Chapter M: C. Baillairgé, Quebec (38)

=Shields, John=, of Toronto, was born at Crammond Bridge, nine miles from Edinburgh, Midlothianshire, Scotland, on the 26th day of June, 1842. His father was Alexander Shields, a farmer from Fifeshire, Scotland, and mother, Margaret West. They came to Canada in 1854, and settled in the township of Markham, afterwards removing to the township of the Gore of Toronto. The subject of this sketch commenced his education at Edinburgh, and afterwards attended the Collegiate Institute, Toronto, graduating with prize honours. He then passed a regular examination which enabled him to take a position as head master of a school in the township of Toronto, which occupation he continued at for two years. He then successfully passed the civil service and excise examination, taking a clerkship with John Morrow, who now holds the position of inspector of Inland Revenue, Toronto. At the time excise duty was put on petroleum he was sent to Petrolia and Sarnia by the Dominion government to organize the staff for the Inland Revenue department. After getting this branch of the service in active operation, he resigned in 1872 and commenced the production of oil by sinking a large number of wells on his own account. After a very short time he became one of the largest Canadian oil operators, continuing in this business a number of years. During this time his fellow operators and the citizens generally having seen that his administrative talent would be of great service to the town of Petrolia, they elected him in 1875 to the office of reeve, he being the youngest member ever elected to the county council. This was his first experience in politics, and from that time forth he took an active part in the interests of the Liberal-Conservative party by fighting in that Reform stronghold the Hon. Alexander Mackenzie and his brothers. From oil he gradually began the formation of railway companies, and was largely interested with the late F. C. Cline, in promoting and building the Kingston and Pembroke Railway. About this time, while still reeve of Petrolia, he organized the Erie and Lake Huron Railway, which was afterwards carried out to a successful issue in 1876. He removed again to the city of Toronto, since which time he has been actively engaged in building railways, canals, bridges and other large works of a public character, among which may be mentioned that most difficult engineering undertaking of the Canadian Pacific Railway between Lake Superior and the city of Winnipeg. This part of the line was considered the most inaccessible part of the road between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. He and his _confrère_ finished this difficult task one year before the allotted time, much to the surprise of the government, the officials of the board, and the public generally. This unheard of result showed to great advantage his ability in controlling a large body of men. After finishing the line, he operated the same for traffic purposes for a year, and inaugurated the first through train service, when it was taken over by the company. During this time he saw the opportunity and necessity for a large business in the lumber trade, in which he, with his usual enterprise, at once embarked, and built the first saw-mill and the first house in Brandon, Manitoba. He also built several other extensive saw-mills in various parts of the province. In 1886-7 he rebuilt and enlarged the Welland Canal, and also built a considerable portion of the St. Catharines and Niagara Central Railway, being the sole contractor for that line. In 1887 he commenced to build the Harvard bridge, between the cities of Boston and Cambridge. This bridge will have twenty-six spans, will be over half a mile long, and when completed will doubtless reflect great credit on Mr. Shields as a builder, justifying the confidence his American cousins have placed in him. He also owns and develops large granite quarries on the coast of Maine, particularly at Deer Isle. Mr. Shields is a consistent member of the Church of England, and was first married on the 8th of October, 1870, to Essie Annis Smiley, of St. Catharines, who died on the 20th July, 1881, at Rat Portage, leaving four children to mourn her loss, two sons and two daughters. Mr. Shields afterwards married a second time Matilda Esther Gould, at Rochester, N.Y., on the 5th of November, 1884.

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=Hale, Hon. John.=—The late Hon. John Hale belonged to an ancient and distinguished family, and was a descendant of Nicholas de Hales, of Hales Place, one of whose sons, Sir Robert, treasurer of England, prior of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, temp. Edward III., 1381, was killed by the insurgents in Wat. Tyler’s insurrection; and of Thomas Hale, who, in 1400, held Codicote, the family seat in Hertfordshire, England, as per inscription in the old mansion there, which was pulled down and rebuilt in 1774; and of Richard Hale, of King’s Walden and Stagenhoe, in Hertfordshire, temp. Elizabeth, 1567 and 1588. His father, General John Hale, came to Canada with General Wolfe in 1758, and as colonel commanded the 47th Regiment at the memorable battle on the Plains of Abraham, September 13th, 1759, and was the one chosen by Wolfe, during his dying moments, to carry home the despatches. We give an extract from _The Literary Gazette_, London, December 11th, 1847:—

