Chapter XXXII: Appendix: Some Statistics of the War (3)

Now when the war ended, the Federal government, with commendable zeal, very humanely collected most of its dead and had their remains removed to its beautiful cemeteries, and there keeps green the sod and fresh the flowers on their graves.

There was no Confederate government to collect and care for the remains of the Confederate dead. Along the banks of the "Father of Waters" for more than a thousand miles the inhabitants tread unawares over the unknown graves of those who battled for the South. Along the shores of the Potomac, the Rappahannock, and the James wave the golden harvests on soil enriched by their blood and moldering dust. There the grapes grow more luscious and the wine is redder. From the capes of the Chesapeake adown the stormy Atlantic, and trending around the Gulf, rest thousands of our dead; or go to the heights of Allatoona, to Lookout's lofty peak, or Kennesaw Mountain's top, and you may seek in vain where the dead rest. Time, with the relentless force of the elements, has obliterated all traces of their graves from human eye; they are known only to Him who can tell where Moses sleeps in "a vale in the land of Moab." So the forgotten are not forgot, the Hand that made the thunder's home comes down every spring and paints with bright colors the little wild flowers that grow over their resting places, and they are bright on Decoration Day. The rosy morn announces first to them that the night is gone, and when the day is past and the landscape veiled with evening's shade, high on the mountain top the last ray of the setting sun lovingly lingers longest, loath to leave the lonely place where the bright-eyed children of the Confederacy rest in death.

And wherefore did they die? They fell in defense of their homes, their families, their country, and those civil rights arising from that liberty God gave man as a heritage in the beginning. They furnished to their country much that will be noble in history, wonderful in story, tender in song, and a large share of that glory which will claim the admiration of mankind. We can today place no wreaths of immortelles on their unknown graves, yet we can rest assured that the echoes of posterity will render their deeds illustrious.

And now, as I look back on the past and recall to mind your trials and sufferings--which will be forgotten--I am sure the world will not forget that your valor MERITED A SUCCESS which is better now than to have achieved it.

FOOTNOTES

[1] A fête given by Maj. André in Philadelphia, May, 1778, in
honor of Sir William Howe.

[2] "Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the
inhabitants thereof." (Lev. xxv. 10.)

[3] Newspaper cuttings.

[4] August 31, 1898. Raynolds and Auger are now at rest, and
four remain. April, 1899, Gen. J. J. Reynolds has passed over
the river.

[5] It is also reported that the first message over the
line, sent by a young lady, was: "What hath God wrought!" The
Professor did not mention this, and this dispatch was sent
over the ocean cable years later.

[6] In the celebrated Dred-Scott case (see Howard's "Supreme
Court Reports," Vol. XIX., page 404) you will find that
Justice Taney, in describing the _condition_ of the negro
more than a hundred years _before_ the Declaration of
Independence, said: "It is difficult at _this day_ (1856)
to realize the state of public opinion in relation to that
unfortunate race which prevailed in the civilized portions
of the world at the time of the Declaration of Independence,
and when the Constitution of the United States was framed
and adopted.... They had, for more than a century before,
been regarded as a being of an inferior order, and altogether
unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or
political relations; and so far inferior that they had no
rights which the white man was bound to respect; and that the
negro might justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery for his
benefit. He was bought and sold, and treated as an ordinary
article of merchandise and traffic whenever a profit could
be made by it. The opinion was, _at that time_, fixed and
universal in the civilized portions of the white race."

The above is merely a historical fact as regards the status
of the negro about _two hundred years before_ the judge
rendered his decision. And now behold! For political party
purposes; by the abolitionists; from the pulpit; by college
professors; by _all_ who have hated the South, it is to
this day tortured into a _decision_ made by Chief Justice
Roger B. Taney, which is not true. Furthermore, and before
this case was in court, Judge Taney had manumitted his own,
inherited, slaves; and as a lawyer had defended a man in
court for publicly uttering abolition sentiments. In fact he
regarded slavery as an evil, and proclaimed it by deeds. (See
"American Authors' Guild Bulletin" for April, 1898.)

