Chapter IX: Part III (1)

KEY, CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES.

_Method of Using the Key._

First read _all_ the statements following the stars (*) at the beginning of the Key; decide which one of the statements best suits the specimen you have. At the end of the chosen one there is a letter in parenthesis ( ). Somewhere below, this letter is used two or more times. Read carefully _all_ the statements following this letter; at the end of the one which most nearly states the facts about your specimen, you will again be directed by a letter to another part of the Key. Continue this process till, instead of a letter, there is a number and name. The name is that of the genus, and forms the first part of the scientific name of the plant. Turn to the descriptive part of the book, where this number, in regular order, is found. Here descriptions of the species of the genus are given. If there are many species, another Key will lead to the species. While the illustrations are intended to represent characteristic specimens, too much dependence must not be placed upon them; the leaves even of the same plant vary considerably, and the different varieties, especially of a cultivated plant, vary widely. Read the whole description before deciding.

The fractions beside the figures indicate the scale of the drawing as compared with the natural size of the part: 1/1 indicates natural size; 2/1, that the drawing is twice the length of the object; ¼, that the drawing is one fourth the length of the object, etc.

In the description of leaves the dimensions given refer to the blade.

=KEY TO THE GENERA OF TREES.=

* Leaves narrow linear, needle, scale or awl shaped,
usually but not always evergreen. (=GG.=) page 60.

* Leaves broad, flat, usually deciduous, occasionally
evergreen, rarely over 5 times as long as wide.
(=A.=)

=A.= Leaves alternate,[1] simple. (=B.=)

=A.= Leaves alternate, compound. (=m.=) page 57.

=A.= Leaves opposite or whorled on the stem. (=u.=) page 58.

=B.= Leaves with a midrib, netted-veined. (=C.=)

=B.= Leaves without a midrib, parallel-veined 109. _Salisburia._

=C.= With radiating ribs, and including those which have
the lower ribs longer and more branching than those
above them. (=f.=) page 56.

=C.= With distinct and definite feather-veining. (=D.=)

=D.= Margin entire, or so nearly so as to appear entire,
sometimes slightly angulated but not lobed. (=V.=)

=D.= Once or twice serrate or crenate or wavy-edged, but not
lobed. (=E.=)

=D.= Distinctly lobed. (=S.=)
(If the notches are over 10 on a side, look under =E.=)

=E.= Straight-veined. (=M.=)

=E.= Not distinctly and evenly straight-veined. (=F.=)

=F.= Leaves evergreen with either revolute or spiny-tipped
margins 18. _Ilex._

=F.= Leaves evergreen, lanceolate-oblong, minutely serrate;
flowers white, 4 in. in diameter 8. _Gordonia._

=F.= Leaves deciduous. (=G.=)

=G.= Fruit with fleshy and often edible pulp. (=K.=)

=G.= Fruit a dry and more or less rounded pod. (=H.=)

=G.= Fruit and flowers in dry catkins; leaves, in most
species, 3 or more times as long as wide, finely
serrate to entire, with free stipules, in many
species remaining on the young twigs, in others shown
by a rounded scar on the sides of the stem; wood
soft; the Willows 91. _Salix._

=G.= Fruit dry akenes with silky pappus, in small heads;
whole plant whitened with scurf; leaves broadened and
coarsely notched near tip; a broad spreading bush
49. _Baccharis._

=H.= Flowers conspicuous, 1 in. or more in size, white.
(=J.=)

=H.= Flowers quite small. (=I.=)

=I.= Flowers and fruit in large panicles; leaves
elongated, peach-like in shape, sour 50. _Oxydendrum._

=I.= Flowers in terminal, erect racemes; fruit small,
three-celled pods; leaves oval, 3-7 in. long,
pointed, thin, finely serrate; plant hardly a tree
53. _Clethra._

=I.= Fruit rounded, small, with calyx adhering to the
lower part, one-seeded, in clusters of 3-many; leaves
1-3 in. long. 56. _Styrax._

=I.= Fruit hairy, in long, hanging panicles, tipped with
long, persistent style, one-seeded 57. _Pterostyrax._

=J.= Flowers bell-shaped, 1 in. long; leaves widest below
the middle; fruit winged pods 58. _Halesia._

=J.= Flowers spreading, 2 in. broad; leaves about twice as
long as wide, widest near the center 7. _Stuartia._

=J.= Flowers spreading, 3 in. broad; leaves about 3 times as
long as wide, widest near tip 8. _Gordonia._

=K.= Fruit a plum-like drupe with a single bony stone;
plant sometimes thorny 36. _Prunus._

=K.= Fruit berry-like, ending in a conspicuous spreading
calyx; plant generally quite thorny 38. _Cratægus._

=K.= Fruit berry-like, black when ripe, small, without
calyx, with usually 3 cartilaginous coated seeds
20. _Rhamnus._

=K.= Fruit berry-like, red when ripe, small, without
calyx, with usually 4-6 hard-coated, grooved nutlets
18. _Ilex._

=K.= Fruit a small or large apple-like pome, with the
seeds in horny cells. (=L.=)

=L.= Fruit about ½ in. in diameter, sweet, in drooping
racemes 39. _Amelanchier._

=L.= Fruit either sour or much larger, and not in elongated
racemes 37. _Pyrus._

=M.= Leaves harsh to the touch; somewhat oblique at base;
quite distinctly two-ranked; large trees 74. _Ulmus._

=M.= Leaves decidedly oblique at base; margin wavy; small
tree, usually a shrub 40. _Hamamelis._

=M.= Fruit berry-like, ending in a conspicuous spreading
calyx; plant generally quite thorny 38. _Cratægus._

=M.= Leaves not regularly oblique at base; plant not
thorny. (=N.=)

=N.= Leaves thin and light, not harsh to the touch; spray
light; bark smooth, in two species somewhat rough on
the trunk. (=Q.=)

=N.= Leaves thick; edge wavy, almost lobed; fruit an acorn.
88. _Quercus._

=N.= Leaves broad for the length, generally doubly serrate
or wavy and serrate; shrubs, rarely tall enough for
trees. (=P.=)

=N.= Not included in the above. (=O.=)

=O.= Leaves 3 or more times as long as wide, widest near
the center; fruit a round, prickly bur with 1-3
horny-coated nuts 89. _Castanea._

=O.= Leaves widest near the sharply serrate tip, narrow
and entire near the base; fruit small pods in
terminal racemes; small tree or shrub 53. _Clethra._

=O.= Leaves widest near the base, usually small; bark
scaling off like the Buttonwood; fruit axillary,
solitary, small (¼ in.) roundish, dry drupes. A
cultivated species, has rather large leaves, widest
near the center 75. _Planera._

=P.= Fruit an open oval woody catkin or cone, remaining on
the plant through the winter 84. _Alnus._

=P.= Fruit a rounded stony nut, in green leafy edged bracts;
shrubs or small trees 85. _Corylus._

=Q.= Usually aromatic; bark dotted on the spray and with
horizontal marks on the trunk, peeling off in thin,
often papery layers 83. _Betula._

=Q.= Bark not peeling off in thin layers. (=R.=)

=R.= Leaf-buds long and slender; fruit a small prickly bur
with two triangular, horny-coated nuts; large trees
90. _Fagus._

=R.= Fruit an elongated catkin with large leaf-like bracts;
bark close, gray, on a grooved trunk 87. _Carpinus._

=R.= Fruit a hop-like catkin; bark brownish, finely furrowed
86. _Ostrya._

=S.= Plant more or less thorny; shrub or small tree;
fruit rounded berries ending in persistent
calyx-lobes 38. _Cratægus._

=S.= Plant not thorny. (=T.=)

=T.= Leaf deeply pinnatifid, usually with the basal lobes
completely separated; cultivated 37. _Pyrus._

=T.= End of leaf as though cut off; sides with one large
lobe; margin entire; large tree 2. _Liriodendron._

=T.= Lower leaves three-lobed, heart-shaped at base, upper
merely ovate, margin entire; small tree or shrub
66. _Clerodendron._

=T.= Not as above; leaves usually many-lobed. (=U.=)

=U.= Leaves thin; bark of trunk peeling off in thin
horizontal strips 83. _Betula._

=U.= Leaves thin; leaf-buds long, slender, sharp-pointed;
bark smooth, not peeling; cultivated 90. _Fagus._

=U.= Leaves thickish; bark roughish; fruit an oval woody
cone, remaining on through the year 84. _Alnus._

=U.= Leaves thick; fruit an acorn 88. _Quercus._

=V.= Leaves evergreen, small, 2-3 in. long, thick, with
revolute margins; fruit an acorn 88. _Quercus._

=V.= Leaves evergreen, oval to lance-oval, usually large;
small trees, almost shrubs. (=d.=) page 56.

