Chapter XXVII: The Triumph of Catharine II (4)

Austria, alliance with France, 297, 300, 314, 375;
alliance with Russia, 299, 375;
British overtures repulsed, 300;
joins Russia in the war with Turkey, 384, 385, 481, 482, 490, 491,
527;
British policy towards, 489;
_entente_ with Prussia, 523;
British proposals, 523–6;
weakness of her position, 527;
agrees to the Convention of Reichenbach, 528–30;
favours Russian claims, 600, 606;
peace with Turkey, 625.
_See_ Joseph II and Leopold II.

Austrian Netherlands. _See_ Belgic Provinces.

Babington, Thomas, 473.

Bahamas, the, 116.

Baker, Sir George, chief physician to George III, 407, 410.

Bankes, Henry, his friendship with Pitt, 58, 91, 137;
opposes Pitt’s Reform Bill (1785), 202, 203;
his independence, 293, 294.

Banks, Sir Joseph, 436.

Barbary States, 329.

Barnave, Antoine, 560, 624.

Barré, Colonel, proposes reform of public accounts, 87;
debate on his pension, 111;
accepts the Clerkship of the Pells, 159.

Barrier Treaty (1715), 298.

Bathurst, Earl, 79.

Bavaria, the Electorate of, proposal for exchange, 298, 304, 311,
353, 482.

Beauchamp, Lord, 434, 438.

Beauchamp, Lady, works on behalf of Fox, 172.

Beaufoy, Henry, 191;
supports the repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts, 214, 215 _n._

Belgic Provinces (of Austria), proposal for exchange, 298, 304, 311,
353, 482;
revolution in, 511, 513–15, 547;
French intrigues in, 513, 516;
Joseph II deposed, 515;
ancient constitution guaranteed by the Congress of Reichenbach, 530.

Bentinck, Count, 372.

Beresford, John, Irish Chief Commissioner of the Revenue, 248, 251,
255, 266, 337.

Berlin, Treaty of (1788), 389.

Bernstorff, Count, Danish Minister, 496, 497, 500, 615, 618.

Bible Society, founded, 473, 474.

Bischoffswerder, Baron von, Prussian diplomatist, 600;
his first mission to Vienna, 601, 609;
at Milan, 620 _n._;
his second mission to Vienna, 628 _n._, 629.

Bolton, Lord. _See_ Orde.

Boswell, James, his description of Wilberforce’s speech at York, 170.

Botany Bay, convict settlement at, 437–43.

Bouillé, General de, 356.

Brabant. _See_ Belgic Provinces.

Bradford, Lord (Sir Henry Bridgeman), 90.

Bridgeman, Sir Henry. _See_ Bradford, Lord.

Brissot, Jean Pierre, supports abolition of the Slave Trade, 458.

Bristol, opposes abolition of the Slave Trade, 463.

British Columbia, 570, 588, 589.

Brooks’s Club, 85, 90, 167, 168, 393, 408, 413, 421.

Browne, Governor, his report on slavery in Bermuda, 459.

Brunswick, Charles, Duke of, commands the Prussian troops against
Holland, 374, 376;
at the Conference of Reichenbach, 529.

Brunswick, Lewis, Duke of, guardian of the Stadholder, William V, 306.

Brussels, revolt of, 515.

Buckingham, Marquis of. _See_ Temple, George Grenville, Earl.

Bulgakoff, his mission to Constantinople, 486–8.

Burges, Bland, permanent Secretary at the Foreign Office, 72;
his anecdote of Pitt and Gibbon, 72, 73;
quoted, 236, 531 _n._, 583 _n._

Burke, Edmund, his proposals for Economic Reform, 68, 69, 84;
his failure in Parliament, 81;
on Lord Shelburne, 82;
praises Pitt’s maiden speech, 85;
opposes Reform, 109, 201, 203;
resigns, 111;
draws a retort from Pitt, 115;
made Paymaster of the Forces, 129;
opposes Pitt’s proposals for retrenchment, 132;
speech in support of the India Bill, 146;
his diatribe against Pitt’s India Amending Act, 221, 222;
reasons for his hostility to Hastings, 226;
his motions against Hastings, 227–32, 239;
opposes Pitt’s Irish Resolutions, 262;
opposes the French Commercial Treaty, 342;
epigram on Pitt, 404;
in the Regency crisis, 414, 416, 421, 423;
protests against transportation, 434, 435, 438;
rupture with Fox, 451, 558;
on the Slave Trade, 457, 462;
on the revolt in Belgium, 547;
his “Reflections on the French Revolution,” 467, 553–7;
influence of the book in England, 557;
his “Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs,” 558, 560, 627 _n._;
his “Thoughts on French Affairs,” 559, 560;
contrasted with Pitt, 552–61;
opposes the Russian War, 613;
his opinion of Ewart, 613 _n._;
on the Polish Revolution, 627.

Burke, Richard, at Coblentz, 557, 613.

Burney, Fanny, quoted, 228, 402, 408, 409, 557.

Burton Pynsent, Chatham’s home, 39, 41, 43, 47.

Butler’s “Analogy,” Pitt on, 292.

Buxton, Sir T. F., 455.

Caffraria, suggested settlement on coast of, 435, 438.

Calonne, Charles Alexandre de, French Minister of Finance, and the
treaty with England, 334, 338, 343–5;
his prodigality, 346–8, 358, 540;
his visits to England, 545, 550.

Cambridge Debt Bill, 290.

Camden, Earl (Charles Pratt), Lord Chief Justice, declines office
under Pitt, 155;
President of the Council, 156, 384, 439, 560, 574 _n._, 616.

Camden, Marquis. _See_ Pratt, John Jeffreys.

Camelford, Lord. _See_ Pitt, Thomas.

Campbell, Lord, his “Lives of the Lord Chancellors” quoted, 235.

Canada, settlement of American Loyalists in, 440, 441, 443, 446, 447;
request of settlers for representative institutions and English
laws, 447, 448;
preponderance of the French, 447, 448;
Canada Bill (1791), 449–53;
success of Pitt’s policy, 453;
the future of, 588.

Canning, George, 281, 283;
on the Slave Trade, 477.

Canterbury, Archbishop of. _See_ Moore, John.

Cape of Good Hope, 317 _n._, 356, 370;
question of convict settlement near, 435.

Carlisle, Earl of, Lord Privy Seal, 79, 129;
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 245, 333, 611.

Carlisle, Countess of, works on behalf of Fox, 172.

Carmarthen, Marquis of (afterwards Duke of Leeds), Foreign Secretary,
9, 10, 13, 156, 160 _n._;
correspondence with Harris, 275, 301, 302, 309, 314, 327, 335, 355,
360, 362, 493;
his plays, 309, 311;
negotiations with Russia, 315–17, 489;
his suspicions of France in the matter of the Commercial Treaty,
306, 328–30, 332, 334, 335, 343, 344, 347;
letter to the King on Dutch policy, 357;
strained relations with Pitt, 357, 358;
negotiations leading to the Triple Alliance, 365, 368, 370, 373,
374, 377, 381, 383, 384, 386, 387, 490;
a witty retort by, 424;
situation in the Baltic, 495–7;
commends Elliot, 500, 501;
becomes Duke of Leeds, 501, 502, 510;
the revolution in Belgium, 513, 516, 520;
the French Revolution, 546;
interviews with the Duke of Orleans, 547, 548;
the Nootka Sound dispute, 566, 569, 572, 576, 582;
the Eastern Question, 582, 590, 599, 605, 606, 608;
disagreement with Pitt, 616;
resigns, 618.

Carrington, Lord (Robert Smith), 91, 201, 285;
overhauls Pitt’s affairs, 287, 288.

Carteret, Lord (Henry Thynne), 159.

Cartwright, Rev. Edmund, his power loom, 3, 30.

Cartwright, Major John, 83, 204, 429;
his “Society for Promoting Constitutional Information,” 109, 206.

