Chapter XV: The Declaration of War (2)

Here, again, the Imperial diplomacy and Italian intrigue went hand in hand. Lamoriciere, in reliance upon the honour of France, had made _all his dispositions against Garibaldi_, and had received a letter from the French ambassador as late as the 7th September (bearing the same date as the so-called ultimatum of Cavour, although the Piedmontese troops had crossed the frontier before it was delivered), which I shall here reproduce, seeing that it is not on record in the _Annuaire des Deux Mondes_ (1860)--"I inform you by the Emperor's orders that the Piedmontese _will not_ enter the Roman States, and that 20,000 French are about to occupy the different places of those states. Make, then, all your dispositions against Garibaldi.--Le Duc de Grammont."[348] (This letter was dated September 7, 1860, the battle of Castelgidardo was fought on the 18th September 1860.) It is needless to add that no reinforcements from France appeared, and that the assurance served no other purpose than to mislead, and to throw Lamoriciere off his guard. Indeed, in spite of various protestations and the subsequent withdrawal of the French ambassador from Turin, the Catholic world settled down into the belief, not only that the Emperor of the French had never had the intention of sending troops to the rescue, but that the whole scheme of the invasion had been deliberately devised at the ominous interview which took place on the 28th of August previous, between the Emperor, Farini, and General Cialdini. It was even said that the words used by the Emperor on the occasion transpired, "frappez fort et frappez vite,"--a terse and striking phrase, which will fitly perpetuate in the human memory the most flagrant violation of the law of nations which history affords.[349]

[348] _Vide_ "Current Events," in _Rambler_, 1860.

[349] "Does the faith of treaties, the right of treaties, still
exist? Look at what has happened in Europe during the
last twenty years. The treaties made with the Church were
the first violated; they have declared that a 'concordat'
is nothing more than a law of the State, which the State
can alter at will--in other words, that, unlike all other
contracts, conventions of this nature, inviolable for one
of the parties, can be broken by the other at its pleasure;
kings have thus put the Church outside the law of nations.
But, in consequence, they have excluded themselves. When the
most sacred of all treaties were thus trampled upon, how would
they have the others respected? They have even written, or
caused to be written, on a solemn occasion ('Napoleon III. et
L'Italie, 1859') that treaties no longer bind when the general
sentiment declares against them; in other terms, when they
displease us. At this epoch, in 1859, we were disputing with
Austria a possession which all treaties had guaranteed to her,
and the neutral signatories of these treaties did not protest.
Victorious over Austria, we have in our turn made a treaty
with her; and this treaty was violated when scarcely signed;
and neither we nor the rest of Europe protested. Later on, the
dissensions between Germany and Denmark ended in a treaty,
which the rest of Europe guaranteed; but soon Germany broke
this treaty by force of arms, and Europe did not say a word. I
omit here the convention of September, ... the treaty of 1856.
On all these occasions the indifference of third parties has
come to the aid of the cupidity of the aggressors; and the
moral sense has been so far wanting in the Cabinets that they
have assisted and applauded acts of brigandage for the love of
the art, and without even thinking that the brigand, when he
grew strong, would fall on the morrow on themselves. Will you
find in European history twelve years so fruitful in pledges
and perjuries?"

All this was done with the undisguised satisfaction of several veteran English statesmen, who were, moreover, directly or indirectly represented at the same congress which sought to bind the European powers to call in the arbitration of a friendly power, in case of disagreement, before making an appeal to arms.

Now there is no reason why this rule, good in itself, and congruous to the spirit and maxims of the law of nations, should not have been embodied as a fundamental article in the code; for the law of nations is not a dead-letter, but, like everything that is of tradition, easily lending itself to adaptation and development according to the changing circumstances of the world.

Can we be surprised that this principle, good and according to reason, but which nevertheless presupposes certain sentiments in the world in correspondence with it, should in the actual circumstances have been barren of results? Is it wonderful that it should have miscarried in the hands of men who were parties to the invasion, without even the form of a declaration of war, of the State predestined by divine Providence to be the cornerstone of Christendom? Would it have been befitting that this beneficent arrangement should have been destined to be the work of men who, either by participation or as accessories after the fact, had set their hands to a deed which shocked every principle of morality, and made the very notion of public law in Europe ridiculous?

The early commencements of this policy cannot be studied at a more appropriate moment than now, when we are witnessing its _denouement_.

What has been the result to France of its Italian policy? To Austria? To England? To Europe?

Has any power prospered that had a hand in setting the ball rolling, or, for that matter, any power that had the responsibility of staying the parricidal hand, and held back? If Austria, the first victim, had firmly and strenuously resisted the early instigations of evil, would she ever, according to human calculations, have had to fight at Magenta and Solferino? and, in another way, was there not something dramatic in the sudden reverse and displacement of Count Buol, who had been the Austrian representative at the Congress, immediately after he had hurled the fatal _ultimatum_? The retort will be triumphant. Did not France, the great culprit of all, who both cast its own responsibility to the winds and sowed the hurricane, conquer at Solferino? Truly she did; but _respice finem_, or rather, we may say, we have lived to see the end. Did not Solferino, after some ten years of delusive prosperity, lead up to Sedan? Of England I do not wish to say more than that since that date she has unaccountably fallen in the esteem of men; has, in her turn, met with injustice, and no longer maintains the same relative position which she held during the fifty years preceding the Congress.

Everything, in fine, since that date, seems to have gone in favour of that European power which remained in the background, and which, if it did no good act at the Congress, at least had the worldly wisdom to fold its arms and refrain from sacrilege. Yes, Prussia has had her victory; but by all accounts there never was a victory which has made a nation so sad and mournful, and which was greeted with fewer manifestations of joy. It was peace rather than victory which was welcomed home. Here, too, we seem to see the subtle and nicely-measured retaliation. Again, was there no significance in the unlooked-for disasters at Forbach and Woerth, occurring coincidently with the final abandonment of Rome by France?

These are things which strike the eye, but which are difficult of demonstration, and it would appear a hopeless errand to convince a generation which has witnessed the burning of Paris, if not without emotion, at any rate without serious reflection, and, in spite of manifest prediction, has refused to see in it "the finger of retribution and the hand of God."

And yet belief in this retribution of heaven is at the foundation of the law of nations. Previously to the astounding experiences of the recent war, during those years so fruitful "in pledges and perjuries," it was a common phrase, and most frequently used with reference to France, that war was no longer an affair of divine Providence, but that Providence was always on the side of the big battalions.

With one word as to the significance of this phrase, which is tantamount to a negation of the law of nations, I shall conclude.

