Chapter I: Foreword

This book has been prepared as a companion volume to the author's _Handwork in Wood_.[1] It is an attempt to collect and arrange in available form useful information, now widely scattered, about our common woods, their sources, growth, properties and uses.

As in the other volume, the credit for the successful completion of the book is to be given to my wife, Anna Gausmann Noyes, who has made the drawings and maps, corrected the text, read the proof, and carried the work thru to its final completion.

Acknowledgments are hereby thankfully made for corrections and suggestions in the text to the following persons:

Mr. A. D. Hopkins, of the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, for revision of the text relating to Insect Enemies of the Forest, in Chapter VI.

Mr. George G. Hedgcock, of the United States Bureau of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, for revision of the text relating to the fungal enemies of the forest, in Chapter VI.

Mr. S. T. Dana and Mr. Burnett Barrows, of the United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, for revision of Chapters IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII.

Professor Charles R. Richards, formerly Head of the Manual Training Department of Teachers College, my predecessor as lecturer of the course out of which this book has grown.

Professor M. A. Bigelow, Head of the Department of Botany of Teachers College, for revision of Chapter I, on the Structure of Wood.

Mr. Romeyn B. Hough, of Lowville, N. Y., author of _American Woods_ and _Handbook of the Trees of the Northern States and Canada_, for suggestions in preparing the maps in Chapter III.

The Forest Service, Washington, D. C., for photographs and maps credited to it, and for permission to reprint the key to the identification of woods which appears in Forest Service Bulletin No. 10, _Timber_, by Filibert Roth.

The Division of Publications, U. S. Department of Agriculture, for permission to copy illustrations in bulletins.

The Macmillan Company, New York, for permission to reproduce Fig. 86, Portion of the Mycelium of Dry Rot, from _Timber and Some of its Diseases_, by H. M. Ward.

Mrs. Katharine Golden Bitting, of Lafayette, Indiana, for the photograph of the cross-section of a bud, Figure 5.

Finally and not least I hereby acknowledge my obligations to the various writers and publishers whose books and articles I have freely used. As far as possible, appropriate credit is given in the paged references at the end of each chapter.

[Footnote 1: William Noyes, _Handwork in Wood_, Peoria, Ill.
The Manual Arts Press, 231 pp., $2.]

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER PAGE

General Bibliography 4

I The Structure of Wood 9

II Properties of Wood 41

III The Principal Species of American Woods 57

IV The Distribution and Composition of the
North American Forests 197

V The Forest Organism 211

VI Natural Enemies of the Forest 229

VII The Exhaustion of the Forest 251

VIII The Use of the Forest 271

Appendix 289

Index 304

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

Apgar, A. G., _Trees of the Northern United States_. N. Y.:
American Book Co., 224 pp. A small book dealing with the botany
of trees, giving descriptions of their essential organs, and
particularly valuable for the leaf key to the trees. It should
be supplemented by Keeler or Hough's Handbook.

Baterden, J. R., _Timber_. N. Y.: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1908,
351 pp. A description of the timbers of various countries,
discussion of timber defects, timber tests, etc.

Bitting, K. G., _The Structure of Wood_. _Wood Craft_, 5: 76,
106, 144, 172, June-Sept., '06. A very scholarly and valuable
series of articles on wood structure and growth. Excellent
microphotographs.

Britton, Nathaniel Lord, _North American Trees_. N. Y.: Henry
Holt & Co., 1908, 894 pp. A description of all the kinds of trees
growing independently of cultivation in North America, north of
Mexico, and the West Indies. The standard Botany of trees.

Boulger, G. S., _Wood_. London: Edward Arnold, 369 pp. A thoro
discussion of wood structure, with chapters on the recognition
and classification of woods, defects, preservation, uses, tests,
supplies, and sources of wood. Good illustrations.

Bruce, E. S., _Frost Checks and Wind Shakes_. _Forestry and
Irrigation_, 8: 159, April, '02. An original study of the
splitting of trees by sudden frost and thaw.