Catharine II, Czarina, 136, 140, 298;
alliance with Joseph II, 299, 353, 483;
repartee to Diderot, 299, 300;
repels British overtures, 300–4, 348, 488;
her schemes against Turkey, 304, 314, 315, 348, 353, 390, 481–3,
582;
makes a commercial treaty with France, 348, 485, 488;
war with Turkey, 375, 385, 487, 488, 502, 590, 591;
state progress to the Crimea, 480, 481, 483;
meeting with Joseph II, 480–3;
her career and character, 483, 484;
agreement with the King of Poland, 485, 486;
her anger against England, 488, 489, 494;
war with Sweden, 491, 493, 494, 502, 520, 521;
makes overtures to Fox, 504;
refuses British offer of mediation, 526;
makes peace with Gustavus III, 531, 532, 582, 592, 593;
her promises to him, 532, 533;
approached by Leopold II, 592;
Hertzberg’s treacherous proposals to, 597;
rejects Pitt’s demands for the _status quo_, 592, 598;
anxious for a peaceful settlement, 615, 618;
Pitt’s new proposals, 620, 621;
makes peace with Turkey, 626;
alliance with Sweden, 628, 629.

Cavendish, Lord G., 90.

Cavendish, Lord John, Chancellor of the Exchequer, resigns, 111;
moves a vote of censure against the Government, 120;
again Chancellor of the Exchequer, 129;
Pitt exposes the weak points of his Budget, 132;
forms a revenue committee, 185.

Cazalès, Jacques Antoine Marie de, 572.

Chambers, Sir Robert, anecdote of, 213.

Channing, Professor E., on the action of the United States to the
Loyalists, 444 _n._

Charles III of Spain, 568.

Charles IV of Spain, 568, 575, 577, 583, 584.

Charlotte, Queen, her virtue and unpopularity, 8;
her simple tastes, 24;
receives the wife of Warren Hastings, 226, 228;
her parsimony, 392, 393;
relations with the Prince of Wales, 393, 397, 402;
the King’s illness, 407, 408, 411, 414, 415, 420, 422, 426, 430.

Chariot, Comte de, appeals to England to protect Belgium against
France, 513.

Chartres, Duc de. _See_ Orleans, Duke of.

Chatham, Hester, Lady, 36, 37, 39, 40, 288.

Chatham, John Pitt, 2nd Earl of, 40, 41, 57, 167, 269, 397, 398;
First Lord of the Admiralty, 567, 616.

Chatham, William Pitt, first Earl of, his death, 2;
his character and influence, 34, 35;
his defects, 35;
fallacious comparisons between him and his son, 39, 40;
his opinion of public schools, 42;
his careful choice of language, 43;
letters from his son, 44, 51;
his last speeches and death, 61;
hostility of the King to, 62;
state of his affairs, 64;
his Coalition with Newcastle compared with that of Fox and North,
119.

Chauvelin, Marquis de, French ambassador to England, 281.

Cherbourg, fortification of, 211, 327, 341.

Cheyt Singh, Zamindar of Benares, 225, 232, 233, 238, 239.

China, trade between America and, 563.

Cholmondeley, Lord, Walpole on his death, 25.

Chotzim, surrender of, 491.

Church Missionary Society founded, 473.

Civil List, proposals for reform of, 68, 84.

“Clapham Sect,” the, 473.

Clarence, Duke of (afterwards William IV), opposes abolition of the
Slave Trade, 471, 472, 474.

Clarkson, Thomas, 322, 455, 457, 468, 473, 478.

Clavering, Sir John, his intrigues against Hastings, 224.

Clavière, Etienne, supports abolition of the Slave Trade, 458.

Clerk, Sir Philip, 69.

Clerkship of the Pells, the, 159.

Clinton, Sir Henry, 445.

Coal, duty on, 186.

Coalition Ministry (1783) formed, 118;
names of Ministers, 128, 129;
dismissed, 148.

Cobenzl, Count, Austrian Vice-Chancellor, 524, 527, 614, 620 _n._

Coke of Norfolk, 163, 611.

Colnett, Captain, his ships seized by the Spaniards at Nootka, 563–5.

Commerce, Committee of Council for, appointed by Pitt, 257.

Commons, House of. _See_ Parliament.

Commutation Bill (1784), 185.

Consols, lowness of (1783, 1784), 178, 180;
rise in (1785), 318,
(1786), 341.

Constantine, Prince, grandson of Catharine II, 482.

Constitutional Information, Society for Promoting, 109, 206.

Contractors Bill (1782), 110, 113.

Convict Settlements, Parliamentary Report on (1785), 434, 435;
scheme for new, 435–40.

Conway, General, 102, 112, 116, 159, 163.

Cook, Captain, 436, 438, 440, 562, 564.

Coote, Sir Eyre, death of, 147.

Corn, Bill to regulate export of (1789), 544;
export of from Ireland to England forbidden, 545.

Cornwall, Charles Wolfran, Speaker, his death, 422.

Cornwallis, Earl, declines office under Pitt, 156;
Governor-General of India, 224, 370, 371, 402;
mission to Berlin, 314;
suggested as Home Secretary, 619.

Corporation Act, its repeal proposed and rejected, 212, 214, 215.

Cort of Gosport, his invention for the production of malleable iron,
31.

Cotton industry, its enormous expansion, 30.

County Reform Associations, 21, 27, 68, 71, 169.

Court, the English, strictness of the etiquette at, 16, 392.

Courtenay, John, M.P., 211.

Crabbe, Thomas, on smuggling, quoted, 182, 183.

Cracow, Bishop of, 627.

Craufurd, George, English commissioner at Versailles, 328–30.

Crewe, Mrs., on Pitt’s administration, 154;
on behalf of Fox, 172.

Crompton, Samuel, his “mule-jenny,” 3, 29.

Crown, the debates on the influence of, 70, 130;
theory of royal veto, 148;
abuse of power of, 148, 149.

Cumberland, Henry Frederick, Duke of, his influence on the Prince of
Wales, 393.

Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of, his death, 24.

Curtis, Alderman, 586.

Czartoryski family, the, in Poland, 486.

Dalrymple, Lord, British Ambassador at Berlin, 304 _n._, 313, 352,
353, 363 _n._

Daly, Denis, M.P., 251.

Danzig, question of its cession to Prussia, 387, 507, 508, 511 _n._,
521 _n._, 522, 526, 529, 594, 596, 597, 599, 601, 606, 607,
613, 614.

Delancey, Colonel Stephen, 445, 446 _n._

Delancey, Sir William, 446 _n._

Del Campo, Marquis, Spanish Ambassador in London, 562, 565, 566.

Democracy, growth of, 2, 197, 203–6;
_see_ Chap. XXIV.

Dempster, George, 190, 191, 544.

Denmark, desires alliance with Great Britain, 385;
treaty with Russia, 496;
eager for war with Sweden, 496;
lays siege to Gothenburg, 496–9;
agrees to an armistice, 499, 500;
renders help to Russia, 501, 502, 600, 603.

Derby, Countess of, works on behalf of Fox, 172.

Desmoulins, Camille, 512, 571, 572.

Devonshire, Georgiana, Duchess of, supports Fox, 172, 173, 421, 623;
recognizes Mrs. Fitzherbert, 398;
her Diary, 409, 421 _n._

Diamond Necklace Scandal, 140, 343, 382.

Diderot, Denis, 299, 300.

Dietz, Prussian envoy at Constantinople, 494, 506, 507 _n._, 509,
511, 521, 528.

Disbrowe, Colonel, epigram on Queen Charlotte, 392.

Dissenters. _See_ Nonconformists.

Dnieper, River, 603, 604.

Dniester, River, 597, 602, 604, 605, 615, 619, 620.

Dolben, Sir William, his bill for regulating transport of slaves, 461.

Dominica ceded to Great Britain, 116, 121.

Dönhoff, Countess, 609.

Dorchester, Lord, Governor-General of Canada, 448–50.

Dorset, Duke of, British Ambassador in Paris, 329, 333, 334, 341, 344
_n._, 369, 545;
recalled, 546.

Douglas, Captain, his ship seized by the Spaniards at Nootka, 564.

Dover House Club, 403.

Drake, Francis, British envoy at Copenhagen, 615.

Drinking in the eighteenth century, 23–5.

Düben, Count, Swedish Minister, 499.

Dublin Parliament, legislative independence conceded, 105.

Dumouriez, General, 547.

Duncannon, Lord, 90.

Duncannon, Viscountess, 172.

Duncombe, Charles Slingsby, elected member for York, 170, 201, 293,
586.