=V.= Leaves deciduous (some are evergreen in the Southern
States). (=W.=)

=W.= Plant more or less spiny. (=c.=)

=W.= Plant not at all spiny. (=X.=)

=X.= Leaf-blade thin, long, pointed, with curved parallel
veins or ribs 45. _Cornus._

=X.= Leaf-blade thin, circular or broadly oval in outline,
with blunt, almost rounded apex; veins not regularly
parallel 27. _Rhus._

=X.= Leaf quite elongated, 5 or more times as long as wide.
(=b.=)

=X.= Leaves with none of the above peculiarities. (=Y.=)

=Y.= Deciduous bud-scales (stipules), leaving a scar or
mark completely around the stem at the base of the
leaves. 1. _Magnolia._

=Y.= Leaves covered on one or both sides with silvery
scales 71. _Elæagnus._

=Y.= No such ring around the stem, or silvery scales on
the leaves. (=Z.=)

=Z.= Leaves distinctly straight-veined, thin 90. _Fagus._

=Z.= Leaves thick, obtuse; fruit an acorn 88. _Quercus._

=Z.= Leaves 6 in. or more long; crushed leaves with a rank,
fetid odor 5. _Asimina._

=Z.= Leaves 3-5 in. long; twigs and leaves very spicy; shrub
rather than tree 70. _Lindera._

=Z.= Leaves about 2 in. long, oval, on twigs which have
ridges extending down from the sides of the leafstalk;
small tree, almost a shrub, with beautiful flowers
43. _Lagerstroemia._

=Z.= Leaves not as above. (=a.=)

=a.= Fruit a large (½-1½ in.) rounded pulpy berry with a
heavy calyx at the base 55. _Diospyros._

=a.= Fruit small (¼ in.), fleshy, drupe-like, with a
striate stone; limbs branching horizontally, often
descending 46. _Nyssa._

=a.= Fruit a black, juicy berry (1/3-½ in.), with about 3
seeds 20. _Rhamnus._

=a.= Fruit an ovoid dry drupe (½ in.); leaves
sweet-tasting 59. _Symplocos._

=a.= Fruit an apple-like pome (Quince) 37. _Pyrus._

=b.= Wood soft; both kinds of flowers in catkins in spring;
with either stipules or stipular sears 91. _Salix._

=b.= Wood hard; leaves thick; fruit an acorn 88. _Quercus._

=c.= Fruit a 2-4-seeded small berry; juice not milky
20. _Rhamnus._

=c.= Fruit large, orange-like in size and color when ripe;
juice milky 77. _Maclura._

=c.= Fruit small, black when ripe, cherry-like; juice
milky 54. _Bumelia._

=d.= Aromatic; berries dark blue on red stalks 68. _Persea._

=d.= Not aromatic; leaves nearly 1 ft. long; flowers large
and solitary. 1. _Magnolia._

=d.= Not aromatic; leaves 1-4 in. long; flowers very small;
fruit small dark-colored berries, with 2-4 seeds 20. _Rhamnus._

=d.= Not aromatic; flowers large, in showy clusters. (=e.=)

=e.= Leaves 5 in. or more long 52. _Rhododendron._

=e.= Leaves less than 4 in. long 51. _Kalmia._

=f.= Leaves decidedly aromatic, usually somewhat
irregularly lobed, margin entire, base tapering 69. _Sassafras._

=f.= Leaves usually deltoid, sometimes heart-shaped with
serrate margin and gummy buds, rarely palmately lobed.
All have either the petiole flattened sidewise, the
leaf-blade densely silvery-white beneath, or gummy
aromatic buds 92. _Populus._

=f.= Leaves broadly heart-shaped; margin entire; small tree
with abundance of red flowers in early spring; fruit a
pea-like pod. 32. _Cercis._

=f.= Leaves not as above given. (=g.=)

=g.= Leaves broadly heart-shaped, with a serrate margin
and a petiole about as long as the blade, sometimes
longer; base of leaf not oblique 4. _Idesia._

=g.= Leaves broadly heart-shaped, those on the suckers
much lobed; base not oblique; margin serrate; juice
milky; bark very tough. (=l.=)

=g.= Leaves broadly heart-shaped, with an oblique base;
margin regularly serrate; juice not milky 11. _Tilia._

=g.= Leaves slightly if at all heart-shaped at base,
usually somewhat oblique, with neither milky juice
nor lobes. (=j.=)

=g.= Leaves decidedly and quite regularly lobed. (=h.=)

=h.= Leaves with 3-5 large lobes, the margin entire or
slightly angulated. 10. _Sterculia._

=h.= Leaves star-shaped, with 5-9 pointed, serrate lobes.
(=i.=)

=h.= Leaves large, irregularly margined; leaf-stem covering
the bud; large tree 80. _Platanus._

=h.= Plant quite thorny; fruit berry-like, ending in a
conspicuous spreading calyx; small trees or shrubs with
apple-like blossoms. 38. _Cratægus._

=h.= Leaves with a tapering base; small tree, almost a
shrub, with large Hollyhock-like flowers; plant not
thorny 9. _Hibiscus._

=i.= Large tree, with fruit 1 in. in diameter, dry,
rough, hanging on a long stem 41. _Liquidambar._

=i.= Small tree with few branches and the trunk usually
quite prickly; fruit berry-like in large clusters 44. _Aralia._

=j.= Fruit small berries, with 3 flattened seeds, in
clusters in the axils of the leaves, which are
decidedly 3-ribbed from the base 21. _Hovenia._

=j.= Fruit small drupes, with 1 seed, either solitary or in
pairs in the axils of the leaves. (=k.=)

=k.= Plant without prickles; leaves decidedly oblique at
base 76. _Celtis._

=k.= Plant with prickles; leaves narrow, decidedly
3-ribbed, and 2-ranked on green twigs 22. _Zizyphus._

=l.= Fruit not very edible; leaves rough above, very hairy
below, on some of the twigs opposite 79. _Broussonetia._

=l.= Fruit edible; leaves not very hairy, never opposite 78. _Morus._

=m.= Leaves of 3 entire-edged leaflets; fruit a pea-like
pod 28. _Laburnum._

=m.= Leaves of 3 quite regularly serrate,
transparent-dotted leaflets 13. _Ptelea._

=m.= Leaves once or twice pinnate; the leaflets entire.
(=s.=)

=m.= Leaves once or twice pinnate; the leaflets with
margins more or less serrate or notched. (=n.=)

=n.= Leaves irregularly once to twice, in one case three
times, pinnate. (=r.=)

=n.= Leaves regularly once pinnate. (=o.=)

=o.= Leaves less than 1 ft. long, on a small, quite
prickly plant; fruit very small pods (¼ in. long)
12. _Xanthoxylum._

=o.= Leaves less than 1 ft. long; leaflets 3 in. or less
long; fruit bright-colored, berry-like pomes in
clusters, persistent through the autumn; plant not
thorny; branches not heavy-tipped. 37. _Pyrus._

=o.= Leaves usually larger on the small tree or almost a
shrub; juice in most cases milky; branches
heavy-tipped 27. _Rhus._

=o.= Leaves 1-2 ft. long; leaflets 3 in. or more long;
fruit a bony nut with green fleshy coat; large trees.
(=q.=)

