Chapter II: Introduction: 1

I. EARLY YEARS 34

II. AT CAMBRIDGE 50

III. POLITICAL APPRENTICESHIP 63

IV. AT WESTMINSTER AND GOOSTREE’S 76

V. THE PEACE WITH AMERICA 97

VI. THE COALITION 124

VII. THE STRUGGLE WITH FOX 152

VIII. RETRENCHMENT 178

IX. REFORM 196

X. INDIA 216

XI. THE IRISH PROBLEM (1785) 241

XII. PITT AND HIS FRIENDS (1783–94) 267

XIII. ISOLATION (1784, 1785) 296

XIV. L’ENTENTE CORDIALE (1786) 321

XV. THE DUTCH CRISIS (1786, 1787) 349

XVI. THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 368

XVII. THE PRINCE OF WALES 391

XVIII. THE REGENCY CRISIS 406

XIX. AUSTRALIA AND CANADA 432

XX. THE SLAVE TRADE 454

XXI. THE SCHEMES OF CATHARINE II 480

XXII. PARTITION OR PACIFICATION? 503

XXIII. PARTITION OR PACIFICATION? (CONTINUED) 518

XXIV. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 537

XXV. THE DISPUTE WITH SPAIN 562

XXVI. PITT AND CATHARINE II 589

XXVII. THE TRIUMPH OF CATHARINE II 608

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

WILLIAM PITT AS CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER. (From a painting
by Gainsborough in the possession of R. A. Tatton, Esq.)
_Frontispiece_

LADY CHATHAM, MOTHER OF WILLIAM PITT. (From a painting in the
possession of E. G. Pretyman, Esq., M.P.) 38

WILLIAM WYNDHAM, LORD GRENVILLE. (From a painting by Hoppner) 280

WILLIAM WILBERFORCE. (From an unfinished painting by Sir T.
Lawrence) 458

ABBREVIATIONS OF THE TITLES OF THE CHIEF WORKS REFERRED TO IN THIS VOLUME

ANN. REG. = “Annual Register.”

ASHBOURNE = “Pitt: some Chapters of his Life and Times,” by the Rt.
Hon. Lord Ashbourne. 1898.

AUCKLAND JOURNALS = “The Journal and Corresp. of William, Lord
Auckland.” 4 vols. 1861.

BUCKINGHAM P. = “Mems. of the Court and Cabinets of George III,” by
the Duke of Buckingham. 2 vols. 1853.

B.M. ADD. MSS. = Additional Manuscripts of the British Museum.

BEAUFORT P. = “MSS. of the Duke of Beaufort,” etc. (Hist. MSS.
Comm.). 1891.

CAMPBELL. = “Lives of the Lord Chancellors,” by Lord Campbell. 8
vols. 1845–69.

CASTLEREAGH CORRESP. = “Mems. and Corresp. of Viscount Castlereagh.”
8 vols. 1848-.

CHEVENING MSS. = Manuscripts of the Countess Stanhope, preserved at
Chevening.

CUNNINGHAM = “Growth of Eng. Industry and Commerce (Modern Times),”
by Dr. W. Cunningham. 1892.

DROPMORE P. = “The Manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue, Esq., preserved at
Dropmore” (Hist. MSS. Comm.). 7 vols. 1892–1910.

FORTESCUE = “The History of the British Army,” by the Hon. J. W.
Fortescue. vol. iv.

HÄUSSER = “Deutsche Geschichte (1786–1804),” by L. Häusser. 4 vols.
1861–3.

HOLLAND = “Memoirs of the Whig Party,” by Lord Holland. 2 vols. 1852.

JESSE = “Mems. of the Life and Reign of George III,” by J. H. Jesse.
3 vols. 1867.

LECKY = “Hist. of England in the Eighteenth Century,” by W. E. H.
Lecky. 8 vols. Fifth edit. 1891–1904.

LUCKWALDT = “Die englisch-preussische Allianz von 1788,” von F.
Luckwaldt. 1902.

LEEDS MEM. = “Political Memoranda of Francis, Fifth Duke of Leeds,”
ed. by Mr. O. Browning. 1884.

MALMESBURY DIARIES = “Diaries and Corresp. of the First Earl of
Malmesbury.” 4 vols. 1844.

PARL. HIST. = “History of the Parliamentary Debates” (after 1804
continued in Hansard).

PELLEW = “Life and Corresp. of the first Viscount Sidmouth,” by Rev.
C. Pellew. 3 vols. 1847.

PITT MSS. = Pitt MSS., preserved at H.M. Public Record Office.

PITT-RUTLAND CORRESP. = “Corresp. between ... W. Pitt and the Duke of
Rutland.” 1890.

ROSE G., “DIARIES” = “Diaries and Corresp. of Rt. Hon. G. Rose.” 2
vols. 1860.

ROSE, “NAPOLEON” = “Life of Napoleon,” by J. H. Rose. 2 vols. 1909.

RUTLAND P. = “MSS. of the Duke of Rutland” (Hist. MSS. Comm.). 3
vols. 1894.

RUVILLE = “William Pitt, Earl of Chatham,” by A. von Ruville (Eng.
transl.). 3 vols. 1907.

SOREL = “L’Europe et la Révolution française,” par A. Sorel. Pts. II,
III. 1889, 1897.

STANHOPE = “Life of ... William Pitt,” by Earl Stanhope. 4 vols. 3rd
edition. 1867.

SYBEL = “Geschichte der Revolutionzeit” (1789–1800). Eng.
translation. 4 vols. 1867–9.

VIVENOT = “Quellen zur Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserpolitik
Œsterreichs ...” von A. von Vivenot. 1873.

WITTICHEN = “Preussen und England in der europäischen Politik
1785–8,” von F. K. Wittichen. 1902.

WRAXALL = “Memoirs of Sir N. W. Wraxall” (1772–84), edited by H. B.
Wheatley. 5 vols. 1884.

ERRATA

On page 157, l. 23, _for_ “Richard” _read_ “Thomas.”
On page 267, _ad fin._, _for_ “Bob” _read_ “Tom.”

THE LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM PITT