Chapter XV: Section II: Walls of tracheids of pith ray smooth, without dentate

projections.

_a._ One or two large pits to each tracheid on the radial walls of
each cell of the pith ray.--Group 3. _P. strobus, lambertiana_,
and other true white pines.

_b._ Three to six small pits on the radial walls of each cell of
the pith ray. Group 4. _P. parryana_, and other nut pines,
including also _P. balfouriana_.

====

II.--RING-POROUS WOODS.

(Some of Group D and cedar elm imperfectly ring-porous.)

A. Pores in the summer wood minute, scattered singly or in groups, or in
short broken lines, the course of which is never radial.

1. Pith rays minute, scarcely distinct.

_a._ Wood heavy and hard; pores in the summer wood not in clusters.

_a.'_ Color of radial section not yellow.................ASH.

_b.'_ Color of radial section light yellow; by which,
together with its hardness and weight, this
species is easily recognized, ............OSAGE ORANGE.

_b._ Wood light and soft; pores in the summer wood in clusters
of 10 to 30 .......................................CATALPA.

2. Pith rays very fine, yet distinct; pores in summer wood
usually single or in short lines; color of heart-wood
reddish brown; of sap-wood yellowish white; peculiar odor
on fresh section .....................................SASSAFRAS.

3. Pith rays fine, but distinct.

_a._ Very heavy and hard; heart-wood yellowish brown.
BLACK LOCUST.

_b._ Heavy; medium hard to hard.

_a.'_ Pores in summer wood very minute, usually in small
clusters of 3 to 8; heart-wood light orange brown.
RED MULBERRY.

_b.'_ Pores in summer wood small to minute, usually
isolated; heart-wood cherry red ..........COFFEE TREE.

4. Pith rays fine but very conspicuous, even without magnifier.
Color of heart-wood red; of sap-wood pale lemon ...HONEY LOCUST.

B. Pores of summer wood minute or small, in concentric wavy and
sometimes branching lines, appearing as finely-feathered hatchings
on tangential section.

1. Pith rays fine, but very distinct; color greenish white.
Heart-wood absent or imperfectly developed ...........HACKBERRY.

2. Pith rays indistinct; color of heart-wood reddish brown;
sap-wood grayish to reddish white .........................ELMS.

C. Pores of summer wood arranged in radial branching lines (when very
crowded radial arrangement somewhat obscured).

1. Pith rays very minute, hardly visible .................CHESTNUT.

2. Pith rays very broad and conspicuous .......................OAK.

D. Pores of summer wood mostly but little smaller than those of the
spring wood, isolated and scattered; very heavy and hard woods.
The pores of the spring wood sometimes form but an imperfect zone.
(Some diffuse-porous woods of groups A and B may seem to belong
here.)

1. Fine concentric lines (not of pores) as distinct, or nearly so,
as the very fine pith rays; outer summer wood with a tinge of
red; heart-wood light reddish brown ....................HICKORY.

2. Fine concentric lines, much finer than the pith rays; no
reddish tinge in summer wood; sap-wood white; heart-wood
blackish .............................................PERSIMMON.

====

ADDITIONAL NOTES FOR DISTINCTIONS IN THE GROUP.

Sassafras and mulberry may be confounded but for the greater weight and hardness and the absence of odor in the mulberry; the radial section of mulberry also shows the pith rays conspicuously.

Honey locust, coffee tree, and black locust are also very similar in appearance. The honey locust stands out by the conspicuousness of the pith rays, especially on radial sections, on account of their height, while the black locust is distinguished by the extremely great weight and hardness, together with its darker brown color.

The ashes, elms, hickories, and oaks may, on casual observation, appear to resemble one another on account of the pronounced zone of porous spring wood. (Figs. 129, 132, 135.) The sharply defined large pith rays of the oak exclude these at once; the wavy lines of pores in the summer wood, appearing as conspicuous finely-feathered hatchings on tangential section, distinguish the elms; while the ashes differ from the hickory by the very conspicuously defined zone of spring wood pores, which in hickory appear more or less interrupted. The reddish hue of the hickory and the more or less brown hue of the ash may also aid in ready recognition. The smooth, radial surface of split hickory will readily separate it from the rest.

The different species of ash may be identified as follows (Fig. 132):

1. Pores in the summer wood more or less united into lines.

_a._ The lines short and broken, occurring mostly near the limit
of the ring .......................................WHITE ASH.

_b._ The lines quite long and conspicuous in most parts of the
summer wood .......................................GREEN ASH.

2. Pores in the summer wood not united into lines, or rarely so.

_a._ Heart-wood reddish brown and very firm ..............RED ASH.

_b._ Heart-wood grayish brown, and much more porous ....BLACK ASH.

In the oaks, two groups can be readily distinguished by the manner in which the pores are distributed in the summer wood. (Fig. 133.) In the white oaks the pores are very fine and numerous and crowded in the outer part of the summer wood, while in the black or red oaks the pores are larger, few in number, and mostly isolated. The live oaks, as far as structure is concerned, belong to the black oaks, but are much less porous, and are exceedingly heavy and hard.

====

III.--DIFFUSE-POROUS WOODS.

(A few indistinctly ring-porous woods of Group II, D, and cedar elm may seem to belong here.)

A. Pores varying in size from large to minute; largest in spring wood,
thereby giving sometimes the appearance of a ring-porous arrangement.

1. Heavy and hard; color of heart-wood (especially on longitudinal
section) chocolate brown ..........................BLACK WALNUT.

2. Light and soft; color of heart-wood light reddish brown
BUTTERNUT.

B. Pores all minute and indistinct; most numerous in spring wood,
giving rise to a lighter colored zone or line (especially on
longitudinal section), thereby appearing sometimes ring-porous;
wood hard, heart-wood vinous reddish; pith rays very fine, but very
distinct. (See also the sometimes indistinct ring-porous cedar elm,
and occasionally winged elm, which are readily distinguished by the
concentric wavy lines of pores in the summer wood) .........CHERRY.

C. Pores minute or indistinct, neither conspicuously larger nor more
numerous in the spring wood and evenly distributed.

1. Broad pith rays present.

_a._ All or most pith rays broad, numerous, and crowded,
especially on tangential sections, medium heavy and hard,
difficult to split. ................................SYCAMORE.

_b._ Only part of the pith rays broad.

_a.'_ Broad pith rays well defined, quite numerous;
wood reddish white to reddish ....................BEECH.