Dundas, Henry, 88;
his attitude on the conduct of the war, 101;
fails to win over Lord North, 117;
supports the choice of Pitt as Prime Minister, 125;
in favour of Pitt’s Reform proposals, 131;
opposes Fox’s India Bill, 146;
Treasurer of the Navy, 157;
his character, 157, 158;
his attitude on reform, 200 _n._, 201–3, 212;
letter to Cornwallis, 220;
introduces the India Amending Act of 1786, 221;
his high opinion of Cornwallis, 224;
his attitude to Warren Hastings, 227, 229, 230, 232, 234–6;
introduces Adam Smith to Pitt, 241 _n._;
his house at Wimbledon, 270 _n._;
his friendship with Pitt, 274;
account of, 276–80;
his influence in Scotland, 277, 278;
his influence over Pitt, 278, 279;
conviviality at Wimbledon, 279;
anecdotes of Pitt and, 279, 289, 404;
carries out the Canada Bill, 452;
on the Slave Trade, 469, 471, 475, 476;
defends the armament against Russia, 613, 618;
Home Secretary, 619.

Dundas, Sir Thomas, 173.

Dunning, John. _See_ Ashburton, Lord.

Dupont de Nemours, 346.

Durham, Lord, his Report on Canada (1839), 450, 452.

Dutch East India Company, 317, 327, 356, 382.

Dutch Republic. _See_ United Provinces.

East India Company, The, unsatisfactory state of, 143, 217;
Fox’s India Bill, 143–6;
resolutions of the general court, 161;
Pitt’s India Bill, 160–3;
proposals of Pitt’s second India Bill, 218–21;
hails Pitt as its champion, 223;
often on the verge of bankruptcy, 225;
how affected by Pitt’s Irish Resolutions, 260;
dispute with Pitt, 403, 404.

Economic Reform, movement for, 68, 110, 113.

_Economistes_, the, 322–4.

Economy Bill (1782), 110, 113, 178, 286.

Eden, Morton, Ambassador at Berlin, 629.

Eden, William (Lord Auckland), 79, 185, 233, 234;
opposes Pitt’s Irish Resolutions, 254, 255, 275;
his career, 333;
special envoy in Paris, 330, 331, 333–8, 341, 343, 347, 356, 367,
370, 371, 373, 376–81, 545;
his “Discourse on Banishment,” 432, 434;
letters from Wilberforce and Pitt to, on the Slave Trade, 459, 460;
Ambassador at Madrid, 459;
made Lord Auckland, 523;
Ambassador at The Hague, 523, 534, 569, 572, 592, 602, 610;
his opposition to Ewart, 602, 629.

Edmundson, William, 454.

Edward, Prince (afterwards Duke of Kent), 515;
sent to Gibraltar, 549.

Edwards, Gerard (afterwards Sir Gerard Noel), 91.

Effingham, Lady, 407.

Egypt, French policy in, 310, 326, 327, 355.

Eldon, Lord (John Scott), anecdote told by, 24;
opposes Fox’s India Bill, 146, 213.

Elections in England, popular licence, 27.

Elgin, Lord, his mission to Leopold II, 619, 620.

Eliot, Edward, made Lord Eliot, 159.

Eliot, Edward J., 58;
marries Harriet Pitt, 58;
goes with Pitt to France, 137;
death of his wife, 289, 290.

Elliot, Sir Gilbert (afterwards Earl of Minto), 146, 158, 274, 275,
428;
proposed as Speaker, 464.

Elliot, Hugh, letters to Pitt, 25 _n._, 396;
British Ambassador at Copenhagen, 496;
persuades Gustavus to accept English and Prussian mediation,
497–501;
his mission to Paris, 560, 579–81.

Ellis, Welbore, 102.

England. _See_ Great Britain.

English, character of the, 142.

Errington, Mr., uncle of Mrs. Fitzherbert, 397 _n._, 398.

Erskine, Thomas (afterwards Baron), attacks Pitt, 159;
defeated at the polls, 171;
attack on Pitt prompted by the Prince of Wales, 404.

Eugène, Prince, 481, 482.

Euston, Lord, 58, 90;
elected member for Cambridge University, 171.

Ewart, Joseph, letter to him, quoted, 9, 10;
Secretary of Legation at Berlin, 311;
originates the idea of the Triple Alliance, 313, 631;
Ambassador at Berlin, 313 _n._, 363 and _n._, 364, 365, 374, 375,
381, 386 _n._, 387, 389, 489 _n._, 490 _n._, 495, 497–9, 500
_n._, 507 _n._, 508, 510, 511 _n._, 514, 516, 519, 521 _n._,
528–30, 534, 574, 590, 593, 595, 598, 599, 616–19;
opposed by Auckland, 602, 603;
Burke’s opinion of him, 613 _n._;
his description of his interview with Pitt, 617, 618;
his work nullified, 628, 631;
his recall and death, 629, 630.

Falconbridge, overseer of the Sierra Leone settlement, 473.

Family Compact, the (1761), 570, 571, 576.

Fawcett, General, 374.

Fawkener, William, special envoy to St. Petersburg, 619 _n._, 621–4,
625.

Ferguson of Pitfour, 88, 278.

Ferguson, Sir Edward, 191.

Fielding, Henry, on the occupations of a fop, 17.

Finckenstein, Count, Prussian Foreign Minister, 353, 364.

Finland, campaign in, 491, 493, 531.

Fitzgerald, Lord Robert Stephen, British Ambassador at Paris, 465,
513, 546–8.

Fitzherbert, Alleyne, British Ambassador at St. Petersburg, 300, 302,
486, 488;
his mission to Madrid, 570, 574, 577, 582–4.

Fitzherbert, Mrs., her relations with the Prince of Wales, 394–9.

Fitzpatrick, Richard, 426, 429.

Fitzwilliam, Earl, 145, 428, 429 _n._, 611.

Fitzwilliam, W., suggests a lottery for settling the Prince of
Wales’s debts, 403 _n._

Flanders. _See_ Belgic Provinces.

Fletcher, Sir Henry, 145.

Flood, Henry, 245, 252, 264.

Floridablanca, Count, Spanish Minister, 568, 573–5, 577, 584.

Floridas, the, ceded to Spain, 116, 120.

Flour, export of to France forbidden, 543–5.

Fontainebleau, Treaty of, 316.

Foster, John Baron Oriel, Irish Chancellor of the Exchequer, 248,
251, 337.

Fox, Charles James, his house at Wandsworth, 19;
his losses at gambling, 26;
his University career contrasted with Pitt’s, 58;
introduced to Pitt, 60;
his character and vices, 80, 93;
as an orator, 80, 81;
praises Pitt’s maiden speech, 85;
motion in favour of peace, 88;
made Foreign Secretary, 104;
supports proposals for Reform, 108, 109;
resigns, 111;
attacks Shelburne, 111, 112;
refuses Pitt’s overtures, 117;
his Coalition with North, 117, 118;
effect of his conduct, 119;
his defence, 120;
supports motion for a vote of censure, 120;
made Secretary of State in the Coalition ministry, 128;
supports Pitt’s reform proposals (1783), 131;
proposes to allow £100,000 a year to the Prince of Wales, 133;
attributes the King’s opposition to an intrigue of Pitt’s, 133;
introduces the India Bill, 142;
dismissed from office, 148;
attacks Pitt, 159;
defeats him and calls on him to resign, 163;
negotiations for a union of parties, 164;
offers to serve with Pitt, 165;
failure of negotiations, 166;
his attacks not pressed home, 167;
his election for Westminster invalidated, 173;
elected for Orkney and Shetland, 173;
Pitt’s ungenerous conduct to him, 173, 254, 271;
reasons for his defeat, 174;
opposes reduction of the tea duty, 185;
opposes Pitt’s proposal of a Sinking Fund, 192;
his amendment accepted by Pitt, 193;
attitude to the Reform Bill of 1785, 202;
supports repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts, 214;
opposes Pitt’s second India Bill, 219, and his Amending Act, 222;
supports Burke’s motions against Hastings, 228, 230, 232, 239;
speeches on Pitt’s Irish Resolutions, 254, 255, 261, 262;
his opinion of Adam Smith, 262;
contrasted with Pitt, 273, 295;
opposes the French Commercial Treaty, 341, 342;
friendship with the Prince of Wales, 393, 396, 398, 399;
denies the marriage of the Prince with Mrs. Fitzherbert, 401;
champions the East India Company against Pitt, 404;
action on the King’s illness, 409, 413;
speeches on the Regency question, 415–18, 421, 423, 424;
his disappointment on the King’s recovery, 426, 427;
on Canadian policy, 448, 451, 452;
rupture with Burke, 451, 558;
on the Slave Trade, 463, 465, 467, 469, 474;
interview with Vorontzoff, 504;
opposes vote for the army (1790), 550, 551;
on the Convention with Spain, 586, 587;
opposes the Russian armament, 610, 612;
his relations with Adair, 623, 624.

