, 257, 259-264, 269, 270,
272-282, 286;
necessity of a uniform system of regulation regarding fugitive
slaves throughout, 261;
treason against, charged in Christiana case, 280;
participation by President of, in Christiana case, 280, 281;
fugitive slave clause embodied in Constitution of, 293;
negotiations of, with England for extradition of fugitives, 299,
300;
Senator Yulee on danger to the perpetuity of, 314;
effect of Gerrit Smith's speech in the Anderson case in, 353;
extinction of slavery in, 356.

United States Freedman's Inquiry Commission, Dr. S. G. Howe's
report for, on Canadian refugees, 211.

Universalist Church, result of appeal to societies of, in
Massachusetts, 99.

Van Dorn, Mr., operator, 88.

Van Zandt, case of Jones vs., 262, 278, 282;
S. P. Chase and W. H. Seward in case of, 282;
original of Van Tromp in _Uncle Tom's Cabin_, 322.

Vaughan _vs._ Williams, case of, 262.

Vermont,
emancipation in, 17;
rise of U. G. R. R. in, 36;
steam railroad transportation for fugitives through, 81;
public men, operators in, 106, 107;
routes of, 126, 130;
terminal stations in, 145;
personal liberty law of, 245, 246, 309;
emancipation by, 293;
amendment of personal liberty law by, 354.

Vermont Central Railroad, 80, 130, 143, 145.

Vigilance Committee,
of Philadelphia, 3, 4, 8;
of Boston, 8;
explanation of the origin of such bodies given by Theodore Parker,
71;
organization and work of Syracuse, 71, 72;
account of Boston, 72, 73;
account of the formation and rules of the Springfield (Mass.)
"League of Gileadites," 73-75;
of Philadelphia, 75, 76;
Female Anti-Slavery Association organizes a, 77;
fugitives forwarded to New York City, by Philadelphia, 80;
agents of, in Baltimore, 91, 117;
appeal to churches of Massachusetts, by Boston, 98, 99;
Theodore Parker appointed counsellor of fugitives in Massachusetts
by, 110;
fugitives sent by sea to Philadelphia, 145;
of Cincinnati, consulted by Mrs. Haviland, 171;
entreaties for aid to chairman of Philadelphia, 232;
Philadelphia committee in Christiana case, 280;
rescue of Jerry McHenry by Syracuse, 320;
work of, in Milwaukee in Glover case, 328;
work of Boston, in Burns case, 331;
Purvis' record of fugitives aided by Philadelphia, 346, 347.

Vincent, James, counsel in fugitive slave case, 284.

Virginia,
proposition to enslave free negroes in, 26;
knowledge of Canada among slaves in, 26, 28, 29, 37;
abducting trip of Dr. A. M. Ross into, 28;
fugitives shipped in a box from, 61;
fugitives escaping by vessel from, 81;
runaways from, 85, 109, 252, 253, 258;
reward offered to Indians in, for apprehending fugitives, 92;
anti-slavery sentiment in Quaker meetings of, 93;
agent in Petersburg, 118;
natural route from Norfolk, 118;
slaves escaping from, 144, 145;
visitation of, by abductor, 151;
abductor John Fairfield, of, 153;
involved in Brown's plan of liberation, 167;
Torrey's abduction of slaves from, 169;
abductions by Rial Cheadle from, 179;
knowledge of Canada spread by slaves from, 182;
Rev. George Bourne, a resident of, 203;
effect of slave-breeding in, 228;
Mason of, on difficulty of recapturing fugitives, 243;
prohibition of aid to fugitives in colonial, 291;
Madison, on slave clause in the Constitution before state
convention of, 294;
desirous for extradition of fugitives from Canada, 299;
Mason of, author of Slave Law of 1850, 311;
Burns carried back to, 333;
Richmond _Enquirer_ on rendition of Burns, 333;
Brown's method to weaken slavery in, 339;
servile insurrection in, 340;
Moore on loss borne by slave-owners of his district in, 341;
Mason on loss sustained by slave-owners of, 341;
decline in slave population of panhandle counties of, 343;
fugitives from, recorded by Osborn, 345;
reasons for loyalty of western, 354, 355.

Virginia and Kentucky resolutions,
quoted by Wisconsin convention, 328, 329;
quoted by mass convention at Cleveland, O., 336.

Von Hoist, on the U. G. R. R., 1.

Wabash and Erie Canal, thoroughfare for fugitives, 142.

Walker, Capt. Jonathan, work of, as an abductor, 168, 170, 171.

Walker, Edward, on the slave's desire for freedom, 196.

Walker, James, rescue of Piatt slaves by, 282, 283.

Walker, Joseph G., disguise provided for fugitive by, 67.

Wambaugh, Prof. Eugene, on the dilemma involved in the Fugitive
Slave laws, 256 _n._

War of 1812, knowledge of Canada spread by, 27, 28, 301.

War of Rebellion,
Still's U. G. R. R. records concealed during, 8;
underground work terminated by, 11;
services of Harriet Tubman during, 186, 189;
assaults on slavery justified by exigencies of, 286, 287;
underground operations as a cause of, 290, 351, 352, 358;
chances for escape of slaves multiplied during, 355;
resort of slaves to Union forces at the outbreak of, 357.

Ware, J. R., station-keeper, 69, 70.

Washington, D.C., route from, 117, 125;
abduction of slaves from, by Capt. Drayton, 172, 173;
abduction of slaves from, by Wm. L. Chaplin, 175, 176;
occurrence of last fugitive slave case under law of 1850 in, 285.