It may certainly happen, that in a contest one party may be consciously hypocrite, whilst the other is conscious of its rectitude; but presumedly, and until the contrary is manifested, both parties must be supposed to believe themselves in the right, and to run the tilt like knights in the mediæval tournament. Nevertheless, as Dr Johnson said, there are arguments for a "plenum" and for a "vacuum," but one conclusion only can be true; and in some way in every conflict, which is true and which is just is known only to the inscrutable judgment of the Most High. We do not know all the secrets of courts, neither could we exactly determine the point if we had before us all the deliberations of councils, it is sufficient for us to know that victory is not always on the side of the big battalions, as witness, _inter alia_, Marathon, Morgarten, Bannockburn, Lepanto, Mentana. Will any Englishman maintain the proposition that victory is always on the side of the big battalions? Then, beginning with Cressy and Poictiers, and following Marlborough through the fields of Blenheim, Ramilies, and Malplaquet, and the Duke of Wellington through the Peninsular War, we must renounce that which gives "the _éclat_ to all our victories." Doubtless, then, the quality of troops will in some instances weigh far more than numbers. You allow it? We now introduce an element of great uncertainty, and about which there will always be much dispute, and moreover it will always be a matter concerning which religion and morality will have much to say. It is no longer an affair of big battalions, it is no longer reduced to a matter of calculation, on which side the victory is to be. Let me further remark, that whilst there is one set of writers who will be ready to say that Providence is on the side of the big battalions, there is another set of writers, and these the men who are more conversant with the details, who will with great acuteness undertake to prove to you that it is so much an affair of Providence that in each case the victory was scarcely a victory, and only such because some casualty on the other side intervened to convert what would otherwise have been a victory into a defeat. It is unfortunately true that this latter class of historians and strategists do not, as a rule, trace in the turn of events the retribution of Providence. Still, the presumption will always be that victory favours the righteous cause, although it may be only _pro hac vice_, and ultimate success may not crown the career of the victorious nation, because its virtues may not have merited more than a signal and single success;--or it may even be that its merits may be of a kind such as to gain it a reward which transcends the rewards of earthly victory; or, again, the career of victory must be explained and measured by the depths of the final catastrophe and discomfiture.

In any case, it is a great thing for a nation to have won a victory in a rightful cause. The reward of virtue remains and gladdens the heart in the day of disaster and distress. Whatever may chance to us, there will always lie in store for us the consolation of reading the history of the battle of Waterloo; not, let us say, as the victory of one nation over another nation, but as the great and final triumph of a righteous over an unrighteous cause, gained by England. It is, thank God! impossible alike for the conqueror and the revolutionary multitude to destroy the Past.

INDEX.

Aboriginal races, their mysterious origin, 35.

Acton, Lord, 251.

Adam, supposed identity with Prometheus and Hercules, 42, 180;
with Fohi, 64, 232;
meaning of the word, 134;
correspondence of, with Chaldæan god, Ana, 189.

Adams, Mr Arthur, 348.

Adaptability of law of nations, 410.

Adonis and Venus, myths of, 396, 397.

Adrastus, the legend of, 179.

Æneid, the, of Virgil quoted, 212.

Æschylus, the "Supplicants" of, quoted, 131.

Africa, commemorative ceremonies of Deluge, 248, 250;
Captain Burton's account of, 251;
compared with Catlin's narrative, 254-260.
_See also_ Deluge, Commemorative Festivals.

Africanus, 95.

Age of Bronze, the, 334, 335;
commencement of, 336.

Age, the Golden, 323;
theory of and commencement, 323;
tradition of, 328.

Age, the Iron, 129.

Agnatic relationship, 357, 358, 360.

Algonquins, the, 152.

Allies, Mr, on divergence between religion and philosophy, 108.

America, the Mozca Indians of, 70;
diluvian traditions in, 242;
the "O-kee-pa" of the Mandans, 245, 246;
Catlin's account of ceremonies, 254-262;
the Peruvian deity, 186;
Peruvian worship, 304.
_See also_ Deluge, Commemorative Festivals.

America, the discovery of, a proof of tradition, 324.

American continent, source of peoples of, 263-266.

American Indians, the legend of Michabo among the, 152, 153;
tradition of fire among, 320.

Amida or Adima, the Japanese god, 65.

Amphictyonic Council and League, 361-365.

Ana, a Chaldæan god, 187;
traditional identity of with Adam, 189;
a reduplication of Enu or Enoch, 192.

Ancestors, worship of, 161, 205.

Ancient society, the unit of, 339.

Andamans, the, 308, 313.

Andriossy's hypothesis regarding overflow of the Nile, 68.

Anthisteries, the, 226.

Antiquity of man, 91.

Apollo, 241.

Apotheosis of Nimrod, 160.

Arab and Iroquois, exceptional instances of human progress, 33.

Arba-Lisun, the, or Four Tongues, 184.

Arbitration instead of war, 380.

Areopagus, a cosmopolitic, 383.

Argos, feast of the deluge at, 243.

Argyll, Duke of, on tradition, 120, 123;
on capability of savage races, 314.

Arrival and conflict of different races in India, 35-38.

Aryan nations in India, their struggle with the Santals, 36;
their dialect, 36;
Mr Tylor on, 41;
one of the primitive races, 43;
probable identity with Japhetic race, 43;
their colour, 84;
their mythology, 168.

Ash, the, tradition regarding, 175, 176.

Assemblies of Greece, the, 369.

Assyrian history, corroboration of, 289.

Assyrian mythology, 182;
deities of, 183;
Il or Ra, 185;
L'Abbe Gainet on, 187;
Ana, 187;
Bil or Enu, 190;
Hea or Hoa, 194;
Nebo, 206.

Asteropoeus, 252.

Astral religion, 163.

Astronomical cycle of China, 61.

Athens, the Hydrophoria at, 244.

Atlantis, the, of Plato an embodiment of tradition, 367.

Autochthones, or earth-born, 131.

Avocations of primitive life--hunter, husbandman, and shepherd, 33.

Babylonian chronology, 57, 58;
Hales on, 57.

Bacchus, connection of, with Saturnalia, 214;
reduplications of, 215, 216.

Baldr, the legend of, localised and individualised, 171;
in the Scandinavian Edda, 172;
paralleled with an account of the Fall, 172.

Ballad, Welsh, quoted, 253.

Basis of international law, 11.

Basis of theory of Golden Age, 323.

Baskets of water, the, parallel accounts of by Burton and Catlin, 256.

Bastian, M.A., on human progress, 75.

Bath, the Marquis of, 408.

Bel Nipru or Nimrod, 191.

Belligerent Rights, 376, 377.

Belus, the god, 133;
identity of with Nimrod, 159.

Bentham, on International Law, 3, 5;
his peculiar crotchet, "utility," 6;
on public opinion, 7;
the "greatest happiness" principle, 13;
criticism on Blackstone's views of primitive life, 54.

Benthamism tested by Darwinism, 17.

Berosus' account of Hoa, 327.

Bertrand, M., legend concerning the man-bull, 203.

"Bhilsa Tope," the, 252.

Bifrons, a name applied to several gods, 220.

Big battalions, 412, 413.

Big canoe, the, parallel accounts of, by Burton and Catlin, 255;
correspondence of to the canopied boat of Egyptians, 273.

Bil or Enu, a Chaldæan deity, 190.

Blackness of complexion, the result of the curse of Canaan, 79;
associated with evil, 79;
traditions regarding, 81, 82;
a mark of inferiority, 84;
how used by satirists, 85;
operation as a curse, 89, 90.

Blackstone on primitive life and a state of nature, 54.

Boat, philology of the word, 196.

Bochica, 325.

Bolabola, declaration of war at, 388, 389.

Bonzies, the, 270.

Book of Genesis, the, 120.

Book of Sothis, 95.

Bougainville on divinities of the Tahitians, 315.

Boulanger, M., quoted, 118;
on diluvian tradition, 242, 243, 247, 262;
on the Golden Age, 328, 329.

Brace, Mr, his "Ethnology," quoted, 27, 37, 267.

"Breach of etiquette," a, consequences of, 403;
the ostensible pretext of Franco-German war, 404.

Brigham Young and the Mormons, 18.

_British Medical Journal_ on explosive bullets, 400.

Bronze Age, the, 293, 334, 335;
its commencement, 336.

Bryant, Mr J., xi.;
on creation of man, 133, 136;
on the symbol of the bull, 203;
on Dionusus, 215;
on Noah and Janus, 219;
his derivation of Juno and Venus, 392;
on the dove, 395.