Fox, George, 454.

“Fox’s Martyrs,” 170, 171.

France, Anglomania in, 17, 322;
peace concluded with, 115, 116, 136;
position of, after the peace, 139, 140, 321;
national debt of, 179, 180;
beginnings of Political Economy in, 183;
her activity in India, 220, 221, 230, 310, 317, 326, 355, 356, 373
_n._;
war with the Mahrattas, 225;
alliance with Austria, 297, 300, 314;
compact with Sweden, 301–4;
designs in Egypt, 310, 327, 482, 483;
alliance with the United Provinces, 316, 317, 332;
her commanding position, 317;
mental sympathy with England in, 322;
commercial treaty with England, 325–40;
its reception, 341, 342;
reasons for its acceptance, 343–5;
its after effects, 346, 347;
the assembly of Notables, 343, 345, 358;
refuses Prussian proposal of joint intervention at The Hague, 354,
363, 367, 382;
financial difficulties, 347, 358;
her Dutch policy, 366–82;
duplicity of her policy and conduct, 370, 373 and _n._, 374, 379;
promises aid to Holland, 377,
but fails to give it, 378, 379;
destruction of her influence in the United Provinces, 379–82;
her finances compared with those of England, 405;
her expedition to New South Wales forestalled, 440;
opinion on the Slave Trade in, 458, 460, 463 (_see_ French
Revolution);
her preponderance in Canada, 447, 448;
her policy in Turkey, 482;
position of the peasants in France and other countries, 538, 539;
effect of philosophical speculation in France and England, 539, 540;
first efforts of reformers in, 540;
suspicious of England, 542, 550;
her constitution, 556.

Francis, Sir Philip, opposes Pitt’s Second India Bill, 219;
his hostility to Hastings, 222, 224, 226, 228, 233;
his friendship with Burke, 226, 556.

Franking, abuses of, 186, 187.

Franklin, Benjamin, at Westminster, 59;
his admiration for Lord Shelburne, 83;
Pitt meets him in Paris, 139, 140.

Fraser, British Ambassador at St. Petersburg, 385 _n._, 488 _n._, 489.

Frederick the Great, intrigues against England, 296, 297;
refuses to help the Princess of Orange, 309, 349, 351, 360;
refuses an alliance with England, 312, 314;
his death, 351.

Frederick William II of Prussia, his accession and character, 351,
352;
his overtures rejected by France, 354, 363, 367;
demands satisfaction from Holland for the insult to the Princess of
Orange, 363–5, 370–2, 382;
his vacillation, 366, 374, 381;
sends an ultimatum to Holland, 374, 375;
invades Holland, 376;
alliance with England, 384–9;
his attitude to the war between Sweden and Russia, 494, 495;
threatens to invade Denmark if she attacks Sweden, 497, 499;
sanctions Hertzberg’s schemes, 506, 507, 514;
demands Belgian independence, 514, 516;
anger against England, 517;
treaty with Poland, 521;
correspondence with Leopold II, 523, 528;
renounces Hertzberg’s schemes, 529;
his Polish policy, 594, 595;
sends Bischoffswerder to Vienna, 601;
challenges England to take strong measures against Russia, 608, 609;
changes his attitude, 614;
agrees to Pitt’s proposals, 619, 621;
decides on an understanding with Austria, 628, 629.

Free Trade, ideas of, 322, 323, 343.

French East India Company, revived, 220, 221, 310, 317, 326, 341.

French Revolution, the National Assembly constituted, 511;
declares slaves free in French colonies, 465–7;
disastrous effects, 467;
declaration of war against England, 472;
intrigues in Belgium, 513, 516;
meeting of the States-General, 537, 538;
fall of the Bastille, 542;
the Revolution compared with the English Revolution, of 1688, 554,
555;
warlike attitude of the royalists in the Assembly, 570;
debate on the royal prerogative, 571;
proposed alliance with Spain against England, 576–8, 583.

French Royalists, failure of their settlement in Canada, 446, 447.

Friends, Society of. _See_ Quakers.

Friesland, Province of, 350, 368.

Frost, John, attorney, 109, 110.

_Fürstenbund_, the, 312, 482.

Gainsborough, Thomas, his portraits of Lady Chatham and William Pitt,
38.

Galicia, question of its restoration to Poland, 387, 507, 508, 511,
521–3, 526, 594.

Gambia River, penal settlement, 434, 435.

Gambling, in the eighteenth century, 26.

Game-laws, the, 15.

“Gazetteer,” the, 253, 255.

George III, resentment against his war policy, 7;
national loyalty to, 8;
his personality, 8;
his political power, 8–10;
his sobriety and simple tastes, 24, 25;
his hostility to Chatham, 61, 62;
his firmness during the Gordon Riots, 71;
his electioneering, 74, 99, 172;
disastrous effects of his policy, 76;
his increasing power, 77;
characteristics of, 97–100;
skill in intrigue, 99;
relations with his Ministers, 99;
his attitude after Yorktown, 100;
resignation of Lord North, 103;
foments discords in the Rockingham Ministry, 104, 105;
exerts influence against Reform, 110;
rebukes Pitt, 115;
urges Pitt to form a Ministry, 125–7;
threatens to retire to Hanover, 127;
is forced to accept the Coalition Ministry, 127, 128;
his hatred of Fox and North, 129;
refuses to grant honours, 129, 137;
his anger on the subject of the Prince of Wales’s allowance, 133;
makes overtures to Pitt through Thurlow, 134, 135;
recalls Pitt from Paris, 141;
intervenes to secure defeat of the India Bill in the Lords, 147,
148;
appoints Pitt Prime Minister, 148;
refuses to remove him, 168;
dissolves Parliament, 169;
his relations with Pitt after 1784, 175, 176;
attitude to the Reform Bill of 1785, 197, 201, 204;
favours Warren Hastings, 226, 228, 235, 236;
insists on an Irish contribution towards naval expenses, 250;
letter on the death of Pitt’s sister, 290;
desire for peace, 301, 317, 357, 494;
causes Hanover to join the _Fürstenbund_, 312;
his opinion of Sir James Harris, 369;
in favour of an Anglo-Prussian alliance, 388;
his insanity, 392, 407;
relations with the Prince of Wales, 393–402;
his letters to the Prince drafted by Pitt, 399, 408;
reconciliation with the Prince, 402;
decline in health, 406, 407;
stories of his madness, 407 and _n._;
progress of the disease, 410–13;
removed to Kew House, 413;
treated by Dr. Willis, 414, 415;
his recovery, 426, 427, 504;
his confidence in Pitt, 430;
his partiality to Thurlow, 464, 465;
absorbed in domestic troubles, 515, 549;
on the Duke of Orleans’ visit to London, 547;
his silence with regard to the French Revolution, 549;
his determined attitude on the Nootka Sound dispute, 566, 567;
on Elliot’s mission to Paris, 579, 580.

Georgia, Principality of, 486.

Germain, Lord George. _See_ Sackville, Viscount.

Gibbon, Edward, worsted in a discussion with Pitt, 72, 73.

Gibraltar, Siege of, 67, 79;
relieved, 106, 114;
question of ceding it, 114.

Gilbert’s Act (1782), 15.

Giurgevo, defeat of the Austrians at, 527.

Glynn, Dr., 50, 51.

Gold Coast, the, 435.

Goltz, Count von, Prussian envoy at Warsaw, 522 _n._

Goostree’s, 89, 91–3.

Gordon, Duchess of, 404.

Gordon, Lord George, 71, 341.

Gordon Riots, the, 9, 27, 71.

Goree, ceded to France, 116.

Görtz, Count, special Prussian envoy to The Hague, 354, 373.

Gothenburg, besieged by the Danes, 496, 498–500.

Gower, (second) Earl, President of the Council, 156.

Gower (third) Earl, ambassador in Paris, 576 _n._, 577, 579, 580.

Grafton, Duke of, Privy Seal, 114, 116, 616;
declines office under Pitt, 155.

Graham, Lord, 90.

Graham, Thomas (Lord Lynedoch), 16.

Granby, Lord, 56. _See_ Rutland, Duke of.

Grant, General, letter to Cornwallis on the Prince of Wales, 402.

Grantham, Lord, Foreign Secretary, 111, 325.

Granville Bay and Town, 473.

Grasse, Count de, defeated by Rodney, 106.