=o.= Leaves very large, 2 ft. or more long on the
rapid-growing branches; branches heavy-tipped; odor
of bruised leaves quite strong; leaflets 15 or more
in number; large trees; juice not milky. (=p.=)

=p.= Leaflets with 1-3 glandular notches at the base 17. _Ailanthus._

=p.= Leaflets entire at base, but very slightly serrate near
the tip 16. _Cedrela._

=q.= Coat of fruit more or less dehiscent into 4 valves;
nut smoothish; leaflets, except in one species, not
over 11 in number, usually 5-7 82. _Carya._

=q.= Coat of fruit not regularly dehiscent; nut, in the
wild species, rough-coated; leaflets, except in a
cultivated species, over 11 in number 81. _Juglans._

=r.= Leaves quite regularly twice odd-pinnate; leaflets
about 1 in. long; juice not milky; fruit rounded
berries in large clusters; plant not prickly;
branchlets not heavy-tipped 15. _Melia._

=r.= Leaves once to twice irregularly odd-pinnate; the
leaflets very irregularly and coarsely toothed; a
small, round-headed tree with bladdery pods 24. _Koelreuteria._

=r.= Leaves irregularly about twice odd-pinnate; the
leaflets lanceolate; quite a low plant with few
heavy-tipped branches; plant without prickles 27. _Rhus._

=r.= Leaves 2 (sometimes 3) times odd-pinnate; tree-stem
with prickles; small tree or shrub, with few branches
44. _Aralia._

=r.= Leaves once to twice abruptly pinnate; large tree with
slender-tipped branches, usually very thorny 34. _Gleditschia._

=s.= Leaves very large (2 ft. or more long), about twice
abruptly pinnate; leaflets broad and often 2 in.
long; branches blunt; no thorns 33. _Gymnocladus._

=s.= Leaves and leaflets much smaller, leaves quite
irregularly once or twice abruptly pinnate; branches
slender-tipped; large tree, usually very thorny
34. _Gleditschia._

=s.= Leaves twice abruptly pinnate; leaflets over 400 in
number, with midrib near the upper edge 35. _Albizzia._

=s.= Leaves regularly once pinnate, not over 2 ft. long.
(=t.=)

=t.= Leaves abruptly pinnate, not over 5 in. long; leaflets
8-12, small, mucronate-pointed 29. _Caragana._

=t.= Leaves odd-pinnate; shrub or small tree, with few,
heavy-tipped branches; no spines or prickles 27. _Rhus._

=t.= Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets large (3-5 in. long), not
usually over 11 in number; round-topped tree 30. _Cladrastis._

=t.= Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets less than 3 in. long,
frequently 11-21 in number; often with spines at the
bases of the leaves in the place of stipules
12. _Xanthoxylum_ or 31. _Robinia._

=u.= Leaves palmately compound. (=CC.=)

=u.= Leaves pinnately compound. (=BB.=)

=u.= Leaves simple, evergreen, sessile, in whorls around
the stem, which they completely cover (98a. _Araucaria._)

=u.= Leaves simple, opposite, evergreen, entire, over 2
in. long 61. _Osmanthus._

=u.= Leaves simple, opposite, evergreen, entire, under 1
in. long 73. _Buxus._

=u.= Leaves simple, deciduous. (=v.=)

=v.= Branches ending in thorns; small trees, or shrubs.
(=AA.=)

=v.= Plants not thorny. (=w.=)

=w.= Leaves palmately lobed (one variety, rarely
cultivated, lacks lobes, but is heart-shaped with a
serrate margin), the lobes over 3 in number, or with
notches or serrations; fruit dry, winged 25. _Acer._

=w.= Lower leaves palmately 3-lobed, and heart-shaped at
base, upper ones ovate, all with entire margin; fruit
with juicy pulp covering the 4 seeds 66. _Clerodendron._

=w.= Leaves palmately lobed; fruit small, one-seeded,
berry-like drupes in large clusters, with flattened
stones, or large rounded clusters of flowers without
stamens or pistils; shrubs rather than trees 47. _Viburnum._

=w.= Leaves heart-shaped, entire or slightly angulated;
not lobed. (=DD.=)

=w.= Leaves irregularly serrate, somewhat straight-veined;
fruit single-winged; large cultivated tree 60. _Fraxinus._

=w.= Leaves neither heart-shaped nor lobed; small trees,
almost shrubs. (=x.=)

=x.= Leaves entire. (=z.=)

=x.= Leaves serrate or dentate, ovate or oval. (=y.=)

=y.= Fruit rounded drupes in large clusters, with single
flattened stones 47. _Viburnum._

=y.= Fruit lobed pods, which burst open in the autumn;
branchlets somewhat 4-sided 19. _Euonymus._

=z.= Leaves small, lanceolate; flowers and fruit large and
beautiful 42. _Punica._

=z.= Leaves broad, thin, with curved parallel veins or ribs.
45. _Cornus._

=z.= Leaves large, broad, oval, without either curved or
straight parallel ribs 63. _Chionanthus._

=AA.= Leaves entire and covered on both sides with
silvery, peltate scales 72. _Shepherdia._

=AA.= Leaves ovate, small, minutely serrate 20. _Rhamnus._

=BB.= Leaves large, 18 in. or more long; leaflets 11 or
more, very finely serrated 14. _Phellodendron._

=BB.= Leaves smaller; leaflets entire or quite evenly
toothed, usually over 5 in number 60. _Fraxinus._

=BB.= Leaflets coarsely and quite irregularly toothed, 3-5
(rarely 7) in number 26. _Negundo._

=CC.= Leaflets slender-lanceolate, almost entire; shrub
or small tree, 5-10 ft. high 67. _Vitex._

=CC.= Leaflets broader and serrate; usually large trees.
23. _Æsculus._

=DD.= Leaves with radiating ribs. (=FF.=)

=DD.= Leaves with feather-veining. (=EE.=)

=EE.= Leaves 2-6 in. long; flowers small, in large,
dense, terminal clusters 62. _Syringa._

=EE.= Leaves 1-4 in. long; flowers in pairs 48. _Lonicera._

=FF.= Leaves large, 6 in. or more long; two almost hidden
buds, one above the other, in the axils of the leaves
on the rapid-growing branches; flowers large, purple,
blooming in early spring; fruit rounded pods 64. _Paulownia._

=FF.= Leaves large, 6 in. or more long; flowers large,
white, blooming in June; fruit long pods 65. _Catalpa._

=FF.= Leaves 2-4 in. long, with red stems 3. _Cercidiphyllum._

=GG.= Leaves scattered singly over the stem, not in
bundles or clusters. (=JJ.=)

=GG.= Leaves in large or small clusters. (=HH.=)

=HH.= Clusters in whorls of many leaves around the stem
like an umbrella 100. _Sciadopitys._

=HH.= Leaves clustered in bundles of 2-6 93. _Pinus._

=HH.= Leaves clustered in bundles of over 8. (=II.=)

=II.= Leaves deciduous, soft 97. _Larix._

=II.= Leaves evergreen, rigid 98. _Cedrus._

=JJ.= Leaves hardly evergreen; spray quite slender.
(=ZZ.=)

=JJ.= Leaves fully evergreen. (=KK.=)

=KK.= Leaves awl or scale shaped, and mainly appressed to
the stem. (=WW.=)

=KK.= Leaves linear or needle shaped, and decidedly
spreading from the stem, though sometimes with a
decurrent base. (=LL.=)

=LL.= Leaves narrowed to a distinct though short stem.
(=RR.=)

=LL.= Leaves sessile; if narrowed, not so abruptly as to
form a petiole. (=MM.=)

=MM.= Leaves opposite or whorled on the stem. (=PP.=)

=MM.= Leaves rather spirally arranged around the stem, not
just opposite. (=NN.=)

=NN.= Leaves linear to lanceolate, flattened, spreading
quite squarely from the stem. (=OO.=)

=NN.= Leaves not flattened but 4-sided, curved, gradually
enlarging from the tips to the bases, which are
decurrent, and on the young twigs completely cover the
stem; cones rounded; the scales not lapping 105. _Cryptomeria._