For a change of subject we proceed to an original notice of an
eminent native of Cleveland, General Hale, a companion of Wolfe
at Quebec, from the pen of an affectionate daughter, the eldest
representative of the family, which can hardly fail to be
interesting to readers:—

“My father, General Hale, was born in 1728. Being intended for
the bar, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, but becoming
associated with his brother Bernard, then in the Guards, he
finally determined to follow the profession of arms. He obtained
a commission in the 47th Regiment (then called Lascelles), and
in 1752 was ordered to join in the disastrous struggle in
America. The war with France in 1755 caused the attack, in 1758,
on Louisbourg and Cape Breton, which were taken by the army
under Wolfe. In the spring of 1759 Wolf attacked Quebec, whilst
Amherst attacked Montreal, and the battle of September 13th,
1759, decided the fall of the province. My father commanded the
47th on that day. I have heard him state that he remonstrated
with Wolfe for wearing a new uniform, as he thereby became
conspicuous to the Indian marksmen. My father was dispatched
home in the _Lowestoke_ frigate, with the news of that glorious
battle and the death of that brave commander, in the arms of
victory. For that Service he was rewarded with the sum of £500,
and an order to raise the 17th Light Dragoons, which regiment he
resigned on being appointed governor of Londonderry and Culmore
forts. (This regiment he raised at his own expense.) He married,
in 1764, on his return from the Havanna (where he went as
military secretary to Lord Albemarle, and received prize money
to the amount of £10,000), Mary, second daughter of William
Chaloner, Esq. Her dower was the estate of Tockett’s Hall,
afterwards called ‘Plantation,’ about a mile north-east of
Gisborough, where was an ancient house to which the General
added largely and made it his residence.”

Mrs. Hale was sister of Anne, Countess of Harewood, and was one of the celebrated beauties of the day, her portrait having been painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds as “Euphrosyne.” This life-size painting now forms the centre picture in the gallery of the Earl of Harewood. The portrait of her husband, the general, also painted by Sir Joshua, is now in the possession of his great-grandson, Edward John Hale, of Quebec.

“Mrs. Hale died in 1803, and General Hale in 1806, and both are
buried in Gisborough Church, leaving issue ten sons and eleven
daughters; but of this large family not one is now to be found
in the Vale of Gisborough. ‘Plantation’ was purchased in 1809 by
Robert Chaloner, Esq., and again added to the Gisborough estate,
and the mansion demolished in 1829. In addition to the above, we
append the following particulars in a letter to the late Thomas
Small, of Gisborough, by the same writer:—‘I have read the copy
of your letter to my nephew, George Grote, M.P. (the historian),
and as I am now left the eldest member of the Hale family, being
sister of the late Mrs. Lewin, whose daughter Mr. Grote married.
I cannot but thank you for the faithful history of the late
General John Hale. With regard to my father being _aide-de-camp_
to General Wolfe, I think you are incorrect, for Wolfe’s words
were, after receiving his mortal wound, “I am aware it is the
_aide-de-camp’s_ privilege to carry the despatches home; but I
beg as a favor to request that my old friend, Colonel Hale, may
have that honour.” Also, General Hale’s portrait is not inserted
in that fine print of Wolfe’s death, and why? Because he would
not give the printer the sum of £100, which he demanded as the
price of placing on a piece of paper what his own country knew
so very well, viz.: that he (General Hale) fought in the hottest
of the battle of Quebec, whether the printer thought fit to
record it or not. In reply to another part of your letter
respecting the quantity of land granted to my father, for his
services at Quebec, the whole of it merged, through lapse of
time, to the Crown, and was never available to my brothers; but
my brothers possessed very extensive property there, and such
property is termed in Canada, seigniory, or what we should call
here a lordship. My eldest brother, Mr. Hale (the Hon. John),
died at Quebec last Christmas (1838), at the age of 73 years,
leaving the office of receiver-general to his second son,
Jeffrey.’”