Bruncken, Ernest, _North American Forests and Forestry_. N. Y.:
G. P. Putnam's Sons. 265 pp. A comprehensive survey of American
Forestry conditions including the forest industries, fires,
taxation, and management. No illustrations.

Busbridge, Harold, _The Shrinkage and Warping of Timber_.
_Sci. Amer. Suppl._, No. 1500, Oct. 1, 1904. Good photographic
illustrations.

Comstock, J. H. and A. B., _A Manual for the Study of Insects_.
Ithaca, N. Y.: Comstock Publishing Co., 701 pp.
Valuable for reference in classifying insects injurious to wood.

Curtis, Carleton C., _Nature and Development of Plants_. N. Y.:
Henry Holt & Co., 1907, 471 pp. Chapter III is a very clear and
excellent discussion of the structure of the stem of plants
(including wood).

Encyclopedia Brittannica, Eleventh Edition, Cambridge: At the
University Press. Article: _Forests and Forestry_, Vol. 10, p.
645. Article: _Plants_, Anatomy of, Vol. 21, p. 741. Article:
_Timber_ Vol. 26, p. 978.

Felt, E. P., _The Gypsy and Brown Tail Moths_. N. Y. State Museum:
Bulletin 103, Entomology, 25. Valuable for colored illustrations
as well as for detailed descriptions.

Fernow, B. E., _Economics of Forestry_. N. Y.: T. Y. Crowell
& Co. 1902, quarto 520 pp. A treatment of forests and forestry
from the standpoint of economics, including a comprehensive
exposition of the forester's art, with chapters on forest
conditions, silviculture, forest policies, and methods of
business conduct, with a bibliography.

Fernow, B. E., _Report upon the Forestry Investigation of the U. S.
Department of Agriculture_, 1887-1898. Fifty-fifth Congress,
House of Representatives, Document No. 181. Quarto, 401 pp.
A review of forests and forestry in the U. S., of forest policies
of European nations, particularly of Germany, of the principles
of silviculture, of a discussion of forest influences, and a
section on timber physics.

Harwood, W. S., _The New Earth_. N. Y.: The Macmillan Co., 1906.
378 pp. A recital of the triumphs of modern agriculture.
Chap. X on modern forestry, describes what has been done in
different states in conservative lumbering.

Hough, Romeyn B., _American Woods_. Lowville, N. Y.: The
author. An invaluable collection in eleven volumes (boxes)
of sections of 275 species of American woods. There are three
sections of each species, cross, radial, and tangential,
mounted in cardboard panels. Accompanied by a list of
descriptions and analytical keys.

Hough, Romeyn B., _Handbook of the Trees of the Northern
States and Canada_. Lowville, N. Y.: The author. 470 pp.
A unique, elegant, and sumptuously illustrated book, with
photographs of tree, trunk, leaf, fruit, bud, and sometimes
wood, a map of the habitat of each species, and a full and
careful description of tree and wood. Intended for botanists,
foresters and lumbermen.

Johnson, J. B., _The Materials of Construction_. N. Y.: John
Wiley & Sons. 1898. 775 pp. Chapter XIII is identical with
Forestry Bulletin X, Roth's _Timber_.

Keeler, Harriet, _Our Native Trees_. N. Y.: Scribner's. 1900.
533 pp. A very attractive and popular book showing great
familiarity with the common trees and love of them. Numerous
photographs and drawings.

Lounsberry, Alice, _A Guide to the Trees_. N. Y.: Frederick
A. Stokes Co. 313 pp. A popular description of some 200 common
trees, with plentiful illustrations.

Pinchot, Gifford, _A Primer of Forestry_. Parts I and II, U.
S. Dept. of Agric. For. Serv. Bull. No. 24. 88 pp. and 88
pp. A concise, clear, and fully illustrated little manual of
forestry conditions, forest enemies, forestry principles and
practice abroad and in the U. S.

Pinchot, Gifford. _The Adirondack Spruce._ N. Y.: G. P. Putnam's
Sons. A technical account of the author's investigations on a
forest estate in Northern New York.