Washington, George, letters of, (1786,) relating to fugitives, 33,
68;
Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 signed by, 254;
escaped slave of, 295, 324, 325.

Washington, Horace, 27.

Washington, Judge, in the case of Hill _vs._ Low, 273.

Washington, Lewis, agent, 253.

Weakley, case of Oliver vs., 276.

Webster, Daniel, supports Fugitive Slave Bill, 314, 315;
on the necessity of the enforcement of Fugitive Slave Law of 1850,
320.

Webster, Miss Delia A., assistant of Fairbank in abduction of Hayden
and family, 158, 159.

Weed, Thurlow, underground work of, 108.

Weeks, Dr. Stephen B., on underground work of the Coffins in North
Carolina, 117.

Weiblen, John G., conveys fugitives by boat to Canada, 83.

Weimer, L. F., suit of, against Sloane, 276, 277.

Weldon, John, method of, in transporting fugitives, 61.

Wesley, John and Charles, views of, on slavery question, 94.

Wesleyan Methodists, friends of fugitives, 32;
secession of, from M. E. Church, 94;
operators among, 95, 168.

West, David, on the slave's desire for freedom, 196.

West, Hon. John, operator, 107.

West, Wm. H., counsel for Piatt slaves, 282, 283.

Western Reserve, early escapes across, 28, 301;
anti-slavery sentiment in, 31,
fugitive passengers from, 35;
routes across, 123.

Western Reserve College, anti-slavery influence of, 115.

Western Reserve Historical Society publishes pamphlet on
"U. G. R. R.," by Prof. J. H. Fairchild, 5.

Western states, routes of, 134-144.

West Indian Emancipation, celebration of, by Canadian refugees,
226, 227.

Weston, G. W., message of, 58.

Westwater, James M., hiding-place provided by, 63.

Wheaton, Chas. A., a leader in the Jerry rescue, 326.

Whig party, character of, 100;
vote of, on the Fugitive Slave Law, 315;
considers Compromise of 1850 a finality, 320;
disinclination to vote for Gen. Winfield Scott, 321.

Whipper, Alfred, school-teacher among the refugees, 215.

Whipple. _See_ Chas. Stephens.

White, Addison, attempted seizure of, 241;
escape of, to Canada, 234.

White, Hon. Andrew D., letter of, on underground work of his father,
80.

White, Horace, railroad passes supplied to fugitives by, 80.

White, Isaac, 29.

White, John, slave befriended by Mrs. Haviland, 171, 172.

White, Joseph, operator, 97.

Whitfield, views on the slavery question, 94.

Whitman, of Massachusetts, on the bill securing to claimant of
runaway right to prove title in courts of his own state,
etc., 297.

Whitneys, of Concord, Mass., friends of Harriet Tubman, 186.

Whittier, John G., supporter of Liberty party, 100;
on work of Rev. Charles T. Torrey, 170;
stanza of "The Branded Hand," by, quoted, 171.

Wilberforce Colony in Canada, visited by Levi Coffin, 200, 220;
origin of, 218;
Dr. J. W. Moore on progress of fugitives in, 226, 227.

Willes, Rev. Dr., on refugee population in Canada, 222.

Willey, Rev. Austin, on escape of fugitives to New Brunswick, 219.

Williams, George W., the negro historian on U. G. R. R., 340.

Williams, case of Vaughan _vs._, 262.

Williams, John F., agent, 41.

Williams, Thomas, map of lines in Morgan County, O., by, 136.

Williams, W. B., on route from Washington, D.C., 117.

Wilmington, Del., underground work of Thomas Garrett in, 110, 111;
station for Harriet Tubman, 118;
movement of fugitives to, 121.

Wilmington, N.C., escape of slaves from, 81, 144, 145.

Wilson, Henry, on U. G. R. R., 1, 37, 114;
on abductions by Rev. Charles T. Torrey, 169;
on number of fugitive settlers in Northern states, 237.

Wilson, John W., counsel in fugitive slave cases, 283.

Wilson, Rev. Hiram, receiving agent in Canada, 126;
mission kept by, 194;
schools supervised by, 199, 200;
arranges with Canadian government for admission of supplies, 202;
founder of school for refugees, 205;
service of, in British and American Institute for refugees, 206,
207, 220;
on number of Canadian refugees, 221.

Windsor, Ontario, visited by Fairfield, the abductor, 153, 154;
arrival of Brown and his abducted slaves in, 165;
private schools for negroes in, 229.

Winslow, Nathan, operator, 133.

Wisconsin, organized as free state, 17, 18;
places of deportation in, 82, 116, 147;
personal liberty law of, 246;
Howe of, on law of 1850, 286;
Glover rescue in, 327-330;
determination of people of, shown in Booth case, 330.

Women's Anti-Slavery societies, supplies for passengers provided by,
77.

Woodford, Newton, indicted for helping fugitives, 284.

Woolman, John, precepts of, 49.

Work, Alanson, a party in the case of Burr, Work and Thompson, 155,
156.

Worthington, O., early rescue of a fugitive in, 38, 84.

Wright _vs._ Deacon, case of, 256, 257.

Wright, Judge Jabez, early operator, 39.

Wright, Peter, on the work of Canadian refugees, 205.

Wright, William and Phœbe, station-keepers, 118 _n._

Yokum, William, watchwords used by, 57.

Young, Rev. Joshua, operator. 130.

Yulee, of Florida, informs Senate of convention of runaway slaves in
New York, 313.

Zigzag routes, 62, 131, 141.