Chapter XXXVII: Appendix: E (1)

NOTE ON THE EXPORT TRADE IN PERUVIAN BARK FROM THE PORTS OF SOUTH
AMERICA, AND ON THE IMPORT TRADE INTO ENGLAND.

ARICA, the port for the "_Calisaya_" bark from Bolivia. In 1859 the export of bark amounted to 192,600 lbs., valued at 17,334_l._; and between January and November, 1860, to 388,800 lbs., valued at 35,000_l._

ISLAY, another port for the "_Calisaya_" bark from Bolivia. In 1859 the export of bark amounted to 146,000 lbs., valued at 13,460_l._ (of which 136,500 lbs. went to England, and 9500 lbs. to France); and between January and November, 1860, to 107,700 lbs., valued at 9770_l._

PAYTA, the port for the "_Crown_" barks from Loxa. The price of bark at this port for the last nine years has been twenty-four dollars the cwt.; but during the last year the price has risen to thirty dollars, where it is likely to remain for some time. The usual annual export amounts to 140,000 lbs., the actual quantity shipped in 1861, and it is valued at 8400_l._

GUAYAQUIL, the port for the "_Red_" bark and the "_West Coast Carthagena_" bark. The quantity exported varies very much in different years, the price being at present about twenty dollars the cwt. In 1857 the export of bark amounted to 516,600 lbs.; in 1858 to 533,300 lbs.; in 1859 to 201,700 lbs.; in 1860 to 91,500 lbs.; and in 1861 to 443,700 lbs.; valued in the last of these years at 17,748_l._

The "_Grey_" barks were exported, in former years, from CALLAO, and in small quantities from HUANCHACO and LAMBAYEQUE, but of late years none has been exported.

The "_Carthagena_" barks from New Granada are exported from the ports of CARTHAGENA and SANTA MARTHA, and also from the little port of TUMACO on the Pacific coast. From 1849 to 1855 great quantities were exported, but in the latter year the supply began to fail. The existing civil war in New Granada has still further injured this trade. No reliable account of the export of bark from the above ports of New Granada has been received.

From the four ports of ARICA, ISLAY, PAYTA, and GUAYAQUIL the average amount of bark annually exported may be taken at 912,900 lbs., valued at 59,076_l._ Small quantities may come from other ports, of which no authentic account has been obtained; so that the total amount annually exported from South America may be estimated at considerably over 2,000,000 lbs.

There being no duty on the importation of Peruvian bark into England, the returns of the amount imported are much less carefully kept than was formerly the case. The returns, too, are in packages, and not in lbs. or cwts., and these packages vary in weight from 120 lbs. to 60 lbs. The number of packages of Peruvian bark imported into England in 1858 was 19,831; in 1859 the number was 10,651; in 1860 it was 10,456; and in 1861 it was 20,748. Taking the average of the weight of the packages at 80 lbs. each, the quantity imported into England during the last four years would be 4,934,880 lbs., and in the year 1861 about 1,659,840 lbs.

The quantity of Peruvian bark imported into England during the three months ending on March 31st, 1861, was reported to be 306,300 lbs., and during the same period, in the present year, 310,700 lbs. At this rate the annual import would be a little over 1,200,000 lbs., which is probably more correct than the above estimate from the packages.

THE END.

LONDON: PRINTED BY W. CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING CROSS.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The only valid argument against this change is that it may cause confusion, but the alteration is too slight for this to be possible; and it is not uncommon, among botanists, to correct the usual spelling of genera or species of plants, when it is found to be erroneous. Among other examples of such changes may be enumerated those of _Plumeria_, now altered to _Plumieria_; _Bufonia_ to _Buffonia_; and _Gesneria_ to _Gesnera_.

[2] _See page 490._

[3] In Quichua, when the name of a plant is reduplicated, it almost invariably implies that it possesses some medicinal quality.

[4] La Condamine, Jussieu, and Ruiz all believed that the Indians were aware of the medicinal qualities of Peruvian bark, and that they imparted their knowledge to the Spaniards. Humboldt and Ulloa were of an opposite opinion. The stories of its virtues having been discovered by watching the pumas or South-American lions chewing the bark to cure their fevers, mentioned by Condamine; and of an Indian having found it out by drinking of the waters of a lake into which a chinchona-tree had fallen--told by Geoffroy--are of modern and European origin.

[5] Jussieu says that it is certain that the first knowledge of the efficacy of this bark was derived from the Indians of Malacotas, some leagues south of Loxa.--Weddell, _Histoire Naturelle des Quinquinas_, p. 15.

[6] Poëppig, _Reise_.

[7] Mr. Spruce's _Report_, p. 25.

[8] The first Marquis of Astorga married Leonora, daughter of Don Fadrique Henriquez, Admiral of Spain, and sister of the Queen of Aragon, who was mother of King Ferdinand the Catholic: so that Ana was sixth cousin to her contemporary King Philip IV

[9] _Nobiliario genealogico de los Titulos de España, por Alonzo Lopez de Haro, Madrid, 1626._

[10] Alcedo.

[11] _Creacion y Privilegios de los Titulos de Castilla, por Don José Berni._ The Counts of Chinchon were hereditary Alcaides of the Alcazar of Segovia. In 1623 the Count of Chinchon here received Charles I. of England, and gave him a supper of "certaine trouts of extraordinary greatnesse." In 1764 the then Count of Chinchon ceded the Alcazar to the crown.

[12] A large supply of seeds of this kind has been sent to India and Ceylon.

[13] Howard's _Nueva Quinologia de Pavon_, No. 1.

[14] Sebastian Badus asserts that bark was brought to Alcala de Henares as early as 1632.--Humboldt's _Aspects_, ii. p. 268.

[15] I translated and edited Acuña's Voyage for the Hakluyt Society in 1859.

[16] _Disertacion por Dr. Don Hipolito Unanue._

[17] Torti's work, _De Febribus_, was published at Venice in 1732.

[18] _Traité Thérapeutique du Quinquina_, par P. Briquet. Paris, 1856.

[19] _Voyage de Condamine_, p. 31.

[20] 1738, p. 226.

[21] _Noticias Secretas_, p. 572.

[22] _Semanario de la Nueva Granada_, p. 283.

[23] Endlicher separated the species whose capsules begin to open from the top, and formed them into a sub-genus, which he called _Cascarilla_. Klotzsch, combining these with other species characterised by a six-parted corolla, raised them to an independent genus called _Ladenbergia_.

[24] _Histoire naturelle des Quinquinas_, p. 72.

