Chapter X

Wintering becomes necessary--The position of the _Vega_--The ice round the vessel--American ship in the neighbourhood of the _Vega_ when frozen in--The nature of the neighbouring country--The _Vega_ is prepared for wintering--Provision-depot and observatories established on land--The winter dress--Temperature on board--Health and dietary--Cold, wind, and snow--The Chukches on board--Menka's visit--Letters sent home--Nordquist and Hovgaard's excursion to Menka's encampment--Another visit of Menka--The fate of the letters--Nordquist's journey to Pidlin--_Find_ of a Chukch grave--Hunting--Scientific work--Life on board--Christmas Eve.

PORTRAITS.

Engraved on Steel by G.J. Stodart of London.

King Oscar II

Oscar Dickson

Alexander Sibiriakoff

LITHOGRAPHED MAPS.

1. Map of North Europe, from Nicholas Donis's edition of Ptolemy's
_Cosmographia_, Ulm, 1482

2. Map of the North, from Jakob Ziegler's _Schondia_, Strassburg, 1532

3. Map of North. Europe from _Olai Magni Historia de gentium
septentrionalium variis conditionibus_, Basil, 1567

4. Map of Port Dickson, by G. Bove. Map of Cape Bolvan on Vaygats
Island, by the author. The _Lena's_ cruise in Malygin Sound, by
A. Hovgaard. Map of Cape Chelyuskin, by G. Bove

5. Map showing Barents' Third Voyage, from _J.L. Pontani Rerum et urbis
Amstelodamensium historia_, Amst., 1611

6. Russian Map of the North Polar Sea from the beginning of the 17th
century, published in Holland in 1612 by Isaac Massa

7. Sketch-Map of Taimur Sound; Map of Actinia Bay, both by G. Bove

8. Map of the River System of Siberia

LIST OF WOOD-CUTS IN VOL I.

_The wood-cuts, when not otherwise stated below, were engraved at Herr Wilhelm Meyer's Xylographic Institute in Stockholm._

1. The _Vega_ under sail, drawn by Captain J. Hagg

2. The _Vega_--Longitudinal section, drawn by Lieut. C.A.M. Hjulhammar

3. ,, ,, Plan of arrangement under deck, drawn by ditto

4. ,, ,, Plan of upper deck, drawn by ditto

5. The _Lena_--Longitudinal section, drawn by Marine-engineer J. Pihlgren

6. ,, ,, Plan of arrangement under deck, drawn by ditto

7. ,, ,, Plan of upper deck, drawn by ditto

8. Flag of the Swedish Yacht Club, drawn by V. Andren

9. Tromsoe, drawn by R. Haglund

10. Old World Polar dress, drawn by O. Soerling

11. New World Polar Dress, drawn by Docent A. Kornrup, Copenhagen

12. Limit of Trees in Norway, drawn by R. Haglund, engraved by J. Engberg

13. Limit of Trees in Siberia, drawn by ditto

14. The Cloudberry (_Rubus Chamaemorus_, L.),
drawn by Mrs. Professor A. Anderssen

15. Norse Ship of the Tenth Century, drawn by Harald Schoeyen, Christiania

16. Sebastian Cabot, engraved by Miss Ida Falander

17. Sir Hugh Willoughby, engraved by J.D. Cooper, London

18. Vardoe in 1594

19. Vardoe in our days, drawn by R. Haglund

20. Coast Landscape from Matotschkin Schar, drawn by R. Haglund

21. Church of Chabarova, drawn by V. Andren

22. Samoyed Woman's Hood, drawn by O. Soerling

23. Samoyed Sleigh, drawn by R. Haglund

24. Lapp Akja, drawn by ditto; engraved by J. Engberg

25. Samoyed Sleigh and Idols

26. Samoyed Idols, drawn by O. Soerling

27. Samoyed Hair Ornaments, drawn by ditto

28. Samoyed Woman's Dress, drawn by R. Haglund

29. Samoyed Belt with Knife, drawn by O. Soerling

30. Sacrificial Eminence on Vaygat's Island, drawn by R. Haglund;
engraved by J. Engberg

31. Idols from the Sacrificial Cairn, drawn by O. Soerling

32. Sacrificial Cavity on Vaygat's Island, drawn by V. Andren

33. Samoyed Grave on Vaygat's Island, drawn by R. Haglund; engraved
by O. Dahlbaeck

34. Samoyed Archers

35. Samoyeds from Schleissing's _Neu-entdektes Sieweria_

36. Breeding-place for Little Auks, drawn by H. Haglund

37. The Little Auk, or Rotge (_Mergulus Alle_, L.), drawn by M. Westergren

38. The Loom, or Bruennich's Guillemot (_Uria Bruennichii_, Sabine), drawn
by ditto

39. The Arctic Puffin (_Mormon Arcticus_, L.), drawn by ditto

40. The Black Guillemot (_Uria Grylle_, L.), drawn by ditto

41. Breeding-place for Glaucous Gulls, drawn by R. Haglund

42. The Kittiwake (_Larus tridactylus_, L.), and the Ivory Gull
(_Laruse burneus_, L.), drawn by M. Westergren

43. Rare Northern Gulls--Sabine's Gull (_Larus Sabinii_, Sabine)--Ross's
Gull (_Larus Rossii_, Richards), drawn by ditto

44. The Common Skua (_Lestris parasitica_, L.)--Buffon's Skua
(_Lestris Buffonii_, Boie)--the Pomarine Skua (_Lestris pomarina_,
Tem.) drawn by ditto