_b.'_ Broad pith rays not sharply defined, made up of many
small rays, not numerous. Stem furrowed, and therefore
the periphery of section, and with it the annual rings
sinuous, bending in and out, and the large pith rays
generally limited to the furrows or concave portions.
Wood white, not reddish .....................BLUE BEECH.

2. No broad pith rays present.

_a._ Pith rays small to very small, but quite distinct.

_a.'_ Wood hard.

_a."_ Color reddish white, with dark reddish tinge in
outer summer wood ...........................MAPLE.

_b."_ Color white, without reddish tinge ...........HOLLY.

_b.'_ Wood soft to very soft.

_a."_ Pores crowded, occupying nearly all the space between
pith rays.

_a.'"_ Color yellowish white, often with a greenish tinge
in heart-wood ........................TULIP POPLAR.
CUCUMBER TREE.

_b.'"_ Color of sap-wood grayish, of heart-wood light to
dark reddish brown ......................SWEET GUM.

_b."_ Pores not crowded, occupying not over one-third the
space between pith rays; heart-wood brownish white
to very light brown .........................BASSWOOD.

_b._ Pith rays scarcely distinct, yet if viewed with ordinary
magnifier, plainly visible.

_a.'_ Pores indistinct to the naked eye.

_a."_ Color uniform pale yellow; pith rays not
conspicuous even on the radial section .....BUCKEYE.

_b."_ Sap-wood yellowish gray, heart-wood grayish brown;
pith rays conspicuous on the radial section.
SOUR GUM.

_b.'_ Pores scarcely distinct, but mostly visible as grayish
specks on the cross-section; sap-wood whitish,
heart-wood reddish ..............................BIRCH.

D. Pith rays not visible or else indistinct, even if viewed with
magnifier.

1. Wood very soft, white, or in shades of brown, usually with a
silky luster .................................COTTONWOOD (POPLAR).

====

ADDITIONAL NOTES FOR DISTINCTIONS IN THE GROUP.

Cherry and birch are sometimes confounded, the high pith rays on the cherry on radial sections readily distinguishes it; distinct pores on birch and spring wood zone in cherry as well as the darker vinous-brown color of the latter will prove helpful.

Two groups of birches can be readily distinguished, tho specific distinction is not always possible.

1. Pith rays fairly distinct, the pores rather few and not more
abundant in the spring wood: wood heavy, usually darker,
CHERRY BIRCH and YELLOW BIRCH.

2. Pith rays barely distinct, pores more numerous and commonly
forming a more porous spring wood zone; wood of medium weight,
CANOE OR PAPER BIRCH.

The species of maple may be distinguished as follows:

1. Most of the pith rays broader than the pores and very
conspicuous ........................................SUGAR MAPLE.

2. Pith rays not or rarely broader than the pores, fine but
conspicuous.

_a._ Wood heavy and hard, usually of darker reddish color and
commonly spotted on cross-section ...............RED MAPLE.

_b._ Wood of medium weight and hardness, usually light colored.
SILVER MAPLE.

Red maple is not always safely distinguished from soft maple. In box elder the pores are finer and more numerous than in soft maple. The various species of elm may be distinguished as follows:

1. Pores of spring wood form a broad band of several rows; easy
splitting, dark brown heart ............................RED ELM.

2. Pores of spring wood usually in a single row, or nearly so.

_a._ Pores of spring wood large, conspicuously so
WHITE ELM.

_b._ Pores of spring wood small to minute.

_a.'_ Lines of pores in summer wood fine, not as wide as the
intermediate spaces, giving rise to very compact grain
ROCK ELM.

_b.'_ Lines of pores broad, commonly as wide as the
intermediate spaces .........................WINGED ELM.

_c._ Pores in spring wood indistinct, and therefore hardly a
ring-porous wood .................................CEDAR ELM.

Fig. 138. Wood of Elm. _a_ red elm; _b_, white elm; _c_, winged elm.]

INDEX.

_Abies grandis_, 96.

_Acer dasycarpum_, 172.

_Acer macrophyllum_, 170.

_Acer rubrum_, 174.

_Acer saccharinum_, 172.

_Acer saccharum_, 176.

_Agaricus melleus_, 236.

_Agarics_, 234, 236.

Alburnum, 17.

Ambrosia beetles, 242.

Angiosperms, 9.

Animal enemies, 239.

Arborvitae, Giant, 104.

Ash, 182-191, 296.

Ash, Black, 182, 298.

Ash, Blue, 186.

Ash, Hoop, 182.

Ash, Oregon, 184.

Ash, Red, 188, 298.

Ash, White, 25, 190, 298.

Bamboo, 10, 11.

Bark, 10, 13, 14.

Bark borers, 243.

Basswood, 14, 178, 301.

Bast, 13, 15, 16, 20.

Beech, 134, 300.

Beech, Blue, 124, 300.

Beech, Water, 124.

Beech, Water, 162.

Bees, carpenter, 246.

Beetles, 241-246.

_Betula lenta_, 130.

_Betula lutea_, 132.

_Betula nigra_, 128.

_Betula papyrifera_, 126.

Big Tree, 98, 208, 209, 220.

Birch, Black, 130.

Birch, Canoe, 126.

Birch, Cherry, 130.

Birch, Gray, 132.

Birch, Mahogany, 130.

Birch, Paper, 126.

Birch, Red, 128.

Birch, River, 128.

Birch, Sweet, 130.

Birch, White, 126.

Birch, Yellow, 132.

Bird's eye maple, 36.

Bluing, 234.

Bole, 211, 218.

Borers, 243-246.

Bowing, 47.

Branches, 37, 218, 226, 286.

Brittleness, 53.

Broad-leaved trees.
See Trees, Broad-leaved.

Browsing, 240.

Buckeye, 301.

Bud, 14, 16, 36.

Buds, Adventitious, 36, 37.

Bullnut, 118.

_Buprestid_, 243.

Burl, 35.

Butternut, 144, 300.

Button Ball, 162.

Buttonwood, 162.

Calico poplar, 246.

Cambium, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 237.

Canopy, 204, 211, 212.

Carpenter worms, 245.

Carpenter bees, 246.

_Carpinus caroliniana_, 124.

Catalpa, 296.

_Castanea dentata_, 136.

Case-hardening, 48.

_Carya tomentosa_, 118.

_Carya porcina_, 122.

_Carya alba_, 120.

Cedar, Canoe, 104.

Cedar Incense, 295.

Cedar, Oregon, 108.