[25] Dr. Weddell's list is as follows:--

1. C. CALISAYA (_Weddell_) Bolivia and Caravaya.
2. C. CONDAMINEA (_Humboldt_) Loxa.
3. C. SCROBICULATA (_Humboldt_) Peru.
4. C. AMYGDALIFOLIA (_Weddell_) Peru and Bolivia.
5. C. NITIDA (_Ruiz and Pavon_) N. Peru.
6. C. AUSTRALIS (_Weddell_) Southern Bolivia.
7. C. BOLIVIANA (_Weddell_) Caravaya and Bolivia
8. C. MICRANTHA (_Ruiz and Pavon_) Peru and Bolivia.
9. C. PUBESCENS (_Vahl_) Peru and Bolivia.
10. C. CORDIFOLIA (_Mutis_) New Granada.
11. C. PURPURASCENS (_Weddell_) Bolivia.
12. C. OVATA (_Ruiz and Pavon_) Peru and Bolivia.
13. C. CHOMELIANA (_Weddell_) Bolivia.
14. C. GLANDULIFERA (_Ruiz and Pavon_) N. Peru.
15. C. ASPERIFOLIA (_Weddell_) Bolivia.
16. C. HUMBOLDTIANA (_Lambert_) Jaen.
17. C. CARABAYENSIS (_Weddell_) Caravaya.
18. C. MUTISII (_Lambert_) Loxa.
19. C. HIRSUTA (_Ruiz and Pavon_) N. Peru.

_Doubtful._

C. DISCOLOR (_Klotzsch_) N. Peru.
C. PALALBA (_Pavon_) Peru.

[26] M. Delondre decided that the fruit and flowers, though having a bitter principle, did not contain the alkaloids, while the roots contained them, though in smaller proportion than the bark of the trunk and branches.

[27] Weddell.

[28] Briquet, p. 22.

[29] _Nueva Quinologia de Pavon_, No. 10.

[30] _Aricine_, as a sulphate, does not crystallize, but forms a peculiar trembling jelly. It was so named from the port of Arica, whence the bark of _C. pubescens_ is exported.

[31] Pereira says that, if a substance suspected to contain _quina_ be powdered, then shaken with ether, and afterwards successively treated with chlorine and ammonia, the liquid will assume a green colour if the slightest trace of quina be present.--_Mat. Med._ ii. part ii. p. 119. One or two pounds of bark suffice well for an analysis.

[32] _Traité Thérapeutique du Quinquina et de ses préparations_, par P. Briquet, Paris, 1855. Also Pereira's _Materia Medica_.

[33] The word _quinquina_ is generally adopted for the medical preparations which are taken from Peruvian bark. _Quina_ signifies _bark_ in Quichua, and _quinquina_ is a bark possessing some medicinal property. _Quinine_ is, of course, derived from _quina_, _chinchonine_ from _chinchona_. The Spaniards corrupted the word _quina_ into _china_; and in homœopathy the word _china_ is still retained. In 1735, when M. de la Condamine visited Peru, the native name of _quina-quina_ was almost entirely replaced by the Spanish term _cascarilla_, which also means bark.

[34] _Autobiography of Sir James MacGrigor_, chap. xii. p. 241.

[35] _Dictionnaire des Sciences Médicales_, quoted by Delondre, p. 7.

[36] _Aspects_, ii. p. 267.

[37] _Semanario de la Nueva Granada._

[38] From Martius: a note in No. 1 of Howard's _Nueva Quinologia de Pavon_.

[39] Some of these MSS. are, I believe, in possession of Don Pedro Carbo, of Guayaquil.

[40] Spanish edition of General Miller's _Memoirs_, i. p. 42.

[41] It is the form of _C. Condaminea_, represented in the unshaded branch with capsules, Plate x. of the _Plantes Equinoctiales_.

[42] It comes in very small quills, as if taken from a mere shrub.

[43] Besides _quinine_ several other febrifugal alkaloids are found in the chinchona barks, one of the most important of which is _chinchonidine_, discovered by Pasteur in 1852.

[44] I found some very beautiful dried specimens of this species in the botanical gardens at Madrid last year. The lanceolate leaves and panicles of flowers still retained their colour. They were marked "_Cascarilla fina de Uritusinga de Loxa, Quin. de Pavon_."

[45] Howard's _Nueva Quinologia de Pavon_.

[46] _Howard_, from MS. of Ruiz.

[47] Mr. Cross's _Report_, Nov. 1861.

[48] Pereira, _Materia Medica_, ii. p. 106.

[49] Afterwards published in a pamphlet of 57 pages, with plates.

[50] In 1856 Mr. Howard shared Dr. Weddell's belief that the "red bark" belonged to a variety of _C. ovata_.--_Pharmaceutical Journal_, Oct. 1856.

[51] Howard.

[52] With "red bark" another kind, known as "West coast Carthagena," is exported from Guayaquil. The name is absurd. Mr. Howard believes it to be derived from the _C. Palton_ of Pavon, which is found in the woods of Cuenca, and in the province of Loxa. Samples of this bark yield 2.05 of alkaloids, 1.34 of chinchonidine, and 0.7 of quinine.

[53] Alcedo.

[54] Mutis was born at Cadiz in 1732. He resided in South America for forty years, and corresponded with Linnæus. Dying in 1808, the greater portion of his papers was destroyed in the revolution at Bogota; but a part of his collection of dried plants is now in the botanical gardens at Madrid, in a disgraceful state of disorder.

[55] In 1776 Don Sebastian José Lopez Ruiz, a physician at Bogota, persuaded the Spanish government that he was the first discoverer of chinchona-trees in New Granada, and obtained a yearly pension of 2000 dollars as a reward; but he was afterwards considered to be an impostor, and the viceroy deprived him of it.

[56] The pupil and fellow-workman of Mutis, from whose notes he wrote.

[57] _Anales de la Historia Natural de Madrid_, 1800.

[58] _Floræ Columbiæ specimina selecta_, i. p. 21: Berlin, 1858. A superbly illustrated work by Dr. Karsten.

[59] _Die medicinischen Chinarinden Neu-Granadas_, von H. Karsten: Berlin, 1858. I have had this pamphlet translated for the use of those intrusted with, or interested in, the chinchona cultivation in India and Ceylon. It contains a great deal of valuable information respecting the most favourable situations for the production of alkaloids in chinchona barks, and other particulars respecting the growth of the bark, and the methods of collecting it. Dr. Karsten is a careful observer and a scientific botanist and chemist, and his observations form a very important addition to our knowledge of this subject.

[60] _Report of the Administrador Don Ignacio Cavero, Semanario_, p. 183.

[61] 300 dried specimens, and 242 coloured drawings, sent in the ship 'Buen Consejo.'

[62] Namely:--

1. _C. lanceolata_ (_Cascarilla bobo amarillo_).
2. _C. purpurea_ ( " _de hoja morada_).
3. _C. ovata_ ( " _pata de gallareta_).
4. _C. nitida_ ( " _fino_).
5. _C. hirsuta_ ( " _fino delgado_).
6. _C. magnifolia_ {( " _flor de Azahar_).
{( " _magnifolia--Wedd_).
7. _C. glandulifera_ ( " _negrilla_).

