Chapter XII: Part III (4)

1. =Fàgus ferrugínea=, Ait. (AMERICAN BEECH.) Leaves thin, oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed; petioles and midrib ciliate with soft silky hairs when young, soon almost naked. The very straight veins run into the teeth. Prickles of the fruit mostly recurved or spreading. Large tree, 60 to 100 ft. high, with grayish-white, very smooth bark, and firm, light-colored, close-grained wood. Wild throughout, and frequently cultivated.

2. =Fàgus sylvática=, L. (EUROPEAN BEECH.) Leaves often similar to those of the American Beech, but usually shorter and broader; the border, often nearly entire, is wavy in some varieties, and in others deeply pinnatifid. The bark in most varieties is darker than in the American. This Beech, with its numerous varieties, is the one usually cultivated. Among the most useful varieties are _atropurpurea_ (Purple Beech), with the darkest foliage of any deciduous tree, and almost entire-margined leaves; _laciniata_ (Cut-leaved Beech), with very deeply cut leaves; and _argentea variegata_ (Silver Variegated Beech), having in the spring quite distinctly variegated leaves.

ORDER =XL. SALICÀCEÆ.= (WILLOW FAMILY.)

A small order of soft-wooded trees and shrubs, abundantly distributed in the northern temperate and frigid zones.

GENUS =91. SÀLIX.=

Soft-wooded trees or shrubs growing in damp places, with alternate, usually quite elongated, pointed, deciduous leaves, without lobes. Stipules often large, leaf-like, and more or less persistent through the summer; sometimes scale-like and dropping early. The stipules are always free from the leafstalk and attached to the twig at small spots just below the leafstalk. Even if the stipules have dropped off, the small scars remain. Flowers staminate and pistillate on separate trees (dioecious), in elongated catkins in early spring. Fruit consists of catkins of small pods with numerous seeds having silky down at one end. The seeds usually drop early. Among the Willows there are so many hybrids and peculiar varieties as to render their study difficult, and their classification, in some cases, impossible. The following Key will probably enable the student to determine most specimens. No attempt has been made to include all the cultivated forms.

* Spray decidedly weeping 5.

* Spray not decidedly weeping. (=A.=)

=A.= Rather small Willows, 10 to 30 ft. high, with broad
leaves, usually not over twice as long as wide;
cultivated. (=B.=)

=B.= Leaves glossy dark green on the upper side,
taper-pointed 7.

=B.= Leaves with white cottony hairs beneath 10.

=B.= Leaves rough-veiny beneath 13.

=A.= Rather large Willows, 12 to 80 ft. high, with the
bark of the trunk very rough; leaves more elongated.
(=C.=)

=C.= Petioles of the leaves not glandular; tree 10 to
40 ft. high. (=D.=)

=D.= Leaves green on both sides when mature 1.

=D.= Leaves glaucous beneath 2.

=C.= Petioles of the leaves usually glandular; tree
50 to 80 ft. high. (=E.=)

=E.= Young leaves green above and glaucous beneath 3.

=E.= Young leaves ashy gray or silvery white on both sides 4.

=A.= Small trees or almost shrubs, under 18 ft. high; bark of
trunk rather smooth. (=F.=)

=F.= Leaves ovate rather than lanceolate, sometimes truncate
or even cordate at base. (=G.=)

=G.= Leaves quite broad, shining on both sides. (=H.=)

=H.= Leaves bright green; twigs polished green 6.

=H.= Leaves very dark green, strongly fragrant when
bruised 7.

=G.= Leaves pale-downy beneath, often cordate at base 8.

=F.= Leaves usually wider near the acute or acuminate tip,
glaucous beneath. (=I.=)

=I.= Branches very twiggy; leaves often opposite; twigs
olive-color or reddish 9.

=I.= Branches not very twiggy; leaves all alternate 11, 12.

=F.= Leaves very long and slender, almost linear 14.

1. =Sàlix nìgra=, Marsh. (BLACK WILLOW.) Leaves narrowly lanceolate, tapering at the ends, serrate, smooth except on the petiole and midrib, green on both sides; stipules small (large in var. _falcata_), dentate, dropping early. Branches very brittle at base. A small tree, 15 to 35 ft. high, with rough black bark. Common along streams, southward, but rare in the northern range of States.

2. =Sàlix amygdaloìdes=, Anderson. (WESTERN BLACK WILLOW.) Leaves 2 to 4 in. long, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, attenuate-cuspidate, pale or glaucous beneath, with long slender petioles; stipules minute and soon falling. A small tree, 10 to 40 ft. high, from central New York westward. It is the common Black Willow of the streams of Ohio to Missouri.

3. =Sàlix frágilis=, L. (BRITTLE WILLOW. CRACK-WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed, smooth, glaucous beneath (slightly silky when young), serrate throughout; stipules half heart-shaped, usually large. Branches smooth and polished, very brittle at base. A tall (50 to 80 ft. high) handsome Willow, with a bushy head and salmon-colored wood; cultivated from Europe for basket-work, and extensively naturalized. Many varieties, hybrids between this species and the next, are very common. Among them may be mentioned the following:

Var. _decipiens_, with dark-brown buds; var. _Russelliana_, with more slender, brighter, and more sharply serrate leaves, the annual shoots silky-downy toward autumn; var. _viridis_, with tough, pendulous branchlets, and firmer, bright green leaves.

4. =Sàlix álba=, L. (WHITE WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate or elliptical-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, covered more or less with white silky hairs, especially beneath; var. _cærulea_ has nearly smooth leaves, at maturity of a bluish tint; stipules small and quite early deciduous. Catkins of flowers long and loose, on a peduncle; stamens usually 2; stigmas nearly sessile, thick, and recurved. May, June. A quite large tree, 50 to 80 ft. high, with thick, rough bark, usually having yellow twigs (var. _vitellina_); introduced from Europe and now quite common throughout. Branches very brittle at base.

5. =Sàlix Babylónica=, Tourn. (WEEPING WILLOW.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate, smooth, glaucous beneath; stipules small, roundish, oblique, acuminate; branches pendulous.

A large, gracefully drooping tree, so extensively cultivated for ornament as to seem native; from Europe.

Var. _annularis_ (Ring-leaved Willow. Curled Willow) has the leaves coiled round into rings and spirals.

6. =Sàlix lùcida=, Mühl. (SHINING OR AMERICAN BAY WILLOW.) Leaves thickish, ovate-lanceolate, with a rounded base, a very long acuminate point, and a glandular petiole; when mature, smooth and shining on both sides. Twigs rather stout, polished, and dark green. Bark of trunk smooth. Fruiting catkins quite persistent. A beautiful small tree or shrub, 6 to 15 ft. high, of bushy form. New Jersey, north and westward.

7. =Sàlix pentándra, L.= (LAUREL-LEAVED OR BAY WILLOW.) Leaves ovate, taper-pointed, crenate, glandular, smooth, glossy, bright deep green on both sides, strongly fragrant when bruised. Catkins large, fragrant, golden-yellow, with 4 to 12 (commonly 5) stamens to each flower. June, after the leaves are expanded. A small handsome tree, 15 to 20 ft. high, from Europe, which should be more extensively cultivated in damp soils, as its form, flowers, and foliage are all beautiful.