Cedar, Port Orford, 108.

Cedar, Red, 110, 223, 295.

Cedar, Western Red, 104, 206, 207.

Cedar, White, 106, 295.

Cedar, White, 108.

Cells, Wood, 15, 19, 20, 21, 24, 26, 41, 42.

Cells, Fibrous, 28.

Cellulose, 15.

_Cerambycid_, 243.

_Chamaecyparis lawsoniana_, 108.

_Chamaecyparis thyordes_, 106.

Checks, 43, 47, 232.

Cherry, Wild Black, 164, 300.

Chestnut, 136, 298.

Cleaning, 218, 286.

Cleavability of wood, 41, 53.

Coffee Tree, 297.

Color of wood, 18.

Cold, 214, 216.

_Coleoptera_, 241.

Colors of woods, 17, 18, 290.

Columbian timber beetle, 245.

Comb-grain, 54.

Composition of forest, 197-210, 223.

Compression, 51, 52.

Conch, 235.

Cones, Annual, 19.

Conifers, 9, 10, 12, 24-26, 29, 30, 48, 58-111, 205, 220, 237, 251.

Conservation of forests, 262.

Coppice, 220, 278, 279.

Cork, 13, 19.

Cortex, 13, 15.

_Corthylus columbianus_, 245.

Cottonwood, 301.

Cover, 211.

Crop, The Forest, 274.

Crown, 211, 227.

Cucumber Tree, 156, 301.

_Curculionid_, 243.

Cypress, Bald, 102, 215, 295.

Cypress, Lawson, 108.

Decay, 235.

Deciduous trees, 10.

Dicotoledons, 9, 10.

Differentiation of cells, 16.

Diffuse-porous. See wood, diffuse-porous.

Distribution of species, 218.

Distribution of forests, 197-210.

Drouth, 213, 231.

Dry-rot, 234, 238.

Duff, 224, 251.

Duramen, 17.

Elasticity of wood, 41, 53.

Elm, 152-155, 298.

Elm, American, 154.

Elm, Cedar, 303.

Elm, Cliff, 152.

Elm, Cork, 152.

Elm, Hickory, 152.

Elm, Red, 302.

Elm, Rock, 152, 303.

Elm, Slippery, 14.

Elm, Water, 154.

Elm, White, 152.

Elm, White, 154, 302.

Elm, Winged, 303.

Endogens, 10, 17.
See Monocotoledons.

Enemies of the Forest, 229-249.

Engraver beetles, 241.

Entomology, Bureau of, 247.

Epidermis, 13, 15.

Erosion, 273.

Evaporation, 42, 47.

Evergreens, 10.

Exotics, 227.

Exogens, 12, 16.

_Fagus americana_, 134.

_Fagus atropunicea_, 134.

_Fagus ferruginea_, 134.

_Fagus grandifolia_, 134.

Figure, 37.

Fir, 96, 294.

Fir, Douglas, 94.

Fir, Grand, 96.

Fir, Lowland, 96.

Fir, Red, 94, 206, 207.

Fir, Silver, 96.

Fir, White, 96.

Fire, 232, 251-258.

Fire lanes, 257.

Fire losses, 253.

Fire notice, 258.

Fire trenches, 256.

Fire Wardens, 257.

Fires, Causes of, 252.

Fires, Control of, 256-258.

Fires, Crown, 255.

Fires, Description of, 254-256.

Fires, Fear of, 261.

Fires, Opportunities for, 251.

Fires, Statistics of, 253.

Fires, Surface, 252.

Floor, Forest, 213, 224.

Forest, Abundance of, 260.

Forest, Appalachian, 204.

Forest, Atlantic, 197.

Forest, Broadleaf, 202.

Forest, Eastern, 197-204.

Forest, Enemies of, 229-249.

Forest, Exhaustion of, 241-270.

Forest, Esthetic use of, 277.

Forest, Fear of, 260.

Forest, Hardwood, 197.

Forest, High, 281.

Forest, Hostility toward, 260.

Forest, Mixed, 204, 213, 214.

Forest, Northern, 197, 216.

Forest, Pacific, 197, 204-208.

Forest, Productive, 274-277.

Forest, Protective, 271-274.

Forest, Puget Sound, 206.

Forest, Regular Seed, 281.

Forest, Rocky Mountain, 197, 204, 205.

Forest, Seed, 297-282.

Forest, Selection, 280-281.

Forest, Southern, 197.

Forest, Subarctic, 209.

Forest, Two-storied Seed, 282.

Forest, Use of, 271-287.

Forest, Utilization of, 271-277.

Forest, Virgin, 280.

Forest, Western, 197.

Forestry, 271-287.

Forests, Composition of North American, 197.

Forests, National, 228.

Forests and agriculture, 258, 277.

Forest conditions, 211-228, 278.

Forest conservation, 262.

Forest cover, 204, 211, 212, 224.

Forest crop, 274, 276.

Forest devastation, 261.

Forest fires, 251-258, 261.

Forest floor, 213, 224.

Forest improvement, 284-286.

Forest map, 198.

Forest organism, The, Chapter V., pp. 211-228.

Forest ownership, 262.

Forest planting, 282-284.

Forest preservation, 277-284.

Forest products, 276.

Forest Service, U. S., 262, 264, 275.

_Fraxinus americana_, 190.

_Fraxinus nigra_, 182.

_Fraxinus oregona_, 184.

_Fraxinus pennsylvanica_, 188.

_Fraxinus quadrangulata_, 186.

Frost, 232.

Frost-check, 232.

Fungi, 20, 233-239.

Ginko, 12.

Gluing, 54.

Goats, 240.

Grain of wood, 19, 30, 31, 32-37, 53.

Grain, Bird's eye.

Grain, coarse, 32.

Grain, cross, 33, 53.

Grain, curly, 35.

Grain, fine, 32.

Grain, spiral, 33.

Grain, straight, 33, 53.

Grain, twisted, 33.

Grain, wavy, 34.

Grazing, 239.

Group system, 279.

Grubs, 243, 244.

Gum, Black, 180.

Gum, Sour, 180, 301.

Gum, Sweet, 160, 301.

Gymnosperms, 9.

Hackberry, 297.

Hackmatack, 76.

Hardness of wood, 41, 54.

Hardwoods, 12.

Heart-wood, 13, 17, 18, 19, 290.

Hemlock, 90, 295.

Hemlock, Black, 92.

Hemlock, Western, 92, 206.