Grattan, Henry, 105, 246, 247, 251, 252, 264.

Great Britain, state of, in and after 1780, 4 _et seq._;
power and character of the peers, 10, 13, 14;
power of the squires, 14–16;
etiquette at Court, 16;
manners and customs in 1782, 17–20;
wealth and prosperity, 18;
her stolid conservatism, 21;
vices of the age, 23–6;
industrial expansion, 28–31;
development of agriculture, 31, 32;
financial position in 1784, 179, 180;
penal code, 433, 434;
state of in 1791, 611.

Gregory, Robert, 146.

Greig, Admiral, in command of the Russian fleet, 493.

Grenada, ceded to Great Britain, 116, 121.

Grenville, Hester. _See_ Chatham, Lady.

Grenville, Thomas, 171, 410 _n._

Grenville, William Wyndham (Lord Grenville), 90;
his speech on the India Bill, 146;
Paymaster of the Forces, 157;
speaks in defence of Hastings, 232, 234, 235;
his house at Wimbledon, 270 _n._;
his career and character, 280, 281;
mission to The Hague, 280, 307 _n._, 356 _n._, 369, 374;
mission to Paris, 280, 378, 379;
his influence over Pitt in foreign affairs, 317, 326, 405;
made Speaker, 412, 422;
Home Secretary, 449, 464;
created Baron Grenville, 449, 466;
his share in the Canada Bill, 449–52;
on the Slave Trade, 476, 477;
Foreign Secretary, 535 _n._, 544, 559, 560, 575, 599, 616, 618–20,
624, 627.

Grey, Charles (afterwards Earl Grey), 289, 586, 613, 624.

Groschlag, French envoy to Berlin, 375.

Grosvenor, Thomas, M.P., 466.

Guelderland, Province of, 350, 359, 376.

Gustavus III of Sweden, 385;
declares war on Russia, 491, 493, 502;
his character and career, 492;
alliance with Turkey, 493, 495;
retires to Stockholm, 494, 498;
not supported by England or Prussia, 494, 495;
proceeds to Gothenburg, 498, 499;
accepts English and Prussian mediation, 499, 500;
his ambitious schemes, 501;
makes peace with Russia, 530–3, 592, 593;
open to an offer from the Allies, 600, 603, 609, 621;
alliance with Russia, 628, 629.

Haggerston, Sir Carnaby, 397, 398.

Hague, The, treaty signed at (1788), 383;
Conference at, 534;
Convention signed at (1790), 534.

Hailes, Daniel, Secretary to the embassy in Paris, 326, 327, 330,
332, 334, 343–5, 355, 356, 545;
British envoy at Warsaw, 522, 595, 596, 598, 626, 627, 630.

Haldimand, Governor, 446.

Hamilton, Lady Anne, her “Memoirs of the Court of George III,”
quoted, 275.

Hamilton, Gerald, 424.

Hanover, included in the _Fürstenbund_, 312, 313.

Hardy, Thomas, on smuggling, 182.

Hargreaves, James, his spinning-jenny, 2, 29.

Harris, Sir James (afterwards Earl of Malmesbury), account of, 308,
309;
Ambassador at St. Petersburg, 79, 296, 299, 302, 304, 484;
Ambassador at The Hague, 275, 308–10, 314, 315, 317, 326, 327, 335,
347, 349–51, 354, 355, 357–64, 369, 372–4, 376, 381, 388, 389;
confidante of the Prince of Wales, 394, 395, 424.

Harrowby, Earl of. _See_ Ryder, Dudley.

Hastings, Warren, vote of censure on, 143, 217;
order for his recall annulled, 143, 217;
his plan of an alliance with the Great Mogul frustrated by his
Council, 221;
his treatment of Cheyt Singh, 224, 225, 232, 233;
the affair of the Begums of Oude, 225, 239, 240;
source of Burke’s information against him, 226;
received with favour by the King, 226;
interview with Pitt, 227;
charges against him, 229–40;
his impeachment, 233, 240.

Hats, tax on, 186.

Hawkesbury, Lord, 471.

Hayes, Chatham’s house at, 37, 40, 41, 43, 48.

Henry, Prince, of Prussia, 479, 609.

Herbert, George Augustus (afterwards Earl of Pembroke), 155.

Hertzberg, Count, Prussian Foreign Secretary, anxious for an alliance
with England, 311, 312, 353, 363, 364, 366, 375;
signs the treaty with England (1788), 389;
his schemes in Eastern Europe, 384, 386, 387, 489 _n._, 491, 494,
495, 506–10, 520–3, 528;
Belgian policy, 511, 513, 514, 574;
Polish policy, 594, 596, 597, 614;
treacherous proposals to Russia, 597, 599, 606, 607, 619;
decline of his power, 600, 601, 621 _n._;
his fall, 628.

Hesse, Prince of, Danish Commander-in-chief, 499.

Hippisley, J. C., British agent, 545.

Holland, Province of, 350, 351, 355, 360;
the Free Corps detain and insult the Princess of Orange, 361, 362,
364, 366;
the Estates refuse to apologize, 370–2;
cancel their appeal for help to France, 376;
bad faith of the French towards, 377–9.

Holwood House, 265 _n._, 269.

Hood, Admiral, Lord, 172, 173, 567.

Horses, tax on, 186.

Howard, John, 214, 322, 433.

Howe, Admiral Lord, relieves Gibraltar, 114;
First Lord of the Admiralty, 156;
resigns, 567.

Hyde de Neuville, 281.

Hyder Ali, invades the Carnatic, 79, 143, 217, 225.

India. _See_ Chap. X;
Fox’s India Bill, 142–8;
Pitt’s first India Bill, 160–3;
his second India Bill, 218–20;
his Amending Act of 1786, 221, 222;
increased power of the Viceroy, 222, 223;
joint action of the Dutch and French in, 317, 356;
French plans for overthrow of British power in, 356;
British garrison strengthened, 403;
India Declaratory Act (1788), 404.

Indian “nabobs,” influence of, 16, 223.

Imhoff, Baron, 226.

Income Tax, Pitt’s opinion of, in 1798, 188.

Industrial Revolution, the, 2, 29;
its results, 29–32.

“Influence,” importance of, 12, 91;
Pitt’s increasing use of, 208, 209.

Ireland. _See_ Chap. XI;
burden of taxation in (1781), 5;
state of, in 1782, 105;
state of, in 1783, 141;
the Act of Union (1800), 203;
history of Anglo-Irish relations, 242–6;
Protestant tyranny in, 242;
growth of toleration, 242, 243;
composition of the Irish Parliament, 242, 243;
the woollen and linen industries, 243, 244;
Volunteer corps, 244, 245;
restrictions on trade removed, 245;
repeal of the Test Act, 245;
legislative independence secured, 105, 106, 245;
demand for “protection,” 246, 247;
question of parliamentary reform, 246–9;
suggestion of an Irish contribution to imperial funds, 248–54;
Pitt’s Commercial Resolutions, 198, 200, 202, 209, 249–66;
passed by the Dublin Parliament, 251;
debated at Westminster, 253–5;
campaign of protest against the Resolutions, 255–7;
report of committee of inquiry, 258, 259;
modified Resolutions introduced, 260;
passed at Westminster, 264;
opposed in Ireland and dropped, 264;
letter of Wilberforce on the Resolutions, 282, 283;
how affected by the French commercial treaty, 337–9;
the Irish Parliament adopts Fox’s arguments on the Regency, 424,
426.

Iron industry, expansion of the, 31.

Ismail, fall of, 590, 591, 598.

Jackson, Francis, _chargé-d’affaires_ at Berlin, 595, 598, 600, 606,
608, 609, 614, 616, 617.

Jassy, treaty of, 626.

Jebb, John, M.D., 84.

Jenkinson, Charles (afterwards Earl of Liverpool), 79, 146;
head of the Council of Commerce, 262, 263, 289, 334;
on the Slave Trade, 463, 469, 476.

Jervis, Sir John, 581.

Johnson, Dr., his qualified Jacobitism, 9;
a typical clubman, 20;
on tippling, 23;
anecdote of, and Sir R. Chambers, 213.

Johnstone, British _chargé-d’affaires_ at Copenhagen, 501.

Jones, Paul, received by the Empress Catharine, 489.