[63] I have examined Pavon's dried specimens from Huanuco, now in the botanical gardens at Madrid.

There are leaves of _C. lanceolata_, from the forests of Muña; leaves and capsules of _C. ovata_, some of the former very slightly cordate, from Panao and Pillao; leaves, flowers, and capsules of _C. purpurea_; and leaves and capsules of _C. nitida_, from Cuchero.

[64] Ruiz published his _Quinologia_ in 1792.

[65] At first, in the best years, as many as 25,000 arrobas of bark were exported from the province of Huanuco, and some large fortunes were made.--_Poeppig._ An arroba = 25 lbs.

[66] _Mercurio Peruano._

[67] A Peruvian who was for many years Director of the Cabinet of Natural History in Madrid, during the reign of Charles III.

[68] _Reise in Peru, während der Jahre 1827-32_, von Eduard Poeppig, Professor an der Universität zu Leipzig, ii. pp. 217-23, 257-64.

[69] Stevenson, however, says that large quantities of bark were brought from the woods east of Huamalies in 1825.--_Travels_, ii. p. 66.

[70] Poeppig. Van Tschudi, p. 399.

[71] Poeppig.

[72] Howard.

[73] I have caused the part of Poeppig's work which relates to chinchona-trees and their barks to be translated for circulation in India and Ceylon.

[74] As early as 1790 the calisaya bark was highly prized in Madrid.

[75] The valuable species found in Bolivia and Southern Peru. Dr. Weddell derives the name from the Quichua words _colli_ (red) and _saya_ (form); Poeppig from _colla_ (a remedy) and _salla_ (rocky ground); Van Tschudi from _collisara_ (reddish maize). Dr. Laefdael, the Judge of Caravaya, told me it came from _ccali_ (strong) and _sayay_ (become, or be thou). Calisaya is the name of a family of Indian Caciques in Caravaya, one of whom acted an important part in the revolt of 1780-1. The plant may have been called after him.

[76] The bark of _C. Calisaya_, known as "yellow bark" in commerce, was at first erroneously believed to come from _C. cordifolia_, because Mutis had called the bark from that species _cascarilla amarilla_, or "yellow bark." See p. 28.

[77] This account of the Bolivian bark trade is from Dr. Weddell's _Voyage dans le Nord de Bolivie, et dans les partes voisines de Pérou_. Paris, 1853. Chap. xiii. p. 235.

[78] Gibbon's _Valley of the Amazon_, p. 147.

[79] _Mercurio del Vapor_, Dec. 15, 1859.

[80] _Yuncu_ is a tropical valley in Quichua, hence _yungus_, a Spanish corruption of the same word.

[81] _Quinologie_, par M. A. Delondre. Paris, 1854.

[82] _Voyage dans le Nord de Bolivie, et dans les partes voisines de Pérou_, par H. A. Weddell. Paris, 1853. Dr. Weddell is now engaged in the publication of a work on the plants of the more elevated parts of the Andes, entitled _Chloris Andina_.

[83] An account of it was published in the Journal of the Horticultural Society, vol. vii. p. 272.

[84] Pereira, _Mat. Med._ ii. part ii. p. 118.

[85] Weddell, _Histoire Naturelle des Quinquinas_.

[86] Weddell, _Voyage dans le Nord de Bolivie_.

[87] _Mém. de l' Acad. Roy. des Sciences_, 1738, p. 226.

[88] _Noticias Secretas_, p. 572.

[89] MS. quoted by Howard.

[90] Poeppig.

[91] Karsten.

[92] I. p. 245. Probably the idea was first conceived much earlier by Dr. Ainslie, who, half a century ago, remarked that it was matter of regret that "it had never been attempted to rear those articles of the Materia Medica in India, for which the world is now solely indebted to America."--Ainslie's _Materia Medica_, p. 66 (_note_).

[93] _Cours d'Hist. Nat. Pharm._ ii. p. 252.

[94] _Histoire Naturelle des Quinquinas_, p. 13.

[95] _Quinologie_, par M. A. Delondre, p. 15.

[96] So convinced is Dr. Weddell that there is imminent danger of the supplies of bark eventually being exhausted, that he says, "Avant que la malheur que je prévois n'arrive (et ce ne sera pas de notre temps) la science aura peut-être fait la conquête de quelque nouveau médicament qui rendra moins regrettable la perte de l'écorce de Pérou."--_Voyage dans le Nord de Bolivie_, p. 245.

[97] Howard.

[98] Howard.

[99] _Ychu_ is grass in Quichua, and _corpa_ a lodging.

[100] Information from Gironda, then Governor of Sina.

[101] _Kew Miscellany_, Oct. and Nov. 1856.

[102] Dr. Macpherson's Report, Dec. 19, 1860, No. 50, para. 8.

[103] _Bonplandia_, March, 1859, p. 72. The pay of an Assistant-Resident in Java is 500_l._ a-year.--Money's _Java_.

[104] A lofty tree, 150 to 200 feet high, with a very close-grained wood. It yields a fragrant resin called _storax_.

[105] Report of Mr. Fraser, H. M. Consul at Batavia.

[106] Dr. Junghuhn called some of the plants _C. lanceolata_, and others _C. succirubra_; but he has himself allowed that the former are a mere variety of the worthless species, seeds of which were sent by M. Hasskarl from Uchubamba; and the latter certainly cannot be _C. succirubra_, as that valuable kind is not found in the Peruvian districts visited by M. Hasskarl.

[107] Dr. Macpherson's Report, Dec. 19, 1860. No. 50.

[108] Dr. Anderson's Report, Dec. 14, 1861, No. 326; and Dr. Macpherson's Report, Dec. 19, 1860, No. 50, para. 12.

[109] Report of Mr. Fraser, late H. M. Consul at Batavia.

[110] Howard's _Nueva Quinologia de Pavon_. No. 7.

[111] He left Java in September, 1861, after a residence of six years.

[112] Howard. No. 7 (_note_).

[113] Report of Mr. Fraser.

[114] Dr. Junghuhn has published two very interesting reports on the cultivation of the chinchona-plants in Java, in the _Bonplandia_, a German botanical journal: the first in Nos. 4 and 5 of 1858, and the second in the numbers for July and August, 1860. I have caused these reports to be translated and circulated for the information of those who are intrusted with, or interested in, the chinchona cultivation in India or Ceylon.

[115] Mr. Spruce's remark on the eventual necessity of cultivating the chinchona tree is important. He says, "I have seen enough of collecting the products of the forests to convince me that _whatever vegetable substance is needful to man, he must ultimately cultivate the plant producing it_."--_Report_, p. 83.

[116] It appears, by a government return, that 2051 lbs. of quinine were sent to India in 1856, and 1180 lbs. in 1857.