8. =Sàlix cordàta, Mühl.= (HEART-LEAVED WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, heart-shaped, truncate or sometimes acute at base, taper-pointed, sharply serrate, smooth above, pale-downy beneath; stipules often large, kidney-shaped, and toothed, sometimes small and entire. Catkins appearing with or before the leaves along the sides of the stem; stamens 2; scales dark or black, hairy, persistent. Shrub or small tree, 8 to 20 ft. high, very common in low and wet places. Many named varieties are found.

Var. _rigida_ has large, thick, coarse-toothed leaves; vars. _myricoides_ and _angustata_ have narrower, finely serrate leaves, almost or fully acute at base.

9. =Sàlix purpùrea, L.= (PURPLE WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate, pointed, partly opposite, minutely serrate, smooth. Twigs olive-color or reddish. Catkins cylindric, with leafy bracts at base, and apparently 1 stamen to each flower (the filaments are united). A shrub or small tree, 3 to 12 ft. high; from Europe. In low ground; often cultivated for the twigs, which are used in basket-making.

10. =Sàlix càprea, L.= (GOAT-WILLOW.) Leaves large, roundish, ovate, pointed, serrate, wavy, deep green above, pale and downy with soft, white-cottony hairs beneath; stipules somewhat crescent-shaped. Catkins large, oval, numerous, almost sessile, blooming much before the leaves appear, and of a showy yellow color. A moderate-sized tree, 15 to 30 ft. high, with spreading, brown or purplish branches. Frequent in cultivation; from Europe; growing well in dry places. The Goat-willow is the one generally used for the stock of the artificial umbrella-formed "Kilmarnock Willow." The growth of shoots from these stocks is rendering the Goat-willow quite common.

11. =Sàlix rostràta, Richards.= (BEAKED WILLOW.) Leaves oblong to obovate-lanceolate, acute, usually obscurely toothed, sometimes crenate or serrate, downy above, prominently veined, soft-hairy and somewhat glaucous beneath. Twigs downy. Catkins appearing with the leaves. Fruit-capsules tapering to a long slender beak, pedicels long and slender. A small, tree-shaped shrub, 4 to 15 ft. high, common in both moist and dry ground. New England, west and north.

12. =Sàlix díscolor, Mühl.= (GLAUCOUS OR BOG WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, remotely serrate at the base, finely serrate along the middle, and almost entire near the tip; smooth and bright green above, soon smooth and somewhat glaucous beneath; stipules, on the vigorous shoots, equaling the petiole, more frequently small and inconspicuous. Catkins sessile, 1 in. long, appearing before the leaves in the spring; scales dark red or brown, becoming black, covered with long glossy hairs. Fruit in catkins, 2½ in. long, the capsules very hairy, with short but distinct style. A very variable species, common in low meadows and on river-banks; usually a shrub, but occasionally 15 ft. high.

13. =Sàlix cinèrea, L.= (GRAY OR ASH-COLORED WILLOW.) Leaves obovate-lanceolate, entire to serrate; glaucous-downy and reticulated with veins beneath; stipules half heart-shaped, serrate. Flowers yellow; ovary silky, on a stalk half as long as the bracts. A shrub to middle-sized tree, 10 to 30 ft. high, with an erect trunk; occasionally cultivated; from Europe.

14. =Sàlix longifòlia=, Mühl. (LONG-LEAVED WILLOW.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long, tapering at each end, nearly sessile, remotely notched with projecting teeth, clothed with gray hairs when young; stipules small, lanceolate, toothed. Branches brittle at base. A shrub or small tree, 2 to 20 ft. high, common, especially westward, along river-banks.

GENUS =92. PÓPULUS.=

Trees with alternate, deciduous, broad-based leaves. Flowers in long and drooping catkins, appearing before the leaves are expanded in the spring. Fruit small, dry pods in catkins, having seeds, coated with cottony down, which early in the season escape and float in the wind. On this account the trees are called Cottonwoods in the West. Trees with light-colored, rather soft wood.

* Leaves always white-hairy underneath; more or less deeply
lobed; buds not gummy 1.

* Leaves smooth beneath, at least when old. (=A.=)

=A.= Leafstalk decidedly flattened laterally. (=B.=)

=B.= Buds not covered with sticky gum. (=C.=)

=C.= Leaves roundish heart-shaped; bark on trunk
greenish-white, 2.

=C.= Leaves large, ovate, with large, irregular,
sinuate teeth, 3.

=B.= Buds covered with aromatic, glutinous resin. (=D.=)

=D.= Tree tall, spire-shaped, 5.

=D.= Not very spire-shaped; young twigs sharply angled or
winged, leaves 6 to 10 in. long, broadly deltoid,
serrate with incurved teeth, 6.

=D.= Not spire-shaped; young twigs not angular, 7.

=A.= Leafstalk not decidedly flattened; leaf-margin crenate.
(=E.=)

=E.= Buds not glutinous; leaves white-woolly beneath when
young, 4.

=E.= Buds very glutinous; leaves large, shining green on both
sides, 8.

1. =Pópulus álba=, L. (WHITE POPLAR OR ABELE TREE.) Leaves roundish, slightly heart-shaped, wavy toothed or lobed, soon green above, very white-cottony beneath even when old; buds without the sticky coating common in the genus. Branches very white with down when young. Root creeping and producing numerous suckers. A large tree, 50 to 80 ft. high, of rapid growth, often cultivated; from Europe. Leaves and branches very variable, forming several named varieties in the catalogues of the nurseries.

2. =Pópulus tremuloìdes=, Michx. (QUAKING-ASP. AMERICAN ASPEN.) Leaves roundish heart-shaped, with a short sharp point, and small, quite regular teeth; downy when young, but soon smooth on both sides; margins downy. Leafstalk long, slender, compressed, causing the leaves to tremble continually in the slightest breeze. Leaf with 2 glands at the base on the upper surface; buds varnished. A medium-sized tree, 30 to 60 ft. high; bark greenish-white outside, yellow within, quite brittle. Common both in forests and in cultivation.

3. =Pópulus grandidentàta=, Michx. (LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN.) Leaves large, 3 to 5 in. long, roundish-ovate, with large, irregular, sinuate teeth; and when young densely covered with white, silky wool, but soon becoming smooth on both sides; leaf, when young, reddish-yellow; petiole compressed. A large tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, with rather smoothish gray bark. Woods; common northward, rare southward, except in the Alleghanies. Wood soft and extensively used for paper-making.

4. =Pópulus heterophýlla=, L. (DOWNY-LEAVED POPLAR.) Leaves heart-shaped or roundish-ovate with small, obtuse, incurved teeth; white-woolly when young, but soon becoming smooth on both sides except on the veins beneath. Leafstalk slightly compressed. Shoots round, tomentose. Buds not glutinous. A large tree, 70 to 80 ft. high, not very common; found from western New England to Illinois, and southward.

5. =Pópulus dilatàta=, L. (LOMBARDY POPLAR.) Leaves deltoid, wider than long, crenulated all round, both sides smooth from the first; leafstalk compressed; buds glutinous. A tall tree, 80 to 120 ft. high; spire-like, of rapid growth, with all the branches erect; the trunk twisted and deeply furrowed. Frequently planted a century ago, but now quite rare in the eastern United States. From Europe. It is thought to be a variety of Populus nigra (No. 7).

6. =Pópulus monilífera=, Ait. (COTTONWOOD. CAROLINA POPLAR. NECKLACE-POPLAR.) Leaves large, broadly heart-shaped or deltoid, serrate with cartilaginous, incurved, slightly hairy teeth. The rapid-growing young twigs very angular and bearing very large (6 to 9 in. long) leaves. A very large (80 to 100 ft. high) tree, common in the Mississippi valley, but found in western New England and often planted.