[7] Col. Harney was annoyed by the number of blackbirds that
would feed with the horses, eating the grain; so while the
horses were out grazing I asked an officer for a gun to kill
some of the birds. He handed me a long single-barreled one
with a bore about the size of a half dollar. From the powder
flask I put in two charges of powder and shot. The ground was
covered with birds. I fired and killed none; the charge was
too small. The doctor (I think he was a doctor) said he would
load it for me, so I took another shot. This time I thought
my arm dislocated at the shoulder. I did not count the
number of birds, but the ground was covered with the dead and
wounded. I played indifference while meditating revenge for
a sore shoulder. Going to the top of the observatory, I saw
perhaps a hundred deer grazing close by; so I was taken with
a desire to kill one, and again asked the doctor for his gun.
He proposed loading it for me. I told him I preferred doing
it myself. I put in three charges of powder, or three drams,
and about forty small buckshot, and off I went for a deer.
The herd grazed along before me up the slope of a ridge, and
passed over it. I crawled on hands and knees to the crest,
and such a sight! A number of single deer were within twenty
yards of me. At once I became covetous. Shoot a single deer?
No. I wanted four or five (remembering "all things come to
those who wait"), so presently five or six were nearly in
a line, but more distant; and when I pulled the trigger the
gun said "fush," and the smoke came in my face. As I looked
over the field I was amazed. There were all the deer standing
facing me, their heads high, ears spread out wide, and their
large, soft, mild eyes looking at me imploringly; and not
alarmed. Probably they had never heard a gun (and I am quite
sure they did not hear this one), for the Indians then were
armed only with bows and arrows.

I sat down on the green grass and looked at the deer, and
felt that experience must be a good teacher. But the days
came when I did kill many; but the first one fell dead from
a shot from my pistol.

I make mention of these little events that belong to the
past to show how great is the change made in a few passing
years. Where now is all this game, and where are the Indians?
Alike they have disappeared before the advance of avaricious
civilization. From San Antonio to Corpus Christi and to El
Paso the country was as God made it, unchanged by Indians,
and over the plains and on a thousand hills roamed deer, wild
turkey, partridges, and the waters swarmed with swan, geese,
and ducks unmolested by sportsmen.

[8] The inference is that Gen. Taylor ordered May up on the
receipt of Ridgely's first message.

[9] Gen. John Bankhead Magruder was known in earlier days as
"Prince John." When stationed on the Canadian frontier the
British officers and ours were on good social terms. John was
indeed a princely fellow, and the officers at his mess dined
always in a rich, gay dinner jacket. His servant was Irish
and a jewel, and knew well "Prince John's" foibles. One day
at dinner, to which some English officers were guests, there
was a considerable display of taste, and one of them had the
temerity to ask his host what was the pay of a lieutenant
of artillery, and obtained for an answer: "Well, bless you,
my dear fellow, I do not remember; my servant always gets
it. What is it, Patrick?" And Pat, well knowing the ways of
Magruder, replied: "Your honor must perceive the captain is
a gintleman, and too ginerous to ask me for it."

When the city of Mexico was captured by Gen. Scott "Prince
John" obtained quarters in the bishop's palace. Sending
for the butler, he asked him: "At what hour does the bishop
dine?" Answer: "Four P.M." "How many courses does he have?"
Answer: "Four." "How many bottles of wine does he order?"
Answer: "Two." To impress the butler that he was an officer
of high dignity, he gave orders that he would dine at 8 P.M.
and require eight courses and four bottles of wine, doubling
the courses, etc.

And here is another story I will relate as I heard it:

After the battles around Richmond had been fought Gen. J.
B. Magruder was sent to command the Department of Texas. As
I have formerly related, he was a _bon vivant_ and rejoiced
in the pleasures of the table, and dined with much ceremony.
To keep this up, as far as he could, he would send, like
the popes of Rome, a courier in advance to arrange for his
comfort. On one occasion a staff officer was sent ahead
as usual. Coming to a good residence, he arranged for
comfortable quarters and a sumptuous supper. When the General
arrived and the usual preliminaries were over he was ushered
into the dining hall, and there sat at the table a ragged
"Reb" helping himself to the supper all alone. Magruder,
however, took his seat at the table, and, eying the "Reb"
demolishing the viands, he exclaimed: "Do you, sir, know
with whom you are eating supper?" "Reb" replied: "No, I don't
know, and I don't care a d--mn; before I went into the army
I was very particular as to whom I ate with, but it makes no
difference now; just help yourself, do."

