Chapter III: The Principal Species of American Woods (2)

HABITAT: (See map); best at the base of mountains in North Carolina and South Carolina and Tennessee.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TREE: Height, 60'-90'; diameter, 3'-4'; in forest, clear trunk for 2/3 of height (40' or 50'); bark, dark brown, thick, furrowed; leaves, large, smooth; flowers, large greenish yellow; fruit, dark red "cones" formed of two seeded follicles.

APPEARANCE OF WOOD: Color, yellow brown, thick sapwood, lighter; diffuse-porous; rings, obscure; grain, very straight, close, satiny; rays, numerous thin.

PHYSICAL QUALITIES: Light (45th in this list); .... lbs. per cu. ft.; sp. gr., 0.4690; medium strong (49th in this list); elastic (38th in this list); medium hard (41st in this list); shrinkage, 5 per cent.; warps .........; very durable; easy to work; splits easily, takes nails well.

COMMON USES: Pump logs, cheap furniture, shelving.

REMARKS: Wood similar to yellow poplar, and often sold with it.

51

YELLOW POPLAR. WHITEWOOD. TULIP TREE.

Poplar, inappropriate, inasmuch as the tree does not belong to
poplar family. White, refers inappropriately to the color of
the wood, which is greenish yellow.

_Liriodendron tulipifera_ Linnaeus.

_Liriodendron_, means lily-tree; _tulipifera_ means
tulip-bearing.

HABITAT: (See map); best in lower Ohio valley and southern Appalachian mountains.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TREE: Height, 70'-90'; even 200'; diameter, 6'-8', even 12'; tall, magnificent trunk, unsurpassed in grandeur by any eastern American tree; bark, brown, aromatic, evenly furrowed so as to make clean, neat-looking trunk; leaves, 4 lobed, apex, peculiarly truncated, clean cut; flowers, tulip-like; fruit, cone, consisting of many scales.

APPEARANCE OF WOOD: Color, light greenish or yellow brown, sap-wood, creamy white; diffuse-porous; rings, close but distinct; grain, straight; rays, numerous and plain.

PHYSICAL QUALITIES: Light (54th in this list); 26 lbs. per cu. ft.; sp. gr., 0.4230; medium strong (51st in this list); elastic (39th in this list); soft (49th in this list); shrinkage, 5 per cent.; warps little; durable; easy to work; brittle and does not split readily, nails very well.

COMMON USES: Construction work, furniture, interiors, boats, carriage bodies, wooden pumps.

REMARKS: Being substituted largely for white pine.

52

SWEET GUM. Gum, refers to exudations.

_Liquidambar styraciflua_ Linnaeus.

_Liquidambar_, means liquid gum; _styraciflua_, means fluid
resin (storax).

HABITAT: (See map); best in the lower Mississippi valley.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TREE: Height, 80'-140'; diameter, 3'-5'; trunk, tall, straight; bark, light brown tinged with red, deeply fissured; branchlets often having corky wings; leaves, star-shaped, five pointed; conspicuously purple and crimson in autumn; fruit, multi-capsular, spherical, persistent heads.

APPEARANCE OF WOOD: Color, light red brown, sap-wood almost white; diffuse-porous; rings, fine and difficult to distinguish; grain, straight, close, polishes well; rays, numerous, very obscure.

PHYSICAL QUALITIES: Weight, medium (34th in this list); 37 lbs. per cu. ft.; sp. gr., 0.5909; medium strong (52d in this list); elasticity medium (44th in this list); medium hard (36th in this list); shrinkage, 6 per cent.; warps and twists badly in seasoning; not durable when exposed; easy to work; crumbles in splitting; nails badly.

COMMON USES: Building construction, cabinet-work, veneering, street pavement, barrel staves and heads.

REMARKS: Largely used in veneers, because when solid it warps and twists badly. Exudations used in medicine to some extent.

53

SYCAMORE. BUTTONWOOD. BUTTON BALL. WATER BEECH.