45. Heads of the Eider, King Buck, Barnacle Goose,
and White-fronted Goose, drawn by ditto

46. Bewick's Swan (_Cygnus Bewickii_, Yarr.), drawn by M. Westergren

47. Breastbone of _Cygnus Bewickii_, showing the peculiar position of the
windpipe, drawn by ditto

48. Ptarmigan Fell, drawn by R. Haglund

49. The Snowy Owl (_Strix nyctea_, L.), drawn by M. Westergren

50. Reindeer Pasture, drawn by R. Haglund

51. Polar Bears, drawn by G. Muetzell, engraved by K. Jahrmargt,
both of Berlin

52. Ditto

53. Walruses, drawn by M. Westergren

54. Walrus Tusks, drawn by ditto

55. Hunting Implements, drawn by O. Soerling

56. Walrus Hunting, after Olaus Magnus

57. Walruses (female with young)

58. Japanese Drawing of the Walrus

59. Young of the Greenland Seal, drawn by M. Westergren

60. The Bearded Seal (_Phoca barbata_, Fabr.), drawn by ditto

61. The Rough Seal (_Phoca hispida_, Erxl.), drawn by ditto

62. The White Whale (_Delphinapterus leucas_, Pallas), drawn by ditto

63. Section of Inland-Ice

64. View from the Inland-ice of Greenland, drawn by H. Haglund

65. Greenland Ice-fjord, drawn by ditto

66. Slowly advancing Glacier, drawn by ditto

67. Glacier with Stationary Front, drawn by O. Soerling

68. Umbellula from the Kara Sea, drawn by M. Westergren

69. _Elpidia Glacialis_ (Theel.), from the Kara Sea, drawn by ditto

70. Manganiferous Iron-ore Formations from the Kara Sea,
drawn by O. Soerling

71. Section from the South Coast of Matotschkin Sound,
drawn by the geologist, E. Erdman

72. Map of the Mouth of the Yenisej (zincograph)

73. Ruins of a Simovie at Krestovskoj, drawn by O. Soerling

74. _Sieversia Glacialis_, R. Br., from Port Dickson,
drawn by Mrs. Prof. Anderssen