[10] Riding over the battlefield the day after the fight
we came to the camp where the surgeons were attending to
the wounded. A _German_ prisoner was there _standing up_,
holding on to the limb of a tree resting himself, he had
been shot crosswise in the rear, the ball tearing away the
seat of his breeches, that were very bloody. One of our
_Irish_ soldiers was passing by with canteens filled with
water, and the German asked for a drink. Pat surveyed him,
and replied: "Never a drop of wather will ye get from me, ye
bloody hathen. If ye had stayed in your own counthry, where
you belong, ye would now be well and have a sound seat to sit
down on."

[11] It was understood that Santa Anna was to end the war by
making a treaty of peace, but he deceived President Polk.

[12] "Beautiful View."

[13] The Mexican story is: That a Mexican lieutenant in
the first line got mixed up with our troops and feigned a
_parley_ and was carried to Gen. Taylor. This was followed by
his returning to the Mexican line accompanied by two American
officers to have an interview with Santa Anna. Then our line
stopped firing and theirs did not. If this Mexican officer
bore a flag of truce, it would explain why we stopped firing,
and I am quite sure he did.

[14] Senate Document.

[15] Also to San Francisco, Cal., as was then predicted.

[16] Until charged, tried, and convicted of treason is
confiscation legal?

[17] Maj. Electus Backus went to Fort Defiance, among the
Navajoes, and destroyed the influence of their god--the
dancing man--by a piece of jugglery in making a stuffed
figure to represent their god, and by means of wires making
it dance. Peace followed this exhibition by a treaty.

[18] Pronounced canyon.

[19] When I was stationed in Louisville, Ky., in 1850, on one
occasion Thomas F. Marshall, Dr. Matthews (who was with us
in Mexico), and I were at the Galt House. Marshall and the
Doctor became engaged in repartee. The Doctor was a master
of wit. Marshall acknowledged defeat, and invited us to dine
with him next day at the Louisville Hotel, and we accepted
his invitation. When the morrow came the Doctor was a little
reluctant to go, fearing another encounter. However, at the
hour Marshall was on hand. He was an entertaining host, and
among his many anecdotes he related the treatment he once
received from Henry Clay.

Marshall was opposed to Clay in some local political issue,
and the day after the election many people assembled at
the courthouse in Lexington to get the news. Clay was in
the rotunda surrounded by friends when Marshall entered and
approached the crowd. Clay saluted him with: "Good morning,
Mr. Marshall. What is the news from Woodford County?"
Marshall answered, "We traitors have been defeated;" and
instead of extending his hand to "Tom" and saying, "O come
back to the Whig fold!" he waved his long arm and exclaimed,
"May that ever be the fate of all traitors!" Marshall said
the repulse of his proffered friendship astonished him, but
it was Clay's _imperious_ way.

[20] I give this story as related to me by a naval officer.

[21] Told as related to me.

[22] By this arrangement my quartermaster, Maj. J. B.
Moray, obtained bacon, sugar, coffee, blankets, shoes,
cloth, saddlers' tools, medical supplies, etc., in no small
quantities. He also had hay and fodder baled, by sending a
hay press through the north counties of North Carolina to
bale this forage, and obtain grain. On the arrival of Gens.
D. H. Hill and Longstreet it terminated, for Longstreet took
the teams.

The following letter from the Hon. James A. Seddon relates to
this matter:

WAR DEPARTMENT, C. S. A., }
RICHMOND, February 20, 1863. }

Gen. S. G. French, Commanding, Etc.

_General_: I have derived much satisfaction from
your letter of the 12th, and am gratified to
see how fully you have realized and understand
the great needs of our army on the Rappahannock
for supplies of forage and subsistence, and the
difficulty of meeting them. The scarcity in this
State is really great, and without distressing
exactions from the people, and much consequent
suffering, there is no prospect of drawing any
large supplies from them.

Our great reliance must be on the large producing
counties of North Carolina, and, unfortunately, the
richest are in the hands of, or under the control
of, the enemy. Great efforts must be made to draw
all that can forced or tempted from that quarter,
and there can be no better employment of our forces
in North Carolina than in protecting and aiding
such operations. Even illicit dealings with persons
of doubtful position, or mercenary natures, might
be encouraged to the extent of procuring supplies,
particularly of meat. But with the clear views
and convictions you have on this whole subject
it is unnecessary to urge the adoption of special
means. You will, I doubt not, adopt all that can be
made available, and in so doing you will have the
sanction of the department.

Very truly yours,
JAMES A. SEDDON, _Secretary of War_.