Sycamore, from two Greek words meaning fig and mulberry;
buttonwood and button-ball, refer to fruit balls.

_Platanus occidentalis_ Linnaeus.

_Platanus_, refers to the broad leaves; _occidentalis_,
western, to distinguish it from European species.

HABITAT: (See map); best in valley of lower Ohio and Mississippi.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TREE: Height, 70'-100', and even 170'; diameter, 6'-12'; trunk, commonly divides into 2 or 3 large branches, limbs spreading, often dividing angularly; bark, flakes off in great irregular masses, leaving mottled surface, greenish gray and brown, this peculiarity due to its rigid texture; leaves, palmately 3 to 5 lobed, 4"-9" long, petiole enlarged, enclosing buds; fruit, large rough balls, persistent through winter.

APPEARANCE OF WOOD: Color, reddish brown, sap-wood lighter; diffuse-porous; rings, marked by broad bands of small ducts; grain, cross, close; rays, numerous, large, conspicuous.

PHYSICAL QUALITIES: Weight, medium (38th in this list); 35 lbs. per cu. ft.; sp. gr., 0.5678; medium strong (54th in this list); elasticity, medium (43d in this list); medium hard (30th in this list); shrinkage, 5 per cent.; warps little; very durable, once used for mummy coffins; hard to work; splits very hard.

COMMON USES: Tobacco boxes, yokes, furniture, butcher blocks.

REMARKS: Trunks often very large and hollow.

54

WILD BLACK CHERRY.

_Padus serotina_ (Ehrhart) Agardh. _Prunus serotina_ Ehrhart.

_Padus_, the old Greek name; _prunus_, the classical Latin
name; _serotina_, because it blossoms late (June).

HABITAT: (See map); best on southern Allegheny mountains.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TREE: Height, 40'-50', even 100'; diameter, 2'-4'; straight, columnar trunk, often free from branches for 70'; bark, blackish and rough, fissured in all directions, broken into small, irregular, scaly plates, with raised edges; leaves, oblong to lanceolate, deep, shiny green; fruit, black drupe, 1/2".

APPEARANCE OF WOOD: Color, light brown or red, sap-wood yellow; diffuse-porous; rings, obscure; grain, straight, close, fine, takes fine polish; rays, numerous.

PHYSICAL QUALITIES: Weight, medium (35th in this list); 36 lbs. per cu. ft.; sp. gr., 0.5822; strong (35th in this list); elasticity medium (45th in this list); hard (16th in this list); shrinkage, 5 per cent.; warps, little; durability .........; easily worked; splits easily, must be nailed with care.

COMMON USES: Cabinet-work, costly interior trim.

REMARKS: Grows rapidly.

55

BLACK LOCUST. LOCUST. YELLOW LOCUST.

Yellow, from color of sap-wood.

_Robinia pseudacacia_ Linnaeus.

_Robinia_, in honor of Jean Robin, of France; _pseudacacia_,
means false acacia.

HABITAT: (See map); best on western Allegheny mountains in West Virginia.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TREE: Height, 50'-80'; diameter, 3'-4'; bark, strikingly deeply furrowed, dark brown; prickles on small branches, grows fast, forms thickets, on account of underground shoots; leaves, 8"-14" long, pinnately compound; 7 to 9 leaflets, close at night and in rainy weather; fruit, pod 3"-4" long.

APPEARANCE OF WOOD: Color, brown, sap-wood thin, yellowish; ring-porous; rings, clearly marked by 2 or 3 rows of large open ducts; grain, crooked, compact.

PHYSICAL QUALITIES: Heavy (12th in this list); 45 lbs. per cu. ft.; sp. gr., 0.7333; very strong (1st in this list); elastic (9th in this list); very hard (6th in this list); shrinkage, 5 per cent.; warps badly, very durable; hard to work, tough; splits in nailing.

COMMON USES: Shipbuilding, construction, "tree-nails" or pins, wagon hubs.

REMARKS: Widely planted and cultivated east and west. Likely to be infested with borers.

56

MAHOGANY.