75. Evertebrates from Port Dickson, _Yoldia artica_, Gray,
and _Diastylis Rathkei_, Kr., drawn by M. Westergren

76. Place of Sacrifice on Yalmal, drawn by R. Haglund

77. "Jordgammor" on the Briochov Islands, drawn by ditto

78. Russian "Lodja"

79. Dutch Skipper

80. Capture of a Polar Bear

81. Jan Huyghen van Linschoten

82. Kilduin, in Russian Lapland, in 1594

83. Map of Fietum Nassovicum or Yugor Schar

84. Unsuccessful Fight with a Polar Bear

85. Barents' and Rijp's Vessels

86. Barents' House, outside

87. Ditto inside

88. Jacob van Heemskerk

89. De la Martiniere's Map

90. Ammonite with Gold Lustre (_Ammonites alternans_, v. Buch)
drawn by M. Westergren

91. View from Matotschkin Schar, drawn by R. Haglund

92. Friedrich Benjamin von Luetke, drawn and engraved by Miss Ida
Falander

93. August Karlovitz Zivolka, drawn and engraved by ditto

94. Paul von Krusenstern, Junior, drawn and engraved by ditto

95. Michael Konstantinovitsch Sidoroff, drawn and engraved by ditto

96. Norwegian Hunting Sloop, drawn by Captain J. Hagg

97. Elling Carlson, engraved by J.D. Cooper, of London

98. Edward Hohn Johannesen, engraved by ditto

99. Sivert Kristian Tobiesen, engraved by ditto

100. Tobiesen's Winter House on Bear Island, drawn by R. Haglund

101. Joseph Wiggins, drawn by R. Haglund

102. David Ivanovitsch Schwanenberg, drawn and engraved by Miss Ida
Falander

103. Gustaf Adolf Nummelin, drawn and engraved by ditto

104. The Sloop _Utrennaja Saria_, drawn by Captain J. Hagg

105. The _Vega_, and _Lena_ anchored to an Ice-floe, drawn by R. Haglund

106. Hairstar from the Taimur Coast (_Antedon Eschrictii_, J. Mueller)
drawn by M. Westergren

107. Form of the Crystals found on the ice off the Taimur Coast

108. Section of the upper part of the Snow on a Drift-ice Field in
80 deg. N.L.

109. Grass from Actinia Bay (_Pleuropogon Sabini_, R. Br.),
drawn by Mrs. Professor Andersson

110. The _Vega_ and _Lena_ saluting Cape Chelyuskin, drawn by R. Haglund

111. View at Cape Chelyuskin during the stay of the Expedition,
drawn by ditto

112. _Draba Alpina_, L., from Cape Chelyuskin, drawn by M. Westergren

113. The Beetle living farthest to the North
(_Micralymma Dicksoni_, Mackl.) drawn by ditto

114. Ophiuroid from the Sea north of Cape Chelyuskin
(_Ophiacantha bidentata_ Retz.), drawn by ditto

115. Sea Spider (_pycnogonid_) from the Sea east of Cape Chelyuskin,
drawn by ditto

116. Preobraschenie Island, drawn by R. Haglund

117. The steamer _Fraser_, drawn by ditto

118. The Steamer _Lena_, drawn by ditto

119. Hans Christian Johannesen, engraved by J.D. Cooper, London

120. Yakutsk in the Seventeenth Century

121. Yakutsk in our days, drawn by R. Haglund

122. River View from the Yenisej, drawn by ditto

123. Sub-fossil Marine Crustacea from the _tundra_,
drawn by M. Westergren

124. Siberian River Boat, drawn by R. Haglund

125. Ostyak Tent, drawn by ditto

126. Towing with Dogs on the Yenisej, drawn by Professor R.D. Holm

127. Fishing-boats on the Ob, drawn R. Haglund

128. Graves in the Primeval Forest of Siberia, drawn by ditto

129. Chukch Village on a Siberian River, drawn by ditto

130. Mammoth Skeleton in the Imperial Museum of the Academy of Sciences
in St. Petersburg, drawn by M. Westergren

131. Restored Form of the Mammoth

132. Siberian Rhinoceros Horn, drawn by M. Westergren and V. Andren

133. Stolbovoj Island, drawn by R. Haglund

134. _Idothea Entomon_, Lin., drawn by M. Westergren

135. _Idothea Sabinei_, Kroeyer, drawn by ditto

136. Ljachoff's Island, drawn by E. Haglund

137. Beaker Sponges from the Sea off the mouth of the Kolyma,
drawn by M. Westergren

138. Lighthouse Island, drawn by R. Haglund

139. Chukch Boats, drawn by O. Soerling

140. A Chukch in Seal-gut Great-coat, drawn and engraved by
Miss Ida Falander

141. Chukch Tent, drawn by R. Haglund

142. Section of a Chukch Grave, drawn by O. Soerling

143. Irkaipij, drawn by R. Haglund

144. Ruins of an Onkilon House, drawn by O. Soerling

145. Implements found in the Ruins of an Onkilon House, drawn by ditto

146. Alga from Irkaipij (_Laminaria Solidungula_, J.G. Ag.),
drawn by M. Westergren

147. Cormorant from Irkaipij (_Graculus bierustatus_, Pallas),
drawn by ditto

148. Pieces of Ice from the Coast of the Chukch Peninsula,
drawn by O. Soerling

149. Toross from the neighbourhood of the _Vega's_ Winter Quarters,
drawn by R. Haglund

150. The _Vega_ in Winter Quarters, drawn by ditto

151. The Winter Dress of the _Vega_ men, drawn by Jungstedt

152. Cod from Pitlekaj (_Gadus navaga_, Kolreuter), drawn by M. Westergren

153. Kautljkau, a Chukch Girl from Irgunnuk, drawn and engraved
by Miss Ida Falander

154. Chukches Angling, drawn by O. Soerling

155. Ice-Sieve, drawn by ditto

156. Smelt from the Chukch Peninsula (_Osmerus eperlanus_, Lin.),
drawn by M. Westergren

157. Wassili Menka, drawn by O. Soerling, engraved by Miss Ida Falander

158. Chukch Dog-Sleigh, drawn by ditto

159. Chukch Bone-carvings, drawn by O. Soerling

160. Hares from Chukch Land, drawn by M. Westergren

161. The Observatory at Pitlekaj, drawn by R. Haglund

162. An Evening in the Gun-room of the _Vega_ during the Wintering,
drawn by ditto, engraved by R. Lindgren

163. Refraction Halo, drawn by ditto

164. Reflection Halo, drawn by ditto

165. Section of the Beach Strata at Pitlekaj

166. Christmas Eve on the _Vega_, drawn by V. Andren

ERRATA [ Transcriber's note: these have been applied to the text ]

Page 44, under Wood-cut _for_ "chammmorus" _read_ "chamaemorus."

Page 58, lines 21, 24, end 28 _for_ "pearls" _read_ "beads."

Page 140, line 13 from top, _for_ "swallow" _read_ "roll away."

Page 184, last line, _for_ "one-third" _read_ "one-and-a-half times."

Page 377, note, _for_ "It is the general rule" _read_ "For the northern hemisphere it is a general rule."

Page 476, line 12 from top, _for_ "leggins" _read_ "leggings."

Page 481, under wood-cut, _for_ "half the natural size" _read_ "one-third of the natural size."

Page 494, under wood-cut, _for_ "half the natural size" _read_ "one-third of the natural size."