Price, O. W., _Saving the Southern Forests_. _World's Work_,
5: 3207, March, '03. A plea for conservative lumbering;
excellent illustrations.

Record, Samuel J., _Characterization of the Grain and Texture
of Wood_. Woodcraft, 15: 3, June, 1911.

Roth, Filibert, _A First Book of Forestry_. Boston: Ginn & Co.
291 pp. A book for young people, giving in an interesting form
many valuable facts about American forests and their care and
use. It includes a leaf key to the trees.

Sargent, Charles Sprague, _Forest Trees of North America_. U.
S. 10th Census, Vol. 9. Quarto, 612 pp. Part I deals with
the distribution of the forests, and gives a catalog and
description of the forest trees of North America, exclusive of
Mexico. Part II. Tables of properties of the woods of the U.
S. Part III. The economic aspects of the forests of the U. S.
considered geographically, and maps showing distributions and
densities. Exceedingly valuable.

Sargent, Charles Sprague, _Jesup Collection, The Woods of
the U. S._ N. Y.: D. Appleton & Co., 203 pp. A detailed
description of the Jesup Collection of North American Woods
in the American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. City, with
valuable tables as to strength, elasticity, hardness, weight,
etc. Condensed from Vol. IX of 10th U. S. Census.

Sargent, Charles Sprague, _Manual of the Trees of North
America_. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 826 pp. A compact
mine of information, with some errors, about the known trees
of North America and their woods, summarized from Sargent's
larger work, "The Silva of North America." (See below.)

Sargent, Charles Sprague, _The Silva of North America_.
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin Co. A monumental and sumptuous work
of 14 quarto volumes, describing in great detail all the known
trees of North America and their woods, with beautiful line
drawings of leaves and fruits.

Shaler, Nathaniel S., _The United States of America_. Vol. 1,
pp. 485-517. N. Y.: D. Appleton & Co. Chapter IX is a popular
description of American forests and the Lumber Industry.

Snow, Chas. Henry, _The Principal Species of Wood_. N. Y.:
John Wiley & Sons. 203 pp. Descriptions and data regarding
the economically important varieties of wood, with excellent
photographs of trees and woods.

Strasburger, Noll, Schenck, and Schimper. _A Text Book of
Botany._ N. Y.: Macmillan & Co. 746 pp. Valuable for minute
information about the morphology of wood.

U. S. Tenth Census, Vol. IX. See Sargent.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, _Forest Service Bulletins_.
The character of these government pamphlets is well indicated
by their titles. No. 10 is an exceedingly valuable summary of
the facts about the structure and properties of wood, contains
the best available key to identification of common American
woods (not trees) and a concise description of each. It is
incorporated, as Chap. XIII, in Johnson's, "_The Materials for
Construction_." N. Y.: John Wiley & Sons. Nos. 13 and 22 are
large monographs containing much valuable information.

No. 10. Filibert Roth, _Timber_.

No. 13. Charles Mohr, _The Timber Pines of the Southern United
States_.

No. 15. Frederick V. Coville, _Forest Growth and Sheep Grazing
in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon_.

No. 16. Filibert Roth, _Forestry Conditions in Wisconsin_.

No. 17. George B. Sudworth, _Check List of the Forest Trees of
the United States_, 1898.

No. 18. Charles A. Keffer, _Experimental Tree Planting on the
Plains_.

No. 22. V. M. Spalding and F. H. Chittenden, _The White Pine_.

No. 24. Gifford Pinchot, _A Primer of Forestry_.

No. 26. Henry S. Graves, _Practical Forestry in the
Adirondacks_.

No. 41. Herman von Schrenck, _Seasoning of Timber_.

No. 45. Harold B. Kempton, _The Planting of White Pine in New
England_.

No. 52. Royal S. Kellogg, _Forest Planting in Western Kansas_.

No. 61. _Terms Used in Forestry and Logging_.

No. 65. George L. Clothier, _Advice for Forest Planters in
Oklahoma and Adjacent Regions_.