_Swietenia mahagoni_ Jacquin.

_Swietenia_, in honor of Dr. Gerard Van Swieten of Austria;
_mahagoni_, a South American word.

HABITAT: (See map); only on Florida Keys in the United States.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TREE: Height, 40'-50'; diameter, 2' or more, foreign trees larger; immense buttresses at base of trunk; bark, thick, dark red-brown, having surface of broad, thick scales; leaves, 4"-6" long, compound, 4 pairs of leaflets; fruit, 4"-5" long, containing seeds.

APPEARANCE OF WOOD: Color, red-brown, sap-wood, thin, yellow; diffuse-porous; rings, inconspicuous; grain, crooked; rays, fine and scattered, but plain.

PHYSICAL QUALITIES: Heavy (14th in this list); 45 lbs. per cu. ft.; sp. gr., 0.7282; very strong (20th in this list); elastic (24th in this list); very hard (1st in this list); shrinkage, 5 per cent.; warps very little; very durable; genuine mahogany, hard to work; especially if grain is cross; somewhat brittle, and comparatively easy to split, nails with difficulty; polishes and takes glue well.

COMMON USES: Chiefly for cabinet-making, furniture, interior finishes and veneers.

REMARKS: Mahogany, now in great demand in the American market for fine furniture and interior trim comes from the West Indies, Central America and West Africa. The so-called Spanish mahogany, the most highly prized variety, came originally from the south of Hayti. The Honduras Mahogany was often called baywood. Botanically the varieties are not carefully distinguished; in the lumber yard the lumber is known by its sources. The Cuba wood can be partly distinguished by the white chalk-like specks in the pores and is cold to the touch, while the Honduras wood can be recognized by the black specks or lines in the grain. Both the Honduras and West India woods have a softer feel than the African wood, when rubbed with the thumb. The Cuba and St. Domingo wood are preferred to the Honduras, and still more to the African, but even experts have difficulty in distinguishing the varieties.

Spanish cedar, or furniture cedar (_Cedrela odorata_) belongs to the same family as mahogany and is often sold for it. It is softer, lighter, and easier to work.

57

OREGON MAPLE. WHITE MAPLE. LARGE LEAVED MAPLE.

_Acer macrophyllum_ Pursh.

_Acer_, the classical Latin name; _macrophyllum_, refers to
the large leaves.

HABITAT: (See map); best in southern Oregon.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TREE: Height, 70'-100'; diameter, 3'-5'; stout, often pendulous branches, making a handsome tree; bark, reddish brown, deeply furrowed, square scales; leaves, very large, 8"-12" and long petioles, deep, narrow sinuses; fruit, hairy samaras.

APPEARANCE OF WOOD: Color, rich brown and red, sap-wood thick, nearly white; diffuse-porous; rings, obscure; grain, close, fibres interlaced, sometimes figured, polishes well; rays, numerous and thin.

PHYSICAL QUALITIES: Light in weight (26th in this list); 30 lbs. per cu. ft.; sp. gr. 0.4909; medium strong (47th in this list); elasticity medium (57th in this list); medium hard (31st in this list); shrinkage, 4 per cent.; warps ..........; not durable; rather hard to work; splits with difficulty.

COMMON USES: Tool and ax handles, furniture, interior finish.

REMARKS: A valuable wood on the Pacific coast.

58

SOFT MAPLE. WHITE MAPLE. SILVER MAPLE.

Silver, refers to white color of underside of leaf.

_Acer saccharinum_ Linnaeus. _Acer dasycarpum_ Ehrhart.

_Acer_, the classical Latin name; _saccharinum_, refers to
sweetish juice; _dasycarpum_, refers to the wooliness of the
fruit when young.

HABITAT: (See map); best in lower Ohio valley.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TREE: Height, 50'-90', even 120'; diameter, 3'-5'; form suggests elm; bark, reddish brown, furrowed, surface separating into large, loose scales; leaves, palmately 5 lobed, with narrow, acute sinuses, silvery white beneath, turn only yellow in autumn; fruit, divergent, winged samaras.