Buddhist legend, 136.

Buffaloes, Feast of the, 260.

"Bull-dance," the, 254;
parallel accounts of, by Burton and Catlin, 254.

Bunsen, Baron, 37;
on Chinese and Egyptian chronology, 58-62, 73;
on Egyptian chronicles, 94-96;
on tradition of creation, 132;
on the Kabiri, 198;
on Arya, 335.

Burial customs among Mandans and Formosans, 268.

Burial, mode of, common to several savage nations, 308.

Burton, Capt. Richard, on Fetish, 80;
on Dahome customs, 250;
the bull-dance, 254;
the big canoe, 255;
the baskets of water, 256;
the gourds or calabashes, 257;
the "aged white man," 258, 259;
customs at Whydat, 262.

Burton, J. Hill, 3.

Cadmus and alphabetic writing, 221.

Caduceatores, the, 390.

Cain, tradition in Tonga connected with, 82.

Calmet on "Sem," or Shem, 207;
on Saturn, 210.

Canaan. _See_ Chanaan.

Canada, Col. Macdonell's service in, xxiii., xxiv.

Canaanite race, the correspondence between and aboriginal tribes
in India, 39, 48;
literal fulfilment of prophecy regarding, 40, 41, 83, 85.

Canopied boat, the, of the Egyptians, 273.

Carver, Mr, on Indian wars, 28;
the Indian mode of declaration of war, 399, 401;
Indian flags of truce, 405.

Cashmir, tradition of Deluge in, 68;
commemorative festival in, 69.

Catholicism and Christianity, identity of, 113.

Catlin, Mr G., on traditions of Creation among the Indians, 134, 138;
of Deluge, 223;
the "O-kee-pa," 245;
the big canoe, 255;
the baskets of water, 256;
the gourds or calabashes used by the Indians, 257;
the "first man," 258, 259;
the "evil spirit," 260;
water ceremonies, 262;
on the pheasant, 266;
description of a "whale ashore" at Vancouver's Island, 317;
on the cranial development of the Flathead and Crow Indians, 318.

Caverley's Theocritus quoted, 217.

Centre of tradition, the, 339.

Ceremony at Gorbio, 307.

Chaldæa, early inhabitants of, 184.

Chaldæan Pantheon, deities of the, 183.

Chaldæan system of chronology, 57;
religion, 163.

Champagny, M. F. de, 404, 409.

Chanaan, or Canaan, the curse of, 79;
tradition of this curse among the Sioux Indians, 81;
in Tonga, 82.

Chandordy, Count, 405.

Chaos in the Phoenician cosmogony, 174;
the commencement of all things, 174-177.

Chateaugay, xxviii.

China, certain and uncertain history of, 58, 59;
astronomical cycle of, 61;
aboriginal tribes, 133;
belief in, as to creation of man, 134.

Chinese chronology, 58-65;
confusion in, 65.

Chinese tradition of first and second heaven, 328.

Chin-nong, 240.

Chippeways and Natchez tribes, institution of perpetual
fire among, 320.

Choctaw Indians, tradition regarding creation of man, 134.

Christian doctrine, the foundation of, 142.

Chronicles of Egypt, 93.

Chronology, Egyptian, Palmer on, 92-104;
the Sothic cycle, 96-100;
various systems of, 101.

Chronology, from the point of view of science, 72;
Bunsen's views, 73;
Lyell's, 73;
Sir John Lubbock's, 73-75;
Hales on, 85.

Chronology, from the point of view of tradition, 55;
historical testimony and evidence in favour of Scriptural, 55;
Indian, 56;
Babylonian, 57;
Hales, Rev. W., on, 57;
Chinese, 58-65.

Chronos, Saturn as, 218.

Cicero, on International Law, 10;
"De Legibus" quoted, 368;
the "Offices," 375.

Civilisation, a state of, the primitive condition of man, 284.

Civilisation, principles and teaching of, 339.

Civilisation, progress of man to, 329, 331.

Cognation and agnation among the Romans, 357, 358.

Coincidences of the Bible with Sanchoniathon, 130.

Coleridge, H. N., on oral transmission of tradition, 122.

Coleridge, Rev. Henry J., 224;
on conflicting elements of heathenism, 344.

College, the Fecial, 373.

Colour in man, persistency of, 77.

Coloured cloth and feathers, emblematic of peace and war, 388-392, 398.

Commemorative Festivals. _See_ Festivals, Commemorative.

Comity of nations, restriction of the 379.

Communal marriage, 51, 52.

Commune, the, 110.

Communistic schemes, 109.

Comte and the Comtists, 112.

Conflicting elements of heathenism, 344.

Confusion of tongues, Hesiod on the, 334.

Confusion of tradition of Enoch with Xisuthrus and Noah, 326.

Conscience, Mr Darwin on, 2, 12;
its subjective existence, 12;
outward expression, 13.

Constituent Assembly, the, of 1789, Montalembert on, 113.

Cook, Capt., on customs at Huaheine, 271, 272;
quoted, 298;
on declaration of war at Bolabola, 388, 389.

Copan, the peaceable people of, 29.

Cosmogony, Roman ideas of the, 23.

Cosmopolitic Areopagus, a, 383.

Cox, Rev. G. W., xiv.;
on mythology, 158, 165, 168;
on myths of Venus and Adonis, 396, 397.

Cranial development of Flathead and Crow Indians, 318.

Creation of man, tradition of among Red Indians, 133;
Max Müller on, 133.

Creation, the, Mexican tradition of, 152, 153;
Slavonian account of, 154.

Creoles, the persistency of colour in, 77.

Cunningham, Major, the "Bhilsa Tope," 252.

Curse of Canaan, the, 79;
traditions of, 81-85, 217.

Customs of the Samoides, 28;
at Huaheine, 271.

Cycle, astronomical, of China, 61;
the Sothic, 96, 98-100.

Dagon, the god of the Philistines, 200;
the Fish-man, 219;
Mr Layard on, 238.

Dahome, the "So-sin" customs of, 250, 251, 254-262;
precedence of women in, 259.

Dancing an Indian ceremonial, 302, 303.

D'Anselme, Vicomte, on philology of Noah and boat, 196.

Darkness, associated with the Serpent, 173;
the parent of light, 174-177.

Darwinism, Benthamism tested by, 17.

Darwin on Conscience, 2, 12;
and the utilitarians, 15-17.

Davies, Rev. E., xi., 253.

Day and night, used as symbols, 84.

Declaration of war, the, 386;
accompanied by religious formalities, 386, 387;
method of, at Bolabola, 388, 389;
at St Julian, 389;
symbols used at, 389-392;
Plutarch on, 397;
traditionary modes of, 398-400;
importance attached to forms of, 402;
consequences of the violation of forms of, 406-411.

Deities of the Chaldæan Pantheon, 183.

"De Legibus" quoted, 10, 133.

De Quincey, quoted, 383.

Deluge of Deucalion, the, 224, 225, 229.

Deluge of Ogyges, the, 229;
anterior to that of Deucalion, 230;
its date, 231.

Deluge, the--traditions of, localised in China, 65-67;
commemorative monument of, 67;
traditions of, in Egypt, 67;
in Cashmir, 68;
among Sioux Indians, 81;
among Tartar tribes, 135;
L'Abbé Gainet on, 137;
Phrygian legend of, 193;
Phoenician legend of, localised, 198;
Santal legend of, 199;
Etruscan monument commemorative of, 204;
connection of Saturn with, 210-212;
of Ogyges and Deucalion, 222;
traditions of, among Indian tribes, 223;
Sanscrit story of, 224;
its date, 231;
traditions of, among Greeks, 230-235;
Frederick Schlegel on, 233, 234;
traditions of, in Africa and America, 242;
Boulanger on, 242, 243;
commemorative festivals of, 243-246, 252-262, 275-282;
the dove and rainbow of, 393, 396.
_See also_ Noah.