7. =Pópulus nìgra=, L. (BLACK POPLAR.) Leaves rather large, deltoid, pointed, serrate with glandular teeth, smooth on both sides even when young. Leafstalk somewhat compressed. Buds very sticky. A very variable, large (50 to 80 ft. high), rapidly growing tree with spreading branches. Occasionally planted. From Europe.

8. =Pópulus balsamífera=, L. (BALSAM-POPLAR. TACAMAHAC. BALM OF GILEAD.) Leaves very large, ovate, gradually acuminate, sometimes heart-shaped, finely serrate, smooth, bright green and shining on both sides; leafstalk nearly round; leaves in spring rich yellow. Branches ridged below the leaves; buds large and covered with very fragrant resin. A medium-sized tree, 40 to 70 ft. high, pyramidal in form. Wild in the North and often cultivated.

Var. _candicans_, or Balm of Gilead, has larger and more or less heart-shaped leaves (the larger figure in the cut).

CLASS II. GYMNOSPÉRMÆ.

Plants in which the pistil is represented by an open scale instead of a body with a closed ovary, as in Class I.

ORDER =XLI. CONÍFERÆ.= (PINE FAMILY.)

As far as the number of species is concerned, this is the largest order of trees and shrubs of temperate and cold-temperate regions. The order is of the greatest importance, both on account of the valuable timber it furnishes and for its resinous secretions, turpentine and resin.

GENUS =93. PÌNUS.= (THE PINES.)

Leaves needle-shaped, 1 to 15 in. long, almost cylindric, 2, 3, or 5 together in clusters, with a sheath, more or less persistent, at the base. Flowers monoecious, both staminate and pistillate in catkins, usually insignificant and unnoticeable. In spring. Fruit a cone, persistent and formed of more or less woody, overlapping scales.

* Leaves usually 5 together in bundles. (=A.=)

=A.= Leaves 6 in. or more long, glaucous green and very
pendulous 1.

=A.= Leaves under 4 in. long. (=B.=)

=B.= Cones over 10 in. long, on stalks 3 in. long,
pendulous when ripe 2.

=B.= Cones 4 to 10 in. long. (=C.=)

=C.= Scales of cones thin, unarmed 3, 4.

=C.= Scales of cones thick and woody, obtuse, 1 in. broad 5.

=B.= Cones under 4 in. long; scales slightly hooked but
pointless 6.

* Leaves usually in threes, rarely in twos; scales of cones with
spines or prickles. (=D.=)

=D.= Scales of cones with short, rigid, straight spines;
leaves 6 to 10 in. long 7.

=D.= Scales with sharp, bent prickles. (=E.=)

=E.= Leaves over 5 in. long, sometimes 15 in. long 8, 9.

=E.= Leaves 3 to 5 in. long, rigid and flattened, from short
sheaths, 10.

* Leaves usually in twos; cones rarely over 3 in. long. (=F.=)

=F.= Leaves over 3 in. long. (=G.=)

=G.= Cone-scales with dull spines 11.

=G.= With small or minute, persistent prickles 12, 13, 14.

=G.= With no prickles, or small ones, early deciduous 15, 16.

=F.= Leaves 3 in. or less long. (=H.=)

=H.= Cone-scales with straight or slightly curved, rigid
spines 17.

=H.= Cone-scales with stout, recurved spines 18, 19.

=H.= Cone-scales with small prickles which are early deciduous 20.

=H.= Cone-scales without spines or prickles 21, 22.

1. =Pìnus excélsa=, Wallich. (BHOTAN PINE.) Leaves in fives, from short, fugacious, overlapping, membranaceous sheaths, 6 to 7 in. long, very slender, of a glaucous-green color, and very pendulous. Cones 6 to 9 in. long, and 2 in. in diameter, drooping and clustered, with broad, thick, wedge-shaped scales. A large beautiful tree from southern Asia, much subject to blight when planted in this country. Owing to its peculiar drooping branches it has been called the Weeping Fir.

2. =Pìnus Lambertiàna=, Douglas. (LAMBERT'S or SUGAR PINE.) Leaves in fives, 3 to 4 in. long, from short, deciduous sheaths. Cones 12 to 18 in. long and 3 to 4 in. in diameter, gradually tapering to a point, on stalks 3 in. long, brown and pendulous when ripe, without resin; seeds large, oval, nearly 1 in. long, edible. A very large tree (100 to 300 ft. high in California and northward), and seemingly hardy and well worth cultivation in the East. Wood white and soft like that of the White Pine.

3. =Pìnus Stróbus=, L. (WHITE PINE. WEYMOUTH PINE.) Leaves in fives, 3 to 4 in. long, from a loose, deciduous sheath; slender, soft, and whitish on the under side. Cones 4 to 6 in. long, cylindric, usually curved, with smooth, thin, unarmed scales. Tall (100 to 150 ft. high), very useful tree, of white, soft wood nearly free from resin and more extensively used for lumber than any other American tree. Has been common throughout, but is getting scarce on account of its consumption for lumber.

4. =Pìnus montícola=, Dougl. (MOUNTAIN-PINE.) Leaves in fives, 3 to 4 in. long, from short, overlapping, very deciduous sheaths; smooth, glaucous green. Cones 7 in. long and 1¾ in. in diameter, cylindric, smooth, obtuse, short-peduncled, resinous, with loosely overlapping, pointless scales. A large tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, resembling the White Pine, and often considered a variety of it, but the foliage is denser; Pacific coast.

5. =Pìnus fléxilis=, James. (WESTERN WHITE PINE.) Leaves 2 to 3 in. long, rigid, entire, acute, densely crowded, sharp-pointed, of a rich dark green color, 5 together in lanceolate, deciduous sheaths. Cones 4 to 6 in. long and half as wide, subcylindric, tapering to the end, semipendulous, clustered. Scales thick, woody, obtuse, loose, 1¼ in. broad, yellowish brown. Seeds rather large, with rigid margins instead of wings. A handsome hardy tree from the Pacific Highlands, occasionally cultivated. It resembles the eastern White Pine, but is more compact and of a darker color.

6. =Pìnus Cémbra=, L. (CEMBRA PINE. SWISS STONE-PINE.) Leaves 3 to 4 in. long, from a medium-sized deciduous sheath; triangular, rigid, slender, straight, crowded, dark green with a glaucous surface; 5 together. Cones 2½ in. by 2 in., ovate, erect, with obtuse, slightly hooked, but pointless scales. Seeds as large as peas and destitute of wings. A slow-growing, cultivated tree, 40 to 80 ft. high. Forms a regular cone; branches to the ground; Europe; hardy throughout.

7. =Pìnus Tæda=, L. (LOBLOLLY OR OLD-FIELD PINE.) Leaves in twos and threes, 6 to 10 in. long, with elongated, close sheaths; slender and of a light green color. Cones in pairs or solitary, lateral, 3 to 4 in. long, oblong, conical; the scales having short, rigid, straight spines. A large tree, 50 to 130 ft. high, wild from Delaware, south and west, in swamps and old fields.

8. =Pìnus ponderòsa=, Dougl. (WESTERN YELLOW OR HEAVY-WOODED PINE.) Leaves in threes, 5 to 10 in. long, from short sheaths; broad, coarse, twisted, flexible, of a deep green color; branchlets thick, reddish brown. Cones 3 to 4 in. long, ovate, reflexed, clustered on short stems. Scales long, flattened, with small, sharp, recurved prickles. A large Pacific coast species, 100 to 300 ft. high, with rather coarse-grained, hard and heavy, whitish wood, and thick, deeply furrowed bark; beginning to be cultivated east.