=OO.= Leaves about linear in form, of nearly the same
width throughout, and usually fastened to the
cylindrical stem by a distinct disk-like base; cones
erect; scales lapping. 96. _Abies._

=OO.= Leaves about 2 in. long and gradually widening from
the acute tips to the broad (1/8 in.) bases, which
are decurrent on the stem 99. _Cunninghamia._

=OO.= Leaves ½-1 in. long, sharp-pointed, very flat,
two-ranked, somewhat lanceolate in form; base
narrowed almost to a petiole 102. _Sequoia._

=PP.= Leaves not decurrent, usually in whorls of three
around the stem, sometimes opposite, acute-pointed;
fruit small (1/8 in.), rounded, dark-colored berries
106. _Juniperus._

=PP.= Leaves decurrent on the stem, less than ½ in. long.
(=QQ.=)

=QQ.= Fruit small, globular cones; the scales not lapping
104. _Chamæcyparis._

=QQ.= Fruit small, elongated cones of few, lapping scales
103. _Thuya._

=RR.= Leaves usually but little flattened, but jointed to a
short, brown petiole which is attached to a somewhat
grooved twig; cones pendent, of lapping scales 94. _Picea._

=RR.= Leaves decidedly flattened, not jointed, but narrowed
to a petiole which is usually green or greenish in
color. (=SS.=)

=SS.= Leaves rounded or obtuse at the tip, distinctly
two-ranked, usually less than 1 in. long; cones
oval, 1 in. or less long, of lapping scales 95. _Tsuga._

=SS.= Leaves acute at the tip; fruit (found only on a
portion of the plants, as the flowers are
dioecious) drupe-like, with a single nut-like seed.
(=TT.=)

=TT.= Leaves not two-ranked, over 2 in. long 108. _Podocarpus._

=TT.= Leaves quite regularly two-ranked. (=UU.=)

=UU.= Leaves marked by two longitudinal lines; bruised or
burned leaves with a very disagreeable odor (107a. _Torreya._)

=UU.= Leaves with the midrib forming a distinct ridge,
odor not disagreeable. (=VV.=)

=VV.= Leaves usually less than an inch long 107. _Taxus._

=VV.= Leaves usually more than an inch long (107b. _Cephalotaxus._)

=WW.= Spray decidedly two-ranked, fan-like. (=YY.=)

=WW.= Spray branching in an irregular way, not two-ranked. (=XX.=)

=XX.= Fruit a purplish berry; bark shreddy 106. _Juniperus._

=XX.= Fruit a cone of thick, pointed, not lapping scales
102. _Sequoia._

=YY.= Cones elongated, of lapping scales 103. _Thuya._

=YY.= Cones globular, of peltate, valvate
scales 104. _Chamæcyparis._

=ZZ.= Leaves very broad at base, half clasping the stem and
rapidly narrowed to an acute tip; hardly at all
spreading from the thread-like twigs; flowers pinkish,
in spike-like clusters 6. _Tamarix._

=ZZ.= Leaves more elongated, quite even in width, not
clasping the stem 101. _Taxodium._

[Footnote 1: Look on the elongated branches for the arrangement of the leaves; they are too closely clustered on the short side shoots. See page 18.]

=CLASS I. ANGIOSPÉRMÆ.=

Plants with a pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the ovules and forms the fruit.

ORDER =I. MAGNOLIACEÆ.= (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, mainly of tropical regions, including, in our section, the three following genera:

GENUS =1. MAGNÒLIA.=

Trees and tall shrubs with alternate, thick, smooth, entire leaves with deciduous stipules which form the bud-scales, and are attached entirely around the stem, leaving a ridge, as in Liriodendron.

Flowers very large (3 to 10 in. in diameter), usually white, solitary.

Fruit a large cone from which the seeds, drupe-like, usually red, hang out on long threads during the autumn.

* Blooming with or before the opening of the leaves. (=A.=)

=A.= Flowers entirely white 9, 10.

=A.= Flowers dark purple 11.

=A.= Flowers mixed purple and white. A large number of
hybrids from China and Japan.

* Blooming after the leaves expand. (=B.=)

=B.= Leaves evergreen, more than 8 in. long 1.

=B.= Leaves evergreen, not 6 in. long 2.

=B.= Leaves deciduous. (=C.=)

=C.= Leaves decidedly auriculate or cordate at the base. (=D.=)

=D.= Leaves very large (1 to 3 ft. long) 5.

=D.= Leaves smaller and much clustered at the tips of the
flowering branches 6.

=C.= Leaves not conspicuously cordate at base. (=E.=)

=E.= Leaves clustered at the tips of the flowering branches 7.

=E.= Leaves scattered along the branches. (=F.=)

=F.= Base of leaf abrupt 3, 4.

=F.= Base of leaf tapering. (=G.=)

=G.= Leaves quite large, about 1 ft. long; a very erect
growing tree 8.

=G.= Leaves smaller, medium thick, glossy above 2.
medium thin (5 to 10 in. long) 3.

1. =Magnòlia grandiflòra=, L. (LARGE-FLOWERED MAGNOLIA. SOUTHERN EVERGREEN MAGNOLIA.) Leaves evergreen, thick, oval-oblong; upper surface glossy, under surface somewhat rusty. Flowers large, 6 to 10 in. wide, white, fragrant. In spring. Fruit oval, 3 to 4 in. long, ripe in October. Seeds scarlet. Splendid evergreen tree (50 to 80 ft.) in the Southern States; half hardy, and reduced to a shrub (10 to 20 ft.) when cultivated in the Middle States.

2. =Magnòlia glaùca=, L. (SWEET-BAY. SWAMP-MAGNOLIA.) Leaves quite thick, oblong-oval, obtuse, smooth and glossy above, white or rusty pubescent beneath; evergreen in the Southern States. Leaf-buds silky. Flowers globular, white, and very fragrant. June to August. Fruit about 1½ in. long, ripe in autumn. Shrub, 4 to 20 ft. high, in the swamps of the Atlantic States from Massachusetts southward. Slender tree, 15 to 30 ft. high, when cultivated in good damp soil.

3. =Magnòlia acuminàta=, L. (CUCUMBER-TREE.) Leaves thin, green above, paler beneath, oblong, usually pointed at both ends, 5 to 10 in. long. Leaf-buds silky. Flowers pale yellowish-green, 3 in. wide, late in spring. Fruit irregular-oblong (2 to 3 in. long), rose-colored when ripe, with a few hard, bony, black seeds, coated with red pulp, ripe in autumn. Large (50 to 90 ft.) noble forest tree, wild in western New York and southward. Wood rather soft, yellowish-white, quite durable, and extensively used for pump logs. Occasionally cultivated; fine for avenues.

4. =Magnòlia cordàta=, Michx. (YELLOW CUCUMBER-TREE.) Leaves broadly ovate or oval, rarely cordate at base, smooth above, white-downy beneath, 4 to 6 in. long. Flowers lemon-yellow slightly streaked with red. June. Fruit nearly 3 in. long, red when ripe in autumn. A rather small, broad-headed tree (20 to 50 ft.), wild in the Southern States, but hardy as far north as Boston; not often cultivated. Probably an upland variety of the preceding.

5. =Magnòlia macrophýlla=, Michx. (GREAT-LEAVED MAGNOLIA.) Leaves very large, sometimes 3 ft. long, crowded at the summit of the branches, obovate-oblong, cordate at the narrowed base, glaucous-white beneath, green above; twigs whitish pubescent. Flowers very large (12 in. broad), white with a purple spot near the base; fragrant. Fruit cylindrical, 4 in. long, deep rose-colored when ripe in autumn. A medium-sized (30 to 40 ft.), spreading tree; wild from Kentucky south, hardy and cultivated as far north as New York City.