"Democracy in America," Tocqueville's, 8.

Demonolatry, 146.

"De Rerum Natura" quoted, 334.

Deucalion, 222;
Mr Grote on traditions of, 224, 225;
Max Müller on legend of, 226;
Mr Kenrick on, 230-232, 241;
connected with Hydrophoria at Athens, 244.

Devil, the, belief in among savages 302.

Devil-worship, 141.

Diana, the temple of, 364.

Diffusion of Hamitic races, 41.

Dike and dikaspoloi, 347.

Diluvian tradition.
_See_ Noah, Deluge.

Diluvian traditions in Africa and America, 242-282.
_See_ Deluge. Festivals (commemorative).

Diogenes Laertius' scheme of chronology, 101.

Dionusus, identified with Noah, 215;
the first king of India, 220, 221.

Dionysia, 249.

Discovery of America, the, a proof of tradition, 324.

Dispersion, the, 329, 336; rise of government under, 342.

Disraeli, Mr, on sceptical effects of discoveries of science, xvi., xvii.

Distribution of races, 89.

Divergence between religion and philosophy, 108.

Divinities of the Tahitians, 315.

Divinity attaching to forms, 402, 403.

Dixon, Hepworth, his conversation with Brigham Young, 18;
his views of human progress, 32.

Donoughmore, Earl of, 408.

Dove, the bird of Venus, 392;
traditions of, 394-396.

Duc de Grammont, the, 404.

Dyaks and Javanese, contrast in colour, 81.

Dyans, 170.

Dyer, Dr, on the Sabines, 352;
the temple of Diana, 364.

Dynasties of Egypt, 97, 98, 102, 103.

Dynasty of the Popes, 381, 382.

Eastern Islanders, tradition among the, 200.

Egg, the mundane, tradition of, 306;
an emblem of the Creation, 307;
the Mahabarata account of, 308.

Egypt, chronology of, 92;
its Chronicles, 93;
dynasties of, 97;
commemorative festival of the Deluge in, 249.

Egyptian chronology, Palmer on, 92-104.

Egyptians, the, canopied boat of, 273;
Jewish rites and ceremonies borrowed from, 274.

Ellis's "Polynesian Researches" quoted, 265;
on Tahitian relics, 312.

Endogamy, 45-47, 50.

English socialists, 110.

Enoch, result of his disappearance regarding Nimrod, 160;
embodied traditionally in Chaldæan gods Ana and Enu, 192.

Enu or Bil, a Chaldæan deity, 190;
a reduplication of Enoch, 192.

_Epi_metheus (afterthought) and _Pro_metheus (forethought), 180.

Epochs of prehistoric archæology, 287, 288.

Equality of the sexes, 109.

Eratosthenes, 95;
scheme of chronology of, 103.

Eros and Iris, 394.

Eschylus, the "Supplicants" quoted, 398.

Esquimaux, the, 311.

Ethnological difficulties, 89-91.

Etruscan monument commemorative of the Deluge, 204.

Etymologies--of _man_, 134, 227, 228;
_Noah_, 196;
_boat_, 196;
_river_, 253;
_horse_, 253, 255;
_plough_, 255;
names of metals, 290;
_fire_, 321;
_plough_, 335.

Euridike and Orpheus, 173.

European league, a general, 381, 382.

European radicalism, 110.

Eusebius' testimony to value of tradition, 120.

Evil associated with blackness, 79.

Evil Spirit, the, in Mandan ceremonies, 260.

"Excursion," the, of Wordsworth quoted, 145.

Exogamy, 45-47.

Falconer's "Palæontological Mem.," 139.

Fall, the, Lenormant on, 128.

Family, the, 26;
tendency to dispersion of, 27;
gradual consolidation and expansion into tribes and then to
states, 30, 31;
the unit of ancient society, 339.

Family tradition, confusion of, 116.

Fatimala, the, 40.

Feast of the Buffaloes, the, 260.

Feathers, coloured, emblematic of peace and war, 389-392.

Fecial College, the, 373;
correspondence of, with Herald's College, 374.

Federal union between Romans and Latins, 355.

Feegees, the, religion among, 301;
their characteristics and civilisation, 313.

Fergusson, Adam, on the Six Nations, 365.

Festivals, commemorative, of the Deluge, 66;
in Cashmir, 69;
among various nations, 243;
the Hydrophoria at Athens, 244;
the "O-kee-pa," 245;
the Panathenæa, 248;
the Dionysia, 249;
in Egypt, 249;
among the Mandan Indians, 250;
the "So-sin" customs of Dahome, 250, 251;
at Sanchi, 252;
the "Bull-dance," 254;
the "big canoe," 255;
the baskets of water, 256;
the gourds and calabashes, 257;
the "first man," 258, 259;
among the Santals, 262;
among the Japanese, 268, 269;
at Huaheine, 271;
among the Egyptians, 273;
among the Patagonians, 275-279;
Pongol Festival of Southern India compared with Mandan and Dahoman
ceremonies, 275-282.
_See_ Deluge.

Fetish, 80.

Feuds and wars, origin of, 27-29.

Fire, unknown to various ancient nations, 128, 129;
knowledge of among savages, 318-320;
Polynesian etymology of the word, 321.

"First man," the, in Mandan ceremonies, 258, 259, 263.

Fish-god, the, of Berosus, 202.

"Fish, history of the," 197.

Flag, the white, a symbol of peace, 391.

Flags of truce, Carver and Count Chandordy parallelised, 405.

Flathead and Crow Indians, the heads of, 318.

Flint, use of, among ancient nations, 297.

Fohi the great, 63;
identified with Adam, 64, 232.

Formation of States, 342, 343.

Formosans, burial customs among the, 268.

Foundation of law of nations, 412.

Foundation of Christian doctrine, the, 142.

Foundation of Roman law, 352-360.

Four Races, the, or Kiprat-Arbat, 184.

France against Austria, consequences of the war of, 407-409.

Franco-German war, the, its ostensible pretext, 404;
its abnormal character, 404;
origin of traced to Congress of 1856, 406.

Fresquet, De, on declaration of war, 386, 387.

Fuegians, religion among the, 303, 304;
the lowest race of savages, 313.

Fulfilment of prophecy regarding Chanaan, 40, 41.

Gainet, L'Abbé, on diluvian tradition, 137;
on mythology, 159;
on Chaldæan monotheism, 187;
translation of the "History of the Fish," 197;
on Deucalion, 228;
on Mandan traditions, 272.

Genesis, the Book of, 120;
relation of traditions to, 127, 128, 130.

Geological speculations, 233.

"Gesta Romanorum," tale from the, 179.

Gibbon, on the use of letters, 120;
his "Decline and Fall," quoted, 120, 361.

Gladstone, W. E., his "Juventus Mundi," 114;
on the mythology of Homer, 162;
on tradition, 182, 183;
on impersonation of good and evil, 310;
the key to the Homeric system, 332;
the progress of Greek morality, 349;
the Homeric age, 375.

Gnostic sect, a curious, 154.

Goguet, M., on origin of laws, 121;
human progress, 128;
kinship, 129;
Janus, 219.