9. =Pìnus palústris=, Mill. (LONG-LEAVED OR SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE.) Leaves 3 together in bundles, 10 to 15 in. long, from a long, lacerated, light-colored sheath, of a bright green color, and crowded in dense clusters at the ends of the branches. Cones 6 to 10 in. long, usually cylindric, of a beautiful brown color, with thick scales, armed with very small, slightly recurved prickles. A rather tall pine, 75 ft. high, wild in the Southern States, and cultivated as far north as New Jersey, in sheltered situations.

10. =Pìnus rígida=, Mill. (PITCH-PINE.) Leaves in threes, 3 to 5 in. long, from short sheaths; rigid and flattened. Cones ovate, 1 in. to nearly 4 in. long, sometimes in clusters; scales with a short, recurved prickle. A medium-sized tree, 40 to 70 ft. high, with hard, coarse-grained, very resinous wood; found east of the Alleghanies throughout; more abundant in swamps.

11. =Pìnus Austrìaca=, Höss. (AUSTRIAN OR BLACK PINE.) Leaves long, 3 to 5 in., rigid, slender, incurved, sharply mucronate, of a dark green color; from short sheaths; 2 together. Cones 2½ to 3 in. long, regularly conical, slightly recurved, of a light brown color; scales smooth, shining, with a dull spine in the center. A large cultivated tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, hardy throughout. Europe.

12. =Pìnus Larício=, Poir. (CORSICAN PINE.) Leaves 4 to 6 in. long, slender, very wavy, dark green; 2 together in a sheath. Cones 2 to 3 in. long, conical, somewhat curved, often in pairs. Scales with very small prickles. Seeds rather large with broad wings. A tall, open, pyramidal, rapid-growing tree, 60 to 100 ft. high, with the branches in regular whorls, spreading and very resinous. Often cultivated. Europe.

13. =Pìnus Massoniàna=, Sieb. (MASSON'S PINE.) Leaves in twos, 4 to 6 in. long, rather stiff, concave on one side and convex on the other, twisted but not curved; sharp-pointed, of a fresh, bright green color. Cones 1 to 1½ in. long, conical, incurved, solitary but numerous, with closely overlapping scales terminating in slender prickles. An upright, compact tree, 40 to 50 ft. high, from Japan; sometimes cultivated. Hardy at Boston.

14. =Pìnus mìtis=, Michx. (COMMON YELLOW PINE.) Leaves sometimes in threes, usually in twos, from long sheaths; slender, 3 to 5 in. long, dark green, rather soft. Cones ovate to oblong-conical, hardly 2 in. long; the scales with minute weak prickles. A large tree with an erect trunk, 50 to 100 ft. high. Staten Island, south and west. The western form has more rigid leaves, and more spiny cones.

15. =Pìnus densiflòra=, Siebold. (JAPAN PINE.) Leaves about 4 in. long, from short, fringed, scale-like sheaths; rigid, convex above, concave beneath and somewhat serrulate on the margin, very smooth, sharp-pointed and crowded, shining green and somewhat glaucous; falling when one to two years old; 2 in a sheath. Cones abundant; 1½ in. long, short-peduncled, conical, obtuse, terminal, somewhat pendent; scales linear-oblong, woody, with a small prickle which soon falls off. A beautiful small tree, 30 to 40 ft. high; from Japan; hardy throughout.

16. =Pìnus resinòsa=, Ait. (RED PINE.) Leaves 5 to 6 in. long, in twos, from long sheaths; rigid, straight, dark green. Cones 2 in. long, ovate-conical, smooth, their scales without points, slightly thickened, usually growing in clusters. A tall tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, with rather smooth, reddish bark and hard light-colored wood; branchlets also having smooth reddish bark. Pennsylvania, north and west.

17. =Pìnus ínops=, Ait. (JERSEY OR SCRUB PINE.) Leaves short, 1½ to 3 in. long, rigid; usually 2, rarely 3, in a short sheath. Cones solitary, 2 to 3 in. long, ovate-oblong, curved, on a short stalk. Scales tipped with a straight, rigid spine. A small tree, 15 to 30 ft. high, growing wild in sections where the soil is poor and sandy; having straggling flexible branches with rough, dark bark; New Jersey, south and west. Rarely cultivated.

18. =Pinus púngens=, Michx. f. (TABLE-MOUNTAIN PINE.) Leaves in twos, sometimes in threes, stout, short, 1¼ to 2½ in. long, crowded, bluish; the sheath short (very short on old foliage). Cones 3 in. or more long, hanging on for a long time; the scales armed with a stout, hooked spine, ¼ in. long. A rather small tree, 20 to 60 ft. high. New Jersey and south westward, along the mountains.

19. =Pìnus sylvéstris=, L. (SCOTCH PINE, wrongly called SCOTCH FIR.) Leaves in twos, 1½ to 2½ in. long, from short, lacerated sheaths, twisted, rigid, of a grayish or a glaucous-green color. Cones 2 to 3 in. long, ovate-conical, of a grayish-brown color, ripening the second year, the scales having 4-sided, recurved points. A large and very valuable tree of central Europe. Many varieties are in cultivation in this country. It forms the Red and Yellow Deal so extensively used for lumber in Europe.

20. =Pìnus contórta=, Dougl. (TWISTED-BRANCHED PINE.) Leaves 2 in. long, numerous, rigid, sharply mucronate, from a short, dark, overlapping sheath; 2 to a sheath. Cones from 2 to 2½ in. long, ovate, smooth, clustered. Scales furnished with a point which is soon shed. A small cultivated tree, 30 to 40 ft. high, from the Pacific coast of the United States. As it has an irregular shape, and crooked branches, it is not often planted.

21. =Pìnus Banksiàna=, Lambert. (GRAY OR NORTHERN SCRUB PINE.) Leaves in twos, short, 1 in. long, oblique, divergent from a close sheath. Cones lateral, conical, oblong, usually curved, 1½ to 2 in. long, the scales thickened at the end and without points. A straggling shrub, sometimes a low tree, found wild in the extreme Northern States.

22. =Pìnus édulis=, Engelm. (PIÑON OR NUT-PINE.) Leaves mostly in pairs, rarely in threes, 1 to 1½ in. long, from short sheaths, light-colored, rigid, curved or straightish, spreading; cones sessile, globose or nearly so, 2 in. long; tips of scales thick, conical-truncate, no awns or prickles; seeds large, nut-like, wingless, edible. A low, round-topped tree, branching from near the base, 10 to 25 ft. high; from the Rocky Mountains. A fine small pine; cultivated in the East. It needs some protection at Boston. The figure shows the seed. =Pìnus monophýlla=, Torr. and Frem., from the mountain regions farther west, has its leaves in ones and twos; when in ones, round and very rigid; when in pairs, flat on the inner side; leaves on the young shoots bluish, glaucous green, or silvery. This is probably only a variety of P. edulis. The seeds of both are so large and nutritious that they are extensively used for food by the Indians.

GENUS =94. PÌCEA.= (THE SPRUCES.)

Leaves evergreen, scattered (pointing in every direction), needle-shaped, keeled above and below, thus making them somewhat 4-sided. Fertile catkins and cones terminal; cones maturing the first year, pendulous; scales thin, without prickles, persistent, the cone coming off the tree whole.

