Chapter I: Preface

This work has been written in accordance with instructions received from the leaders of the great Ti-ping Revolution in China.

Besides an account of my own personal adventures and practical experience during four years' military service and social intercourse with the Ti-pings, the following pages contain:--

A complete history of the Revolution: its Christian, political, military, and social organization; an accurate description of its extraordinary leader, Hung-sui-tshuen, and his principal chiefs; the rise, progress, and present circumstances of the movement, together with its bearing and influence as well upon the welfare of the 360 million inhabitants of China, as on the general interests of Great Britain; with a thorough review of the policy of the British Government towards China; including the intervention with and hostilities against the Ti-ping patriots, who, by accepting Christianity and abandoning idolatry, revolted against the Manchoo-Tartar Government.

In writing this work I have been prompted by feelings of sympathy for a worthy, oppressed, and cruelly-wronged people; as well as by a desire to protest against the evil foreign policy which England, during the last few years, has pursued towards _weak_ Powers, especially in Asia.

As a talented writer has just proved,[1] "It is not once, nor yet twice, that the policy of the British Government has been ruinous to the best interests of the world. It is not once, nor yet twice, that British deeds have aroused the indignation and horror of 'highly civilized and half-civilized races.' Disregard of international law and of treaty law in Europe--deeds of piracy and spoliation in Asia--one vast system of wrong and violence have everywhere for years marked the dealings of the British Government with the weaker nations of the globe."

Entertaining similar opinions to these, I have endeavoured to produce a complete history of the wonderful revolution in China, and an accurate narrative of the forcible intervention of the British Government against it. As this subject has never been properly placed before the people of England; as it forms one of the last acts of interference with the internal affairs of another State which was undertaken by Lord Palmerston's Administration; and as I have had peculiar opportunities of becoming acquainted as well with the Ti-pings as with the terrible effects of British intervention in this instance,--I feel it my duty to afford the fullest information to my countrymen, so as to assist them in forming a correct opinion on a question of such vast magnitude.

Deploring, as I do, the apathy with which the great majority of Englishmen regard the foreign policy of their rulers, and lull themselves into a self-satisfied and indolent state of mind, because of the _present_ internal prosperity of their country, it is with hope of some good result that I offer my testimony against an hitherto uncondemned national crime; and, by illustrating the iniquity of our last hostilities in China, join the small array of those who strive to arouse their countrymen from what may prove a fatal lethargy.

During the last thirty years, all the great nations of Europe have acted in a way more or less antagonistic to the only principle which insures the peace of the world, viz., that "No State has a right _forcibly_ to interfere in the internal concerns of another State, unless there exists a _casus belli_ against it." Consequently it is apparent that the existence of international and treaty law must be in a very precarious position.

When we consider British armed intervention in the internal affairs of the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Turkey, Afghanistan, &c.; the three wars with China; the wars with Burmah, Persia, and Japan; together with the forcible demonstrations against Ashantee, Greece, Siam, and Brazil; it cannot fail to be seen that England has not been the most backward in violating the above true principle of international law, nor the least guilty in following up unjustifiable impositions upon unoffending belligerents by actual _force_.

It is not, however, with the cases here mentioned, but with the late unproclaimed war against the Ti-pings, and with the general effect of the policy in question, that this work is concerned.

With regard to the first subject, it is shown that British interference has caused a tremendous destruction of human life; that it has been carried on with fire and sword against the first Christian movement in modern Asia; that it has been directed against a mighty national religio-political revolution which in no way concerned England; and that every incident of this forceable intervention, from beginning to end, was totally unjustifiable and iniquitous.

With regard to the second subject, if the explanation of the first be considered together with the general effect upon the world which has been produced by England's policy towards some of the States mentioned as those with whom she has interfered during the last thirty years, it is probable that further light may be thrown upon "two remarkable phenomena which now puzzle this nation," described at p. 270, part iv., of the admirable work entitled "Intervention and Non-intervention," as follows:--

"(1) That the reign of force, without any real moral antagonism,
is now established throughout all the four quarters of the
globe.

"(2) That Great Britain is no longer honoured and trusted as she
was, her statesmen having lost that moral influence which, quite
as much as physical fear, serves to restrain unscrupulous
governments in a career of wrong-doing."

He will indeed be a bold casuist who can dispute the truth of the above propositions, or the fact that they are the natural consequence of such acts as the intervention against the Ti-pings, &c., which have been perpetrated for the sole object of forwarding our _own_ interests and "commercial transactions," without the slightest regard for the principles of right, justice, and international law.

The history of the world proves that every great nation which has been founded by aggression and the sword has ultimately fallen, notwithstanding its power and grandeur, through the exercise of the same illegal violence against itself. Now those who utterly condemn any political action having for its basis expediency, temporary interest, commercial extension, place-holding, or any other mercenary or selfish motives, at the sacrifice of rigid equity and honour, believe that under Providence England will never fall from her exalted position while adhering unchangeably to the eternal principles of right and justice. If the future and the ultimate fate of a nation be not preordained, but are really dependent upon itself, let us believe that its destiny will be determined by an immutable law which only rewards or punishes according to deserts. Then will all who love their country be jealous of its honour, whilst those who are rather intent upon immediate and personal aggrandizement will imitate the acts of the robber, who cares not for the crime so long as he can enrich himself.