_Hicoria alba_, 118.

_Hicoria glabra_, 122.

_Hicoria ovata_, 120.

Hickory, 118-123, 298.

Hickory, Big-bud, 118.

Hickory, Black, 118.

Hickory, Shagbark, 120.

Hickory, Shellbark, 120.

Hickory, White-heart, 118.

High Forest, 281.

Holly, 301.

Honeycombing, 48.

Hornbeam, 124.

Horn-tails, 246.

Hygroscopicity of wood, 41.

_Hymenomycetes_, 234.

Ice, 232.

Ichneumon fly, 247.

Identification of woods, 289-303.

Improvement of forests, 284-286.

Inflammability of bark, 14, 251.

Insects, 240-248.

Insects, parasitic, 247.

Insects, predaceous, 247.

Intolerance, 216, 219, 221.

Iron-wood, 124.

_Juglans cinerea_, 114.

_Juglans nigra_, 116.

_Juniperus virginiana_, 110.

Key for the distinction of woods, 292-303.

King-nut, 118.

Knot, 35, 37, 38.

Larch, 76.

Larch, Western, 78.

_Larix americana_, 76.

_Larix laricina_, 76.

_Larix occidentales_, 78.

Leaves, 14, 216.

Lenticels, 14.

_Lepidoptera_, 241.

Light, 216-218.

Lightning, 231, 251.

Lignin, 16.

Linden, 178.

_Liquidambar styraciflua_, 160.

_Liriodendron tulipifera_, 158.

Localized Selection system, 281.

Locust, 166.

Locust, Black, 166, 296.

Locust, Honey, 166, 297.

Locust, Yellow, 166.

Long-bodied trunk, 225.

Lumber consumption, 264.

Lumber, 9, 10.

Lumber prices, 267, 268.

Lumber production, 265-267.

Lumber, substitutes for, 264.

Lumbering, conservative, 274, 276.

Lumbering, destructive, 251, 258-263.

Lumberman, 260.

_Magnolia acuminata_, 156.

Magnolia, Mountain, 156.

Mahogany, 168.

Maple, 170-177, 301.

Maple, Hard, 25, 176.

Maple, Large Leaved, 170.

Maple, Oregon, 170, 207.

Maple, Red, 174, 302.

Maple, Rock, 25, 176.

Maple, Silver, 172, 302.

Maple, Soft, 172.

Maple, Sugar, 176.

Maple, White, 170.

Maple, White, 172.

Medullary rays. See Rays.

Medullary Sheath. See Sheath.

_Merulius lachrymans_, 234, 238.

Meteorological enemies, 229-233.

Mice, 237.

Microscope, 14, 24-31, 290.

Mine, Forest treated as, 261, 274.

Mockernut, 118.

Moisture, 213.

Moisture in wood, 41, 52.

Monocotoledons, 9, 10, 17.
See also Endogens.

Mountain, 216.

Mulberry, Red, 297.

Mushroom, 236.

Mutual aid, 224.

Nailing, 53.

Needle-leaf trees, 12.

Non-porous. See Wood, non-porous.

North Woods, 197, 218.

Nurse, 218, 219.

_Nyssa sylvatica_, 180.

Oak, 138-151, 298.

Oak, Basket, 142.

Oak, Black, 140.

Oak, Bur, 144.

Oak, Cow, 142.

Oak, Live, 201.

Oak, Mossy-cup, 144.

Oak, Over-cup, 144.

Oak, Post, 148.

Oak, Red, 138.

Oak, Stave, 150.

Oak, White, 150.

Oak, White (Western), 146.

Oak, Yellow bark, 140.

Odors of wood, 18.

Osage Orange, 296.

Organism, Forest, 211.

_Padus serotina_, 164.

Palm, 9, 17.

Paper pulp, 263.

Parasites, 233.

Parenchyma, 23, 28.

Pecky cypress, 234.

Peggy cypress, 234.

Pepperidge, 180.

Persimmon, 298.

Phanerogamia, 9.

Phloem, 13.

_Picea alba_, 80.

_Picea canadensis_, 80.

_Picea engelmanni_, 86.

_Picea mariana_, 84.

_Picea nigra_, 84.

_Picea rubens_, 82.

_Picea sitchensis_, 88.

Pigeon Horn-tail, 247.

Pignut, 122.

Pines, 58-75, 295.

Pine, Bull, 66, 205, 282.

Pine, Cuban, 74.

Pine, Georgia, 68.

Pine, Loblolly, 72.

Pine, Long-leaf, 68, 200.

Pine, Norway, 64.

Pine, Old Field, 72.

Pine, Oregon, 94.

Pine, Red, 64.

Pine, Short-leaf, 70.

Pine, Slash, 74.

Pine, Sugar, 62.

Pine, Western White, 60.

Pine, Western Yellow, 66.

Pine, Weymouth, 58.

Pine, White, 24, 58, 199.

Pine, Yellow, 70.

Pine sawyers, 244.

_Pinus caribaea_, 74.

_Pinus echinata_, 70.

_Pinus heterophylla_, 74.

_Pinus lambertiana_, 62.

_Pinus monticola_, 60.

_Pinus palustris_, 68.

_Pinus ponderosa_, 66.

_Pinus resinosa_, 64.

_Pinus strobus_, 58.

_Pinus taeda_, 72.

Pith, 10, 13, 15, 16, 23, 32, 39.

Pith ray. See Ray, medullary.

Pits, 26, 292.

Planting, 282-284.

_Platanus occidentalis_, 162.

Poles, 225.

Polypores, 234

_Polyporus annosus_, 237.

_Polyporus sulphureus_, 236.

Poplar, yellow, 158, 221, 245, 246, 301.

Pores, 23, 28, 29, 291.

Powder-post beetles, 244.

Preservation of forests, 277-284.

Prices of lumber, 267, 268.

Primary growth, 17, 22.

Procambium strands, 16.

Protection against fungi, 239.

Protection against insects, 247.

Properties of wood, Chap II., p. 41.

Protoplasm, 14, 16, 23, 41.

Pruning of branches, 286.

_Prunus serotina_, 164.

_Pseudotsuga mucronata_, 94.

_Pseudotsuga taxifolia_, 94.

Quartering a log, 45.

Quartered oak, 22.

_Quercus alba_, 150.

_Quercus garryana_, 146.

_Quercus macrocarpa_, 144.

_Quercus michauxii_, 142.

_Quercus minor_, 148.

_Quercus obtusiloba_, 148.