The _Friend of India_ of December 10th, 1860, however, quoting from the _Lancet_, states that the consumption of quinine and bark in the government hospitals in India in 1857-8 was 6815 lbs., and that in 1858-9 it amounted to 5087 lbs. The writer of the article adds that the government druggists in India sell quinine at 1_l._ an ounce; but, taking the cost of an ounce of quinine at 10_s._, the expenditure on this medicine, according to the above figures, would amount to 54,520_l._ in 1857-8, and to 40,696_l._ in 1858-9!

[117] Nevertheless we now have plants of _C. lancifolia_, the species which should have been procured from New Granada, thriving in India. They have been received from Java, in exchange for other species, and were originally raised from seeds sent by Dr. Karsten.

[118] When it was founded by General La Fuente, then Prefect of Arequipa.--_Castelnau_, iii. p. 443.

[119] There is anchorage for 20 or 25 vessels in 10 or 12 fathoms; but there is always a rather heavy swell, so that a hawser is necessary to keep a vessels bow to it, even in fine weather.

[120] In the following proportions:--

To England Alpaca wool 22,500 cwts worth £192,729
" Sheep's wool 18,669 " " 67,306
" Vicuña wool 72 " " 1,537
" Copper " 333
" Bark 1,365 " " 12,383
" Specie 34,706
To France Wool 877 " " 1,886
" Bark 95 " " 1,077
To the United States Wool 8,054 " " 24,884
--------
£336,842
--------

[121] The analysis of this soil, by Dr. Forbes Watson, gave the following result:--

Water, and a little organic matter 7.100
Silica, as silicate and as silex 59.800
Peroxide of iron 12.100
Alumina 12.300
Lime 4.100
Magnesia 2.100
Soda 0.724
Chloride of sodium 0.408
Phosphoric acid 0.117
Carbonic acid
Sulphuric acid 0.082
-------
99.681
Loss .319
-------
100.000
-------

[122] "Tambo" is a Spanish corruption of the Quichua word _Tampu_, an inn or post-house.

[123] Almost all the woollen clothing of the Peruvian Indians is now imported from Yorkshire, and their shirtings from Lowell. Formerly it was all of home manufacture.

[124] Probably from the Quichua word _Chiri_--cold.

[125] _El Peru en_ 1860, por Alfredo Leubel.

[126] The republic of Peru has had 37 years and 7 months of existence, of which _28 years and 8 months_ have been passed in peace, 2 years in foreign war, and 6 years and 11 months in civil dissensions.

1824 to 1828 inclusive At peace.
Jan. to July, 1829 At war with Colombia.
July, 1829, to the end of 1833 At peace, under President Gamarra.
Jan. 1834, to Feb. 1836 In civil dissensions.
Feb. 1836, to Aug. 1838 At peace, under General Santa Cruz.
Aug. 1838, to Jan. 1839 At war with Chile.
Jan. 1839, to Jan. 1841 At peace, under President Gamarra.
Jan. 1841, to July, 1841 In civil dissensions.
July, 1841, to June, 1842 At war with Bolivia.
Aug. 1842, to July, 1844 In civil dissensions.
July, 1844, to June, 1854 At peace under Presidents Castilla
and Echenique.
June, 1854, to Jan. 1855 In civil war.
Jan. 1855, to Oct. 1856 At peace, under President Castilla.
Oct. 1856, to March, 1858 An insurrection at Arequipa.
March, 1858, to March, 1862 At peace, under President Castilla.

These are the plain facts of the case, which are preferable to vague and ignorant statements that Peru has been in a constant state of civil war ever since the War of Independence.

[127] The elevations were taken with one of Negretti and Zambra's boiling-point thermometers.

[128] So called from being covered with small round pebbles, like comfits.

[129] At this elevation grows an asclepiad (_Pentagonium flavum_), a little lowly plant with yellow flowers.--_Chloris Andina_, ii. p. 49.

[130] _Baccharis Incarum_ of Weddell.--_Chloris Andina_, i. p. 170.

[131] Dr. Weddell mentions a composita (_Merope piptolepis_) as being common near the shores of these lakes.--_Chloris Andina_, i. p. 162. And an oxalis in the crevices of the rocks near La Compuerta.--_Oxalis Nubigena_, ii. p. 291.

In the neighbourhood of La Compuerta there are several other lowly alpine plants--a St. John's wort (_Hypericum brevistylum_), another oxalis, and two mallows, &c. &c.

[132] M. de Castelnau says that vessels exactly resembling those of lake Titicaca are represented on the tomb of Rameses III. at Thebes.

[133] Gonzalez Montoya was the best Governor that Puno has ever known. He was a benevolent as well as a determined man, and abolished the _mitas_, or drafting of Indians for forced labour in the mines of Potosi. When ordered by the Government to restore the _mitas_, he replied, "Obedesco pero no cumplo."

[134] Garcilasso de la Vega says that the Indians boil the leaves of the _sunchu_, and then dry them in the sun, and keep them to eat in the winter.--I. lib. 8, cap. xv. p. 284.

[135] In 1663 the mines of Laycaycota, Cancharani, and San Antonio de Esquilache, near Puno, produced 1,500,000 dollars' worth of silver in one year!--Miller's _Memoirs_, ii. p. 238.

[136] _Compendio del hecho y apuntamiento de derechos de Fisco, en la causa contra José de Salcedo, sobre las sediciones y tumultos del asiento de minas de Laycocota._ _Papeles Varios_ 2, in the National Library at Lima.

[137] This was the Count of Medellin who married Catalina Ponce de Leon, sister of the Duchess of Gandia, whose husband was brother of the Countess of Lemos.

[138] _Declaracion de todo lo que contiene la demonstracion hecha por los Vehedores Don Juan Eusebio Ximenes, y Don Valentin Calderon de la Barca, de Orden Real, a Cancharani, Laycocota la alta, y Laycocota la baja, sus situaciones y vetas, desde la villa de Puno en distancia a una legua a cuya falda esta la gran laguna de Chucuito_, 1718. MS. Report at Puno, with a map, which has unfortunately been lost.

[139] The men who broke out the ores with picks got 5 rials a day; and 6 men worked out 6 to 8 cwts. of mineral daily, working 12 hours. The rest of the workmen got 4 rials a-day

[140] A small shrub (_Baccharis Incarum_) often covering the hills.

[141] It yields about 30 per cent. of silver.

[142] In 1845 Bustamante placed the value of the exports at 2,500,000 dol.!

[143] From the _Geografia del Peru_. Lima, 1859.

[144] An Englishman had a schooner on the lake, but I believe she is now abandoned or broken up; and there is no craft at present but the reed balsas.

[145] The Peruvian Government answered this decree in a noble spirit, by declaring that they would not retaliate, but, on the contrary, would assist commercial traffic between the two countries by every means in their power. Linares rescinded his barbarous edict on October 17th.