Golden Age, the, and Noah, 323;
basis of the theory, 323;
its commencement, 323;
under Saturn, 325;
tradition of, 328;
Boulanger on, 328, 329;
Sir Henry Maine on, 351.

Gorbio, curious ceremony at, 307.

Gould, Mr Baring, xvi.;
on "Origin and Development of Religious Belief," 140;
summary of his views, 141;
his views opposed to tradition, 142;
partial recognition of the value of revelation, 147;
on monotheism, 150;
on the Samoyed superstitions, 155.

Gourds and calabashes, the, used in Dahoman and Mandan festivals, 257.

Govat, Charles E., his description of the Pongol festivals, 275-282.

Governments, rise of, after Dispersion, 342.

Gradual progress of religion among primitive peoples, 143, 144, 148, 154.

Great Hare or Rabbit, tradition of the, 152, 153.

Greatest happiness principle, the, 13, 16.

Grecian mythology, 164-170.

Grecian traditions of the Deluge, 230-235.

Greek and Latin Leagues, 367.

Greenwood's, Col. G., "Rain and Rivers," quoted, 233, 234.

Grote, Mr, 30, 42; on importance of myths, 117;
on Deucalion, 224.

Grotesque belief of the Hindoos as to support of the Earth, 138.

Guanches, religion of the, 305.

Guinea, religious festival in, 303.

Guinnard, M., his narrative of Patagonian ceremonies, 275-279.

Hales, Rev. W., on chronology, 57, 85, 90.

Ham, identified with Hoang-ti, 64;
prosperity of, 85;
tradition of his blackness of complexion, 86;
Sir J. G. Wilkinson on, 86;
Bacchus identified with, 215.

Hamitic races, diffusion of the, 41;
apostasy of, 160.

Hea or Hoa, a Chaldæan deity, 194;
the inventor of cuneiform writing, 195.

Heathenism, conflicting elements of, 344.

Heavens, First and Second, Chinese tradition of, 328.

Helps, Mr, on worship of Peruvians, 304;
his traditions of Peru compared with classical and oriental
traditions, 325-327.

Hercules or Herakles, supposed identity with Adam, 42;
confusion of traditions regarding, 158, 180.

Herodotus quoted, 33, 68.

Hero-worship an early form of idolatry, 160, 161;
among the Chaldæans a source of deification, 188, 190, 191.

Hesiod and the Iron Age, 129;
on the confusion of tongues, 334.

Hetairism, 53.

Heterogeneity, 46.

Hieroglyphic of the Dove, 395.

Hindoo laws of war, 400.

Hindoos, curious belief as to the world's support, 138.

"Historicus" (in _Times_) on International law, 384.

"History of the Fish," 197.

History of Western civilisation, Dr Newman on, 338-340.

Hoa or Hea, 194.

Hoa, account of, by Berosus, 327.

Hoang-ti, 60, 63;
identified with Shem or Ham, 64;
with Noah, 65.

_Home and Foreign Review_ on Belligerent Rights at Sea, 376, 377.

Homeric Age, the, 375.

Homer's Iliad quoted, 347.

Hooker, Dr, on the beliefs of the Lepchas, 305;
on the Khasias, 306;
on the conduct of war, 400.

Horrors of war, limitations to, 400.

Horse, etymology of the word, 253, 255.

Houacouvou, director of evil spirits, Patagonian festival in
honour of, 277.

Huaheine, customs at, 271.

Human race, tradition of the, 105-153.

Human society founded upon a contract, 21.

Hunter, Mr, on Indian traditions, 29;
on primitive life in India, 34, 36;
on Aryan colour, 84;
on Santal customs, 247, 262.

Husenbeth, Very Rev. Dr, xv.

Huxley's definition of Positivism, 113.

Hydrophoria, the, at Athens, 244.

Hyksos or Shepherds, dynasty of, 102.

Identification of Noah with Saturn, 325.

Identity of Christianity and Catholicism, 113.

Il or Ra, the Chaldæan deity, 183;
account of, by Rawlinson, 185.

Iliad, the, quoted, 347.

_Illustrated London News_ on Japanese religious festivals, 268;
on ceremony at Gorbio, 307.

Impersonation of good and evil, Mr Gladstone on, 310.

Indian ceremonials, Washington Irving on, 302.

Indian chronology, 56.

Indian mode of declaration of war, 399, 401.

Indian tribes, close resemblance of one to another, 77.

Indian wars, their causes, 28, 29.

Indians, Red, tradition regarding creation of man, 133;
of the earth, by Michabo, 152, 153;
ordeals and tortures, 247.

Indians, traditions among Mozca, 70.

Indo-Germanic races identified with descendants of Japheth, 42.

Influence of Stoics on Roman law, 372.

Inheritance through females, 52.

Interfusion of ancestral and solar worship, 205.

International Law, the _Tablet_ on, 3;
Bentham on, 3, 5, 6;
its origin and growth, 4;
an unwritten law, 4;
De Tocqueville on, 8;
_Pall Mall Gazette_ on, 9, 11;
Cicero on, 10;
an "organised constraint," 10;
analogy with law of honour, 11;
original idea at its basis, 11;
relation to utilitarianism, 14, 15;
the _jus feciale_, 373;
"Historicus" on, 384.

International Society, the, 110.

Invention of writing, 123.

Inventiveness of savage races, Sir J. Lubbock on, 310.

Ionian federation, the, 364.

Iris and Eros, 394.

Iron Age, the, 129.

Iroquois, traditions regarding creation of man, 135.

Irving, Washington, on Indian ceremonials, 302.

Jacob, 151.

James, W., xxiii.

Janus, 217;
derivation of January, 218;
a double-headed god, 219, 220;
identified with Noah, 326.

Japan, commemorative festival of the Deluge in, 268, 269.

Japanese legend of the bull and the egg, 257.

Japetus, identity of with Japheth, 43.

Japheth, fulfilment of prophecy regarding the race of, 41;
their prosperity, 41;
identity with Indo-Germanic races, 42.

Javan, son of Japheth, identified with Yavana, 43.

Javanese and Dyaks, contrast in colour, 81.

Jenkins, Captain, xxvii.

Jewish monotheism, 149.

Jewish rites and ceremonies borrowed from Egyptians, 272-274.

Juno and Venus, derivation of names of, 392.

_Jus Feciale_, the, 373.

_Jus Gentium_, the, 351, 353, 373.

Kabiri, the, 197;
Bunsen on, 198.

Kant's scheme of a universal society, 383.

Kenrick, Mr, on Manu, 228;
the tradition of Deucalion, 230-232.

Khasias, the, superstitions of the, 306.

King, Captain, quoted, 265;
on Sandwich Islanders, 315.

Kinship through females, 46, 47, 51;
Goguet on, 129.

Kiprat-Arbat, the, or Four Races, 184.

Klaproth, on Sanscrit history, 68;
on the curse of Canaan, 83.

Kronos, or Noah, 136.

Lacordaire, L'Abbé, 4;
on tradition, 105-107.

Laertius', Diogenes, scheme of chronology, 101.

Lamech, the story of, embodied in various traditions, 178, 179.

Lapland tradition, a, 296.

"Last Rambles," the, of Catlin, quoted, 134.

Latin League, the, 355.

Law connected with religion, 368.

Law, International. _See_ International Law.

Law of honour, the, 11.