APPEARANCE OF WOOD: Color, brown and reddish, sap-wood, cream; diffuse-porous; rings, obscure; grain, twisted, wavy, fine, polishes well; rays, thin, numerous.

PHYSICAL QUALITIES: Weight, medium (40th in this list); 32 lbs. per cu. ft.; sp. gr., 0.5269; very strong (19th in this list); very elastic (20th in this list); hard (25th in this list); shrinkage, 5 per cent.; warps, ............; not durable under exposure; easily worked; splits in nailing.

COMMON USES: Flooring, furniture, turnery, wooden ware.

REMARKS: Grows rapidly. Curly varieties found. Sap produces some sugar.

59

RED MAPLE.

_Acer rubrum_ Linnaeus.

_Acer_, the classical Latin name; _rubrum_, refers to red
flowers and autumn leaves.

HABITAT: (See map); best in lower Ohio valley.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TREE: Height, 80'-120'; diameter, 2'-4'; branches, low; bark, dark gray, shaggy, divided by long ridges; leaves, palmately 5 lobed, acute sinuses; fruit, double samaras, forming characteristic maple key.

APPEARANCE OF WOOD: Color, light reddish brown, sap-wood, lighter; diffuse-porous; rings, obscure; grain, crooked; rays, numerous, obscure.

PHYSICAL QUALITIES: Weight, medium (30th in this list); 38 lbs. per cu. ft.; sp. gr., 0.6178; strong (36th in this list); elastic (36th in this list); hard (27th in this list); shrinkage, 5 per cent.; warps .......; not durable; fairly hard to work; splits with difficulty, splits badly in nailing.

COMMON USES: Flooring, turning, wooden ware.

REMARKS: Grows rapidly. Has red flowers, red keys, red leaf stems, and leaves scarlet or crimson in autumn.

60

HARD MAPLE. SUGAR MAPLE. ROCK MAPLE.

_Acer saccharum_ Marshall.

_Acer_, the classical Latin name; _saccharum_, refers to sweet
sap.

HABITAT: (See map); best in regions of Great Lakes.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TREE: Height, 100'-120'; diameter, 1-1/2'-3', even 4'; often trees in forest are without branches for 60'-70' from ground, in the open, large impressive tree; bark, gray brown, thick, deep, longitudinal fissures, hard and rough; leaves, opposite, 3 to 5 lobed, scarlet and yellow in autumn; fruit, double, slightly divergent samaras.

APPEARANCE OF WOOD: Color, light brown tinged with red; diffuse-porous rings, close but distinct; grain, crooked, fine, close, polishes well; rays, fine but conspicuous.

PHYSICAL QUALITIES: Heavy (19th in this list); 43 lbs. per cu. ft.; sp. gr., 0.6912; very strong (8th in this list); very elastic (5th in this list); very hard (7th in this list); shrinkage, 5 per cent.; warps badly; not durable when exposed; hard to work; splits badly in nailing.

COMMON USES: School and other furniture, car construction, carving, wooden type, tool handles, shoe lasts, piano actions, ships' keels.

REMARKS: Tree very tolerant. The uses of this wood are chiefly due to its hardness. Bird's-Eye Maple and Curly Maple are accidental varieties. Pure maple sugar is made chiefly from this species. Its ashes yield large quantities of potash.

61

BASSWOOD. LINDEN.

Bass, refers to bast or inner bark.

_Tilia americana_ Linnaeus.

_Tilia_, the classical Latin name.

HABITAT: (See map); best in bottom lands of lower Ohio River.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TREE: Height, 60'-70', even 130'; diameter, 2'-4'; trunk, erect, pillar-like, branches spreading, making round heads; bark, light brown, furrowed, scaly surface, inner bark fibrous and tough, used for matting; leaves, oblique, heart-shaped, side nearest branch larger; fruit clustered on long pendulous stem, attached to vein of narrow bract.

APPEARANCE OF WOOD: Color, very light brown, approaching cream color, sap-wood, hardly distinguishable; diffuse-porous; rings, fine and close but clear; grain, straight; rays, numerous, obscure.