6. =Magnòlia Fràseri=, Walt. (EAR-LEAVED UMBRELLA-TREE.) Leaves crowded at the ends of the flowering branches, obovate or spatulate, auriculate at base, smooth (1 ft. long). Leaf-buds smooth. Flowers (6 in. wide) white, slightly scented. April to May. Fruit 3 to 4 in. long, rose-colored, ripe in autumn. Medium-sized, rather slender tree (30 to 50 ft.), with soft yellowish-white wood. Virginia and southward. Hardy and extensively cultivated as far north as New York City.

7. =Magnòlia umbrélla=, Lam. (UMBRELLA TREE.) Leaves clustered at the ends of the branches, obovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, 1 to 2 ft. long; downy beneath when young, but soon becoming smooth. Flowers white, 6 to 8 in. broad. May. Fruit oblong, 4 to 6 in. long, rather rose-colored when ripe in autumn. A small, rather straggling tree, 20 to 40 ft. high; common in the Southern States, and wild as far north as New York State; cultivated throughout.

8. =Magnòlia hypoleùca=, S. & Z. (JAPAN MAGNOLIA.) Leaves large (1 ft. long), somewhat purple-tinted above, white and glaucous beneath. Midrib and leafstalk often red. Flowers cream-white, fragrant, appearing after the leaves in June. Twigs stout and polished. A medium-sized, very erectly growing tree; from Japan.

9. =Magnòlia conspícua,= Salisb. (YULAN OR CHINESE WHITE MAGNOLIA.) Leaves deciduous, obovate, abruptly acuminate, pubescent when young. Flowers large (4 in.), cream-white, very fragrant, appearing very early (May), before any of the leaves. Fruit rarely formed, with few (1 to 3, rarely more) seeds to a cone. Bark dark brown on the young branches; terminal winter buds over ½ in. long. Small tree (10 to 30 ft.) with spreading habit and stout branches; very extensively cultivated for its abundant early bloom; from China.

10. =Magnòlia Kòbus.= (THURBER'S JAPAN MAGNOLIA.) Leaves similar to the preceding, but smaller. Flowers also similar, but pure white. Fruit abundantly formed, with several (2 to 12) seeds to the cone. Bark green on the young growth; terminal winter-buds under ½ in. long. Small tree (15 to 40 ft.) with erect habit and slender branches. A beautiful tree of recent introduction from Japan.

11. =Magnòlia purpùrea=, Sims. (PURPLE JAPAN MAGNOLIA.) Leaves obovate, pointed at both ends, dark green. Flowers erect, of 3 sepals and 6 obovate, purple petals; blooming about as the leaves expand. A low tree, or usually merely a shrub, from Japan; often cultivated.

Besides the Magnolias here given, there are quite a number of varieties and hybrids in cultivation, from China and Japan, most of them blooming before the leaves expand in spring.

GENUS 2. =LIRIODÉNDRON.=

Trees with alternate, deciduous, smooth, stipulate, 4-lobed leaves, the stipules large, attached entirely around the stem, and leaving a ridge when they drop off, as in the genus Magnolia. Flowers tulip-shaped, large (3 in.), greenish-yellow. May to June. Fruit a pointed cone, 3 in. long, hanging on the tree till autumn.

=Liriodéndron tulipífera=, L. (TULIP-TREE.) Leaves large, smooth on both sides, somewhat 3-lobed, the end one seemingly cut off, leaving a shallow notch; stipules light-colored, large, oblong, attached all around the stem, often remaining on through half the season. A very large (80 to 150 ft. high), beautiful, rapidly growing tree, with soft, straight-grained, greenish wood, of great use for inside work. Southern New England and southward. Especially abundant and large in the Western States. Also cultivated.

GENUS 3. CERCIDIPHÝLLUM.

Shrubs or trees with opposite, rarely subalternate, simple, deciduous leaves. Fruit short-stemmed, with divergent pods, 2-4 in number, splitting open on the outer edges; each one-celled, with one row of lapping, pendulous seeds with membranous wings.

=Cercidiphýllum Japónicum.= (KATSURA-TREE.) Leaves broadly heart-shaped, palmately veined with 5-7 ribs, and with an apparently entire margin, dark green above, somewhat glaucous beneath. Under a magnifying glass the margin will be found to have pellucid crenulations. Leafstalk dark red and jointed above the base, the veins somewhat red-tinted. A beautiful, upright tree with birch-like, dotted, brown bark; of recent introduction from Japan, and probably completely hardy throughout the region.

ORDER =II. BIXÍNEÆ.=

A rather small order of mostly tropical trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple leaves.

GENUS 4. =IDÈSIA.=

Large trees with terminal and axillary panicles of very small flowers and berries.

=Idèsia polycárpa=, Hook. Leaves large, heart-shaped, serrate, palmately veined with 5 ribs; leafstalk very long, red, with two glands near the base; twigs also glandular; berries very small (¼ inch), with many seeds. A large tree recently introduced from Japan, which may prove hardy from Pennsylvania south, but is killed by the climate of Massachusetts.

ORDER =III. ANONÀCEÆ.=

(CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.)

An order of tropical trees and shrubs except the following genus:

GENUS =5. ASÍMINA.=

Small trees or shrubs with simple, deciduous, alternate, entire, pinnately-veined leaves. Flowers large, dull purplish, solitary in the axils of last year's leaves. Fruit a large, oblong, several-seeded, pulpy berry.

=Asímina tríloba=, Dunal. (COMMON PAPAW.) Leaves large (8 to 12 in. long), oblong-obovate, acuminate, thin, lapping over each other in such a manner as to give the plant a peculiar imbricated appearance. Flowers 1 in. broad, appearing before the leaves. Fruit 3 in. long, 1½ in. thick, yellowish, fragrant, about 8-seeded, ripe in the autumn. Small (10 to 20 ft. high), beautiful tree with dark-brown twigs. All parts have a rank, fetid smell. Wild in New York and southward along streams; cultivated.

ORDER =IV. TAMARISCÍNEÆ.=

A small order, consisting mostly of shrubs (from the Old World) with minute leaves.

GENUS =6. TÁMARIX.=

Leaves simple, very small, alternate, clasping; old ones almost transparent at the apex. Flowers in spike-like panicles, small, red, or pink, rarely white.

=Támarix Gállica=, L. (FRENCH TAMARISK.) Leaves very small, acute; spray very slender, abundant. A sub-evergreen shrub or small tree, 5 to 20 ft. high; with very small pinkish flowers, in spike-like clusters, blooming from May to October. A very beautiful and strange-looking plant, which, rather sheltered by other trees, can be successfully grown throughout.

ORDER =V. TERNSTROEMIÀCEÆ.=

(TEA OR CAMELLIA FAMILY.)

An order of showy-flowered trees and shrubs of tropical and subtropical regions, here represented by the following genera:

GENUS =7. STUÁRTIA.=

Shrubs or low trees with alternate, simple, exstipulate, ovate, serrulate leaves, soft downy beneath. Flowers large (2 in.), white to cream-color, solitary and nearly sessile in the axils of the leaves; blooming in early summer. Fruit a 5-celled capsule with few seeds; ripe in autumn.

1. =Stuártia pentágyna=, L'Her. (STUARTIA.) Leaves thick, ovate, acuminate, acute at base, obscurely mucronate, serrate, finely pubescent, 3 to 4 in. long, one half as wide. Flowers whitish cream-colored, one petal much the smallest; stamens of the same color. Pod 5-angled.

Handsome shrub or small tree (10 to 15 ft.), wild south in the mountains, and hardy and cultivated as far north as New York City without protection. In Massachusetts it needs some sheltered position.

2. =Stuártia Virgínica=, Cav. (VIRGINIA STUARTIA.) Leaves elliptic-ovate, acuminate at both ends, 2 in. long, 1 in. wide, thin, serrate, silky pubescent beneath. Flowers white with purple filaments and blue anthers. Pod globular and blunt; ripe in October. A beautiful shrub rather than tree (8 to 12 ft.), wild in Virginia and south; hardy as far north as Washington.