Law of Nations, the, an unwritten law, 4;
Sir Henry Maine on the, 338;
common to all nations, 345;
testimony to in the Manx Thing, 347;
ancient codes of, 350;
the _jus gentium_, 351;
origin of the phrase, 352, 353;
the Amphictyonic Council, 361;
primary objects of, 367;
common source, 371;
discussed on the basis of usage, 378;
the _lex legum_ of mankind, 385;
a modern transgression of, 405;
the seizure of Papal States a flagrant violation of, 407-409;
adaptability of, 410;
foundation of, 412.
_See_ International Law.

Law of Nature, the, 20;
question whether there is or is not a, 20;
different solutions of this question, 20;
Sir G. C. Lewis on, 22;
Sir H. Maine on, 22, 25;
what the Roman meant by it, 23;
among the ancients, 23;
a social compact, 23, 24;
tradition of, 350;
origin of the phrase, 352, 353.

Law, unwritten, 369;
Ozanam on, 370, 371.

Laws, the first, of all nations, 121.

Layard, Mr, on the man-fish, 238.

League of the Ten Kings, 367.

Legend of the tortoise, 138, 139;
of Michabo, 152, 153;
of the bull and the egg, 257.

Legends of OEdipus and Perseus, 178.

Legists of different nationalities, their agreement accounted for, 385.

Lenormant, on Noe, 88;
on the Fall, 128.

Lepchas, the, curious legend of, 224;
religion among the, 305, 307.

Letters, the use of, a distinction between a civilised and savage
people, 120.

Levitical worship, the ceremonial borrowed from Egypt, 272, 273.

Lewis, Sir G. C, on Law of Nature, 22, 24, 380.

Light and darkness, as symbols, 84.

Limitations to horrors of war, 400.

Local tradition, persistency of, 117.

Lower Egypt, dynasties of, 103.

Lowest races of savages, the, 313.

Lubbock, Sir John, on primitive marriage, 51;
on the antiquity of man, 91;
on _water_-worship, 252;
on tradition, 283;
his theory opposed to that of De Maistre, 287;
division of pre-historic archæology, 287,288;
untrustworthiness of tradition for evidence of history, 294;
on religion among savage races, 299, 300, 308;
his suppositions regarding inventiveness of savage races, 310-314;
views supported by Duke of Argyll, 314;
description of a "whale ashore" in Australia, 316;
on the knowledge of fire, 318-321.

Lucas, Mr Edward, xv.

Lucretius' "De Rerum Natura" quoted, 334.

Lyell, Sir C., xiii.;
on human progress, 73, 123.

Macaulay, Lord, on Benthamism, 13, 15;
the dynasty of the Popes, 381, 382.

Macdonell, Col. George, xii.;
memoir of, xix.;
parentage, xx.;
an admirer of the Stuarts, xxi.;
results of a letter to the War Secretary, xxii.;
raises a regiment of Macdonells, xxiii.;
service in Canada, xxiv.;
the taking of Ogdensburg, xxv.-xxix.

M'Lennan, Mr, on primitive marriage, 44;
on marriage customs, 47, 125.

Macrobius, on Janus Bifrons, 218.

Maine, Sir Henry, xv.;
on the law of nature, 22, 25;
on the law of nations, 338;
the unit of ancient society, 341;
notions of primitive antiquity, 343;
on ancient codes, 350;
the _jus gentium_, 351;
origin of name of law of nations, of nature, &c., 352, 353;
the foundation of Roman law, 357, 358;
his distinction between _jus gentium_ and _jus feciale_, 373.

Maistre, Count Joseph de, his theory regarding the early races
of man, 78;
his view of tradition, 283-286;
on the pontifical power, 381.

Malays, traditions among the, 136.

Malthus, Mr, theories regarding over-population, 17.

"Man," Max Müller on derivation of the word, 134;
its etymology, 227, 228.

Man and the monkey, traditions connecting the, 136.

Man-bull, the, traditions of, 203.

Manco-Capac, 240;
the lawgiver of Peru, 325;
identity of with Quetzalcohuatl, 326.

Mandan Indians, traditions among the, 134, 138;
tradition of the Deluge, 191;
commemorative festivals among, 250, 254-262;
the Evil Spirit of, 200;
source and origin of, 263-266;
mode of burial of, 268;
art of fortifying their towns, 314.

Manetho, 94;
system of chronology of, 95, 96.

Man-fish, Mr Layard on the, 238.

Manning, Dr. _See_ Westminster.

Manning, W. Oke, 14, 384.

Man's progress, from a savage to a civilised state, 32;
exceptional cases of the Arab and Iroquois, 33;
Lyell's views of, 73;
Lubbock's views, 73, 75;
Bastian's views, 75.

Manx Thing, the, 347.

Maritime Alps, local ceremony in the, 307.

Marriage, primitive, 44, 125;
customs, 47;
communal, 51, 52.

Maupertuis', M., account of a Lapland tradition, 296.

Meaco, ceremony in the temple of, at Japan, 269.

Meaning of the word Adam, 134.

Melia, Very Rev. Dr P., xv.

Memoir of Colonel Macdonell, xix-xxix.

Memphis, 67.

Menes, the first king of Egypt, 67;
early legend regarding, 192;
the first who put laws in writing, 295.

Menu, Ordinances of, 40, 49.

Metallic weapons of ancient races, 290, 293.

Metallurgy of the ancients, Mr Vaux on the, 292.

Mexico, the States of, 366.

Mexicans, traditions among the, regarding creation of man, 133;
of the earth, 153.

Michabo, the legend of, among the American Indians, 152, 153.

Mill, Mr J. S., quoted, 32;
on the status of women, 109.

Mistletoe, the legend of the, 172, 176.

Mivart, Mr St George, xv.

Modes of settlement into communities, 31.

Monkey and man, traditions connecting the, 136.

Monogamy, 124.

Monotheism, Jewish, 149;
Semitic, 170;
Chaldæan, 187.

Mosaic law, origin of, 359.

Montagu, Lord Robert, M.P., xvi.

Montalembert, De la, 4, 113;
on results of Congress of Paris, in 1856, 406.

Montesquieu, 384, 385.

Montfauçon on Bacchus, 215;
the declaration of war, 387.

Mormons, the, 18.

Mosaic authorship of Pentateuch, evidence of, 359.

Mozca Indians, the, 70;
tradition of Bochica among, 325.

Müller, Mr Max, on Aryan dialects, 36;
on Comparative Philology, 116;
on derivation of the word _man_, 134, 228;
nature-worship, 143;
mythology, 165, 167-170;
on legend of Deucalion, 226;
"Comparative Philology" quoted, 393.

Mundane egg, the, 306, 307.

Myrmidon, 240.

Mysterious origin of aboriginal races, 35.

Mythological tradition among the Eastern Islanders, 200.

Mythology, 157;
source and origin of, 159-164;
solar, 166;
Rev. G. W. Cox on, 168;
Max Müller on, 167-170;
complications and confusion in, 171-181;
Assyrian, _see_ Assyrian mythology.

Myths connecting man with the monkey, 136.

Myths, their importance, 117.

Natchez tribes, institution of perpetual fire among, 320.

Nations, law of. _See_ International Law, Law of Nations.

Natural right, 5.

Nature, law of. _See_ Law of Nature.

Nature-worship, 143, 163, 173.

Nazarians, the, a curious Gnostic sect, 154.

Nebo, a Chaldæan deity, 206;
resemblance of, to Shem, 207.

Necessities of the pastoral life, 27.

Negro, the, persistency of colour in, 77;
subserviency of, 80.

_Ner_, _soss_, and _sar_, Chaldæan periods of time, 57.

Nergal identified with Mars, 164.

Newman, Dr, 310, 323;
on history of Western civilisation, 338-340.