_Quercus rubra_, 138.

_Quercus stellata_, 148.

_Quercus tinctoria_, 140.

_Quercus velutina_, 140.

Rainfall, effect on forest, 205, 213.

Rays, medullary, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 37, 44, 53, 291.

Red rot, 234.

Redwood, 100, 207, 208, 222, 295.

Regularity of cells, 24.

Reproduction, 220.

Reserve sprout method, 279.

Resin ducts, 26, 291.

Rhizomorphs, 236.

Rind, 13.

Ring-porous. See Wood, ring-porous.

Rings, Annual, 9, 18, 19, 21, 23, 44, 226, 290.

Rings, False, 19, 231.

_Robinia pseudacacia_, 166.

Rodents, 239.

Roots, 211, 224.

Rotation period, 279.

Rotting, 234.

_Salix nigra_, 112.

Sand dunes, 230, 231.

Saplings, 225, 226.

Saprophytes, 233.

Sap-wood, 13, 17, 18, 41, 42, 290.

Sassafras, 296.

Sawyers, Pine, 244.

Secondary growth, 17.

Section, cross, 21, 22, 29.
See also Section, transverse.

Section, radial, 19, 22, 26, 30, 31.

Section, tangential, 19, 22, 26, 30, 31.

Section, transverse, 19, 24, 29, 30.

Seasoning, 42.

Sections, transverse, radial and tangential, 12.

Seed forests, 279-282.

Seeding from the side, 279.

Seedlings, 225, 226.

Seeds, 220-223, 226.

Sequoia, 98.

Sequoia, 100.

Sequoia, Giant, 98.

_Sequoia gigantea_, 98.

_Sequoia sempervirens_, 100.

_Sequoia washingtoniana_, 98.

Settler, 258.

Shake, 47, 232, 233.

Shearing strength, 52.

Sheep, 240.

Shelf fungus, 234, 236.

Short-bodied trunk, 225, 226.

Shrinkage of wood, 41, 42-47.

Silver flakes, 22.
See Rays, Medullary.

Silvical characteristics, 211.

Silvicultural systems, 278-284.

Slash, 229, 251, 257.

Slash-grain, 54.

Snow, 232.

Slash-sawing, 45, 47.

Softwoods, 12.

Soil, 211, 213.

Specific gravity. See Weight.

Splint-wood, 17.

Splitting. See Cleavability.

Spores, 234.

Spring-wood, 20, 21, 24, 30, 32, 44, 53, 54, 291.

Sprouts, 220, 222.

Spruce, 80-89, 295.

Spruce, Black, 84.

Spruce, Douglas, 94, 296.

Spruce, Engelmann's, 86.

Spruce, Red, 82, 213.

Spruce, Sitka, 88.

Spruce, Tideland, 88.

Spruce, Western White, 86.

Spruce, White, 80.

Stand, mixed, 213, 223.

Stand, pure, 213, 223.

Standards, 225, 226.

Steamboats, 246.

Stem, diagram of cross section, Fig. 4, p. 13, fig. 5, p. 15, 211.

Strength of wood, 41, 51-53.

Strip system, 279.

Structure of wood, 9-40, 29, 30, 32.

Struggle for existence, 224, 226, 227.

Summer-wood, 20, 21, 24, 30, 32, 44, 53, 54, 291.

_Swietenia mahagoni_, 168.

Sycamore, 22, 162, 300.

Tamarack, 76, 296.

Tamarack, Western, 78.

Taxes on forests, 261.

_Taxodium distichum_, 102.

Tear fungus, 234, 238.

Temperature, 214.

Tension, 51, 52.

Texture of wood, 32.

_Thuja gigantea_, 104.

_Thuja plicata_, 104.

_Tilia americana_, 178.

Timber beetles, 242, 245.

Timber supply of U. S., 264-269.

Timber trees, 10.

Timber worms, 244.

Tissue, 16.

Toadstools, 234.

Tolerance, 216, 219.

Toughness of wood, 41, 54.

Tracheae, 23, 28.

Tracheid, 28, 30, 290, 292.

_Trametes pini_, 235.

_Trametes radiciperda_, 237.

Tree, parts of, 211.

Treeless area, 197, 203.

Trees, Broad-leaved, 9, 10, 28, 29.

Trees, deciduous, 10.

Trunk, 13, 211.
Long-bodied, 225.
Short-bodied, 225.

_Tsuga canadensis_, 90.

_Tsuga heterophylla_, 92.

Tulip Tree, 158.
See Poplar Yellow

Tupelo, 180.

Turpentine, 263.

Two-storied Seed Forest, 282.

_Ulmus americana_, 154.

_Ulmus racemosa_, 152.

_Ulmus thomasi_, 152.

Utilization of forests, 271-277.

Vegetable enemies, 233-239.

Veneer, 10, 35.

Vessels, 23, 28, 29.

Veterans, 225.

Walnut, Black, 116, 300.

Walnut, White, 114.

Warping, 45-47.

Waste, Avoidance of, 274.

Waste in lumbering, 263.

Water, 41, 42, 226, 231.

Weeds, Forest, 225.

Weight of wood, 41, 49-51.

Whitewood, 158.

Wilderness, Conquest of, 258.

Willow, Black, 112.

Wind, 229, 252, 253.

Windfalls, 229.

Wood, Diffuse-porous, 23, 30, 300-303.

Wood, Non-porous, 24-26, 58-111, 294-296.

Wood, Primary, 17.

Wood, Properties of, Chap. II., 41-56.

Wood, Ring-porous, 23, 29, 296-299.

Wood, Spring, 20, 21, 24, 30, 32, 44, 53, 54, 291.

Wood, Structure of, 9-40.

Wood, secondary, 17.

Wood, summer, 20, 21, 24, 30, 32, 44, 53, 54, 291.

Wood borers, 243.

Wood cells. See Cells.

Wood. See Sap-wood, Heart wood.

Wood dyes, 18.

Wood fiber, 28.

Woods, Color of, 17, 18, 290.

Woods, The distinguishing of, 289-303.

Working, 47.

Worm-holes, 243.

Worms, carpenter, 245.

Worms, Timber, 244.

Wound parasites, 234.

Yew, 295.

Yield, 275.

Yucca, 10.

Books on the Manual Arts

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION IN WOOD. By William Noyes.