[146] All the bark shipped at Islay is smuggled across the Bolivian frontier; Arica is the recognised port of Bolivia; and the bark exported from Payta comes from the neighbouring republic of Ecuador.

[147] Evaporation, however, goes on at all seasons, owing to the excessive elevation of the waters.

[148] So say the people of Puno, but the island is all limestone.

[149] The name is more modern; given, as tradition relates, by one of the Incas, who happened to be encamped here when a _chasqui_ or messenger arrived with extraordinary rapidity from Cuzco. The Inca exclaimed, "_Tia-huanaco!_" "Be seated, O Huanaco!"--the huanaco being the swiftest animal in Peru.

[150] The Hindoo god Siva is also represented with a necklace of human heads.

[151] For descriptions of the ruins at Cuzco, see my former work, _Cuzco and Lima_, chap. iv. and v.

[152] It is now introduced into our greenhouses.

[153] The lizard appears to have been a favourite device amongst the ancient Aymaras. There is also one carved on a block of stone amongst the ruins of Tiahuanaco.

[154] The idol of Copacabana was made of a beautiful blue stone, hence the name. It had an ugly human head, and a fish's body, and it was adored as the God of the Lake.

[155] Calancha.

[156] Facing the road on the mainland, between Juli and Pomata.

[157] He nominated Apu Inca Sucso, a grandson of the Inca Viracocha, as Governor; who was father of Apuchalco Yupanqui, the grandfather of Don Alonzo Viracocha Inca, and his brother Don Pablo, who governed the island of Titicaca, under the Spaniards, in A.D. 1621.

[158] Fray Alonzo Ramas says that in 1611 an old woman, aged 120 years, died at Viacha, a day's journey from La Paz, who confessed that she had been a Virgin of the Sun.

[159] _Cronica Moralizada de la Provincia del Peru, del Orden de San Agustin, por el Padre Fray Antonio de la Calancha._ Lima, 1653.

[160] Mr. Merivale, in his _Colonization and Colonies_, says, "It must be admitted that, had the legislation of Spain in other respects been as well conceived as that respecting the Indians, the loss of her Western empire would have been an unmerited visitation."

[161] Others say that the word _Cacique_ was brought from the Old World by the Spaniards, and that it is a corruption of the Arabic _Sheikh_.

[162] Prince of Esquilache's despatch, A.D. 1618, No. 6, p. 344, H. 53. MS. despatches in the national library at Madrid.

[163] See the sentence of death passed on the Inca Tupac Amaru in 1782, by the Visitador Areche, in which the use of these dresses, and the celebration of festivals and plays, are prohibited for the future.

[164] See _Money's Java_, i. p. 215, where there is an account of the position and functions of the native "Regents."

[165] The pay of an Indian was usually 1 rial (6_d._) a week in the farms, and 20 rials (about 10_s._) in the mines. But the miners kept back a third of the Indian's wages, nominally to form a fund to pay for his return to his home at the end of his period of service.

[166] The Marquis of Montes Claros derives the word _mita_ from the Quichua _mitta_, "time," and says that the _mita_ was established to prevent idleness, and for the good of the Indians!--_Memorias_, i. p. 21.

[167] _Report of the Viceroy Prince of Esquilache_, 1620. This, however, is not quite clear: it is more probable that Indians were lawlessly torn from their homes to work in the mines when the _mita_ of a seventh did not yield a sufficient number of labourers. In North Peru the proportion was a sixth, and in Quito a fifth.

[168] Montes Claros describes them as Indians domiciled on the estates or in the houses of Spaniards, like servants; their masters giving them food, clothes, and a bit of land, and paying their tribute for them. Lest the system should degenerate into slavery, the king, in a _cedula_ of 1601, declared that they were free, and desired that this should be made known to them.--_Memorias_, i. p. 27.

[169] _Ordenanzas_, No. 34, 12, 140.

[170] Especially in those of the Count of Alba de Liste in 1660. In September of that year this viceroy assembled a Junta, in obedience to an order from Spain, to consult respecting the instruction and good treatment of the Indians. The proceedings, still in MS., may be seen in the national library at Lima.

[171] _Cuzco and Lima_, chap. vii., from the _Noticias Secretas_ of the Ulloas.

[172] II. p. 304 of the _Memorias de los Vireyes_. But no safe calculation can be made respecting the actual population from these numbers.

[173] _Papeles Varios._ No. 4. MS. in the library at Lima.

[174] The amalgamation with quicksilver was introduced at Potosi by Velasco in 1571. The quicksilver was sent down from Huancavelica to the port of Chincha, thence to Arica by sea, and from Arica over the cordillera to Potosi.--_Report of the Prince of Esquilache._

[175] _Carta sobre trabajos, agravios, y injusticias que padecen los Indios del Peru_; por Don Juan de Padilla, 1657.--MS. in the National Library at Lima.

[176] _Papeles Varios._ No. 4. MS.

[177] MS. in Lima library.

[178] _Manifesto de los agravios que padecen los Indios._--MS. at Lima.

[179] _Funes_, iii. p. 242-333.

[180] _Calancha._

[181] In 1591 a duty of 2 per cent. was placed on all merchandise, and 5 per cent. on coca.--_Report of the Prince of Esquilache_, 1620.

[182] This system of _repartimientos_ or _repartos_ was also introduced in the first instance with a benevolent intent, that of supplying the people with European goods at a reasonable price. I use the word _reparto_ in future, to distinguish this system from that of the _repartimiento_ during the earlier period of Spanish domination in Peru, which, with the same word, had a very different meaning.

[183] _Informe por Diego Tupac Amaru.--Azangaro._ Oct. 18, 1781. (Angelis).

[184] Letter from Gen. del Valle to two friends at Lima, Oct. 3, 1781.

[185] _Colonization and Colonies_, p. 6 and p. 283 (_note_).

[186] _Papeles Varios_, No. 4.--MS. at Lima.

[187] _Manifesto de Don Juan de Padilla_.--MS. at Lima.

[188] _Sumario del Concilio II., Provincial en Lima_, 1567. Also, letter from Dr. Juan Moscoso, Bishop of Cuzco, July 20, 1782, MS.; and in the collection of Angelis.

[189] _Practica de visitas y Residencias_, Naples, 1696; and _Papeles Varios_, No. 4.

[190] See Temple's _Travels in Peru_ for an authentic account of the rebellion of the Cataris in Upper Peru, and the siege of La Paz.

[191] Report of the Cabildo of Cuzco, January, 1784, MS.; also in Nos. 9 to 20 of the _Museo Erudito_ of Cuzco, July, 1837.

[192] Letter from Moscoso, Bishop of Cuzco, MS.

[193] _Ensayo de la Historia civil del Paraguay, Buenos Ayres, y Tucuman, por el Dr. Don Gregorio Funes, Dean de la Santa Iglesia Catedral de Cordova._--Buenos Ayres, 1817, 4 vols, tom. iii. pp. 242-333. This work contains a detailed and very interesting account of the insurrections of Tupac Amaru, and of the Cataris in Upper Peru.