GENUS =8. GORDÒNIA.=

Shrubs or small trees with alternate, simple, feather-veined leaves. Flowers large (3 to 4 in. wide), white, showy, solitary in the axils of the leaves. Blooming in summer. Fruit a dry, dehiscent, conical-pointed, 5-celled capsule with 10 to 30 seeds, ripe in the autumn.

1. =Gordònia Lasiánthus=, L. (LOBLOLLY BAY.) Leaves thick, evergreen, lanceolate-oblong, minutely serrate, nearly sessile, smooth and shining on both sides. The large, solitary, sweet-scented, axillary flowers on peduncles half as long as the leaves. A large tree (30 to 70 ft. high) in the south (wild in southern Virginia), and cultivated as far north as central Pennsylvania, without protection; at St. Louis and Boston it needs protection. Wood of a reddish color, light and brittle.

2. =Gordònia pubéscens=, L'Her. Leaves thin, deciduous, obovate-oblong, sharply serrate, white beneath. Flowers nearly sessile. A small tree or shrub of the south (30 ft. high in Georgia), hardy, and rarely cultivated as far north as Philadelphia, or still farther north if slightly sheltered.

ORDER =VI. MALVÀCEÆ.= (MALLOW FAMILY.)

A large family, mainly of herbs, found in tropical and temperate regions. One cultivated species, almost a tree, is included in this work.

GENUS =9. HIBÍSCUS.=

Herbs or shrubs; one sometimes tree-like, with simple, deciduous, alternate, stipulate, usually lobed leaves. Flowers large, showy, 5-parted (Hollyhock-shaped), in late summer. Fruit a 5-celled, many-seeded pod, ripe in autumn.

=Hibíscus Syrìacus=, L. (TREE HIBISCUS.) The only woody and sometimes tree-like species; has ovate, wedge-shaped, 3-lobed, toothed leaves, and large (3 in.) white, purple, red, or variegated flowers. Usually a shrub, 6 to 15 ft. high, often cultivated throughout; introduced from Syria.

ORDER =VII. STERCULIÀCEÆ.=

Trees or shrubs (a few are herbs), with alternate leaves, and the stamens united into a tube. A large order of tropical plants.

GENUS =10. STERCÙLIA.=

Leaves alternate, simple, usually lobed, ovaries more or less divided into 5 carpels, each 2- to many-lobed; fruit when ripe forming a star of 5 distinct pods.

=Stercùlia platanifòlia=, L. (CHINESE PARASOL.) Leaves large, deciduous, alternate, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, deeply heart-shaped at base, the margin entire, the lobes acute; smooth or slightly hairy; leafstalk about as long as the blade. Flowers green, in axillary panicles; fruit star-shaped. A small, beautiful tree from China; probably not hardy north of Washington.

ORDER =VIII. TILIÀCEÆ.= (LINDEN FAMILY.)

An order, mainly of trees, abundant in the tropics; here represented by a single genus:

GENUS 11. =TÍLIA.=

Trees with alternate, deciduous, obliquely heart-shaped, serrate leaves, about as broad as long. Leaves two-ranked on the stem. Flowers small, cream-colored, fragrant, in clusters on a peculiar, oblong, leaf-like bract. Fruit small (1/8 in.), globular, woody, in clusters from the same bract. Wood white and soft; inner bark very fibrous and tough.

* Flowers with petal-like scales among the stamens; American
species. (=A.=)

=A.= Leaves very large, 6 to 8 in. 3.

=A.= Leaves medium, 4 to 6 in. 1.

=A.= Leaves small, 2 to 3 in. 2.

* Flowers with no petal-like scales among the stamens. 4.

1. =Tília Americàna=, L. (BASSWOOD. WHITEWOOD. LINDEN.) Leaves large, 4 to 6 in. long, green and smooth, or very nearly so, thickish. Fruit ovoid, somewhat ribbed, ¼ in. broad, greenish when ripe in October, on a bract which is usually tapering to the base. Tall tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, wild in rich woods and often cultivated.

2. =Tília pubéscens=, Ait. (SMALL-LEAVED BASSWOOD.) Leaves smaller, 2 to 3 in. long, thinner and rather pubescent beneath. Fruit globose, 1/5 in. broad, on a bract usually quite rounded at base.

This is usually considered as a variety of the last-named species. It is found from New York south and west.

3. =Tília heterophýlla=, Vent. (WHITE BASSWOOD.) Leaves large, often 8 in. broad, smooth and bright green above, silvery white and downy beneath, with darker, purplish veins. A large tree; wild in Pennsylvania, west and south, and often cultivated.

4. =Tília Europæa=, Mill. (EUROPEAN LINDEN.) Leaves twice as long as the petioles, and smooth except a woolly tuft in the axils of the veins beneath. Small and large leaved varieties are in cultivation. The flowers have no petal-like scales among the stamens, while the American species have. An ornamental tree with dense foliage; often cultivated from Europe. The twigs are more numerous and more slender than those of the American species. Nearly a score of named varieties are in cultivation. Var. _laciniata_ has deeply cut and twisted leaves.

ORDER =IX. RUTÀCEÆ.= (RUE FAMILY.)

Shrubs and trees, rarely herbs, in most cases with transparent-dotted, heavy-scented foliage. A rather large order in warm climates.

GENUS =12. XANTHÓXYLUM.=

Shrubs or trees with mostly odd-pinnate, alternate leaves. The stem and often the leaflets prickly; flowers small, greenish or whitish; fruit dry, thick pods, with 1 to 2 seeds.

1. =Xanthóxylum Americànum=, Mill. (NORTHERN PRICKLY-ASH. TOOTHACHE-TREE.) Leaves and flowers in sessile, axillary, umbellate clusters; leaflets 5 to 9, ovate-oblong, downy when young. Flowers appear before the leaves. Shrub, scarcely at all tree-like, with bark, leaves, and pods very pungent and aromatic. Common north, and sometimes cultivated.

2. =Xanthóxylum Clàva Hércules=, L. (SOUTHERN PRICKLY-ASH.) Leaflets 7 to 17, ovate to ovate-oblong, oblique at base, shining above. Flowers appear after the leaves. A small tree with very sharp prickles. Sandy coast of Virginia and southward; occasionally cultivated in the north.

GENUS =13. PTÈLEA.=

Shrub with compound leaves of three leaflets, greenish-white flowers in terminal cymes, and 2-seeded fruit with a broad-winged margin, somewhat like the Elm, only larger.

=Ptèlea trifoliàta=, L. (HOP-TREE. SHRUBBY TREFOIL.) Leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young. Flowers with a disagreeable odor; fruit bitter, somewhat like hops. A tall shrub, often, when cultivated, trimmed into a tree-like form. Wild, in rocky places, in southern New York and southward.

GENUS =14. PHELLODÉNDRON.=

Leaves opposite, odd-pinnate. Flowers dioecious; so only a portion of the trees bear the small, odoriferous, 5-seeded, drupe-like fruit.

=Phellodéndron Amurénse.= (CHINESE CORK-TREE.) Leaves opposite, odd-pinnate, 1½ to 3 ft. long; leaflets 9 to many, lanceolate, sharply serrate, long-acuminate. Flowers inconspicuous, dioecious, in loose-spreading clusters at the ends of the branches. The pistillate flowers form small, black, pea-shaped fruit, in loose, grape-like clusters, thickly covered with glands containing a bitter, aromatic oil, and remaining on the tree in winter. Medium-sized tree (20 to 40 ft.), with Ailanthus-like leaves which turn bright red in autumn, and remain long on the tree. Hardy as far north as central Massachusetts.

ORDER =X. MELIÀCEÆ.= (MELIA FAMILY.)

Tropical trees, including the Mahogany; represented in the south by the following:

GENUS =15. MÈLIA.=

Trees with alternate, bipinnate leaves. The flowers are conspicuous and beautiful, in large panicles, in the spring. Fruit in large clusters of berry-like drupes, with a 5-celled stone.