A book full of charm and distinction and the first to give
due consideration to the esthetic side of wood-working. It
is intended to give to beginners practice in designing simple
projects in wood and an opportunity to acquire skill in
handling tools. The book illustrates a series of projects and
gives suggestions for other similar projects together with
information regarding tools and processes for making. A
pleasing volume abundantly and beautifully illustrated.

HANDWORK IN WOOD. By William Noyes.

A handbook for teachers and a textbook for normal school and
college students. A comprehensive and scholarly treatise,
covering logging, saw-milling, seasoning and measuring, hand
tools, wood fastenings, equipment and care of the shop,
the common joints, types of wood structures, principles of
joinery, and wood finishing. 304 illustrations--excellent pen
drawings and many photographs.

WOOD AND FOREST. By William Noyes.

A companion volume to "Handwork in Wood," by the same author.
Especially adapted as a reference book for teachers of
woodworking. Not too difficult for use as a textbook
for normal school and college students. Treats of wood,
distribution of American forests, life of the forest, enemies
of the forest, destruction, conservation and uses of the
forest, with a key to the common woods by Filibert Roth.
Describes 67 principal species of wood with maps of
the habitat, leaf drawings, life size photographs and
microphotographs of sections. Contains a general bibliography
of books and articles on wood and forest. Profusely
illustrated with photographs from the United States forest
service and with pen and ink drawings by Anna Gausmann Noyes
and photographs by the author. 309 pages.

WOODWORK FOR BEGINNERS. By Ira S. Griffith.

A remarkably simple treatment of elementary woodworking for
students in the seventh and eighth grades. It deals with
tools, processes and materials and includes only such subject
matter as should be taught to grammar grade students. It meets
the requirements of students working in large classes and
devoting the minimum of time to manual training. A practical
and unusually attractive textbook and one that can be used
with any course of models and in any order.

BEGINNING WOODWORK, At Home and in School. By Clinton S. VanDeusen.

A full and clear description in detail of the fundamental
processes of elementary benchwork in wood. This description
is given thru directions for making a few simple, useful
articles, suitable either for school or home problems. The
book contains more than one hundred original sketches and ten
working drawings.

PROBLEMS IN FARM WOODWORK. By Samuel A. Blackburn.

A book of working drawings of 100 practical problems relating
to agriculture and farm life. Especially valuable to the
student or teacher of agriculture or manual arts in rural
schools and in high schools in agricultural communities,
and to the boy on the farm. There are 60 full-page plates of
working drawings, each accompanied by a page or more of text
treating of "Purpose," "Material," "Bill of Stock," "Tools,"
"Directions," and "Assembly." A wonderfully practical book.

PROBLEMS IN FURNITURE MAKING. By Fred D. Crawshaw.

This book, revised and enlarged, consists of 43 plates of
working drawings suitable for use in grammar and high
schools, and 36 pages of text, including chapters on design,
construction and finishes, and notes on the problems.

FURNITURE DESIGN FOR SCHOOLS AND SHOPS. By Fred D. Crawshaw.

A manual on furniture design. A book that will stimulate and
encourage designing and initiation on the part of the student.
It contains a collection of plates showing perspective
drawings of typical designs, representing particular types of
furniture. Each perspective is accompanied by suggestions for
rearrangement and the modeling of parts. The text discusses
and illustrates principles of design as applied to furniture.
A practical and helpful book that should be in the hands of
every teacher of cabinet making and designing.

PROBLEMS IN WOODWORKING. By M. W. Murray.

A convenient collection of good problems consisting of forty
plates of working drawings, of problems in benchwork that have
been successfully worked out by boys in grades seven to nine
inclusive.

SHOP PROBLEMS. (On Tracing Paper). By Albert F. Siepert.

A collection of working drawings of a large variety of
projects printed on tracing paper and ready for blue printing.
The projects have all been worked out in manual arts classes
and have proved their value from the standpoint of design,
construction, use, human interest, etc. They are of convenient
size, 6x9-inch, and are enclosed in a portfolio. To the
teacher, in search of additional projects to supplement and
enrich his course these tracings are worth far more than the
price asked. Published in series. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and
7.

WORKSHOP NOTE-BOOK--WOODWORKING. By George G. Greene.

A small-size textbook and notebook combined. It furnishes a
few general and extremely important directions about tools and
processes; and provides space for additional notes and working
drawings of exercises and articles which the pupil is to
construct. It is essentially a collection of helps, ideas,
hints, suggestions, questions, facts, illustrations, etc.,
which have been prepared by a practical teacher to meet a real
need in his own shop. The notebook is full of suggestions;
shows a keen insight into subject matter and teaching methods
and is an effective teaching tool.

PROBLEMS IN WOOD-TURNING. By Fred D. Crawshaw.

In the first place this is a book of problems--25 plates
covering spindle, face-plate, and chuck turning. In the second
place it is a textbook on the science and art of wood-turning
illustrated by fifty pen sketches. It gives the mathematical
basis for the cuts used in turning. In the third place it is
a helpful discussion of the principles of design as applied
to objects turned in wood. It is a clear, practical and
suggestive book on wood-turning.

WOOD PATTERN-MAKING. By Horace T. Purfield.

This book was written expressly for use as a textbook for
high school, trade school, technical school, and engineering
college students. It is a revised, enlarged, and newly
illustrated edition.

CORRELATED COURSES IN WOODWORK AND MECHANICAL DRAWING. By Ira S. Griffith.

This book is designed to meet the every-day need of the
teacher of woodworking and mechanical drawing for reliable
information concerning organization of courses, subject
matter and methods of teaching. It covers classification and
arrangement of tool operations for grades, 7, 8, 9, and 10,
shop organization, allotment of time design, shop excursions,
stock bills, cost of material, records, shop conduct, the
lesson, maintenance, equipment, and lesson outlines for
grammar and high schools. It is based on sound pedagogy, thoro
technical knowledge and successful teaching experience. It is
practical.

ESSENTIALS OF WOODWORKING. By Ira S. Griffith.

A textbook written especially for the use of grammar and
high school students. A clear and comprehensive treatment of
woodworking tools, materials, and processes, to supplement,
but not to take the place of the instruction given by the
teacher. The book does not contain a course of models; it may
be used with any course. It is illustrated with photographs
and numerous pen drawings.

PROJECTS FOR BEGINNING WOODWORK AND MECHANICAL DRAWING. By Ira S. Griffith.