Joseph II, Emperor, his aims, 297;
his Belgian policy, 298, 304, 353;
alliance with Catharine II, 299, 353;
attitude towards the Dutch crisis, 366;
joins Russia in the war with Turkey, 375, 384, 385, 483, 485, 488,
491;
danger of his schemes, 385, 387, 390;
meeting with Catharine II, 480, 481, 483;
failure of his campaign against the Russians, 491, 505;
destroys the constitution of Brabant, 511;
resolves to subdue the Netherlands, 515;
his death, 518.

“Junius,” on the elections of 1784, 171.

Kainardji, Treaty of, 375, 486, 487, 532, 631.

Kaunitz, Prince, Austrian Chancellor, 300, 483, 491, 523, 524, 533,
534, 574 _n._, 592, 601, 614, 620, 625, 629.

Kazeneck, Count, Austrian envoy in London, 315.

Keene, Charles, British Ambassador at Stockholm, 493, 494, 498 _n._,
499 _n._

Keith, Sir Robert Murray, British Ambassador at Vienna, 300, 366,
389, 482, 491 _n._, 524, 527, 618, 620.

Kenyon, Lloyd, Baron, Attorney-General, 157, 158;
Master of the Rolls, 231.

Keppel, Admiral (Viscount), First Lord of the Admiralty, 102, 111,
112, 114;
resigns, 116;
opposes Shelburne, 119;
again at the Admiralty, 129;
opposes Reform, 132.

Kielmansegge, Count von, on English etiquette, 16.

Kinburn, siege of, 490.

Kingsbergen, Admiral, on the value of Oczakoff, 603, 604.

“King’s Friends,” the, 8, 77, 130.

Knobelsdorff, Baron von, 528 _n._

Lafayette, Marquis de, Pitt meets him in Paris, 139, 140;
and the Duke of Orleans, 547 _n._, 548.

Lageard, Abbé de, 138.

Lambton, John, M.P., 611.

Lansdowne, Marquis of. _See_ Shelburne, Lord.

La Pérouse, French expedition to New South Wales under, 440.

Laudon, Marshal, 525.

League of the Armed Neutrality, the, 79.

Lee, Colonel, 396.

Leeds, Duke of. _See_ Carmarthen, Marquis of.

Leghorn, 319.

Lennox, Lord, 90.

Leopold II, Emperor, his accession and character, 518, 519;
makes overtures to Frederick William II, 523;
his policy, 525, 527;
threatens the Netherlands, 525, 527, 533, 534;
agrees to the Reichenbach Convention (1790), 528–30, 591, 592;
agrees to the Hague Convention, 534, 535, but refuses to ratify it,
535;
his treacherous conduct, 592, 599, 600, 614, 619, 620;
pro-Russian policy, 601, 620;
makes peace with Turkey, 625.

Lewisham, Viscount, 146.

Lexington, skirmish at, 57.

Liége, rising in, 512, 514.

Lille, negotiations at, 476, 477.

Lindsay, William, secretary to the embassy at St. Petersburg, 623.

Liston, Robert, British envoy at Stockholm, 531, 532, 566, 600, 621.

Liverpool, Earl of. _See_ Jenkinson, Charles.

Locke, John, 322, 539.

Loménie de Brienne, Archbishop, 373 _n._

London, customs, 17–19;
pleasure resorts, 18, 19;
boundaries in 1780, 19, 20;
growth of suburbs, 20;
decline of clubs, 20;
the elections of 1782, 27.

London, City of, device of the Corporation for fining Nonconformists,
213.

Long, Charles (afterwards Lord Farnborough), 58.

Lonsdale, Lord. _See_ Lowther, Sir James.

Loo, Provisional Treaty of (1788), 389.

Lothian, Marquis of, goes over to the Prince of Wales, 424.

Lotteries, State, 180.

Loughborough, Lord (Alexander Wedderburn), 129, 245, 369 _n._, 472;
betrayed by Thurlow, 408, 420, 421, 428.

Louis XVI, of France, 139, 140, 297, 310, 324;
his influence for peace, 356, 373 _n._;
his study of geography, 436;
at the beginning of the Revolution, 537, 540, 541, 545, 552, 571;
captured at Varennes, 625, 628.

Lowther, Sir James (afterwards Lord Lonsdale), 58;
offers Pitt a seat at Appleby, 74.

Loyalists, American, their position after the peace, 120, 121, 136,
436, 437, 440, 441;
condition of those settled in Great Britain, 443, 444;
compensation voted, 445;
settlement in Canada, 446–8, 453;
called “United Empire Loyalists,” 446, 447.

Lucchesini, Marchese di, Prussian envoy at Warsaw, 522, 619, 620.

Luddite riots, the, 30.

Lusi, Count, Prussian ambassador in London, 314, 365.

Luttrell, Colonel, opposes Reform, 131.

Luzerne, Marquis de, French ambassador in London, 541–3.

Lymburner, Mr., drafts petition against the Canada Bill, 450, 451.

Lynedoch, Lord, 16.

Macaulay, Lord, his education, 42, 43;
his “Warren Hastings” criticized, 236, 238;
his anecdote of Pitt and Dundas, 279.

Macaulay, Zachary, 455;
governor of Sierra Leone, 473.

Macqueen of Braxfield, Lord Justice Clerk, his address to the jury
quoted, 15, 16.

Maestricht, Joseph II lays claim to, 298, 310, 316.

Magistrates, powers of, 14, 15.

Mahon, Lord. _See_ Stanhope, Earl.

Mahratta wars, 225, 230.

Malmesbury, Lord. _See_ Harris, Sir James.

Manchester, deputation from, against war with Russia, 614, 621.

Manifest Act, the (1786), 185.

Mansfield, Lord Chief Justice, 22, 213, 456;
Pitt attracts his notice, 73;
defeated at Cambridge, 171;
supports Hastings, 228.

Marie Antoinette, 139, 140, 297, 324, 346;
supports the alliance with Austria, 298, 310, 375, 382;
her caprice, 540, 541, 546;
her intrigues against England, 552, 620;
captured at Varennes, 625, 628.

Marsham, Charles (afterwards Lord Romney), 91, 550.

Martin, Sir T. Byam, 210.

Martinez, Captain, seizes British ships at Nootka, 564, 565, 573.

Maseres, Baron, 192.

Mason, Canon, 169, 171.

Matra, James Maria, his scheme for colonizing Botany Bay, 436–9, 441.

Meares, John, founds a settlement at Nootka, 563;
his ships seized by the Spaniards, 564;
his “Memorial,” 565, 566.

Mechanical inventions, 2, 3, 28, 29.

Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Duke of, 516 _n._

Meeke, Rev. Francis, Pitt’s letters to, 89.

Melville, Lord. _See_ Dundas, Henry.

Mercy d’Argenteau, Count, Austrian envoy at The Hague, 534.

Merry, Antony, British _chargé-d’affaires_ at Madrid, 565, 566, 573.

Methuen Treaty (1703), 23, 337.

Mexico, the Spanish Viceroy of, 563, 564, 573.

Middleton, Sir Charles (afterwards Lord Barham), Secretary to the
Admiralty, 210, 439, 473;
resigns, 567.

Middleton, Lady, 457.

Miles, William Augustus, diplomatic agent in Holland, 379;
in Paris, 576 _n._, 578, 579, 581, 583.

Milner, Dr., Dean of Carlisle, 473.

Minorca, loss of, 79, 105, 116, 120, 121;
offered to Catharine II, 299.

Minto, Earl of. _See_ Elliot, Sir Gilbert.

Miquelon, ceded to France, 116.

Mirabeau, Count, 466, 571;
proposes alliance with Spain against England, 576–8;
his relations with Hugh Elliot, 579–81, 583.

Miranda, General Francesco A. G., his dealings with Pitt, 569.

Mitford, John (afterwards Lord Redesdale), 72.

Mogul, the Great, Hastings seeks an alliance with, 221, 230.

Moira, Earl of (Lord Rawdon), 429.

Moldavia, coveted by Austria, 385, 387, 481, 505, 507, 511, 525.

Möllendorf, General, 529, 609.

Monson, George, his intrigues against Hastings, 222, 224.

Montagu, Frederick, 145.

Montagu, Lord, Governor of the Prince of Wales, 104.

Montesquieu, Baron de, on the English constitution, 10;
on aristocracy, 13;
his “Esprit des Lois,” 60, 322, 539.

Montmorin, Comte de, French Foreign Minister, his Dutch policy, 359,
362, 363, 365, 369–73, 376–8, 380–2;
rejects Prussian overtures, 367, 382;
on the Slave Trade, 460;
opposed to the partition of Turkey, 485, 491;
his suspicions of England, 542, 575, 576, 577, 581.