* Leaves very short, usually ¼ to ½ in. long, obtuse 7, 8.

* Leaves usually ½ in. or more long, acute. (=A.=)

=A.= Cones over 3 in. long; cultivated. (=B.=)

=B.= Leaves dark green; large tree, common 3.

=B.= Leaves bright or pale green 4, 5, 6.

=A.= Cones 2 in. or less long; large native trees 1, 2.

1. =Pìcea nìgra=, Link. (BLACK OR DOUBLE SPRUCE.) Leaves about ½ in. long, erect, stiff, somewhat 4-sided, very dark green or whitish-gray; branchlets pubescent. Cones persistent, 1 to 1½ in. long, ovate or ovate-oblong, changing from dark purple to dull reddish-brown; scales very thin, roundish, with toothed or uneven edges. A conical-shaped tree, 40 to 80 ft. high; wild in the North and along the Alleghanies; often cultivated. Bark dark brown; branches horizontal; wood light reddish.

Var. _rubra_ has larger, darker leaves, and larger, brighter-colored cones.

2. =Pìcea álba=, Link. (WHITE OR SINGLE SPRUCE.) Leaves ½ to ¾ in. long, rather slender, needle-shaped, sharp-pointed, incurved, pale- or glaucous-green; branchlets smooth. Cones deciduous, 2 in. long, oblong-cylindrical, with entire, thin-edged scales. Tree 25 to 100 ft. high, of beautiful, compact, symmetrical growth when young, and such light-colored foliage as to make it a fine species for cultivation. Wild in the North, and cultivated throughout. There are varieties with bluish-green (var. _cærulea_) and with golden (var. _aurea_) foliage in cultivation.

3. =Pìcea excélsa=, Link. (NORWAY SPRUCE.) Leaves ¾ to 1 in. long, rigid, curved, dark green. Cones 5 to 7 in. long, and pendent at maturity, with the scales slightly incurved. A large tree, 70 to 120 ft. high, of vigorous growth, with numerous, stout, drooping branches; abundant in cultivation. A score of named varieties are sold at the nurseries, some quite dwarf, others so very irregular in shape as to be grotesque.

4. =Pìcea políta=, Carr. (TIGER'S-TAIL SPRUCE.) Leaves ½ to ¾ in. long, strong, rigid, sharp-pointed, somewhat curved, glabrous, bright green, on stout branches with prominent buds. Leaves persistent for 7 years; not 2-ranked. Cones 4 to 5 in. long, spindle-shaped elliptical, rounded at the ends. Tree of slow growth, with horizontal, yellowish-barked branches. As it is a tree of recent introduction (1865) from Japan, there are no large specimens. Hardy at Boston.

5. =Pìcea púngens=, Eng. (SILVER SPRUCE.) Leaves ½ to 1 in. long, broad, rigid, stout, sharply acute, usually curved, pale green above, silvery-glaucous beneath, on smooth and shining branchlets. Cones very abundant, 3 to 5 in. long, cylindric, with elongated, undulated, retuse scales. A strictly conical tree with spreading branches and thick, smooth, gray bark. Sometimes cultivated; from the Rocky Mountains. Hardy.

6. =Pìcea Morínda=, Link. (HIMALAYAN SPRUCE.) Leaves 1 to 2 in. long, very sharply acute, pale green color, spreading, 4-sided, straight, rigid, slightly glaucous beneath; branches horizontal; branchlets remotely verticillate, numerous, drooping, with light-colored bark. Cones 6 to 7 in. long, ovate-oblong; scales light brown, oblong, entire, smooth, loosely imbricated. A tall tree, cultivated from eastern Asia and not hardy north of Washington except in sheltered positions.

7. =Pìcea Alcóquina=, Lindl. (ALCOCK'S SPRUCE.) Leaves ¼ to ¾ in. long, crowded, somewhat 4-sided, flattish, recurved, obtusely rounded at tip, deep green above, whitish or yellowish below. Cones 2 to 3 in. long, 1 in. in diameter, reddish fawn-color, with very persistent scales; scales wedge-shaped at base, rounded at tip. A large tree from Japan; fully hardy as far north as Mass.

8. =Pìcea orientàlis=, L. (EASTERN OR ORIENTAL SPRUCE.) Leaves very short, ½ in. long, 4-sided, rigid, stout, rather obtuse, dark shining green, entirely surrounding the branches. Cones 2½ to 3 in. long, cylindrical, with soft, thin, loose, rounded scales, uneven on the edges. A beautiful, conical, slow-growing, compact tree, reaching the height of 75 ft.; often cultivated; from the Black Sea. Hardy.

GENUS =95. TSÙGA.= (HEMLOCKS.)

Leaves evergreen, scattered, flat, narrowed to a green petiole, appearing 2-ranked by the direction they take, whitened beneath. Fertile catkins and cones on the end of last year's branchlets. Cones pendulous, maturing the first year; scales thin, persistent.

1. =Tsùga Canadénsis=, Carr. (COMMON HEMLOCK.) Leaves short-petioled, linear, ½ in. long, obtuse, dark green above and white beneath; the young leaves in the spring a very light green. Cones oval, ½ to ¾ in. long, pendent, of few (20 to 40) scales. A large, very beautiful tree, 50 to 80 ft. high, abundant in rocky woods, and cultivated throughout; spray light and delicate.

2. =Tsùga Caroliniàna=, Engelm. (MOUNTAIN-HEMLOCK.) This is similar to the last; its leaves are larger, glossier, more crowded; its cones are larger, and have wider and more spreading scales; the tree is smaller, rarely growing 40 ft. high. Wild, but scarce, in the higher Alleghanies, south; beginning to be cultivated north, and probably hardy throughout.

3. =Tsùga Siebòldii.= (JAPAN HEMLOCK.) Leaves ½ to ¾ in. long, linear, obtuse to notched at the tip, smooth, thick, dark green above, with two white lines below. Cones scarcely 1 in. long, elliptical, solitary, terminal, obtuse, quite persistent; scales pale brown. A beautiful small tree, 20 to 30 ft. high, with an erect trunk, dark-brown bark, and numerous, pale, slender branchlets. Introduced from Japan, and probably hardy throughout.

GENUS =96. ÀBIES.= (THE FIRS.)

Leaves evergreen, flat, scattered, generally whitened beneath, appearing somewhat 2-ranked by the directions they take. Fertile catkins and cones erect on the upper side of the spreading branches. Cones ripening the first year; their scales thin and smooth, and the bracts generally exserted; scales and bracts breaking off at maturity and falling away, leaving the axis on the tree. A great number of species and varieties have been planted in this country, but few if any besides those here given do at all well in our dry and hot climate.

* Cones 6 to 8 in. long; leaves blunt at tip. (=A.=)

=A.= Leaves over an inch long 10, 11.

=A.= Leaves an inch or less long 12.

* Cones 3½ to 6 in. long. (=B.=)

=B.= Leaves 2 in. or more long, 2-ranked 9.

=B.= Leaves 1 in. or less long. (=C.=)

=C.= Leaves acute at tip 7, 8.

=C.= Leaves blunt or notched at tip. (=D.=)

=D.= Two-ranked 4.

=D.= Not 2-ranked 3.

* Cones 1 to 3½ in. long. (=E.=)

=E.= Leaves an inch or more long 5, 6.

=E.= Leaves less than an inch long 1, 2.