A work book for the use of students in grammar grade classes.
It consists of working drawings and working directions. The
projects are such as have proven of exceptional service where
woodworking and mechanical drawing are taught in a thoro,
systematic manner in the seventh and eighth grades. The aim
has been to provide successful rather than unique problems.
The 50 projects in the book were selected and organized with
the constant aim of securing the highest educational results.
The book is especially suited for use in connection with
"Essentials of Woodworking," by the same author.

FURNITURE MAKING. (Advanced Projects in Woodwork.) By Ira S. Griffith.

This book is similar to "Projects for Beginning Woodwork and
Mechanical Drawing," but is suited to high school needs. It
consists of fifty plates of problems and accompanying notes.
It is essentially a collection of problems in furniture making
selected or designed with reference to school use. On the
plate with each working drawing is a good perspective sketch
of the completed object. In draftsmanship and refinement of
design these problems are of superior quality. It is in every
respect an excellent collection.

PROBLEMS IN MECHANICAL DRAWING. By Charles A. Bennett.

This book consists of 80 plates and a few explanatory notes.
Its purpose is to furnish teachers of classes beginning
mechanical drawing with a large number of simple, practical
problems. These have been selected with reference to the
formation of good habits in technique, the interest of the
pupils, and the subjects generally included in a grammar and
first-year high school course. Each problem given is unsolved
and therefore in proper form to hand to the pupil for
solution.

MECHANICAL DRAWING PROBLEMS. By Edward Berg and Emil F. Kronquist.

A direct and concise text adapted for high school students
beginning mechanical drawing. It covers two year's work
and contains 128 full-page plates--excellent examples of
draftsmanship. Text accompanies each plate, giving necessary
facts and helpful hints wherever needed. The underlying
principles of drafting are thoroly covered and the practical
applications, which are abundant, have been most skilfully
chosen and admirably presented. The plates tell what to do,
almost at a glance, yet prevent mere copy work. Each problem
tests the ability of the student to think and execute
graphically and unconsciously develops an excellent technique.

MECHANICAL DRAFTING. By W. H. Miller.

(Revised edition). A textbook for advanced high school
students which presents drafting room practice in practical
textbook form. It is so written that it may be used with
any course of exercises or problems and supplements the
instruction of the teacher in such a way as to reduce lecture
work to a minimum. It is a direct and simple treatment of
mechanical drafting, giving due consideration to the needs of
the student, the beginning draftsman and the requirements of
the best teaching methods. It is complete, yet condensed and
is well adapted for handbook use by the student and draftsman.
It is well illustrated and is bound in flexible binding,
pocket size. A thoroughly practical, modern textbook.

GRAMMAR GRADE PROBLEMS IN MECHANICAL DRAWING. By Charles A. Bennett.

A remarkably simple and carefully graded treatment of the
fundamentals of mechanical drawing for the use of students in
the 7th and 8th grades. It combines an abundance of text and
simple problems, accompanied by notes and directions. Its use
insures the early formation of correct habits of technique and
makes possible the development of a standard in grammar grade
mechanical drawing parallel with woodworking. Abundantly and
well illustrated.

MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR BEGINNERS. By Charles H. Bailey.

A textbook suitable wherever this subject is taught to
beginners, in Junior High Schools, High and Continuation
Schools. It successfully combines instructions which are
minute and complete, with problems, gradually leading the
student to learn with little or no other help, the essentials
and technique of the work. The matter is condensed but leaves
no important points not covered.

PROGRESSIVE STEPS IN ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING. By George W. Seaman.

A textbook and practical handbook, describing and illustrating
every successive step in drawing of floor plans, elevations
and various details for successful dwellings. Numerous plates
illustrate details of doors, windows, mouldings, cornices,
porches, etc. Architectural orders shown in practical working
forms. "Single line sketches" illustrate method of practical
designer in planning a house.

ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING PLATES. By Franklin G. Elwood.

A collection of 15 plates showing the various details included
in the plans for frame houses. Names and typical sizes
are given and much information helpful to the student or
draftsman. One plate shows eleven "Plan Studies," another
"How Elevations are Worked Up from Plans and Sections." A
wonderfully convenient help in architectural drawing.

SIMPLIFIED MECHANICAL PERSPECTIVE. By Frank Forrest Frederick.

A book of simple problems covering the essentials of
mechanical perspective. It is planned for pupils of high
school age who have already received some elementary training
in mechanical drawing. It is simple, direct and practical.

WOODWORK FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS. By Ira S. Griffith.

The most complete and comprehensive textbook on secondary
school woodworking ever published. Treats of Common
Woods, Tools and Processes, Woodworking Machines, Joinery,
Wood-Turning, Inlaying and Wood Carving, Wood Finishing,
Furniture Construction, Pattern-Making. Although written for
the student, every teacher of high school or normal school
woodwork will find this text a valuable and necessary volume
for reference use. It contains 370 pages and 580 special
illustrations.

CARPENTRY. By Ira S. Griffith.

A well illustrated textbook for use in vocational schools,
trade schools, technical schools, and by apprentices to the
trade, presenting the principles of house construction in
a clear and fundamental way. It treats of the "everyday"
practical problems of the carpenter and house builder from
the "laying of foundations" to the completion of the "interior
finish." It meets every requirement as a textbook and is also
well adapted for reference use. It is well illustrated by
photographs taken "on the job."

BOY ACTIVITY PROJECTS. By Samuel A. Blackburn.

A book of full-page plates and accompanying text giving
complete directions for making 86 projects of interest to the
energetic American boy. The projects are for the school, the
home, the playground, the camp, the out-of-doors, and include
a complete wireless telegraph apparatus. The plates give every
required dimension, and show each project complete and in
detail. The text is in reality working directions telling just
"how to make," including bills of material, lists of tools
required, etc. A thoroly practical and suggestive book
for school use and rich in inspiration for the boy in his own
home shop.

SEAT WEAVING. By L. Day Perry.

A handbook for teacher or student. Tells how to cane chairs,
how to use cane webbing, how to do rush seating, how to
do reed and splint weaving, how to make seats of reeds and
splints, how to prepare raw materials, how to stain, finish
and refinish, etc. Also treats of the use of cane and other
seating materials as a decorative element in furniture
construction. Well illustrated, practical and authoritative.

FURNITURE UPHOLSTERY FOR SCHOOLS. By Emil A. Johnson.

The only text and reference book on upholstery written for
school use. Contains detailed, practical instructions
telling how to upholster a variety of articles, also how
to re-upholster old furniture and how to do spring-edge
upholstery work. Describes necessary tools and materials.
Abundantly and beautifully illustrated.