Montserrat, ceded to Great Britain, 116, 121.

Moore, Colonel (afterwards Sir John), 479.

Moore, the Most Rev. John, Archbishop of Canterbury, consulted by
Pitt on the repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts, 215;
on the Slave Trade, 471.

Moore, Thomas, anecdote in his Diary, 50.

More, Hannah, 473.

Morgan, William, his “Memoir of R. Price” quoted, 190, 191.

Moritz, C. P., on English society, 17–19;
on the elections of 1782, 27.

“Morning Chronicle,” the, 255.

Mornington, Earl of (afterwards Marquis Wellesley), 105, 255.

Mosquito Coast, 310.

Mulgrave, Lord, opposes Reform, 131;
votes against the impeachment of Warren Hastings, 234, 235.

Muncaster, Lord, 473.

Münster, Treaty of (1648), 298.

Napier, Sir William, anecdote of, 272.

Napoleon Bonaparte, 305 and _n._, 306, 382.

National Debt, the, in 1780, 5;
growth of during the American War, 28, 321;
in 1783, 179;
the unfunded debt, 181;
reduced by the operation of the Sinking Fund, 195, 405.

“Nautilus,” H.M.S., voyage of, 435, 438.

Navigation Acts, the, 181, 254, 260, 261, 263.

Navy, the, reorganized by Pitt, 210, 211, 377, 381, 405, 567.

Necker, Jacques, desires the marriage of Pitt with his daughter, 140,
141;
on the National Debt of England and France, 179;
a friend of Reform, 324, 344;
his return to power, 405, 460, 462, 537, 542;
appeals to Pitt to sanction the export of flour, 543, 544.

Negapatam, ceded to Great Britain, 116, 136, 306, 383.

Nepean, Evan, Under-Secretary for Home Affairs, 436 _n._, 439.

Netherlands, Belgic. _See_ Belgic Provinces.

Netherlands, Dutch. _See_ United Provinces.

Nevis, ceded to Great Britain, 116, 121.

New South Wales, colonization of, 436–43;
French expedition forestalled by the English, 440.

Newton, Rev. John, 473.

New Zealand, flax growing in, 436, 437, 439.

Noel, Sir Gerald, 91.

Nolcken, Baron, Swedish ambassador in London, 593.

Nonconformists, position of, 213–15.

Nootka Sound dispute, the, 562–88.

Norris, Robert, his evidence on the Slave Trade, 456.

North, Colonel, 146, 214.

North, Frederick, Lord, his administration, 8, 9, 61, 70, 74;
his character, 78, 79;
praises Pitt’s maiden speech, 85;
his despair on hearing of Yorktown, 100;
defeated in the House, 102;
resigns, 103;
his alliance with Fox, 117;
speech on the peace, 120;
congratulates Pitt on his speech, 122;
the Coalition Ministry, 128;
opposes Pitt’s Reform proposals, 131;
dismissed from office, 148;
his dishonest finance, 180, 181;
opposes Pitt’s Reform Bill (1785), 202;
opposes repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts, 214;
his Irish proposals (1778), 244;
anecdote of, 273.

Northington, Lord, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 129.

Northumberland, Duke of, 429.

Nova Scotia, settlement of American Loyalists in, 446.

Nystadt, Peace of, 526.

Oczakoff, fortress of, 490;
captured by the Russians, 494, 502, 503, 505;
question of restoring it, 585, 591, 597, 598, 611, 615, 622;
its value to Russia, 603–6.

Oginski, Count, Polish Minister at The Hague, his mission to London,
594, 596.

O’Hara, General, Commander at Gibraltar, and Prince Edward, 549 _n._

Opium monopoly, the, 144.

Orange, Prince of. _See_ William V.

Orange, Wilhelmina, Princess of, 308–10, 349, 351, 354, 359;
sets out from Nymeguento The Hague, 361;
stopped by the Free Corps and obliged to return, 362–4;
the King of Prussia demands reparation, 363–5, 370–2.

Orde, Thomas (afterwards Lord Bolton), Chief Secretary for Ireland,
155, 157, 209, 247, 248, 250–3, 257, 265, 266.

Orleans, Philippe Egalité, Duke of, 322;
his mission to London, 514, 547, 548.

Orwell Park, Gainsborough portraits at, 38;
Pitt’s books preserved there, 54 _n._, 94.

Ostend, proposal to hand it over to England, 513.

Ostermann, Russian Vice-Chancellor, 598, 626.

Oude, Hastings lets out East India Company’s troops to the Rajah of,
225;
the affair of the Begums of, 225, 239, 240.

Paley, William, 455.

Papendiek, Mrs., 407.

Parliament:
_House of Commons_, proposals for Reform, 7, 70, 71, 83, 84, 109,
130, 131, 178, 197–207;
dominated by the King, 9;
power of the Nobles over, 10, 11;
property qualification for members, 14;
apathy of, 69, 78;
corruption, 70, 71;
elections of 1780, 74, 75;
elections of 1784, 169–73;
growth in power of the Cabinet, 176;
disfranchisement of corrupt boroughs, 198;
resignation of Ministry after defeat unnecessary, 204, 205, 212;
elections of 1790, 466.
_House of Lords_, 14.

Passarowitz, Peace of (1718), 481, 525, 526.

Patriotic Fund, the, 288.

Patronage. _See_ “Influence.”

Payne, Jack, Comptroller of the Household to the Prince of Wales,
403, 408.

Pays Bas. _See_ Belgic Provinces.

Peerages, creation of, 11, 91;
the King refuses to grant any for the Coalition, 129, 137, 208;
Pitt’s creations, 209.

Peers, the, power of (1780), 10;
their numbers and character, 13, 14.

Pelham, Henry, reduction of tea-duty by (1745), 183.

Penal Settlements. _See_ Convict Settlements.

Perez, Captain, his voyage to Nootka Sound, 564.

Petty, Lord Henry, Chancellor of the Exchequer, on the Sinking Fund,
194.

Philanthropy, growth of, 22;
in France and England, 322, 456.

Phillip, Captain, Governor of Botany Bay, 440.

Pigot, Admiral, 403.

Pitt, Christopher, translator of Virgil, 36.

Pitt, Harriet, 46;
her marriage, 58;
her death, 289.

Pitt, John, 2nd Earl of Chatham. _See_ Chatham.

Pitt, Thomas, Governor of Madras, 36.

Pitt, Thomas, of Boccanoc (Lord Camelford), 70;
opposes Pitt’s reform proposals, 108;
suggested as Prime Minister, 126;
supports Pitt’s new proposals of reform, 131;
made Lord Camelford, 159.

Pitt, William. _See_ Chatham, Earl of.