[194] An account of the copious materials from which my information respecting Tupac Amaru is derived will be found in a note at the beginning of the following chapter.

[195] "Native races must in every instance either perish, or be amalgamated with the general population of their country."--Merivale's _Colonies and Colonization_, p. 510.

[196] _Spanish Conquest in America_, iv. p. 368.

[197] _Colonies and Colonization_, p. 522.

[198] _Amaru_ means serpent in Quichua, and _Tupac_ royal or excellent. _Tupac_ also may be the participle of _Tupani_, I rend.

Serpents are frequently carved in relief on the masonry of Inca edifices.

[199] These particulars are given by the monk Gonzalez, in his _Historia de lo acaecido en Paucartambo_, a narrative still in MS.; besides which, the materials for the history of the rebellion of Tupac Amaru consist of a large collection of original documents, including narratives, letters, despatches, and edicts, printed in the _Coleccion de obras y documentos relativos a la historia antiqua y moderna de las provincias de Rio de la Plata_, por Pedro de Angelis (Buenos Ayres, 1836), tom. v. pp. 109-286; the Report of the Cabildo of Cuzco, printed in the _Museo Erudito del Cuzco_; a large collection of original MSS. which were given to the late Gen. Miller in 1833, by Padre José Xavier de Guzman, of the Franciscan convent in Santiago de Chile; the letter from Tupac Amaru to Areche, and the sentence of death pronounced by Areche, which are printed in the Appendix to the Spanish edition of Gen. Miller's _Memoirs_; the work of Don Gregorio Funes, Dean of Cordova, published at Buenos Ayres in 1817 (4 vols.); and the diary of Don Sebastian de Segurola, Governor of La Paz, during its siege by the Indians, published in Temple's _Travels in Peru_, ii. p. 103-78. I also obtained a copy of Areche's reply to Tupac Amaru, from a MS. in the public library at Lima.

Weddell has given an account of the insurrection of Tupac Amaru in his _Voyage dans le Nord de Bolivie_, chap. xv. p. 263-88. This chapter is a résumé of the collection of original documents in the work of Angelis.

[200] Information from Don Pablo Astete, aged 80, given to Gen. Miller at Cuzco in 1835. Astete's father had been an intimate friend of Tupac Amaru, but afterwards served against him.

[201] Information from Dominga Bastidas, a cousin of Tupac Amaru's wife, given to Gen. Miller at Cuzco in 1835. She said that Micaela was always considered to have been very beautiful; and added, that the sons of Tupac Amaru, when at college at Cuzco, spent the feast-days at her house. In 1835 she was a very old woman.

[202] This description of Tupac Amaru is almost word for word as it was given to Gen. Miller by Don Pablo Astete, who well remembered him.

[203] The inhabitants of Tungasuca, about 500 in number, were as remarkable for their agricultural industry in 1853, when I saw them, as they formerly were as muleteers.

[204] From a MS. at Lima, headed "_En el Cuzco, Dec. 3, 1780_."

[205] Inca Manco had two sons, Sayri Tupac and Tupac Amaru. Clara Beatriz Coya, daughter of Sayri Tupac, married Don Martin Garcia de Loyola, and had a daughter, Lorenza, created Marchioness of Oropesa and Countess of Alcanises, with remainder to the descendants of her great-uncle, Tupac Amaru. She married Don Juan Henriquez de Borja, but, in 1770, there were no descendants of this marriage, and the descendant of Tupac Amaru was the lawful heir to the marquisate.

The decision of the Royal Audience of Lima disposes of the statement of Baron Humboldt (_Political Essay_, i. p. 208), that "the pretended Inca was a Mestizo, and his true father a monk." Humboldt was certainly misinformed, as there is not a shadow of grounds for the assertion. Tupac Amaru's birth is never questioned in any of the documents in my possession, consisting of his sentence of death, proclamations, and letters from his enemies, in which no opportunity is lost of blackening his memory.

[206] _Despachos que el Exmo. Señor Principe de Esquilache, Virey de los reynos del Peru, envio a su Magestad._ No. 6, p. 344. Lima, April 16, 1618.--MS. in the National Library at Madrid, H. 53.

[207] From the collection of Angelis.

[208] Funes.

[209] In my review of the language and literature of the Incas in a former work (_Cuzco and Lima_, chap. vi.) I gave some translated extracts from the drama of _Ollantay_, and an abstract of the plot. I then stated that it was an ancient play, which had been handed down from the time of the Incas; but I have since discovered that Dr. Valdez was its author, although it contains several ancient songs and speeches, and though the plot is undoubtedly ancient. I was led into the error by the opinion expressed by the Peruvian antiquary, Mariano Rivero,[210] a very high authority, that the drama had been handed down from the time of the Incas.

The original MS. is now in the possession of Don Narciso Cuentas, of Tinta, the nephew and heir of Dr. Valdez; but there are numerous MS. copies in Peru, and it has been printed at the end of Dr. Von Tschudi's _Kechua Sprache_.

There is a review of this Quichua drama of Dr. Valdez, in the _Museo Erudito_ (Nos. 5 to 9), a periodical published at Cuzco in 1837, by the editor, Don José Palacios. He says that the story respecting Ollantay was handed down by immemorial tradition, but that the drama was written by Dr. Valdez. The writer criticizes the plot, objecting that the treason of Ollantay is rewarded, while the heroic conduct of Rumi-ñaui remains unnoticed. Palacios had inquired of Don Juan Hualpa, a noble Cacique of Belem in Cuzco, and of the Caciques of San Sebastian and San Blas, who agreed in their account of the tradition, which was that the rebellion of Ollantay arose from the abduction of an _Aclla_ or Virgin of the Sun from her convent, but they had not heard her name, nor who she was.

These particulars respecting the origin of the drama of _Ollantay_ may be interesting to readers who have paid any attention to the history of the civilization of the Incas. Though not so ancient as I once supposed, the drama is still very curious, because it contains songs and long passages of undoubted antiquity.

[210] Antiquedades Peruanas, p. 116.

[211] Two and a half leagues from Tinta, and two miles from Yanaoca.

[212] Near the port of Islay, and westward of Cornejo point, the coast forms a shallow bay, in which is the small cove of Aranta, 13 miles from the valley of Quilca. Its capabilities as a port were personally examined by the President Castilla three years ago.

[213] One mile from Tungasuca.

[214] A coat of arms was granted to the family of the Incas by Charles V., at Valladolid, in 1544. Tierce in fess. On a chief azure, a Sun with glory proper; on a fess vert an eagle displayed sable, between a rainbow and two serpents proper; on a base gules, a castle proper.

These partitions, by tiercing the shield, are not used in English heraldry.

[215] _Quispi_, flint; and _cancha_, a place.