No. 74. R. S. Kellogg and H. M. Hale, _Forest Products of the
U. S._, 1905.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, _Forest Service Circulars_.

No. 3. George William Hill, _Publications for Sale_.

No. 25. Gifford Pinchot, _The Lumberman and the Forester_.

No. 26. H. M. Suter, _Forest Fires in the Adirondacks in
1903_.

No. 36. The Forest Service: _What it is, and how it deals with
Forest Problems_. Also _Classified List of Publications and
Guide to Their Contents_.

No. 37. _Forest Planting in the Sand Hill Region of Nebraska_.

No. 40. H. B. Holroyd, _The Utilization of Tupelo_.

No. 41. S. N. Spring, _Forest Planting on Coal Lands in
Western Pennsylvania_.

No. 45. Frank G. Miller, _Forest Planting in Eastern
Nebraska_.

No. 81. R. S. Kellogg, _Forest Planting in Illinois_.

No. 97. R. S. Kellogg, _Timber Supply of the United States_.

No. 153. A. H. Pierson, _Exports and Imports of Forest
Products, 1907_.

U. S. Department of Agriculture Year Books for:

1896. Filibert Roth, _The Uses of Wood_.

1898, p. 181. Gifford Pinchot, _Notes on some Forest
Problems_.

1899, p. 415. Henry S. Graves, _The Practice of Forestry by
Private Owners_.

1900, p. 199. Hermann von Schrenck, _Fungous Diseases of
Forest Trees_.

1902, p. 145. William L. Hall, _Forest Extension in the Middle
West_.

1902, p. 265. A. D. Hopkins, _Some of the Principal Insect
Enemies of Coniferous Forests in the United States_.

1902, p. 309. Overton, W. Price, _Influence of Forestry on the
Lumber Supply_.

1903, p. 279. James W. Toumey, _The Relation of Forests to
Stream Flow_.

1903, p. 313. A. D. Hopkins, _Insect Injuries to Hardwood
Forest Trees_.

1904, p. 133. E. A. Sterling, _The Attitude of Lumbermen
toward Forest Fires_.

1904, p. 381. A. D. Hopkins, _Insect Injuries to Forest Products_.

1905, p. 455. Henry Grinell, _Prolonging the Life of Telephone
Poles_.

1905, p. 483. J. Grivin Peters, _Waste in Logging Southern
Yellow Pine_.

1905, p. 636. Quincy R. Craft, _Progress of Forestry in 1905_.

1907, p 277. Raphael Zon and E. H. Clapp, _Cutting Timber in
the National Forests_.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology
Bulletins:

No. 11. n. s. L. O. Howard, _The Gypsy Moth in America_.

No. 28. A. D. Hopkins, _Insect Enemies of the Spruce in the
Northeast_.

No. 32. n. s. A. D. Hopkins, _Insect Enemies of the Pine in
the Black Hills Forest Reserve_.

No. 48. A. D. Hopkins, _Catalog of Exhibits of Insect Enemies
of Forest and Forest Products at the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition, St. Louis, Mo._, 1904.

No. 56. A. D. Hopkins, _The Black Hills Beetle_.

No. 58. Part 1, A. D. Hopkins, _The Locust Borer_.

No. 58. Part II, J. L. Webb, _The Western Pine Destroying Bark
Beetle_.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry,
Bulletins:

No. 32. Herman von Schrenck, _A Disease of the White Ash
Caused by Polyporus Fraxinophilus_, 1903.

No. 36. Hermann von Schrenck, _The "Bluing" and "Red Rot" of
the Western Yellow Pine_, 1903.

_Report of the Commissioner of Corporations on the Lumber
Industry_, Part I, _Standing Timber_, February, 1911. The
latest and most reliable investigation into the amount and
ownership of the forests of the United States.

Ward, H. Marshall, _Timber and some of its Diseases_.
London: Macmillan & Co., 295 pp. An English book that needs
supplementing by information on American wood diseases, such
as is included in the list of government publications given
herewith. The book includes a description of the character,
structure, properties, varieties, and classification of
timbers.