PHYSICAL QUALITIES: Light in weight (49th in this list); 28 lbs. per cu. ft.; sp. gr., 0.4525; weak (60th in this list); elasticity, medium (49th in this list); soft (64th in this list); shrinkage, 6 per cent.; warps comparatively little; quite durable; very easily worked; somewhat tough to split, nails well.

COMMON USES: Woodenware, carriage bodies, etc., picture molding, paper pulp, etc.

REMARKS: May be propagated by grafting as well as by seed. Is subject to attack by many insects. Wood used for carriage bodies because flexible and easily nailed.

62

SOUR GUM. TUPELO. PEPPERIDGE. BLACK GUM.

Tupelo, the Indian name.

_Nyssa sylvatica_ Marshal.

_Nyssa_, from Nysa, the realm of moist vegetation and the home
of _Dio-nysus_ (Bacchus) (the tree grows in low wet lands);
_sylvatica_, refers to its habit of forest growth.

HABITAT: (See map); best in Southern Appalachian mountains.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TREE: Height, 40'-50', even 100'; diameter, 1'6"-3'6", even 5'; variable in form; bark, brown, deeply fissured and scaly; leaves, in sprays, short, petioled, brilliant scarlet in autumn; fruit, bluish black, sour, fleshy drupe.

APPEARANCE OF WOOD: Color, pale yellow, sap-wood, white, hardly distinguishable; diffuse-porous; rings, not plain; grain fine, twisted and interwoven; rays, numerous, thin.

PHYSICAL QUALITIES: Medium heavy (25th in this list); 39 lbs. per cu. ft.; sp. gr., 0.6356; strong (34th in this list); elasticity, medium (51st in this list); hard (20th in this list); shrinkage, 5 or 6 per cent.; warps and checks badly; not durable if exposed; hard to work; splits hard, tough.

COMMON USES: Wagon hubs, handles, yokes, wooden shoe soles, docks and wharves, rollers in glass factories.

REMARKS: The best grades closely resemble yellow poplar.

63

BLACK ASH. HOOP ASH.

Hoop, refers to its use for barrel hoops.

_Fraxinus nigra_ Marshall. _Fraxinus sambucifolia._

_Fraxinus_, from a Greek word (_phraxis_) meaning split,
refers to the cleavability of the wood; _sambucifolia_, refers
to the fact that the leaves are in odor like those of Elder
(Sambucus).

HABITAT: (See map); best in moist places.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TREE: Height, 80'-90'; diameter, 1'-1-1/2'; slenderest of the forest trees, upright branches; bark, gray tinged with red, irregular plates, with thin scales; leaves, 10"-16" long, compound, 7 to 11 leaflets, in autumn rusty brown; fruit, single samaras in panicles.

APPEARANCE OF WOOD: Color, dark brown, sap-wood light; ring-porous; rings, well defined; grain, straight, burls often form highly prized veneers; rays, numerous and thin.

PHYSICAL QUALITIES: Medium heavy (27th in this list); 39 lbs. per cu. ft.; sp. gr., 0.6318; strong (38th in this list); elasticity, medium (12th in this list); hard (23d in this list); shrinkage, 5 per cent.; warps, but not very much; not durable when exposed; hard to work; separates easily in layers, hence used for splints.

COMMON USES: Interior finish, cabinet work, fencing, barrel hoops.

REMARKS: The flexibility of the wood largely determines its uses.

64

OREGON ASH.

_Fraxinus oregona_ Nuttall.

_Fraxinus_, from a Greek word (_phraxis_) meaning split,
refers to the cleavability of the wood; _oregona_, named for
the State of Oregon.

HABITAT: (See map); best in southern Oregon.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TREE: Height, 50'-80'; diameter, 1'-1-1/2', even 4'; branches, stout, erect; bark, grayish brown, deep interrupted fissures, broad, flat ridges, exfoliates; leaves, 5"-14" long; pinnately compound, 5 to 7 leaflets; fruit, single samaras in clusters.