New Zealanders, curious tradition among, 139;
their degeneration and retrogression, 321, 322.

Nicolas, Mon. A., 107.

Niebühr, quoted, 364.

Nillson, Professor, on the Stone Age, 290, 292;
quoted, 297.

Nimrod, a powerful chieftain, 88;
in the Chaldæan mythology, 158;
identity with Belus, 159;
his apotheosis confounded with Enoch's disappearance, 160.

Nin or Ninip, the true fish-god, 200;
identification with Noah, 202;
emblem of, in Assyria, 203;
note of Rawlinson on, 205.

Noah (or Noe), identified with Shin-nong, 64, 232;
with Oannes, 139;
confusion of traditions regarding, 158;
traditions of, among the Chaldæans, 183;
philology of the name, 196;
warlike epithets applied to, 202;
correspondence of Nin to, 202;
Nebo a counterpart of, 206;
identifications of (with Xisuthrus) 208,
(with Saturn) 210-212,
(with Bacchus) 215,
(with Janus) 217, 326,
(with Ogyges and Deucalion) 222;
the depositary of tradition and channel of law, 236;
summary of evidence regarding traditional identifications, 236-241;
and the Golden Age, 323;
proofs of identity with Saturn, 325;
associations of dove and rainbow with, 393, 396. _See_ also Deluge,
Festivals, commemorative.

Nomadic life, 27.

Normandy, the Marquis of, 408.

Notions of primitive antiquity, 343.

"Num," the deity of Samoides, 155.

Oannes, the mysterious fish, 199;
the god of science and knowledge, 201.

Oceanus, Saturn identified as, 217.

OEdipus, legend of, 178;
identified with Lamech, 178;
corruption of the legend in the "Gesta Romanorum," 179.

"Offices," the, of Cicero quoted, 373.

Ogdensburg, the taking of, xxvii.

Ogier, M. Pegot, on the worship of the Guanches, 305.

Ogilby's "Japan," quoted, 268, 269.

Ogyges and Deucalion, traditional connection of, with Deluge, 222.

"O-kee-pa," the, a religious ceremony of Mandans, 245, 246.

Old Chronicle of Egypt, the, 93;
analysis of, 97.

Opischeschaht Indians, ceremonies among the, 268.

"Oracula Sybillina," the, quoted, 188, 195, 236, 237.

Oral transmission of tradition, 121, 122;
H. N. Coleridge on, 122.

_Orbis terrarum_, the, 338, 339;
nucleus of, 344.

Ordeals among the Indians, 247.

Ordinances of Menu, 40, 49.

Oriental religions, Cardinal Wiseman on the, 154.

"Origin and Development of Religious Belief," Mr Baring Gould
on, 140-153.

Origin and growth of International law, 4.

"Origin of Laws," Goguet's, quoted, 128.

Origin of Mosaic law, 359.

Orpheus and Euridike, 173.

"Orvar Odd's saga," 296, 297.

Osiris, the judge of the soul, 189, 240.

Over-population, Malthus' views regarding, 17.

Ox Temple of Meaco, ceremony in the, 269.

Ozanam, on Laws, 370, 371.

Pachacamac, the Peruvian deity, 186, 304, 305.

Pagan view of the social compact, 23.

_Pall Mall Gazette_, the, on the Darwinian theory of conscience, 2, 12;
on laws, 9, 11;
on utilitarianism, 14, 18;
on European radicalism, 110;
on the custom of the Manx Thing, 347.

Palmer, Mr William, on Egyptian chronology, 92-104, 159;
on Osiris, 189.

Panathenæa, the, 248.

Pantheon, the, of the Egyptians, 159;
of the Chaldæans, 163.

Papacy, the, head of a general European league, 381, 382.

Papal States, seizure of the, 407-409.

Paralleled traditions, 254-262;
customs, 268;
festivals, 275-282, 325-327.

Parlementaires, 405.

Pastoral life, necessities of, 27.

Pastoret's History, quoted, on Amphictyonic Council, 363, 364, 369.

Patagonians, religious festivals among the, 275-279.

Peace and war, symbols of, 388-392.

Peacock, the, symbol of the rainbow, 388-392.

Pelasgians, the, 361.

Pelasgus, 240.

Pentateuch, the Rev. W. Smith's work on, quoted, 272, 273, 359.

Pentheus, the fate of, 217.

Peopling of American Continent, how accomplished, 263-266.

Persistency of colour in African races and others, 77.

Perseus, legend of, 178.

Persians, ancient tradition of the, 128.

Peru, the deity of, 186.

Peruvians, worship of the, 304;
Garcilasso de la Vega on, 305.

Pheasant, the, relation of, to the Mandans, 266.

Philology, comparative, 116.

Philosophy alone is not religion, 145.

Phoenician tradition of Deluge, 211;
cosmogonies, 132, 159.

Phoroneus, the father of mankind, 90, 239.

Phrygian legend of the Deluge, 193.

Pinkerton's account of religion of the Samoides, 155.

Plato, tradition of condition of families recorded by, 30, 332;
his Atlantis, an embodiment of tradition, 367.

Plough, etymology of the word, 255, 335.

Plumtre's Æschylus, 390.

Plutarch's "Numa," quoted, 397.

Polyandry, regulated and rude, 48, 49.

Polygamy, 125.

"Polynesian Researches," quoted, 265.

Polytheism and monotheism, 149-151.

Pongol festival of Southern India, 275-282.

Pontifical power, the, 381.

Poole, Mr, 76.

Pope, the, centre of a European league, 382.

Pope's Odyssey quoted, 389.

Poseidon, 240.

Positivism, Huxley's definition of, 113.

Posterity of Ham, the, 87, 88.

Precedence of women in Dahome, 259.

Pottery, the art of, an evidence of progress, 73, 311.

Pre-historic Archæology divided into four epochs, 287, 288.

Prayer and Punishment, expressed by same word by Latins, 286.

Prescott's "History of Mexico" quoted, 309, 366.

Prevost, Sir G., xxv., xxvi.

Primary objects of Law of Nations, 367.

Primitive condition of mankind, traditions regarding, from
Sanchoniathon, 126, 284.

Primitive life, 26;
the family, 26;
society and government, 26;
necessities of pastoral, 27;
origin of feuds and wars, 27-29;
tendency to dispersion, 27;
gradual consolidation, 30, 31;
Mr J. S. Mill on, 32;
progress from a savage to a civilised state, 32;
the Arab and Iroquois exceptional instances, 33;
distinctive avocations of hunter, husbandman, and shepherd, 33;
in India, Mr Hunter on, 34, 36;
exogamous tribes, 46;
polyandrous families, 48;
marriage, 49-51;
views of Blackstone on, 54.

Primitive marriage, Mr M'Lennan's theory of, 44;
Sir John Lubbock on, 51.

Primitive races, 43.

Prophecy of St Malachy, 380.

Progress of man to civilisation, 329, 331.

Prometheus, supposed identity with Adam, 42;
confusion of traditions regarding, 158, 180.

Promiscuity, 47, 125.

Pu-an-ku, the primeval man, 63.

Public opinion, 6, 7.

Purification and punishment, association of, 286.

Pythagoras, 233.

Quapaws, tradition of the, 29.

Quetzalcohuatl, identity of with Manco Capac, 326.

Quincey, De, 136;
on Kant's scheme of a universal society, 383.

Rabbit, the Great, tradition of, 152, 153.

Races, primitive, 43.

Radicalism, European, 110.

Radien, the deity of Scandinavian mythology, 186.