[23] This was a violation of military usages that both Gens.
Andrew Jackson and Z. Taylor denounced. Here is an extract
from the order of Gen. Jackson:

HEADQUARTERS DIVISION OF THE SOUTH,}
NASHVILLE, April 22, 1817. }

The commanding general considers it due to the
principles which ought and must exist in an army
to prohibit the obedience of any order emanating
from the _Department of War_ to officers of this
division ... unless coming through him as the
proper organ of communication. The object of this
is to prevent the recurrence, etc.

Here we see Jackson forbidding obedience to any order to
troops or officer in his command unless it was communicated
to him first for his action.

[24] Longstreet reiterates the story of the capture of
the battery in his book, but is silent about the garrison
or the capture of the redoubt. Therefore I will append a
statement handed to me by George Reese, an honored citizen
of Pensacola, Fla. My account is from my diary; his is from
memory. He writes:

"I was a lieutenant in Company A, Forty-Fourth
Alabama Infantry, Law's Brigade, Hood's Division,
Longstreet's Corps, and was with my command at the
investment of Suffolk in 1863. On the 18th day of
April, while in line, Companies A and K received
orders, about 8 P.M.., to move. I think we numbered
fifty men, all told. We were marched about two
miles to the left of Longstreet's army.

We arrived at an old fort, or rather redoubt,
exposed on the land side, but protected by a high
embankment on the river side. In this fort we
found two guns of Stribbling's battery, with their
complement of gunners. This whole force, with the
two guns, was captured on the 19th of April, near
6 P.M. About 1 P.M. the enemy opened a terrific
fire on the fort from a great number of guns massed
on the opposite side of the river and from the
gunboats and infantry. Under cover of this fire
a transport landed about a thousand men behind a
point of land extending into the river just above
the fort, concealed by thick undergrowth. They
were within one hundred yards of the fort when
discovered. It was natural that the infantry should
blame Gen. Longstreet for thus placing so small a
force so far away from support, and loud complaints
were heard from both men and officers. We were
taken to Suffolk the same night and next morning to
Norfolk, and two weeks after exchanged.

GEORGE REESE, _Lieut. Co A, Forty-Fourth Alabama_.
"Pensacola, Fla., March 1897."

[25] See Vol. LI., Part 11. Serial No. 108, War Records, page
692.

[26] From War Records, page 692, Serial No. 108.

[27] Mr. Joseph M. Brown, of Marietta, Ga., has a letter
from Col. Martin's brother, who was aware of his conduct at
the battle of Kennesaw, and relates the circumstances of his
death as above written by Mr. Brown.

[28] See Tytler's "History," and War Office Records.

[29] This is the road to New Hope Church over which we
marched.

[30] It is proper that I should here state that my official
report (page 816, War Records, Vol. 39) contains an error.
When I saw the Fiftieth and Twelfth Illinois leave the east
side of the railroad and join the force on the west side, I
believed that all were on that side, and wrote, "The Federal
forces were now confined to one redoubt (fort 'C'), and we
occupied the ditch." I did not discover this error until
after it was too late to correct it. It must be remembered
that the battle was fought on a mountain ridge, some of the
sides inaccessibly steep, and covered with timber obstructing
the view.

[31] Vauban--A French marshal, the greatest of military
engineers; born 1633. Inigo Jones--An eminent architect; born
in London 1572.

[32] See S. P. Lee's "Brief History of the United States." It
confirms my diary. Also book of Gen. J. D. Cox, United States
army, and War Records, and Maj. Sanders's letter, on page
340. Also letter of Rev. Thomas R. Harkham, page 342.

[33] Gen. John Adams, of Loring's Division, was killed
about two hundred yards east of the ginhouse, and his body
was removed to near the ginhouse by order of Col. Casement,
United States army, who put a guard over it. So after the
battle it was not found where he fell. This led to the belief
that Loring's Division extended to near the ginhouse.

It has been a source of regret to me that I was unable
to write an official report of the battle of Franklin
immediately after it was ended, but on account of the
condition of my eyes it was put off; and now I wonder why I
did not have my chief of staff write it under my dictation,
but so it is: amidst the confusion following the battle it
was neglected. I might add here that it was years before my
eyes were well, though treated by a specialist.