1. =Àbies balsàmea=, Mill. (COMMON BALSAM-FIR.) Leaves narrow, linear, ½ to ¾ in. long, and much crowded, silvery beneath; those on the horizontal branches spreading into 2 ranks. Bark yielding Canada balsam from blisters. Cones erect, on spreading branches, 2 to 4 in. long and 1 in. thick, cylindric, violet-colored, with mucronate-pointed bracts extending beyond the scales and not reflexed. Wild in cold, wet grounds; 20 to 45 ft. high, with numerous horizontal branches. Has been cultivated quite extensively, although there are better Firs for ornamental purposes.

2. =Àbies Fràseri=, Lindl. (FRASER'S OR SOUTHERN BALSAM-FIR.) Leaves ½ to ¾ in. long, somewhat 2-ranked, linear, flattened, obtuse, emarginate, whitish beneath, the lower ones curved and the upper ones erect. Cones oblong, 1 to 2 in. long, with sharp-pointed bracts half exserted and reflexed. A rare, small tree, 30 to 40 ft. high, growing wild in the mountains, from Virginia south. A hardy tree and handsome when young.

3. =Àbies Nordmanniàna=, Link. (NORDMANN'S SILVER FIR.) Leaves very numerous, crowded, broad, linear, blunt or erose-dentate at the ends, somewhat curved, of unequal length, 1 in. or less long, deep green above and whitened beneath. Cones large, 5 in. long, ovate, erect, with very obtuse scales; bracts exserted and recurved. A beautiful large tree, 50 to 80 ft. high, occasionally cultivated; with numerous horizontal branches and smooth bark.

4. =Àbies fírma=, S. and Z. (JAPAN SILVER FIR.) Leaves ¾ to 1 in. long, very closely 2-ranked, slightly twisted, linear, somewhat notched at the end, smooth and dark above, somewhat silvery below. Cones 3 to 4½ in. long, 1 to 1½ in. in diameter, straight, cylindric, with broad, downy, leathery, crenulated scales; bracts exserted, with acute, slightly recurved points. A beautiful tall tree with somewhat the habit of the common Silver Fir; recently introduced from Japan, and hardy as far north as central New York.

5. =Àbies grándis=, Lindl. (GREAT SILVER FIR.) Leaves 1 to 1½ in. long, mostly curved, deep green above and silvery below, not 2-ranked. Cones 3 in. long and about 2 in. broad, obtuse, solitary, chestnut-brown in color. A very large (200 to 300 ft. high), handsome tree from the Pacific coast. Hardy at Washington; needs protection north.

6. =Àbies Píchta=, Fisch. (SIBERIAN SILVER FIR.) Leaves 1 in. long, linear, flat, obtuse, incurved at the apex, mostly scattered, very dark green above, paler beneath. Cones 3 in. long, ovate, cylindric, obtuse, with rounded, entire scales and hidden bracts. A small to medium-sized cultivated tree, 25 to 50 ft. high, with horizontal, somewhat pendulous branches and dense compact growth. It is peculiar in its very dark foliage; very hardy.

7. =Àbies Cephalónica=, Loud. (CEPHALONIAN SILVER FIR.) Leaves ¾ in. long, very stiff, sharp-pointed, spreading broadly from the branches in all directions, dark green above and white beneath; petioles very short, dilated lengthwise at the point of attachment of the branches. Cones very erect, 4 to 6 in. long, 1-1/3 in. in diameter; projecting scales unequally toothed and reflexed at the point. A beautiful, cultivated tree, 30 to 60 ft. high, with bright brown bark and resinous buds.

8. =Àbies Pinsàpo=, Bois. (PINSAPO FIR.) Leaves less than 1 in. long (usually ½ in.), rigid, straight, scattered regularly around the branches, and pointing in all directions; disk-like bases large; branches in whorls, and branchlets very numerous. Cones 4 to 5 in. long, oval, sessile; scales rounded, broad, entire; bracts short. A very handsome tree from Spain, and reported hardy at the Arnold Arboretum.

9. =Àbies cóncolor=, Lindl. (WHITE FIR.) Leaves 2 to 3 in. long, mostly obtuse, but on young trees often long-pointed, 2-ranked, not crowded on the stem, pale green or silvery. Cones oblong-cylindric, 3 to 5 in. long, 1½ in. in diameter; scales twice as broad as long; bracts short, not projecting. A large tree, 75 to 150 ft. high; bark rough, grayish. Native in the Rocky Mountains; hardy at the Arnold Arboretum, Massachusetts, but needs some protection at St. Louis.

10. =Àbies Cilícica=, Carr. (CILICIAN SILVER FIR.) Leaves flat, linear, 1 to 1¾ in. long and 1/12 in. broad, somewhat 2-ranked but rather irregularly scattered around the young shoots; shining dark green above and whitish beneath. Cones 7 to 8 in. long, nearly 2 in. in diameter, cylindric, obtuse, erect, with thin and entire scales, and short and hidden bracts. A very conical tree, 50 ft. high, with branches in whorls, and numerous, small, slender branchlets. Bark light gray; recently cultivated from Asia.

11. =Àbies nóbilis=, Lindl. (NOBLE SILVER FIR.) Leaves 1 to 2 in. long, linear, much curved, the base extending a short distance upward along the branch, then spreading squarely from it, crowded, compressed, deep green above, glaucous below; base of the leaf much less disk-like than in most of the Firs; branches horizontal, spreading, numerous. Cones 6 to 7 in. long and nearly 2 in. in diameter, cylindric, sessile, with large, entire, incurved scales; bracts large, exserted, reflexed, spatulate, with terminal, awl-shaped points. A very large, beautiful tree, from the Pacific coast, where it grows 200 ft. high. Hardy in Pennsylvania, but needs some protection in Massachusetts.

12. =Àbies pectinàta=, DC. (EUROPEAN OR COMMON SILVER FIR.) Leaves ½ to 1 in. long, linear, obtuse, occasionally with an incurved point, polished green above, two white lines below, rigid, straight; branches horizontal and in whorls. Cones 6 to 8 in. long, cylindric, brown when ripe; scales broad, thin, rounded; bracts long, exserted, with an acute reflexed tip. Introduced from Europe. Good specimens can be found as far north as Massachusetts, though our climate is not fitted to give them either long life or perfect form.

GENUS =97. LÀRIX.= (THE LARCHES.)

Leaves deciduous, all foliaceous, the primary ones scattered, but most of them in bundles of numerous leaves from lateral globular buds. Cones usually small (in one cultivated species 3 in. long), ovoid, erect, with smooth scales.

* Cones less than 1 in. long, of not more than 25 scales 1.

* Cones 1 to 2 in. long, of from 40 to 60 scales 2, 3.

* Cones 2 to 3 in. long, with thick, woody, somewhat divergent
deciduous scales. (Pseudolarix) 4.

1. =Làrix Americàna=, Michx. (AMERICAN LARCH. TAMARACK OR HACKMATACK.) Leaves less than 1 in. long, thread-like, linear, slender, light bluish-green. Cones ½ to ¾ in. long, ovoid, of a reddish color. A tree of large size, 50 to 100 ft. high, growing wild in all the northern portion of our region, and frequent in cultivation, although not quite so fine a tree as Larix Europæa.

2. =Lárix Europæa=, DC. (EUROPEAN LARCH.) Leaves 1 in. long, linear, obtuse, flat, soft, numerous, and bright green in color. Cones sometimes more than 1 in. long, with oval, erect, very persistent scales. A beautiful tree with horizontal branches and drooping branchlets; abundant in cultivation.