APPEARANCE OF WOOD: Color, brown, sap-wood thick, lighter; ring-porous; rings, plainly marked by large, open, scattered pores; grain, coarse, straight; rays, numerous, thin.

PHYSICAL QUALITIES: Weight, medium (37th in this list); 35 lbs. per cu. ft.; sp. gr., 0.5731; medium strong (50th in this list); elasticity, medium (48th in this list); medium hard (29th in this list); shrinkage, 5 per cent.; warps,............; not durable; hard to work, tough; splits with difficulty.

COMMON USES: Furniture, vehicles, cooperage.

REMARKS: A valuable timber tree of the Pacific coast.

65

BLUE ASH.

Blue, refers to blue dye obtained from inner bark.

_Fraxinus quadrangulata_ Michaux.

_Fraxinus_, from a Greek word (_phraxis_) meaning split,
refers to the cleavability of the wood; _quadrangulata_,
refers to four-angled branchlets.

HABITAT: (See map); best in lower Wabash valley.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TREE: Height, 60'-70', even 120'; diameter, 1'-2'; tall, slender, four-angled, branchlets; bark, light gray, irregularly divided into large plate-like scales, inside bark, bluish, yielding dye; leaves, 8"-12" long, compound pinnate, 5 to 9 leaflets; fruit, winged samaras in panicles.

APPEARANCE OF WOOD: Color, light yellow, streaked with brown, sap-wood lighter; ring-porous; rings, clearly marked by 1 to 3 rows of large, open ducts; grain, straight; rays, numerous, obscure.

PHYSICAL QUALITIES: Heavy (16th in this list); 44 lbs. per cu. ft.; sp. gr., 0.7184; strong (37th in this list); elasticity, medium (58th in this list); hard (12th in this list); shrinkage, 5 per cent.; warps, ............; most durable of the ashes; hard to work; splits readily, bad for nailing.

COMMON USES: Carriage building, tool handles.

REMARKS: Blue ash pitchfork handles are famous.

66

RED ASH.

Red, from color of inner bark.

_Fraxinus pennsylvanica_ Marshall. _Fraxinus pubescens_ Lambert.

_Fraxinus_, from a Greek word (_phraxis_) meaning split,
refers to the cleavability of the wood; _pennsylvanica_, in
honor of the State of Pennsylvania; _pubescens_, refers to
down on new leaves and twigs.

HABITAT: (See map); best east of Alleghany mountains.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TREE: Height, 40'-60'; diameter, 12"-18"; small, slim, upright branches; bark, brown or ashy, great, shallow, longitudinal furrows; leaves, 10"-12" long, pinnately compound, 7 to 9 leaflets, covered with down; fruit, single samara.

APPEARANCE OF WOOD: Color, light brown, sap-wood lighter and yellowish; ring porous; rings, marked by pores; grain, straight, coarse; rays, numerous, thin.

PHYSICAL QUALITIES: Weight, medium (28th in this list); 39 lbs. per cu. ft.; sp. gr., 0.6251; strong (30th in this list); elasticity, medium (53d in this list); hard (17th in this list); shrinkage, 5 per cent.; warps little; not durable; hard to work; splits in nailing.

COMMON USES: Agricultural implements, oars, handles, boats.

REMARKS: Often sold with and as the superior white ash.

67

WHITE ASH.

White, refers to whitish color of wood.

_Fraxinus americana_ Linnaeus.

_Fraxinus_, from a Greek word (_phraxis_) meaning split,
refers to the cleavability of the wood.

HABITAT: (See map); best in the bottom lands of lower Ohio valley.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TREE: Height, 70'-80', even 120'; diameter, 3'-6'; branches rather high, tree singularly graceful; bark, gray, narrow furrows, clean, neat trunk; leaves, 8"-15" long, compound, tufted, smooth, turns in autumn to beautiful purples, browns and yellows; fruit, panicles of samaras, persistent till midwinter.