[216] The Spaniards declared that the Indians set the church on fire, and that all perished.--(_Report of the Cabildo of Cuzco_, MS.) But the above account of the affair was given by the Inca himself to Don Miguel Andrade of Azangaro, and he denied positively that the church was set on fire.--_Sublevacion de Tupac Amaru._ Angelis.

[217] Landa, the Governor of Paucartambo, had formerly led an exploring expedition into the montaña, in search of the great river of Madre de Dios or Purus.--_Cuzco and Lima_, p. 263.

[218] This Cacique Sahuaraura was the father of the late Dr. Justo Sahuaraura, of Cuzco, who published a little genealogical work in Paris, in 1850, in which he claimed descent from the Incas. I hear, however, that his genealogy is apocryphal. In 1835 he wrote to the editor of the _Museo Erudito_ of Cuzco, offering to write the traditions of his family in that periodical, as an Inca. A Dr. Gallego, of Cuzco, replied that no Inca was ever called Sahuaraura, but that the Inca Rocca once had a servant of that name, and that he might possibly be descended from him. This silenced Don Justo for a long time. (_Sahuay_, a flame; _raurac_, make. He had to light the Inca's fire).

[219] Letter from Dr. Moscoso, Bishop of Cuzco, July 20, 1782.--_Angelis._

[220] In the collection of Angelis.

[221] _Angelis_ and _Guzman_, MSS.

[222] _Historia de lo acaecido en el Real Asunto de Paucartambo, en la rebelion sucitada por José Gabriel Tupac Amaru._ A manuscript account of the siege of Paucartambo, by Fray Raymundo Gonzalez, Religioso Mercedario, written in 1782. The original is still at Paucartambo, where I saw it, and there are two or three copies at Cuzco.

[223] Namely:--

Pumacagua of Chinchero.
Rosas of Anta.
Sucacahua of Umachiri.
Huaranca of Santa Rosa.
Chuquihuanca of Azangaro.
Game of Paruro.
Espinosa of Catoca.
Carlos Visa of Achalla.
Chuquicallata of Saman.
Huambo Tupa of Yauri.
Callu of Sicuani.
Aronis of Checacupe.
Cotacellapa of Caravaya.
Sahuaraura of Oropesa.
Choquechua of Belem, in Cuzco.
Bustinza Uffucana of S^{ta.} Anna, in
Cuzco.--_Letter from Dr. Moscoso,
Bishop of Cuzco._

[224] The way in which this valuable despatch of the Inca Tupac Amaru became public is very curious. In 1806 Dr. Tadeo Garate, of La Paz, Secretary to Bishop Las Heras (afterwards Archbishop of Lima), was ordered by the Viceroy Marquis of Aviles to publish a history of the Rebellion of Tupac Amaru in 1780-1; and, to guard against the possibility of authentic counter-statements, this despatch was taken from the archives of Cuzco, and sent to La Paz in charge of an Indian student named Pasoscanki, who perused it on the road, and was so struck with the magnanimity and heroism of his native prince, that he did not deliver the papers. He afterwards emigrated to Buenos Ayres, and, in 1812, went to England, and commissioned Mr. Wood, of Poppin's-court, Fleet-street, to print Tupac Amaru's despatch; but, for want of funds, this was not done, and, Pasoscanki returning to Buenos Ayres, the publication was abandoned. In 1828 the same printer was employed to print the Spanish edition of Gen. Miller's _Memoirs_, and at that time the despatch was found amongst some old papers in Mr. Wood's office. It was finally published in an appendix to the Spanish edition of Gen. Miller's _Memoirs_.

[225] Report of Gen. del Valle, Sept. 30, 1781, MS. Letter of Areche. MS., in the library at Lima.

[226] This draft of an edict is amongst the papers in Angelis. It is possible, however, that it may have been forged by the Spaniards, in order to produce written evidence of the intentions of Tupac Amaru.

[227] Tomas Parvina de Colquemarca, "Justicia Mayor," and Felipe Bermudez, a Spaniard, belonged to the "Junta Privada," or Privy Council, of the Inca. Bermudez had acted as the Inca's secretary.

[228] There is said to be a picture in the church at Tinta representing this massacre.

[229] He is said to have been dressed in Incarial robes, with the arms of the Incas embroidered in gold at the corners.

[230] A list of the prisoners is given amongst the Angelis papers.

[231] It is printed in the appendix to the Spanish edition of Gen. Miller's _Memoirs_, vol. i.

[232] One account says that he was tortured until one arm was dislocated, by the _garruche_, by order of Matta Linares. _Guzman_ MSS.

[233] Letter from Gen. del Valle, Sept. 30, 1781.

[234] One of these was Dr. Don Toribio Carrasco, afterwards Cura of Belem in Cuzco, who, in 1835, mentioned the circumstance, and the impression it had made, to Gen. Miller.

[235] These executions, in all their revolting details, were certified by Juan Bautista Gamarra, public notary to the Cabildo of Cuzco, in a document dated May 20, 1781.

[236] _Report of the Cabildo of Cuzco._

[237] The edict, fixing the destinations of the different parts of each victim, is printed amongst the papers in Angelis.

[238] The Pizarros and their companions were angels of mercy when compared with such vile wretches as Areche and Matta Linares; yet we are told by one of his flatterers that "the tender heart of the visitador was filled with piety and humanity, and that early on the day after the execution he went to the cathedral, and, having confessed and partaken of the sacrament, he paid for several masses for the souls of the culprits, and heard them all on his knees, thus edifying the whole city." Hypocritical hyæna!--_Guzman_ MSS.

[239] When Señor Zea, of Bogota, was in Paris, Kotzebue undertook a journey on purpose to obtain information from him respecting Tupac Amaru, having conceived the idea of writing a tragedy founded on his rebellion. But Zea, being a Colombian, knew little or nothing about it.

Kotzebue, however, continued his inquiries respecting Peru, which resulted in his play _The Virgins of the Sun_, and hence Sheridan's _Pizarro_.

[240] Orellana was a native of Cuenca, and descended from the great navigator of the Amazons.

[241] _Relacion del Gobernador de Puno, de sus expediciones, sitios, defensa, y varios acaecimientos, hasta que despoblo la villa de orden del Inspector y Commandante General Don José Antonio del Valle: corre desde 16 Noviembre 1780, hasta 17 de Julio 1781._

[242] During my stay at Puno I lived in the house which was occupied by Orellana during the siege. It is now the property of Don Manuel Costas.

[243] Information from Gen. San Roman.

[244] One thousand nine hundred and fifty men deserted in six days.--_Letter from del Valle._

[245] _Manifesto del Gen. del Valle. Se queja amargamente contra el visitador Areche._ Cuzco, Septre. 1781.--_Guzman_ MSS.

[246] Information from Don Luis Quiñones of Azangaro.

[247] Angelis.