=Mèlia Azédarach, L.= (CHINA-TREE. PRIDE OF INDIA.) Leaves very large, doubly pinnate, with many obliquely lance-ovate, acuminate, smooth, serrate leaflets. Flowers small, lilac-colored, deliciously fragrant, in large axillary clusters. Fruit globular, as large as cherries, yellow when ripe in autumn; hanging on through the winter. A rather small (20 to 40 ft. high), rapidly growing, round-headed, popular shade-tree in the south, and hardy as far north as Virginia. Introduced from Persia.

GENUS =16. CEDRÉLA.=

Leaves large, alternate, deciduous, odd-pinnate. Flowers with separate petals, fragrant, white, in large clusters. Fruit 5-celled dehiscent pods, with many pendulous, winged seeds.

=Cedréla Sinénsis.= (CHINESE CEDRELA.) Leaves large, odd-pinnate, alternate, appearing much like those of the Ailanthus, but with slight serrations near the tips of the leaflets, and no glands near the base. Bruised leaves with a strong odor; footstalk and stout-tipped branches with glands. Large tree, seemingly hardy in New Jersey, but dies to the ground in winter in Massachusetts. Recently introduced from China.

ORDER =XI. SIMARUBÀCEÆ.= (QUASSIA FAMILY.)

Eastern trees and shrubs, here represented by a single tree:

GENUS =17. AILÁNTHUS.=

Large trees to shrubs, with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves. Flowers small, greenish, in large terminal panicles. Fruit broadly winged, like the Ash, but with the seed in the center.

=Ailánthus glandulòsus=, Desf. (TREE OF HEAVEN.) Leaves very large, 2 to 5 ft. long on the younger growths; leaflets obliquely lanceolate, coarsely toothed at the base, with a gland on the lower side at the point of each tooth; point of leaflets entire. Young twigs thick, rusty brown; buds very small in the axils. Only some of the trees have fruit, as some have only staminate flowers. The staminate flowers are very ill-scented. A rapid-growing tree, with useful hard wood; cultivated and naturalized; hardy throughout. See page 10.

ORDER =XII. ILICÌNEÆ.= (HOLLY FAMILY.)

A small order of trees and shrubs, including for our purpose only one genus:

GENUS =18. ÌLEX.=

Trees or shrubs with simple, alternate, thick, mostly evergreen leaves. Flowers rather inconspicuous, mostly in clusters. Fruit berry-like, small (¼ to ½ in.), with 4 to 6 nutlets; hanging on the plants late in the autumn or through the winter.

* Leaves evergreen. (=A.=)

=A.= Leaves with spiny teeth 1.

=A.= No spiny teeth 2.

* Leaves deciduous 3.

1. =Ìlex opàca=, Ait. (AMERICAN HOLLY.) Leaves evergreen, oval, acute, thick, smooth, with scattered spiny teeth. Flowers white; May. The bright-red berries, found only on some of the trees, remain on through the greater part of the winter. Small tree, 15 to 40 ft. high, with very hard white wood; wild in southern New England and southward. A beautiful broad-leaved, evergreen tree which should be more extensively cultivated. North of latitude 41° it needs a protected situation.

2. =Ìlex Dahòon=, Walt. (DAHOON HOLLY.) Leaves 2 to 3 in. long, evergreen, oblanceolate or oblong, entire or sharply serrate toward the apex, with revolute margins, not spiny. Young branches and lower surface of the leaves, especially on the midrib, pubescent. Small tree, 10 to 30 ft. high; Virginia and south, with very hard, white, close-grained wood. Rarely cultivated.

3. =Ìlex montícola=, Gray. Leaves deciduous, ovate to lance-oblong, 3 to 5 in. long, taper-pointed, thin, smooth, sharply serrate. Fruit red, on short stems, with the seeds many-ribbed on the back. Usually a shrub but sometimes tree-like; damp woods in the Catskills and in the Alleghany Mountains.

ORDER =XIII. CELASTRÀCEÆ.=

Shrubs with simple leaves and small, regular flowers, forming a fruit with ariled seeds.

GENUS =19. EUÓNYMUS.=

Shrubs somewhat tree-like, with 4-sided branchlets, opposite, serrate leaves, and loose cymes of angular fruit which bursts open in the autumn.

1. =Euónymus atropurpùreus=, Jacq. (BURNING-BUSH. WAHOO.) Leaves petioled, oval-oblong, pointed; parts of the dark-purple flowers commonly in fours; pods smooth, deeply lobed, when ripe, cinnamon in color and very ornamental. Tall shrub, 6 to 20 ft. high; wild in Wisconsin to New York, and southward; often cultivated.

2. =Euónymus Europæus=, L. (EUROPEAN SPINDLE-TREE OR BURNING-BUSH.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrate, smooth; flowers and fruit commonly in threes on compressed stems; fruit usually 4-lobed, the lobes acute; flowers greenish-white; May; fruit abundant, scarlet, ripe in September. Generally a shrub, though sometimes tall enough (4 to 20 ft.) and trimmed so as to appear tree-like; twigs smooth, green or reddish-green. Extensively cultivated; from Europe.

ORDER =XIV. RHAMNÀCEÆ.=

(BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)

An order mainly of shrubs, but including in the north-eastern United States two or three small trees.

GENUS =20. RHÁMNUS.=

Shrubs or small trees with deciduous (rarely evergreen), usually alternate (rarely opposite), pinnately veined leaves. Flowers small, 4-parted, inconspicuous, in clusters in the axils of the leaves. Fruit berry-like, with 2 to 4 seed-like nuts.

* Branches terminating in thorns 1.

* Plant without thorns. (=A.=)

=A.= Leaves deciduous 2.

=A.= Leaves evergreen 3.

1. =Rhámnus cathártica, L.= (COMMON BUCKTHORN.) Leaves ovate, minutely serrate, alternate or many of them opposite; branchlets terminating in thorns. Flowers greenish. Fruit globular, 1/3 in. in diameter, black with a green juice, and 3 or 4 seeds; ripe in September. A shrub or small tree, 10 to 15 ft. high, from Europe; cultivated for hedges, and found wild in a few places, where it forms a small tree.

2. Rhámnus Caroliniàna, Walt. (CAROLINA BUCKTHORN.) Leaves 3 to 5 in. long, alternate, oblong, wavy and obscurely serrulate, nearly smooth, on slender pubescent petioles. Flowers greenish, 5-parted, solitary or in umbellate clusters in the axils. Fruit berry-like, globular, the size of peas, 3-seeded, black when ripe in September. A thornless shrub or small tree, 5 to 20 ft. high. New Jersey, south and west. Usually a shrub except in the Southern States.

3. =Rhámnus Califòrnicus=, Esch. (CALIFORNIA BUCKTHORN.) Leaves evergreen, oval-oblong to elliptical, 1 to 4 in. long, rather obtuse, sometimes acute, generally rounded at base, serrulate or entire. Fruit blackish purple, with thin pulp, ¼ in., 2- to 3-seeded. A spreading shrub, 5 to 18 ft. high, without thorns; from California.

GENUS =21. HOVÈNIA.=

Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, oblique at base. Fruit an obscurely 3-lobed, 3-celled, 3-seeded pod in dichotomous clusters, both axillary and terminal.

=Hovènia dúlcis=, Thunb. Leaves long-petioled, more or less ovate to cordate, serrate, palmately 3-ribbed, much darker on the upper surface; both sides slightly roughened with scattered hairs. Fruit sweet, edible, in clusters in the axils of the leaves; seeds lens-shaped, with a ridge on the inner side. Flowers white; in July. A large, broad-topped tree, introduced from Japan. Hardy at Washington, but dies to the ground in the Arnold Arboretum, Massachusetts.

GENUS =22. ZÌZYPHUS.=

Leaves simple, alternate, deciduous, 3-ribbed. Flowers axillary, 5-petaled. Fruit fleshy, drupe-like, containing a 1- to 2-celled nut.