APPEARANCE OF WOOD: Color, light reddish brown, sap-wood whitish; ring-porous, rings clearly marked by pores; straight-grained; pith rays obscure.

PHYSICAL QUALITIES: Heavy (22d in this list); 39 lbs. per cu. ft.; sp. gr., 0.6543; strong (31st in this list); elastic (30th in this list); hard (17th in this list); shrinkage, 5 per cent.; warps little; not durable in contact with soil; hard and tough; splits readily, nails badly.

COMMON USES: Inside finish, farm implements, barrels, baskets, oars, carriages.

REMARKS: Forms no forests, occurs scattered. Its uses for handles and oars determined by combination of strength, lightness and elasticity.

LIST OF 66 COMMON WOODS ARRANGED IN THE ORDER OF THEIR WEIGHT.

1. Shellbark hickory.
2. Post oak.
3. Mockernut.
4. Pignut.
5. Basket oak.
6. Cherry birch.
7. Slash pine.
8. White oak.
9. Bur oak.
10. Western white oak.
11. Western larch.
12. Black locust.
13. Blue beech.
14. Mahogany.
15. Cork elm.
16. Blue ash.
17. Black oak.
18. Longleaf pine.
19. Hard maple.
20. Beech.
21. Yellow birch.
22. White ash.
23. Red oak.
24. White elm.
25. Sour gum.
26. Oregon maple.
27. Black ash.
28. Red ash.
29. Tamarack.
30. Red maple.
31. Black walnut.
32. Shortleaf pine.
33. Canoe birch.
34. Sweet gum.
35. Wild black cherry.
36. Red birch.
37. Oregon ash.
38. Sycamore.
39. Loblolly pine.
40. Soft maple.
41. Douglas spruce.
42. Red cedar.
43. Norway pine.
44. Western yellow pine.
45. Cucumber tree.
46. Lawson cypress.
47. Black spruce and Red spruce.
48. Bald cypress.
49. Basswood.
50. Chestnut.
51. Black willow.
52. Tideland spruce.
53. Hemlock.
54. Yellow poplar.
55. Redwood.
56. Butternut.
57. White spruce.
58. Western white pine.
59. White pine.
60. Western red cedar.
61. Sugar pine.
62. Grand fir.
63. Engelmann's spruce.
64. White cedar.
65. Big tree.

LIST OF 66 COMMON WOODS ARRANGED IN THE ORDER OF THEIR STRENGTH.

1. Black locust.
2. Yellow birch.
3. Western larch.
4. Cherry birch.
5. Shellbark hickory.
6. Slash pine.
7. Longleaf pine.
8. Hard maple.
9. Blue beech.
10. Beech.
11. Mockernut.
12. Basket Oak.
13. Cork elm.
14. Canoe birch.
15. Pignut hickory.
16. Bur oak.
17. Black oak.
18. Shortleaf pine.
19. Soft maple.
20. Mahogany.
21. Red oak.
22. Red birch.
23. White oak.
24. Tamarack.
25. Lawson cypress.
26. Loblolly pine.
27. Douglas spruce.
28. Western white oak.
29. Post oak.
30. Red ash.
31. White ash.
32. Black walnut.
33. White elm.
34. Sour gum.
35. Wild black cherry.
36. Red maple.
37. Blue ash.
38. Black ash.
39. Norway pine.
40. Western red cedar.
41. Black spruce and Red spruce.
42. White spruce.
43. Red cedar.
44. Hemlock.
45. Western yellow pine.
46. Chestnut.
47. Oregon maple.
48. Bald cypress.
49. Cucumber tree.
50. Oregon ash.
51. Yellow poplar.
52. Sweet gum.
53. Tideland spruce.
54. Sycamore.
55. White pine.
56. Western white pine.
57. Butternut.
58. Redwood.
59. Sugar pine.
60. Basswood.
61. Engelmann's spruce.
62. Grand fir.
63. Big tree.
64. White cedar.
65. Black willow.

LIST OF 66 COMMON WOODS ARRANGED IN THE ORDER OF THEIR ELASTICITY.