The Hon. John Hale came to Canada as A.D.C. and military secretary to his Royal Highness, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, in 1793. Returning to England in 1798, he married, in April of that year, at St. George’s, Hanover Square, London, Elizabeth Frances, the talented and highly accomplished daughter of Gen. Wm. Amherst, and sister of Earl Amherst, who was governor-general of India in 1825. In June, 1799, he returned to Quebec as paymaster-general of the forces, which office he held until it was merged into the duties of the commissariat. He was a member of the Legislative Council of Lower Canada. He purchased from the De Lanaudière family the seigniory of St. Anne de la Pérade, where he lived to a ripe old age, at the manor house, on the best of terms with his tenants, amongst whom he introduced many improvements. He returned with his family every winter to Quebec, where he and Mrs. Hale were prominent leaders in the social life of the ancient capital. In 1824 he was appointed receiver-general of the province, which office he held up to the time of his death, the duties being discharged during the infirmities of his last illness by his son, Jeffrey Hale, who retired from the navy and devoted his life to good works, and established in Quebec the first savings bank, the first Protestant Sunday school, and was the founder of the Jeffrey Hale Protestant Hospital. Mrs. Hale died in June, 1826, and Mr. Hale in December, 1838; both are buried in Mt. Hermon cemetery, Quebec. There were twelve children issue of this marriage, eight sons and four daughters. Three died in their infancy. Of the surviving seven the Hon. Edward, of Sherbrooke, was in public life; Jeffrey, captain in the Royal Navy; Bernard, a barrister-at-law, in London; Richard, captain in the 81st regiment; William Amherst, captain in the 52nd regiment, and George Carleton remained at the seigniory of St. Annes after the death of his father. Frances Isabella died unmarried; Mary married Rev. Henry Hotham; and Elizabeth Harriot married Admiral Orlebar. Mr. Hale was of the old school, with the usual liberality and independence of an English gentleman. He had some strong hereditary feelings about the duties of a public officer, which were better securities than the strictest laws and superintendence in those times when offices were frequently sought and obtained through intrigue and popular favor. He neither gave nor asked for favors, but ever prepared to do all that he was authorized to do. Both in public and private life he carried out to the full the family motto, “_Vera sequor_.”

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=Trenaman, Thomas=, M.D., City Medical Officer, Halifax, N.S., was born in Halifax, July 16th, 1843. He is a son of Samuel and Mary Ann Trenaman, who settled in Nova Scotia from the West of England, about the year 1835. Dr. Trenaman was educated at King’s College, Windsor, N.S. He pursued his preparatory medical studies in the office of Hon. D. McN. Parker, M.D., Halifax, and graduated in 1869 at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York. The degree of doctor in medicine _ad eundem_, was conferred by the University of King’s College, Windsor, N.S., at its Ericœnia in 1887. From the date of the formation of the 66th Volunteer Battalion of Infantry—the Princess Louise Fusiliers—in 1869, to the spring of 1885, he was one of its surgeons. The pressing nature of professional duties, which were continually increasing, necessitated his retirement, at this date, from active service. In the year 1876 Dr. Trenaman was chosen by acclamation to represent his fellow citizens in the city council for ward two, the one in which he resides, and was for three successive terms, of three years each, returned as alderman for that ward. From 1879 to 1882 he was, a member of the Board of School Commissioners of the city of Halifax, the last year of which he was honored by his brother commissioners in being made chairman of the board. Dr. Trenaman was elected county physician in 1881, and in 1883 was chosen by the city council, city medical officer, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of the previous incumbent. Our subject is also, at this writing, attending physician to the Victoria General Hospital, visiting physician to the Poor’s Asylum, and also to the city prison, as well as being police surgeon and surgeon to the fire department. Dr. Trenaman was initiated into the mysteries of the Masonic craft in St. Andrew’s lodge, No. 1, R.N.S., F. & A. M., in 1871. In 1877 was elected its worshipful master, and at the present time fills the office of district deputy grand master for district No. 1, R.N.S., and is also representative of the Grand Lodge of Connecticut, near the Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia. Dr. Trenaman is a companion of Royal Union Chapter, No. 1, R.A.M. The doctor is also a member of Mystic lodge, No. 18, I.O.O.F., and a patriarch of Halifax Encampment, No. 12, belonging as well to the Manchester Unity of that order, being a member of Prince of Wales lodge, No. 5291, and its surgeon, and that of Lansdowne lodge, No. 6703. Dr. Trenaman is surgeon to the St. George’s Society of Halifax, and is the medical examiner for some of the leading life insurance companies doing business in Halifax. In June, 1881, our subject was elected president of the associated alumni of King’s College, Windsor, and has been continued in that office uninterruptedly since that time. In 1883 he was selected by the Dominion government statistical officer for the registration of mortuary statistics in the city of Halifax. Dr. Trenaman has travelled extensively through Canada and the United States, but has not as yet visited the old world. In religious belief he is a Methodist. In 1871, he married Harriett Helen Robinson, of Windsor, N.S. The doctor is, in the fullest sense of the term, a busy man, yet he finds time, notwithstanding his large and lucrative practice, to take an active interest in everything that pertains to the welfare of his native city. He is an enthusiastic supporter of its clubs for the development of aquatic and field sports, and generally is a citizen of whom Halifax has a right to be proud.