PRACTICAL TYPOGRAPHY. By George E. McClellan.

A remarkable textbook for students of printing. It contains a
course of exercises ready to place in the hands of pupils,
and explains and illustrates the most approved methods used
in correct composition. A valuable feature of the book lies in
the fact that in the early stages of the course the pupil sets
up in type a description of what he is doing with his hands.
It contains 63 exercises, treating of composition from
"Correct Spacing" to the "Making up of a Book," and the
"Composition of Tables."

ART METALWORK. By Arthur F. Payne.

A textbook written by an expert craftsman and experienced
teacher. It treats of the various materials and their
production, ores, alloys, commercial forms, etc.; of tools and
equipments suitable for the work, the inexpensive equipment
of the practical craftsman; and of the correlation of art
metalwork with design and other school subjects. It describes
in detail all the processes involved in making articles
ranging from a watch fob to a silver loving-cup. It gives new
methods of construction, new finishes, new problems. It is
abundantly and beautifully illustrated, showing work done by
students under ordinary school conditions in a manual training
shop. The standard book on the subject.

TEACHING THE MANUAL AND INDUSTRIAL ARTS. By Ira S. Griffith.

A text for normal schools or colleges and a reference for
manual and vocational teachers. Presents the philosophy
of teaching manual and vocational education in terms of
psychology, social science, and economics. It gives the
conclusions of Thorndike, Judd, Bagley, Dewey and others,
and illustrates them so they serve the teacher as a basis for
evaluating the manual and industrial arts. A book of value
to the beginning teacher, the experienced supervisor or the
educational expert; an exceptional source of information on
the theory and practice of its subject.

THE MANUAL ARTS. By Charles A. Bennett.

A treatise on the selection and organization of subject matter
in the manual arts and on the methods of teaching. It states
what manual arts should be taught in the schools, their place
as concerns general and vocational education, principles
underlying the making of courses of instruction and methods
of teaching, and shows the place of the factory system in
industrial schools, etc. Heretofore no book has dealt with
the pedagogy of the manual arts in so definite and clear cut
a manner. The author has brought together, with ripened
judgment, the result of years of experience.

It is especially adapted for normal class and reading circle
use and should be read and studied by every teacher or
prospective teacher of the manual arts.

EDUCATIONAL TOYS. By Louis C. Petersen.

A comprehensive book on toy-making for the school or home.
Shows 57 toys including animals, wheeled toys, stationary
toys, moving toys, puzzles, etc., made chiefly from thin wood,
with the coping saw and easily constructed in the ordinary
school room or in the home. Tells how to make each toy, how
to finish and color, about the few simple tools and materials
required. Well illustrated with photographs and full-size
pattern drawings.

TOY PATTERNS. By Michael C. Dank.

A portfolio of toy patterns. Among them are Animals, Animal
Rocking Toys, Wheeled Platform Toys, String Toys, Lever Toys,
Freak Toys and Novelties. Each toy is shown complete and each
part is also shown full-size. They are designed to be made
with the coping saw out of thin wood. Twelve sheets, size
10-1/2" x 14", enclosed in a portfolio with an attractive
color design.

BIRD HOUSES BOYS CAN BUILD. By Albert F. Siepert.

A book of rare interest to boys. It is written in the boy
spirit and combines the charm of nature with the allurements
of continuation work in wood. It illustrates hundreds of bird
houses and shows working drawings of various designs, also
feeders, shelters, sparrow traps, and other bird accessories.
The common house nesting birds are pictured and described with
information regarding houses, foods, etc., suitable for each.
A pleasing and practical book for wide-awake boys.

MANUAL TRAINING TOYS. FOR THE BOYS' WORKSHOP. By Harris W. Moore.

A popular boys' book that is truly educational. It is a
collection of forty-two projects overflowing with "boy"
interest and new in the manual training shop. Full-page
working drawings show each project in detail and the text
gives instructions for making, together with information on
tools and tool processes.

KITECRAFT AND KITE TOURNAMENTS. By Charles M. Miller.

An authoritative and comprehensive treatment of kitecraft. The
book deals with the construction and flying of all kinds of
kites, and the making and using of kite accessories. Also
aeroplanes, gliders, propellers, motors, etc. Four chapters
are devoted to presenting a detailed description of kite
flying tournaments. Abundantly illustrated and attractively
bound.

THE CONSTRUCTION AND FLYING OF KITES. By Charles M. Miller.

This contains seven full-page plates of drawings of kites,
and fifteen figures--over forty kites shown. Details of
construction given; a kite tournament is described. Full of
interesting suggestions.

COPING SAW WORK. By Ben W. Johnson.

Contains working drawings and suggestions for teaching a
course of work in thin wood that is full of fun for the
children, and affords ample means for training in form study,
construction, invention and careful work. Has been called
"applied mechanics for the fourth grade."

SELECTED SHOP PROBLEMS. By George A. Seaton.

A collection of sixteen problems in woodworking made to meet
the needs of busy teachers of manual training. Each problem
has been put to the test and has proven satisfactory to the
teacher who designed it and to the pupil who made it.

MANUAL TRAINING MAGAZINE.

A magazine of "quality." The professional journal of the
teachers of manual, vocational and industrial education. It
publishes practical articles on the ways and means of "doing
things." It discusses vital problems in teaching the manual
arts and presents the best current thought on the development
of manual training and vocational education. To the
inexperienced teacher, it is valuable in solving numerous
problems, and to the experienced teacher, it is a means of
keeping abreast of the times. It is ably edited, attractively
printed, and well illustrated with photographs and drawings
made especially for its pages. Published monthly. $1.50 a
year; Canada, $1.80; Foreign, $2.00.

* * * * *

_Published by_

Manual Arts Press :: Peoria, Illinois

We can supply you with any book on the Manual Arts

* * * * *

Transcriber's Note:

Transcriber's Note: 'M', in the context of lumber measurement, means '1000 feet'. From 'Handwork in Wood', Chapter III, page 48. Also (ibid): "There are several methods of measuring lumber. The general rule is to multiply the length in feet by the width and thickness in inches and divide by 12, thus: 1" x 6" x 15' / 12 = 71/2 feet."

In the interests of clarity, some Illustrations have been moved closer to their descriptive text.

Hyphenation and spelling are not uniform throughout this book, e.g., 'sapwood' and 'sap-wood' both occur; '_Columbian Timber-beetle_' and 'Columbian timber beetle' occur in the same paragraph.