Var. _pendula_ has long, pendent branches, and forms a very fine weeping tree.

3. =Làrix Leptolépsis=, Gordon. (JAPAN LARCH.) Leaves 1 to 1½ in. long, slender, pale green. Cones 1-1/3 in. long, and half as wide, of about 60 scales, reflexed at the margin, pale brown in color; bracts lanceolate, acute, entire, thin, one half the length of the scales; seeds obovate, compressed, with long, obtuse, thin wings. A small tree from northern Japan, where it grows 40 ft. high. It is a handsome, erect-growing tree, with slender, smooth, ash-colored branches, and rather rigid, spreading branchlets.

4. =Làrix Kæmpferi=, Lamb. (GOLDEN LARCH.) Leaves from 1 to 2½ in. long, flat, linear, sword-shaped, somewhat soft, pale pea-green in the spring, golden-yellow in the autumn. Cones 2 to 3 in. long, with flattish, divergent scales which are very deciduous. A beautiful large tree, over 100 ft. high, from China, which proves hardy as far north as central New York. It is often placed in a new genus (Pseudolarix) because of the deciduous scales to the cones.

GENUS =98. CÈDRUS.= (THE LEBANON CEDARS.)

Leaves linear, simple, evergreen, in large, alternate clusters. Cones large, erect, solitary, with closely appressed scales; seeds adhering to the base of their lacerated, membranous wings. Large, spreading-branched trees from southern Asia and northern Africa. Occasionally successfully grown from New York City southward.

* Leaves 1 in. or less long 1, 2.

* Leaves over 1 in. long, light glaucous-green 3.

1. =Cèdrus Libàni=, Barr. (CEDAR OF LEBANON.) Leaves ¾ to 1 in. long, acuminate, needle-form, rigid, few in a fascicle, deep green in color. Cones 3 to 5 in. long, oval, obtuse, very persistent, grayish-brown in color; scales thin, truncate, slightly denticulate; seeds quite large and irregular in form. A cultivated tree with wide-spreading, whorled, horizontal branches covered with rough bark. Somewhat tender when young in the Middle States, but forming a grand tree in proper positions.

2. =Cèdrus Atlántica=, Manetti. (MT. ATLAS, SILVER, OR AFRICAN CEDAR.) Leaves ½ to ¾ in. long, mostly cylindric, straight, rigid, mucronate, crowded, and of a beautiful glaucous-green color. Cones 2½ to 3 in. long, ovate, glossy. This beautiful tree has been considered a silvery variety of Cedrus Libani. They are about alike in hardiness and in general form. Cedrus Atlantica has more slender branches, denser and more silvery foliage. From Africa.

3. =Cèdrus Deodàra=, Lindl. (DEODAR OR INDIAN CEDAR.) Leaves 1 to 2 in. in length, 3- or usually 4-sided, rigid, acute, very numerous (about 20 in a fascicle), bright green, covered with a glaucous bloom. Cones 4 to 5 in. long, ovate, obtuse, very resinous, rich purple when young, and brown when old; the scales separating from the axis at maturity. Seeds wedge-shaped, with large, bright brown wings. A beautiful pyramidal tree, with graceful drooping branches and light silvery foliage. Not hardy north of Philadelphia; from India.

GENUS =98a. ARAUCÀRIA.=

=Araucària imbricàta=, Pavon. (CHILE PINE.) Leaves 1 to 2 in. long, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, rigid, acute, very persistent, closely overlapping, completely covering the thick stems, in whorls of 6 to 8, deep glossy green; branches horizontal, in whorls of 6 to 8, with ascending tips, covered with resinous, corky bark. Flowers dioecious; cones (on only a portion of the trees) large, roundish, about 7 in. in diameter, erect, solitary; seeds wedge-shaped, 1 to 2 in. long. A large, peculiar, beautiful, conical tree, with much the appearance of a cactus; not fitted to our climate, although a few specimens may be found growing quite well near the coast south of Philadelphia. From the mountains of Chile.

GENUS =99. CUNNINGHÀMIA.=

A genus of but one species. The cone-scales are very small, but the bracts are large, thick, and serrate.

=Cunninghàmia Sinénsis=, R. Br. (CUNNINGHAMIA.) Leaves 1½ to 2½ in. long, flat, rigid, numerous, alternate, somewhat serrulate; the leaf gradually increases in width from the acute tip to the base, which is decurrent on the stem and about 1/8 in. wide. Cones 1 to 1½ in. long, nearly globular, erect, very persistent, mostly clustered, sessile; the scale is a mere transverse ridge, but the bract is large and prominent, like a triangular-hastate, dilated leaf. A very handsome tree, from China, which does not succeed very well in this region except in protected situations.

GENUS =100. SCIADÓPITYS.=

Cones elliptical or cylindrical, large, obtuse. Leaves evergreen, somewhat flattened, arranged in distant whorls around the stems, and spreading in all directions.

=Sciadópitys verticillàta=, S. and Z. (UMBRELLA-PINE.) Leaves 2 to 4 in. long, 1/6 in. wide, linear, obtuse, smooth, persistent, sessile, entire, in whorls of 30 to 40 at the nodes and extremity of the branches. Cones 3 by 1½ in. Scales wedge-shaped, corrugated, overlapping, coriaceous, persistent; bracts adherent, broad, and smooth. A beautiful, tall, conical, slow-growing tree, with the branches whorled. Recently introduced; hardy in the New England States.

GENUS =101. TAXÒDIUM.=

Leaves deciduous, spreading, in 2 ranks. Flowers monoecious on the same branch, the staminate ones in spikes, and the pistillate ones in pairs below. Cones globular; the scales peltate, angular, thick, firmly closed till ripe, with 2 angular seeds under each.

=Taxòdium dístichum=, Richard. (SOUTHERN OR BALD CYPRESS.) Leaves deciduous, flat, linear, ½ to ¾ in. long, in 2 rows on the slender branchlets, forming feather-like spray of a light green color. This whole spray usually falls off in the autumn as though a single leaf. Cones round, closed, hard, 1 in. in diameter. A fine, tall (100 to 125 ft. high), slender, spire-shaped tree with a large, spreading, rigid trunk, 6 to 9 ft. thick, and peculiar conical excrescences (called knees) growing up from the roots. Wild from Maryland south, and cultivated and hardy in the Middle and many of the Northern States.

Var. _pendulum_, with horizontal branches and drooping branchlets, has the leaves but slightly spreading from the stems, especially when young. Very beautiful; hardy as far north as Massachusetts.

GENUS =102. SEQUÓIA.=

Flowers monoecious, terminal, solitary, catkins nearly globular. Seeds winged, 3 to 5 under each scale.

1. =Sequóia gigántea=, Torr. (BIG OR GREAT TREE OF CALIFORNIA.) Leaves on the young shoots spreading, needle-shaped, sharp-pointed, scattered spirally around the branchlets; finally scale-shaped, overlapping, mostly appressed, with generally an acute apex, light green in color. Cones oval, 2 to 3 in. long, of about 25 scales. The largest tree known, 300 ft. high, with a trunk nearly 30 ft. through, found in California and occasionally planted east, though with no great success, as it is almost certain to die after a few years.

2. =Sequóia sempérvirens=, Endl. (REDWOOD.) Leaves from ½ to 1 in. long, linear, smooth, 2-ranked, flat, acute, dark shining green, glaucous beneath; branches numerous, horizontal, spreading. Cones 1 in. long, roundish, solitary, terminal; scales numerous, thick, rough, furnished with an obtuse point. A magnificent tree from California, where it grows 200 to 300 ft. high. In the East it can be kept alive but a few years even at Washington.