Pitt, William, the younger, condition of affairs at the beginning of
his career, 1–33;
his reluctance in granting titles, 11;
typical of his age, 32, 33;
his birth and parentage, 34–8;
his devotion to his parents, 39;
correspondence with his mother, 39;
outshines his elder brother, 40;
designed for Parliament, 41;
his precarious health, 41, 42, 49;
his education, 42, 43;
early letters, 44, 45, 47;
his first poem, 46;
produces a play, 47, 48;
goes to Cambridge, 49, 50;
serious illness, 50;
his studies and life at Cambridge, 53–62;
malicious story of his classical tags, 54, 94;
interest in politics, 57;
his friends, 57, 58;
his shyness, 59, 90;
attends debates in Parliament, 59, 60, 64;
introduced to Fox, 60;
his endowments as an orator, 60;
death of his father, 61;
called to the Bar, 67;
attitude to Reform, 70, 71;
story of his discussion with Gibbon, 72, 73;
defeated at Cambridge, 74;
enters Parliament as member for Appleby, 75;
his maiden speech, 83–7;
speech on the public accounts, 87;
on the American War, 88, 89;
social life, 89–95;
at Goostree’s, 91–3;
gives up gambling, 26, 92, 93;
charm of his conversation, 93, 94;
his gaiety, 94;
his uprightness, 94;
speech after the disaster at Yorktown, 101;
bold declaration of his future position, 102;
refuses a subordinate post, 105;
supports the Rockingham Ministry, 105;
speeches on Parliamentary Reform, 106–10;
becomes Chancellor of the Exchequer, 111;
defends Shelburne against Fox, 112;
incurs a rebuke from the King, 114, 115;
endeavours to negotiate an alliance with Fox, 117;
great speech on the vote of censure, 120–3;
defeat of the Government, 123;
he declines to form a Ministry, 125–7;
resigns office, 128;
further proposals for Reform, 130, 131;
refuses overtures from the King, 134, 135;
speech on the treaties of peace, 136, 137;
journey to Reims, 137–9;
visits Paris, 139;
scheme for his marriage to Mlle. Necker, 140, 141;
opposition to the India Bill, 145, 146.
Accepts office as Prime Minister, 148;
difficulties of his position, 149, 154;
rupture with Temple, 152, 153;
relations with Shelburne, 155;
his first Cabinet, 156;
action with regard to the Clerkship of the Pells, 159;
defeated in the House, 160;
introduces his India Bill, 160;
on its rejection he refuses to resign, 163;
failure of negotiations for a union of parties, 164–6;
his critical position, 165;
growing popularity, 167;
receives the freedom of the City, 167;
assaulted outside Brooks’s Club, 167, 168;
dissolution of Parliament, 169;
elected for Cambridge University, 171;
his ungenerous conduct towards Fox over the Westminster election,
173, 254, 271, 272;
reasons for his victory, 175–7;
his relations to the Crown, 175, 176;
his financial measures, 179 _et seq._;
indebtedness to Adam Smith, 183, 184;
and to Shelburne, 184;
his budgets of 1784 and 1785, 186–8;
his proposals for a Sinking Fund, 188–95;
His relations with Price, 190–3;
accepts an amendment by Fox, 193;
his Reform Bill of 1785, 197–203;
defeated, 202;
reasons for shelving Reform, 203–6;
supports Stanhope’s Reform Bill, 206;
effect on him of his defeats, 207;
increased use of “influence,” 208, 209;
his care for the navy, 210, 377, 567;
proposals for fortifying Portsmouth and Plymouth, 211;
opposes repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts, 214, 215;
introduces his second India Bill, 218–20;
his Amending Act of 1786, 221, 222;
greatness of his India Bills, 223;
interview with Hastings, 227;
assumes a neutral position towards him, 228–32;
his speech on the Benares affair, 232, 233;
defence of his action, 234–40;
anecdote of Adam Smith and, 241;
attitude to Irish Parliamentary Reform, 247–9;
his Irish Commercial Resolutions, 248–66;
speech on introducing the Resolutions, 253;
agitation against them, 255–7;
appoints a Committee of Council for Commerce, 257;
his critical position, 260;
introduces modified Propositions, 260, 261,
which are passed at Westminster, but dropped by the Irish
Government, 264;
his courage and magnanimity, 265, 266;
causes of failure, 266;
life at Wimbledon, 267–70, 279;
his shyness and lack of knowledge of men, 272, 274;
a historic romp, 272;
contrasted with Fox, 273, 295;
the real Pitt, 274;
his carelessness in correspondence, 275;
influenced by Dundas, 278, 279;
anecdotes of Dundas and, 279, 289;
his friendship with Addington, 284, 285;
visits to Brighthelmstone, 285;
his friendship with Steele and Rose, 285, 286;
buys Holwood Hill, 286, 287;
his financial difficulties, 287, 288;
death of his sister Harriet, 289, 290;
his connection with Cambridge University, 290, 291;
letter to Wilberforce on his temporary retirement, 291, 292;
his view of religion, 292;
strained relations with Wilberforce, 293;
their friendship revived, 294;
his relations with Bankes, 294;
his lack of geniality, 294.
Foreign policy (1784), 301–5;
his first diplomatic note, 302–4;
his Dutch policy, 305, 309–320, 354–60, 365–74, 377–81;
negotiations for a commercial treaty with France, 327–39, 347;
sends Eden to Paris, 330, 331, 333;
speech on the commercial treaty, 342, 343;
differences with Carmarthen, 357, 358, 360;
understanding with Prussia, 373–5;
triumph of his diplomacy, 380, 381;
alliance with the United Provinces (1788), 383;
alliance with Prussia, 384–90;
drafts the King’s letters to the Prince of Wales, 399, 400;
proposals for settling the Prince’s affairs, 401, 402;
dispute with the East India Company, 403, 404;
result of a debauch, 404;
the Budget of 1788, 404, 405;
the King’s illness, 409–26;
negotiations with the Prince of Wales, 412;
interview with the King, 412, 413;
prepares to resume his practice at the Bar, 413, 425, 430;
arguments on the Regency, 415–17;
his conduct to the Prince defended, 417–20;
his letter to the Prince, 420, 421;
carries his Regency Resolutions, 422;
accusations against him, 424–6;
interview with the King, 427;
confidence of the nation in him, 429, 430;
his share in the founding of Botany Bay, 435, 438–40;
his lack of Imperial imagination, 442, 443;
settles claims of American loyalists, 444, 445;
introduces the Canada Bill (1791), 449;
success of his Canadian policy, 452, 453;
urges Wilberforce to take up the cause of the slaves, 457, 458;
campaign against the Slave Trade, 459–62, 465–72, 474–9;
his relations with Thurlow, 464–6, 472;
disagreement with Wilberforce, 475, 477;
limits of his power, 478;
policy towards Russia and Austria (1787), 488–90;
the situation in the Baltic (1788), 493–5, 497, 501, 502;
personally directs foreign policy, 497, 566, 589, 590, 618;
opposition to Hertzberg’s schemes, 508–10, 516, 517;
the Revolution in Belgium, 511–16, 533–5;
efforts to secure the _status quo_ in Eastern Europe, 519, 520,
522, 523, 525–7, 530;
results of his policy, 535;
his attitude to the French Revolution, 537, 541–3, 548–53, 559;
forbids export of flour to France, 543–5;
contrasted with Burke, 559–61;
the Nootka Sound dispute, 565;
demands satisfaction, 566;
dealings with Miranda, 569;
denies Spanish claims, 569, 570;
subsidizes the Dutch, 572;
refuses arbitration, 574, 575;
on Elliot’s mission to Paris, 579, 580;
presses on naval preparations, 581;
ultimatum to Spain, 582;
Convention signed, 585;
results of his success usually underrated, 587, 588;
defied by Catharine II, 590, 592, 593, 598;
his Polish policy, 594–7, 599;
his desire for peace, 599, 600, 603–7;
ultimatum to Russia, 609, 610;
debates on his policy in Parliament, 610–13, 616;
disagreements in the Cabinet, 616, 618;
correspondence with Ewart, 616, 617;
resolves on compromise, 617, 618;
resignation of Leeds, 618;
his new proposals, 620, 621;
loss of prestige, 621;
failure of his Russian policy, 626, 631.

Place, Francis, 206.

Plymouth, Pitt’s proposals for strengthening the defences of, 203,
209, 211.

Pocket boroughs, 74, 75;
Pitt’s proposals for disfranchising and compensating, 198–203.

Poland, First Partition of, 299, 631;
Galicia to be ceded to, 387;
alliance with Russia, 485, 486;
treaty with Prussia, 505, 521, 522, 593, 594;
Hertzberg’s schemes regarding, 507, 508;
resentment against Prussia, 522, 594;
appeals to England, 522, 594;
offer of British alliance, 595, 596, 599;
proposed compact with the Sultan, 595, 596;
betrayed by Hertzberg, 597;
Second Partition of, 597;
value of her independence to England, 612;
Revolution in (1791), 620, 626, 627;
Prussian jealousy of, 628;
impending misfortunes of, 630, 631.

Poor relief, 15.

Porchester, Lord, attacks Pitt, 611.

Portes, Count de, his “Memoirs,” 372.

Port Jackson, settlement at, 440.

Portland, Duke of, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 105;
Prime Minister, 111, 127, 128;
opposes Pitt’s Reform proposals, 132;
his negotiations for union with Pitt, 164–6;
mentioned, 173, 228, 257 _n._, 333, 428, 447.

Portsmouth, Pitt’s proposals for strengthening the defences of, 203,
209, 211.

Portugal, Methuen treaty with, 23;
English relations with, 337, 342.

Postal system, the abuse of franking, 186, 187.

Potemkin, Prince, 480, 481, 486, 491, 505, 524, 525, 527, 530, 590,
591, 622;
his death, 626.

Potocki family, the, in Poland, 486.

Poynings Act, demand for rejection of, 105.

Pratt, Charles. _See_ Camden, Earl.

Pratt, John Jeffreys, afterwards Marquis Camden, 58, 90, 141, 285.

Press-gang, the, 567.