"Rain and Rivers," the, of Col. G. Greenwood, quoted, 233, 234.

Rainbow, the symbol of peace, 392;
tradition of the, 393-395.

Ra or Il, the Chaldæan deity, 183;
account of, by Rawlinson, 185.

Ravana, 50.

Rawlinson, Professor, xvi., 25, 30;
on Babylonian chronology, 57, 58;
on good and evil personifications, 83;
identification of Nergal with Mars, 164;
on deities of Chaldæan Pantheon, 183, 185, 190, 194;
on Nin or Ninip, 205;
on Noah, 239;
corroboration of Assyrian history, 289;
the use of metals, 293.

Reduplication and confusion of deities, 190.

Reduplications--of Yao and Hoang-ti, 65;
of Enoch, 192;
of Bacchus, 215, 216.

Relics of Scriptural tradition in Greece, 182.

Religion and philosophy, divergence between, 108.

Religion of the Samoides, 155;
among savage races, 299;
the Tonpinambas of Brazil, 301;
the Feegees, 301;
among Indians, 302, 303;
in Guinea, 303;
among the Fuegians, 303, 304;
among Peruvians, 304, 305;
among Lepchas and Limboos, 305;
among the Khasias, 306;
among Andamans, 308;
among Tahitians, 314, 315;
among Sandwich Islanders, 315;
in Vancouver's Island, 317.

Religion, gradual progress of, among primitive peoples, 143, 144,
148, 154.

"Religion the representation of a philosophic idea," 141.

Religious formalities on declaration of war, 386.

Restriction of the comity of nations, 379.

Revelation, primitive, 146, 147.

Rites, Levitical, borrowed from the Egyptians, 272, 273.

River, etymology of the word, 253.

Rock, the Very Rev. Dr, 387.

Roman Church, the _Spectator_ on, 110.

Roman law, 351-353;
influence of Stoics on, 372.

Roman ideas of the cosmogony, 23.

Romans and Latins, political union of the, 355.

Rude and regulated polyandry, 48, 49.

Ryley, Mr E., on Belligerent Rights, 376, 377.

Sabines, the, 352.

Sacrifices in the Temple of Neptune, 368.

Sacrificial weapons, 293.

St Julian, scene at, 389.

St Malachy, ancient prophecy of, 380.

Saluberry, General De, xxvii.

Samoans, the, 313.

Samoides, customs of the, 28;
their religion, 155, 156.

Samoyed traditions of Creation, 154, 155.

Sanchi, commemorative festival of Deluge at, 252.

Sanchoniathon, traditions from, 126;
relation of, to Genesis, 127, 128, 130;
on diluvian tradition, 211.

Sandwich Islanders, religion among the, 315.

Sanscrit literature, 56;
etymology of the word _plough_, 335.

Sanscrit story of the Deluge, 224.

Santals, the, 35;
struggle with the Aryans for the mastery, 36;
traditions of, 223;
customs of, 262.

Satirists, use of blackness of complexion by, 85.

_Saturday Review_, the, on Mr Gladstone's "Juventus Mundi," 114;
on Indian traditions, 228.

Saturnalia, the, 214.

Saturn, identified as Nin, 201;
traditional connection of, with Deluge, 210-212;
reference to as Oceanus, 217;
the inventor of agriculture, 325.

Savage belief in the devil, 302.

Savage races, vestiges of religion among, 299, 300.

Scandinavian Edda, story of Baldrin, 172;
quoted, 175.

Scandinavian mythology, the deity of, 186.

Sceptical effect of discoveries in science, xvi., xvii.

Scheme of a universal society, Kant's, 383.

Schemes, communistic, 110.

Schlegel on tradition, 124;
on Chaldæan mythology, 188;
on Indian traditions, 199;
on diluvian tradition, 233, 234.

Scriptural chronology, historical testimony and evidence in
favour of, 55.

Scriptural tradition, relics of in Greece, 182.

Scripture and tradition, 119.

Scythians, the, 33.

Seebohm, Mr F., xv.

Semitic monotheism, 170.

Serpent, the, associated with darkness, 173.

Servitude in marriage, the law of, 109.

Sethites and Cainites, 188.

Shakergal, the feast of roses in Cashmir, 69.

Shem, resemblance of Nebo to, 207.

Shepherds, dynasty of the, 102.

Shin-nong, the divine husbandman, 63;
identified with Noah, 64, 232.

Siethas, the, worshipped by the Lapps, 155.

Sioux Indians, tradition among the, regarding blackness of
complexion, 81;
of creation of man, 134.

Six Nations, tribes of the, 365.

Slavonian account of the Creation, 154.

Smith, Rev. Dr, on the Pentateuch, 272, 273;
origin of Mosaic law, 359.

Social compact, the, Pagan view of, 23.

Socialists, English, 110.

Society and government, elementary constituent of, 26.

Society, human, founded upon a contract, 21.

Solar and ancestral worship, interfusion of, 205.

Solar mythology, 166, 172.

"So-sin," the, commemorative festival in Dahome, 250, 254.

_Soss_, _sar_, and _ner_, Chaldean periods of time, 57.

Sothic cycle, the, 96, 98-100.

Sothis, Book of, 95.

Southern India, Pongol festival of, 275-282.

"Spanish Conquest of America," the, of Helps, quoted, 304, 325-327.

_Spectator_, the, on the Roman Church, 110.

Spencer, Dr, 274.

State of nature, a, 331-333.

States, formation of, 342-343.

Stephens' "Central America" quoted, 29.

Stevens, Mr E. T., 269, 296.

Stoics, the, their influence on Roman law, 372.

Stone Age, the, untenable hypothesis of, 289;
Professor Nillson on, 290, 292, 297;
evidence in favour of, 296, 297;
mode of burial in, 308, 309.

Stripes of coloured cloth, emblematic, 388.

"Struggle for existence," the, 16.

Subjective existence of conscience, 12.

Sudra, the, 40.

Sun-worship, 154-156, 163.

Superstitions of the Khasias, 306.

"Supplicants," the, of Æschylus quoted, 131.

Symbols of peace and war, 388-392.

Syncellus, 94, 95, 97;
quoted, 199.

_Tablet, The_, quoted, 2;
on Arbitration instead of War, 380;
on position of the Papacy, 382.

Tahitians, the, tools of, 290;
religion and civilisation of, 314, 315.

Tamanacs, tradition of the, 229.

Tangaloa, the Tonga god, 82.

Tartar tribes, tradition of Deluge among, 135.

Tasman's "Voyage of Discovery" quoted, 298, 299.

Tasmanians, knowledge of fire among the, 319.

Taurus, 204.

Taylor, Rev. Richard, on the New Zealanders, 321, 322.

Temple of Diana, the, 364.

Temple of Neptune, sacrifices in the, 368.

Tendency of tradition to uncertainty and distortion, 115, 116;
to reduplication, 209.

Ten Kings, League of the, 367.

Themis and Themistes, 346, 348, 349.

Three stages of progress with man, 32.

_Times, The_, quoted, 245, 380;
on Franco-German war, 403.

Tlascala, the republic of, 366, 367.

Tlascopan, the kingdom of, 366.

Tocqueville, De, on international law, 8.

Tohil, the fire-god, 319.

Tonga, tradition in, regarding blackness of complexion, 82.

Tongusy, the religion of the, 156.

Tonpinambas, the, of Brazil, 301.

Topan, the idol, 269.

Tortoise, curious belief regarding the, 138, 139.

Tortures among the Indians, 247.

"Totems and Totemism," 125.