=Zìzyphus vulgàris=, Lam. (JUJUBE.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, serrate, smooth, and glossy green on both sides, upper side quite dark; slightly hairy beneath on the veins; prickles twin, one recurved, sometimes none. New growth of the year green, and resembling a once-pinnate compound leaf and usually dropping off in the autumn like one. Leaves 10 to 20 on a twig, 2-ranked; flowers and drupes nearly sessile in the axils; fruit small (¼ in.), blood-red when ripe. A small tree (10 to 30 ft. high), of recent introduction from Syria; hardy at Philadelphia, but needing some protection at the Arnold Arboretum, Massachusetts.

ORDER =XV. SAPINDÀCEÆ.= (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.)

A large order represented in all countries, and so varied in its characteristics as to form several sub-orders.

GENUS =23. ÆSCULUS.=

Deciduous trees or sometimes shrubs, with opposite, palmately compound leaves with serrated, straight-veined leaflets. Flowers usually conspicuous in dense terminal panicles. Fruit large, leathery-coated, often rough, with one or few large Chestnut-like but bitter seeds. Fruit large in midsummer, hanging on the tree until frost.

* Fruit prickly. (=A.=)

=A.= Leaflets usually 7; flowers widely spreading 1.

=A.= Leaflets 5-7, red-spotted and rough; flowers rosy red
_Æsculus rubicunda_ (1).

=A.= Leaflets usually 5; flowers not much spreading 2.

* Fruit smooth or nearly so. (=B.=)

=B.= Flowers bright red 3.

=B.= Flowers yellow, purplish or pinkish 4.

=B.= Flowers white, in long, slender, erect clusters 5.

1. =Æsculus Hippocástanum.= (COMMON HORSE-CHESTNUT.) Leaves of 7 obovate, abruptly pointed, serrated leaflets. Flowers very showy in large clusters, with 5 white, purple and yellow spotted, broadly spreading petals. A variety with double flowers is in cultivation. May or June. Fruit large, covered with prickles. Seeds large, chestnut-colored. Tree of large size, with brown twigs; cultivated everywhere; from Asia.

_Æsculus rubicunda_ (Red-flowering Horse-chestnut) is frequent in cultivation; leaflets 5 to 7, red-spotted and rough; flowers rosy red. It is probably a hybrid between the common Horse-chestnut and one of the Buckeyes.

2. =Æsculus glàbra=, Willd. (OHIO BUCKEYE.) Leaves with 5 oval-oblong, acuminate, serrate, smooth leaflets. Flowers not showy, yellowish-white, with 4 somewhat irregular, slightly spreading petals. June. Fruit small, 1 in. in diameter, covered with prickles, at least when young; ripe in autumn. Small to large tree, wild in the basin of the Ohio River, along river-banks. Sometimes cultivated.

3. =Æsculus Pàvia=, L. (RED BUCKEYE.) Leaves of 5 to 7 oblong-lanceolate, finely serrate, generally smooth leaflets, of a shining green color, with purple veins and petioles. Flowers (corolla and calyx) bright red, with included stamens; corolla of 4 petals, not spreading; calyx tubular. Fruit smooth, oblong-obovate, 1 in. long. Small tree or shrub, 10 to 20 ft. high, with purple twigs. Virginia west and south, and occasionally cultivated throughout.

4. =Æsculus flàva=, Ait. (SWEET BUCKEYE.) Leaves with 5 to 7 serrulate, elliptical, acuminate leaflets, usually smooth, sometimes minutely pubescent beneath; the pubescent petiole flattish toward the base. Flowers yellow, not spreading. Spring. Fruit globose, uneven but not prickly, 2 in. in diameter. Seeds large (1 in.), 1 or 2 in number, mahogany-colored; ripe in autumn. Often a large tree, sometimes only a shrub, 6 to 70 ft. high, in rich woods; Virginia to Indiana, and southward. Cultivated occasionally throughout.

Var. _purpurascens_ of this species has flesh-colored or dull-purple flowers, and leaflets quite downy beneath.

5. Æsculus macrostàchya, Mx. (LONG-RACEMED BUCKEYE.) Leaflets 5 to 7, ovate, acuminate, serrate, velvety with hairs beneath. Flowers white, in long, slender, erect clusters; July; petals 4, spreading; stamens very long. A beautiful, widely spreading shrub. 5 to 18 ft. high; from the Southern States; often cultivated. Probably hardy throughout.

GENUS =24. KOELREUTÈRIA.=

A small tree with alternate, once to twice irregularly pinnate leaves with many coarsely toothed leaflets. Flowers conspicuous, yellow, in terminal panicles. In summer. Fruit rounded, bladdery, 3-celled, few-seeded pods; ripe in autumn.

=Koelreutèria paniculàta=, Laxm. Leaflets thin and very irregularly toothed. Clusters 6 to 12 in. long, of many irregular flowers, ½ in. wide; through the summer. Fruit an ovate, bladdery capsule, ripening in autumn. A fine, small, round-headed tree, 20 to 40 ft. high; from China. Probably hardy throughout.

GENUS =25. ÀCER.=

Trees, or rarely shrubs, with simple, opposite, and almost always palmately lobed leaves, which, in our species, are always deciduous. Flowers small and usually dull-colored, in clusters. Fruit double-winged and 2-seeded, in some species hanging on the tree till the leaves have fallen; in others dropping off early in the spring. The species differ much in the spreading of the wings of the fruit. Wood light-colored and medium hard; bark rather smoothish, but in large trees with longitudinal cracks.

* Leaves slightly or not lobed 13.

* Leaves about 3-lobed (rarely 5-lobed); shrubs or small trees.
(=A.=)

=A.= Leaves serrate 1, 2.

=A.= Leaves somewhat sinuate, not at all serrate; juice milky. 10.

* Leaves 5-, rarely 3-lobed. (=B.=)

=B.= The lobes acute, irregularly but quite fully serrate;
juice not milky. (=C.=)

=C.= The fruit in corymbs, dropping early; American
species. (=D.=)

=D.= Leaf-notches somewhat rounded; tree large; limbs
drooping on old trees 3.

=D.= Leaf-notches acute; tree small 4.

=C.= Fruit in hanging racemes, remaining on the tree till
autumn; leaves thickish 5.

=B.= The lobes acute; sparingly or not at all serrate. (=E.=)

=E.= Juice not milky 6.

=E.= Juice milky at the bases of the leaves 8, 9.

=B.= The lobes obtuse and sinuate 10.

* Leaves 5- to 7-lobed. (=F.=)

=F.= Lobes fully serrate 11.

=F.= Lobes sparingly serrate. (=G.=)

=G.= Juice milky 8, 9.

=G.= Juice not milky; leaves 8 to 10 in. broad 7.

=F.= Lobes somewhat sinuate, not serrate; juice milky 10.

* Leaves with 7 or more lobes 11, 12.

1. =Àcer spicàtum=, Lam. (MOUNTAIN MAPLE.) Leaves with 3 (rarely 5) coarsely serrated, taper-pointed lobes, with slightly cordate base; downy beneath. Flowers greenish-yellow, in erect, slender racemes or panicles, blooming in June. Wings of the small fruit at about a right angle. Small tree, 6 to 10 ft. high, or usually a shrub, with brown twigs. Native; growing in moist woods; rarely cultivated.

2. =Àcer Pennsylvánicum=, L. (STRIPED MAPLE.) Leaves large, thin, 3-lobed at the end, cordate at base, finely and sharply doubly serrate. Flowers greenish, in drooping, elongated, loose racemes appearing after the leaves in spring. Fruit with large diverging wings. A small, slender tree, with light green bark striped with dark red. Wild throughout and cultivated.

3. =Àcer dasycárpum=, Ehrh. (SILVER OR WHITE MAPLE.) Leaves large, truncated at base, 5-lobed, with blunt notches, the lobes irregularly serrated and notched, silvery white, and, when young, downy beneath. Flowers light yellowish-purple, preceding the leaves, in crowded umbels along the branches. Wings of fruit large and forming about a right angle; ripe early in June. A rather large, rapidly growing, and usually somewhat weeping tree, with soft white wood. Special cut-leaved and weeping varieties are sold at the nurseries. Wild along river-banks, and extensively cultivated in the streets of cities.