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=Machin, Henry Turner=, Assistant Provincial Treasurer, and Secretary of the Treasury Board, Quebec, is one of the best known and most esteemed citizens of the ancient capital. He is of English and Scotch extraction. His father, the Rev. Thomas Machin, a clergyman of the Church of England, came of an old Gloucestershire family; and his mother, Emily Mackintosh Chisholm Fraser, a daughter of Simon Fraser, of Alvie, Inverness-shire, who was a cousin of the distinguished statesman and historian, Sir James Mackintosh. Mr. Machin was born at Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, England, on the 26th November, 1832, and came to Canada with his parents in 1840, the voyage from Liverpool to New York being made in the steamship _Great Western_, one of the first two passenger steamships that regularly crossed the Atlantic. He was educated at the Brockville Grammar School, and at Upper Canada College, Toronto. He entered business life in 1849, in the office of the British American Land Company, at Sherbrooke, P.Q., the commissioner of the company at that time being Sir A. T. Galt, and remained in the company’s service until 1860, when he retired from it to engage in commercial business in Portland, Maine. Respected by the whole community, he was, on leaving Sherbrooke, presented with a farewell address, to which the following reference was made at the time by the leading local newspaper:

It affords us a sincere pleasure, which will be shared by the
numerous friends and admirers of Mr. Machin, who may peruse it,
to insert the following address and reply. Mr. Machin, though a
young man, has resided sufficiently long in Sherbrooke to
develop those qualities which have secured for him the esteem
and confidence of his numerous acquaintances and friends. On
Monday last Rev. Mr. Reid, accompanied by several of the most
respectable inhabitants, representing the signers of the
following document, waited on Mr. Machin, to perform the
pleasant duty of presenting him with a flattering, though only
just, testimony of the public appreciation of his character.
There is a feeling of regret at Mr. Machin’s departure from
Sherbrooke, but that feeling is joined to hearty wishes for his
future welfare and success. It must be a source of honest and
legitimate pride to this gentleman to reflect that last week he
was presented by his brother Free Masons with a testimonial of
their esteem, and that this week a more general expression of
the sentiment is spontaneously given by the public here.

In 1873, Mr. Machin returned to Canada, and in 1874 he was appointed the first inspector of public offices of the province of Quebec. His executive and financial abilities soon pointed him out for preferment, and in October, 1874, he was elevated by the Quebec government to the still more important and responsible position of assistant treasurer of the province, which office he still holds. In his official capacity he has been connected with all the financial operations of the province since 1874, and in 1878 he was sent by the government to New York, where he materially assisted in the successful negotiation of the provincial loan for $3,000,000. He has been chiefly instrumental in bringing the organisation of the treasury department to its present state of efficiency. He has never taken a leading part in politics, but has had the confidence and respect of every administration, whether Conservative or Liberal, that has been in office since his appointment as a deputy minister of the Crown. As one of the founders of the Quebec and Levis Electric Light Company, of which he is a director, the city of Quebec is indebted to his enterprise and spirit for a vast improvement in street and interior lighting, the electric current being generated at the famed Falls of Montmorency, nine miles from the city. Mr. Machin is a member of the Church of England, is a Freemason, and has held a commission in the militia. In 1863, he married Lucy Anne, daughter of the late Hon. Edward Hale, of Sherbrooke, a member of the Legislative Council of Quebec, and grand-daughter of the late Hon. Chief Justice Bowen, of Quebec.