[34] The following is an extract from a letter dated August
18, 1864, written at City Point by Gen. U. S. Grant to Gen.
B. F. Butler, agent of exchange at Fortress Monroe, Va.:

"It is hard on our men held in Southern prisons not to
exchange them, but it is humanity to those left in the
ranks to fight our battles. Every man released on parole
or otherwise becomes an active soldier against us at once,
either directly or indirectly. If we commence a system of
exchange which liberates all prisoners taken, we will have to
fight on until the whole South is exterminated. If we hold
those caught, they amount to no more than dead men. At this
particular time to release all Rebel prisoners North would
insure Sherman's defeat, and would compromise our safety
here." (See War Records, page 606, Series II., Vol. VII.,
Serial No. 120.)

[35] Gen. J. D. Cox, Union army, who commanded most of the
troops engaged in the battle of Franklin, in his volume
published describing this battle (on page 15) states that
_our killed_--1,750--exceeded "Grant's at Shiloh, McClellan's
in the seven days' battle, Burnside's at Fredericksburg,
Rosecrans's at Stone's river or at Chickamauga, Hooker's
at Chancellorsville, and were almost as many as Grant's at
Cold Harbor, and nine less than the British loss at Waterloo
out of 43,000 men." The killed, as I have shown at Buena
Vista, is very great compared with the wounded; more than at
Franklin.

Comparisons often surprise us. An examination of the "United
States Army Dictionary," by C. K. Gardner, Adjutant General
U. S. A., brought down to 1853, shows also that the number
of the killed and wounded in the United States forces during
the war with Great Britain from 1812 to 1815 were; killed,
1,045; wounded, 2,656; total _3,701_. (The Creek Indian war
in Georgia and Alabama omitted.)

Again, the whole number of killed and wounded, from the
firing of the first gun on the banks of the Rio Grande to
Buena Vista, from Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico, thence to
the shore of the Pacific and in California, was only 4,808.

And so the facts of history show that out of the 21,800
Confederate soldiers engaged in the battle of Franklin more
were killed, in a few hours, than during either of the two
preceding wars. In the Confederate war the United States
lost, killed, 99,183, and from disease, 171,806.

The dispatch that Hood captured just before the battle, dated
November 29, 1864, 3.30 A.M., will be found in Gen. Cox's
book (page 25). There is no information in it to justify Hood
in making the assault. Thomas merely "tells Schofield to fall
back from Columbia to Franklin, and that Gen. A. J. Smith's
command had _not_ arrived in Nashville," etc.

MAJ. D. W. SANDERS'S LETTER.

May 6, 1897.

Gen. S. G. French, Pensacola, Fla.

_My Dear General_: In answer to your letter of
the 29th ult., in which you say that in recent
correspondence with Gen. A. P. Stewart he says that
he has no recollection of Gen. Hood's order for
the artillery at Franklin to be put in position,
and to open on the enemy about midnight, and when
it ceased the infantry was to charge the lines
over the same ground that they did in the first
attack. In this letter you also ask me to give my
recollections about this matter, and if I remember
the order.

I remember very distinctly that the order was
given, and you communicated it to me as the
adjutant general of your division upon your return
that night--to wit, November 30, 1864--from Gen. A.
P. Stewart's headquarters. This order I delivered
to the officers in command of two of your brigades;
your third brigade, which was Ector's Brigade,
at that time was on detached service guarding the
trains in the rear of the two corps which charged
the enemy's works November 30, 1864, at Franklin,
Tenn.

The artillery had arrived from Columbia, Tenn.,
and was placed in position to execute this order
of Gen. Hood's. Lieut. Col. Llewellyn Hoxton was
in command of the battalions of artillery. At the
time indicated in the order Col. Hoxton's artillery
opened on Franklin with a heavy cannonade, to
which there was no response, and it was therefore
evident that Schofield had successfully withdrawn
his forces and retreated to Nashville.

In September, 1886, I met Col. Hoxton at the
Episcopalian school, four or five miles from
Alexandria, Va., and had a conversation with him,
and he said to me that I was entirely correct in
my recollection of this particular order, and that
he was in command of the artillery, and in the
execution of his order opened upon Franklin, and no
reply from the enemy satisfied him that Schofield
had retreated, and he ceased firing, and scouts
were sent to the works, which they found abandoned,
and penetrated the village of Franklin to the
crossing of the Harpeth river; and immediately
thereafter a great many soldiers, under the command
of their officers, went through the streets and
alleys of Franklin, and it was thus ascertained to
be a fact that the enemy had retreated.