Mingled with the more serious parts of this work, the reader will find much information regarding the vast Chinese empire; the character, customs, and position of its interesting people, especially so far as the Ti-pings are concerned. As these are subjects which have come largely under my personal observation, I have connected them with my own travels and adventures in the form of a narrative, so that each alternate chapter should treat exclusively of the history of the Ti-ping Revolution until both could be combined together.

At present civil war is raging in every part of China, and if the natives--as represented by the Ti-ping, Nien-fie, or other insurrectionists--should succeed in overthrowing their Manchoo oppressors, a vast field will be thrown open to European enterprise, and the opportunity that will exist for civilizing and Christianizing the largest country in the world cannot be exaggerated.

A. F. L.
_London, 3rd February, 1866._

* * * * *

ERRATA.

P. 546, _For_ the word "whom" _read_ "with."

P. 689, _read_ last paragraph, commencing at the twenty-seventh
line, as follows:--"Yet, on the other hand, there are people who
have the obstinacy to review this and similar affairs, and
observe that in other parts of the world a very different policy
has been enacted, where it could be done with impunity, which
affords sufficient evidence that the pretended adoption of a
non-interfering policy is neither more nor less than an
unprincipled truckling to strong powers, and an aggressive
bullying of the weak."

FOOTNOTES:

[1] "Intervention and Non-intervention," by A. G. Stapleton.

CONTENTS OF VOL. I.

CHAPTER I. PAGE

Arrival in Victoria.--The Happy Valley.--Hong-Kong.--Tanka Boat
Girls.--Chinese Boatmen: their Evil Propensities.--Captain
Mellen's Adventure.--Canton Girls.--Amusements in China.--Cafés
Chantants.--The Exhibition.--Temple of Lanterns.--Chinese
Character.--Piracy in China.--The "North Star."--Fate of the
Crew.--Tartar Cruelty.--Adventure with
Pirates.--Sporting.--Duck-shooting.--Chinese
Hospitality.--Mandarin Barbarity.--Whampoa.--Marie the
Portuguese.--Marie's History: her Escape.--Description of Marie:
her Excitability: her Jealousy 1

CHAPTER II.

Hung-sui-tshuen.--Clanship in China.--Hung-sui-tshuen's
Genealogy: his Education.--Extraordinary Visions: Description of
them.--Description of Hung-sui-tshuen: his Early Days: his
Visions Explained: his Conversion: how
effected.--Hung-sui-tshuen's Preaching: his Religious
Essays.--The God-worshippers.--Destruction of Idols.--Progress
of God-worshippers.--Numbers increase.--Hostilities
commence.--God-worshippers Victorious.--"Imperialist"
Cruelty.--Bishop of Victoria.--Chinese Dynasty proclaimed 31

CHAPTER III.

The Manchoo Party.--The Ti-ping Party.--The Ti-ping
Character.--Conflict with Manchoos.--Chinese Gunboats.--First
Ti-ping Position.--Its Appearance.--Ti-ping
Hospitality.--Ti-ping Country described.--Effects of
Intervention.--San-le-jow.--Ti-pings Superior to
Imperialists.--Ti-pings and Chinamen.--Ti-ping Costume.--The
Honan Ti-pings.--The "Chinese Paris."--Interview with
Chung-wang: his Appearance: his Religious Feelings: his
Penetration: his Policy.--Commission from
Chung-wang.--San-li-jow.--A Ti-ping Army.--Its Friendly
Bearing.--Arrival at Shanghae 55

CHAPTER IV.

Organization of the Ti-pings.--Hung-sui-tshuen's
Manifesto.--Hung-sui-tshuen Emperor.--Proclamation of
Rank.--Ti-ping Titles.--Siege of Yung-gnan.--Ti-ping
Successes.--Their Moderation in Victory.--King Yang's
Proclamation.--Tien-Wang's Proclamation.--Cruelty of
Imperialists.--Cause of the Revolution.--Chinese History
Reviewed.--Corrupt Government.--Tartar Rule.--Manchoo Barbarity 81

CHAPTER V.

Shanghae to Han-kow.--River Scenery.--Silver Island.--The Salt
Trade.--Nin-gan-shan.--Tu-ngliu.--Its Auriferous
Soil.--Kew-kiang.--River Scenery.--The Yang-tze River.--The
Braves of Han-kow.--Chinese Politeness.--Manchoo Policy.--Fire
and Plunder.--A Chinese Rudder.--Scenery around
Ta-tung.--Appearance of the Country.--Chinese Chess.--Perilous
Adventure.--Crew of Mutineers.--Critical Position.--Gallant
Rescue.--Explanation.--Alarm of Pirates.--Plan of
Operations.--Its Advantages.--The Result.--Another
Alarm.--"Imperialist" Pirates 106