1. Western larch.
2. Canoe birch and Yellow birch.
3. Slash pine.
4. Longleaf pine.
5. Hard maple.
6. Cherry birch.
7. Shortleaf pine.
8. Shellbark hickory.
9. Black locust.
10. Douglas spruce.
11. Tamarack.
12. Lawson cypress.
13. Beech.
14. Mockernut.
15. Blue beech.
16. Norway pine.
17. Loblolly pine.
18. Red oak.
19. Red birch.
20. Soft maple.
21. Red spruce and Black spruce.
22. Cork elm.
23. Black walnut.
24. Mahogany.
25. Black oak.
26. Western red cedar.
27. Pignut hickory.
28. Bald cypress.
29. White spruce.
30. White ash.
31. Tideland spruce.
32. White oak.
33. Basket oak.
34. Grand fir.
35. Western white pine.
36. Red maple.
37. Bur oak.
38. Cucumber tree.
39. Yellow poplar.
40. Hemlock.
41. Western yellow pine.
42. Black ash.
43. Sycamore.
44. Sweet gum.
45. Wild black cherry.
46. Chestnut.
47. White pine.
48. Oregon ash.
49. Bass.
50. Post oak.
51. Sour gum.
52. Butternut.
53. Red ash.
54. Western white oak.
55. Engelmann's spruce.
56. Sugar pine.
57. Oregon maple.
58. Blue ash.
59. White elm.
60. Redwood.
61. Red cedar.
62. Big tree.
63. White cedar.
64. Black willow.

LIST OF 66 COMMON WOODS ARRANGED IN THE ORDER OF THEIR HARDNESS.

1. Mahogany.
2. Pignut.
3. Mockernut.
4. Post oak.
5. Shellbark hickory.
6. Black locust.
7. Hard maple.
8. Western white oak.
9. Bur oak.
10. Basket oak.
11. Cherry birch.
12. Blue ash.
13. White oak.
14. Blue beech.
15. Cork elm.
16. Wild black cherry.
17. Red ash.
18. Black oak.
19. White ash.
20. Sour gum.
21. Black walnut.
22. Beech.
23. Black ash.
24. Slash pine.
25. Soft maple.
26. Red oak.
27. Red maple.
28. White elm.
29. Oregon ash.
30. Sycamore.
31. Oregon maple.
32. Yellow birch.
33. Long leaf pine.
34. Red cedar.
35. Western larch.
36. Sweet gum.
37. Red birch.
38. Short leaf pine.
39. Canoe birch.
40. Tamarack.
41. Cucumber tree.
42. Western yellow pine.
43. Loblolly pine.
44. Chestnut.
45. Douglas spruce.
46. Black willow.
47. Butternut.
48. Norway pine.
49. Yellow poplar.
50. Lawson cypress.
51. Hemlock.
52. Bald cypress.
53. Sugar pine.
54. Red spruce and Black spruce.
55. Redwood.
56. Engelmann's spruce.
57. White pine.
58. White spruce.
59. Tideland spruce.
60. Western white cedar.
61. Big tree.
62. White cedar.
63. Western white pine.
64. Basswood.
65. Grand fir.

THE PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF WOODS.

REFERENCES:[A]

Sargent, _Jesup Collection_. Sargent, _Manual_. Britton. Roth, _Timber_. Hough, _Handbook_. Keeler. Apgar. Mohr. _For. Bull._, No. 22. Fernow, _Forestry Investigations_. Lumber Trade Journals. Baterden. Sargent, _Silva_. Sargent, _Forest Trees_, 10th Census, Vol. IX. Boulger. Hough, _American Woods_. Snow. Lounsberry. Spaulding. _For. Bull._, No. 13. Sudworth. _For. Bull._, No. 17. Forest Service _Records of Wholesale Prices of Lumber_, List. A.

For particular trees consult For. Serv., Bulletins and Circulars. See For. Service _Classified List of Publications_.

[Footnote A: For general bibliography, see p. 4.]