I remember distinctly the comments of the officers
of your division upon the delivery of Gen. Hood's
order to them, that they would obey promptly and
cheerfully, but that it looked to them as the
highest desperation to undertake to charge the
works under cover of this artillery fire, and
carry them at the point of the bayonet. The fact
that this order was given, and the circumstances
surrounding Hood's troops at that time, are
indelibly impressed upon my memory, and I have
no hesitancy whatever in saying distinctly and
unequivocally that the order was given, and that
it was communicated by me to the commanders of the
brigades of your division.*

Yours sincerely,
D. W. SANDERS.

* The only official report I know of, which in any manner
refers to this order, and this inferentially, is that of Gen.
C. L. Stevenson, in which he says:

"During the night (November 30, 1864) this division was put
in position preparatory to an assault which it was announced
was to be made by the entire army at daybreak." (See War
Records, Battle of Franklin.)

D. W. S.

[36] The battle of Alcazar, called the "Battle of the Three
Kings," fought about three hundred years ago between Mulai,
the emperor of Morocco, on the one side, and his nephew,
king of Fez, on the other, assisted by Don Sebastian, king
of Portugal, under whose standard had flocked the nobility
of Christian Europe. Mulai Malek had 40,000 Moorish cavalry.
Fifteen thousand of the allies were left dead on the field,
and the river Machassan ran red with blood.

[37] Gen. Anderson Abercrombie was adjutant of Maj. Freeman's
battalion of Georgia volunteers, U. S. army, in the war of
1812. Again under the command of Brig. Gen. John Floyd, U. S.
A., and was wounded in the battle with the Creek Indians at
Camp Defiance, Ala., January 27, 1814.

In an engagement on the 14th of July, 1864, between the
Confederate troops under Gen. J. H. Clanton and the Federal
forces under Gen. Rousseau, Miss Abercrombie's brother, Capt.
Robert S. Abercrombie, was mortally wounded. He stood in the
road alone, whence all had fled, save one friend beside him
(Albert Hyer), whose life he had saved in battle, and when
surrounded and _begged_ to surrender refused. To capture
him they shot him, designedly in his leg, and then through
thoughtlessness let him bleed to death, notwithstanding there
was a tourniquet in his pocket, and Mr. Hyer had another. He
was buried under a red oak on Mr. D. Carroll's place on the
Talladega road, Calhoun County, Ala., one and three-quarter
miles from Greensport, within a half mile of Ten Island P.
O., on the beautiful Coosa river. He received from the United
States officers every attention to save his life, except
the all-important one of stopping the flow of blood from the
wound, which was _below_ the knee. The great loss of blood
was not noticed by reason of so much water poured on the
wound. Thus perished a brave man whose life might have been
saved.

[38] The name of the Federal commander, and also that of the
Confederate officer who so nobly defended the fort, have been
given in a previous chapter.

[39] Shen-an-do-ah means the "Bright Daughter of the Stars."

[40] Goldwin Smith.

[41] I commend to you an article published in the September
(year 1900) number of _Scribner's Magazine_, page 303, giving
an account of the treatment of slaves by their owners North;
also an account of the last slave ship captured by the United
States navy (_Century Magazine_ for May, 1894).

[42] The question of confiscating property, especially
slaves, and setting them free will be found in the War
Records, Series 2, Vol. I., Serial No. 114, from page 749 to
page 822. This correspondence, and orders, show that in 1861
and part of 1862 "_confiscation by act of Congress limited
the penalty to property actually employed_ in the service of
the rebellion with the knowledge and _consent_ of its owners,
and instead of emancipating slaves thus employed left their
_status_ to be determined either by the courts of the United
States or by subsequent legislation." (See Holt's opinion
to President Lincoln, page 768, etc.) This was legitimate
war. However, the want of success changed all this, and
the proclamation of May 19, 1862, not being complied with,
the war ceased to be confined to the troops in the field,
and degenerated into one of robbery, plunder, destruction
of private property to reduce the South to subjugation.
To this end slaves were told they were free, and 178,975
were mustered into the United States army, armed, and, thus
encouraged, employed to fight their owners. The South did not
arm a slave to kill white men. There was a marked parallel
between the treatment of the noncombatants of the _South_ and
that of the noncombatants of _Cuba_ by the Spaniards.

[43] See War Records, Vol. XLVI., Series I, pages 762, 763,