[248] Custom-house officers.

[249] _Informe por Don Diego Tupac Amaru._ Azangaro, Oct. 18, 1781.

[250] Angelis.

[251] By far the best account of the rebellion of the Cataris in Upper Peru, and of the two sieges of La Paz, is to be found in the work of Dean Funes.

[252] The Bishop of Cuzco, Dr. Don Juan Manuel Moscoso y Peralta, afterwards had twenty-two accusations or charges brought against him connected with this rebellion, which he answered in detail in a work published at Madrid. One is that he excommunicated a priest for betraying the secrets of the Indians told under the seal of confession; another that he tried to save the lives of several Indian rebels; another that he asked for a general pardon after the death of the Inca; another that he permitted Mariano Tupac Amaru to celebrate the funeral of his father, &c. If these accusations were true, they all redound to the bishop's honour; and it is to be regretted that he was so anxious to defend himself against them. At the end of his book there are some letters to him from Diego Tupac Amaru. "_Inocencia justificada contra los artificios de la calumnia. Papel que escribio en defensa de su honor y distinguidos servicios hechos con motivo de la rebelion del Reyno del Peru, por José Gabriel Tupac Amaru: el Illustrissimo Señor Don Juan Manuel Moscoso y Peralta, Obispo del Cuzco._" (Fol. Madrid).

[253] _Oficio del Inspector Don José del Valle, al Virey de Buenos Ayres._ Ayaviri, July 14, 1782.

[254] Report of the Cabildo of Cuzco.

[255] Report of Don Augustin de Jauregui, Viceroy of Peru. Lima, March 29, 1783.

[256] _Oficio de Don Gabriel de Aviles, a Don Sebastian de Segurola._ Cuzco.

[257] _Sentencia contra el reo Tupac Amaru, y demas acomplices, pronunciada por Don Gabriel de Aviles, y Don Benito de la Matta Linares._ July, 1783.

[258] Information from Don Luis Quiñones of Azangaro. Dr. Valdez died in 1816. Don Pablo Pimentel, the worthy Subprefect of Caravaya, told me that he remembered the old cura well, as a tall man with a stately walk, who always gave him a dollar when he met him in Sicuani.

[259] A fabulous region supposed to exist far to the eastward of the Andes, in the unknown parts of the Amazonian valley.

[260] _Oficio de Don Felipe Carrera, Corregidor de Parinacochas_, Julio 12, 1783. Also _Sentencia dado por el Virey de Lima, contra los reos_, Julio, 1783. Angelis.

[261] A person calling himself Juan Bautista Tupac Amaru, and professing to have been one of the sufferers, printed a pamphlet, which was deposited in the archives of Buenos Ayres. In it he relates the tale of his miseries in uncouth Spanish. He says that he beheld his fettered mother perish of thirst on the road to Lima, in presence of guards who turned a deaf ear to her cries for water. He saw his faithful wife die on board the ship, without being allowed length of chain enough to approach her. During an imprisonment of forty years at Ceuta the sentries never relaxed their cruelties until the ministry which came into power in Spain, after the military movement of 1820, set the few survivors at liberty.

It is now confidently asserted that the author of this pamphlet was an impostor. He came to Buenos Ayres in 1822, and the republican government granted him a house, and a pension for life of 30 dollars a month.

[262] The words of the Cura of Belem, who heard it.

[263] Don Luis Ocampo related this anecdote to Gen. Miller in 1835, when he was still living at Cuzco, but upwards of eighty years of age. After Peru had become independent, in about 1828, a person, calling himself Fernando Tupac Amaru, appeared in Buenos Ayres, and went on to Lima, becoming a monk in the convent of San Pedro; but he is believed to have been an impostor.

[264] Goyeneche was created Count of Huaqui. His brother, the late Bishop of Arequipa, and present Archbishop of Lima, is probably the senior Bishop of Christendom, dating his appointment from 1809; and he is certainly the richest man in all South America.

[265] _Confesion de Pumacagua._

[266] Information from Gen. San Roman, who called them _Fresaderos_.

[267] _Diario de la expedicion del Mariscal de Campo Don Juan Ramirez, sobre las provincias interiores de la Paz, Puno, Arequipa, y Cuzco, por Don José Alcon, Teniente Coronel agregado a la misma expedicion._ Lima, 1815. (1 tom. 4°, 112 paginas).

[268] Information from Gen. San Roman, whose father, a native of Puno, joined Pumacagua at Cavanilla.

[269] Colonel Alcon.

[270] Gen. San Roman.

[271] _Documento_, i. _Oficio de Vicente Angulo a Ramirez._ Feb. 28, 1815.

[272] _Documento_ ii. _Oficio de Pumacagua a Ramirez._ Marzo 6, 1815.

[273] _Documento_ iii. _Contestacion de Ramirez a Pumacagua._ Marzo 7, 1815.

[274] Information from Gen. San Roman.

[275] Gen. San Roman, who gave me the account of this battle, was himself present at it, with his father, when a very little boy. His father was afterwards shot in the plaza of Puno, by the Spaniards, and when the liberating army arrived on the coast of Peru, in 1822, the young San Roman hurried down from his mountain home to join their ranks.

[276] In October, 1823, Gen. Miller saw the fair object of the poet Melgar's adoration, at Camana, on the coast of Peru. She was a native of Arequipa, with light hair, blue eyes, and a fair clear complexion. She refused Melgar, married another, and, being obliged to flee with her husband to escape the persecution of the Royalists, found an asylum on the banks of the river Camana. Her maiden name was Paredes.--Miller's _Memoirs_, ii. p. 90.

Melgar's brother is now Minister of Foreign Affairs at Lima.

[277] Information from Don Luis Quiñones of Azangaro.

[278] So strong is the feeling of the Peruvian people generally against this oppressive system, that, in the reformed constitution promulgated on Nov. 25, 1860, forced recruiting was declared to be a crime.

"El reclutamiento es un crimen."--_Titulo_ xvi., _art._ 123.

[279] In 1859 there was a very formidable rising of the Indians in Chayanta, which was not put down until after much bloodshed.

[280] Humboldt.

[281] Hatun-colla was once the capital of the great Inca province of the Collao.

[282] The three latter are also mentioned by Haenke.

[283] _Antiquedades Peruanas._

[284] One of the manufacturers, Don Manuel Zenon Ramos, has been very active in seeking for instruction, designs, and models from Europe.

[285] _Lupinus Paniculatus._--Chloris Andina, ii. p. 252.

[286] Landa sent in a report of his expedition to the Corregidor of Cuzco. My friend Dr. Don Julian Ochoa, the rector of the university of Cuzco, has recently searched the archives of the ancient municipality of that city, as well as private collections, for this interesting document, at my request, but without success.

[287] See _Cuzco and Lima_, chap. viii.; also _Roy. Geo. Soc. Journal_ for 1855.