GENUS =103. THÚYA.= (ARBOR-VITÆ.)

Small, evergreen trees with flat, 2-ranked, fan-like spray and closely overlapping, small, appressed leaves of two shapes on different branchlets, one awl-shaped and acute, the other scale-like, usually blunt and close to the branch. Fertile catkins of few, overlapping scales fixed by the base; at maturity, dry and spreading. There are scores of named varieties of Arbor-vitae sold by the nurserymen under 3 different generic names, Thuya, Biota, and Thuyopsis. There are but slight differences in these groups, and they will in this work be placed together under Thuya. Some that in popular language might well be called Arbor-vitæ (the Retinosporas) will, because of the character of the fruit, be included in the next genus.

* Scales of the cones pointless, thin, straight. (Thuya) 1, 2.

* Scales reflexed and wedge-shaped. (Thuyopsis) 3.

* Scales thick, with horn-like tips. (Biota) 4.

1. =Thùya occidentàlis=, L. (AMERICAN ARBOR-VITÆ. WHITE CEDAR.) Leaves in 4 rows on the 2-edged branchlets, having a strong aromatic odor when bruised. Cones oblong, 1/3 in. long, with few (6 to 10) pointless scales. A small tree, 20 to 50 ft. high, or in cultivation 1 to 50 ft. high, with pale, shreddy bark, and light, soft, but very durable wood. Wild north, and extensively cultivated throughout under more than a score of named varieties. Their names--_alba_, _aurea_, _glauca_, _conica_, _globosa_, _pyramidalis_, _pendula_, etc.--will give some idea of the variations in color, form, etc.

2. =Thùya gigantèa=, Nutt. (GIANT ARBOR-VITÆ.) Leaves scale-shaped, somewhat 4-sided, closely overlapping, sharp-pointed, slightly tuberculate on the back; cones more or less clustered and nearly ½ in. long. A very large and graceful tree, 200 ft. high, with white, soft wood; from the Pacific coast; introduced but not very successfully grown in the Atlantic States.

3. =Thùya dolabràta=, L. (HATCHET-LEAVED ARBOR-VITÆ.) Leaves large, sometimes ¼ in. long, very blunt, in 4 rows on the flattened spray. Cones quite small, ovate, sessile, with jagged edges; scales reflexed and wedge-form. A small conical tree with horizontal branches and drooping branchlets; which, because of its large leaves (for an Arbor-vitæ) and flexible branchlets, is quite unique and interesting. In shaded and moist places it has done quite well as far north as New York.

4. =Thùya orientàlis=, L. (EASTERN OR CHINESE ARBOR-VITÆ.) Leaves small, in 4 opposite rows, appressed, acute, on the numerous 2-edged branchlets. Cones large, roundish, with thick leathery scales having recurving, horn-like tips. Of this species there are as many varieties sold as of number one, and nearly the same varietal names are used; but it is not so good a species for general cultivation in this country.

Var. _flagelliformis_, Jacq. (Weeping Arbor-vitæ), has very slender, elongated, weeping branches, curving gracefully to the ground. It is a beautiful variety, often cultivated (a single stem is shown in the figure).

GENUS =104. CHAMÆCÝPARIS.= (THE CYPRESSES.)

Strong-scented, evergreen trees with very small, scale-like or somewhat awl-shaped, closely appressed (except in some cultivated varieties), overlapping leaves and 2-ranked branchlets, almost as in Thuya. Cones globular, with peltate, valvate scales, firmly closed till ripe; the scales thick and pointed at the center.

* Native trees; leaves light glaucous-green. 1.

* Cultivated trees from Western America; leaves dark green.
(=A.=)

=A.= No tubercle on the backs of the leaves. 2.

=A.= Usually a tubercle on the back 3.

* Cultivated small trees and shrubs from Japan (called Retinospora) 4.

1. =Chamæcýparis sphæroídea=, Spach. (WHITE CEDAR.) Leaves very small, triangular, awl-shaped, regularly and closely appressed in 4 rows, of a light glaucous-green color, often with a small gland on the back. Cones very small, 1/3 in. in diameter, of about 6 scales, clustered. Tree 30 to 90 ft. high, wild in low grounds throughout; abundant in Middle States. With reddish-white wood and slender, spreading and drooping sprays; bark fibrous, shreddy; sometimes cultivated.

2. =Chamæcýparis Nutkænsis=, Lambert. (NOOTKA SOUND CYPRESS.) Leaves only 1/8 in. long, sharp-pointed, and closely appressed, of a very dark, rich green color; very slightly glaucous, without tubercles on the back. Cones small, globular, solitary, with a fine, whitish bloom; scales 4, rough and terminating in a sharp straight point. Tree 100 ft. high in Alaska, and would make a fine cultivated tree for this region if it could stand our hot, dry summers.

3. =Chamæcýparis Lawsoniàna=, Park. (LAWSON'S CYPRESS.) Leaves small, deep green, with a whitish margin when young, forming with the twigs feathery-like, flat spray of a bluish-green color; leaves usually with a gland on the back. Cones scarcely ¼ in. in diameter, of 8 to 10 scales. A magnificent tree in California, and where it is hardy (in rather moist soil, New York and south) it forms one of our best cultivated evergreens. The leading shoot when young is pendulous.

4. =Chamæcýparis= (=Retinóspora=) =obtùsa=, Endl. (JAPANESE ARBOR-VITÆ.) Leaves scale-formed, obtuse, closely appressed and very persistent. Cones of 8 or 10 hard, light brown, wedge-shaped scales. Beautiful small trees or generally shrubs (in this country), of a score of named varieties of many colors and forms of plant and foliage.

There are probably a number of species of Japanese and Chinese Chamæcyparis (Retinospora), but till their size, hardiness, and origin have been more fully determined, it would be impossible to make an entirely satisfactory list for such a work as this. Figures are given of the common, so-called, species cultivated in this country; under each of these, several varieties are sold by the nurserymen. The three twigs of Retinospora squarrosa were all taken from a single branch; this shows how impossible it is to determine the varieties or species; the twig at the left represents the true _squarrosa_; the others, the partial return to the original. Most of the forms shown in the figures have purple, golden, silvery, and other colored varieties.

GENUS =105. CRYPTOMÈRIA.=

A genus of evergreens containing only the following species:

=Cryptomèria Japónica=, Don. (JAPAN CEDAR.) Leaves about ½ in. long, not flattened, but about equally 4-sided, curved and tapering quite gradually from the tip to the large, sessile base; branches spreading, mostly horizontal, with numerous branchlets. Cones ½ to ¾ in. in diameter, globular, terminal, sessile, very persistent, with numerous, loose, not overlapping scales. A beautiful tree from Japan, 50 to 100 ft. high. Not very successfully grown in our climate. North of Washington, D. C., it needs a sheltered position, and should have a deep, but not very rich soil.

GENUS =106. JUNÍPERUS.=

Leaves evergreen, awl-shaped or scale-like, rigid, often of two shapes on the same plant. Spray not 2-ranked. Flowers usually dioecious. Fertile catkins rounded, of 3 to 6 fleshy, coalescent scales, forming in fruit a bluish-black berry with a whitish bloom, but found on only a portion of the plants.

* Leaves rather long, ½ in., in whorls of threes 1.