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=Martin, Joseph=, LL.B., Advocate, Quebec, is one of the rising members of the Lower Canadian bar, and a young man of considerable note and influence in the politics of that province. He was born at Champlain, in the Three Rivers district, on the 1st May, 1855, his parents being Zephirin Martin and Sophie Vivier, both French Canadians. He was educated at the Christian Brothers’ Commercial School, Three Rivers, and the De La Salle Institute, Toronto, and studied law at the Montreal branch of the Laval University, where he took his degrees. Admitted to the bar of the province of Quebec, after a brilliant examination, on the 14th January, 1881, he practised law in Montreal till 1882, when he was appointed one of the secretaries to the commission named to revise and consolidate the statutes of the province, and took up his residence in Quebec. A Conservative in politics, he separated from the party represented by the Ottawa government on the question of the North-west rebellion, and the execution of its leader, and took a very active and prominent part in the Riel agitation and the formation of the National party in the province of Quebec, besides contributing in no slight degree by his exertions to the wave of popular opinion which carried the present premier of that province, Hon. H. Mercier, and his friends, into office at the general elections in October, 1886. In January, 1887, on the eve of the general elections for the Dominion, Mr. Martin resigned his position of secretary to the commission, on being chosen as the National-Conservative or Opposition candidate for the important county of Quebec, against the minister of militia, Sir A. P. Caron, and, although almost a complete stranger to the constituency, was only defeated by a very narrow majority. In religion, Mr. Martin has always been a Roman Catholic. On the 9th May, 1883, he married Olierie de Bondy, daughter of Dr. A. Douaire de Bondy, of Sorel, by whom he has had three children.

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=Mackay, William=, M.D., M.P.P., Reserve Mines, C.B., was born on 11th Sep., 1847, at Earltown, in the county of Colchester, Nova Scotia. For a sketch of his parents, John Mackay and Dolina Mackay, see “Paterson’s History of the County of Pictou,” page 278. His father was one of the pioneer settlers in Earltown, and took a prominent and leading part in all the public affairs of the place from the time of settlement there until his death, in 1869. A granite monument from his native hills, Rogart, Sutherlandshire, Scotland, presented to the family by his Grace the Duke of Sutherland, was shortly afterwards erected to commemorate a life largely devoted to advancing the interests and ameliorating the wants of the inhabitants of the neighbourhood in which he lived. His mother is still living and among the few who can recall the incidents relating to the early history, both of church and state in eastern Nova Scotia, her residence being often the temporary home of churchmen and statesmen. The subject of this sketch was educated at Truro, and graduated at Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York, in 1873, and after graduating he practised medicine for one year with his brother, Dr. D. G. Mackay, at Little Glace Bay, Cape Breton. In May, 1874, he was appointed resident physician to the Loway, Emery, and Reserve collieries, in Cape Breton county, In 1879, Dr. D. G. Mackay removing from Little Glace Bay, he received the appointment (in addition to the former) of physician to the Little Glace Bay, Caledonia, and Ontario collieries, and in 1885, was appointed physician to the old Bridgeport mine, in addition to the above. The appointment to the Caledonia mine he has since resigned. He was instrumental in organizing and perfecting a system of quarantining of infectious and contagious diseases for the mining districts which worked so satisfactorily that the municipal council have caused it to apply to the whole county. He has been a member of the board of health of Cape Breton county for the last five years, and is also a member of the provincial medical board. He has been twice elected president of the Cape Breton Medical Society, and is now president of the Nova Scotia Medical Society; he is also a P.M. of Tyrian Youth Lodge, No. 45, R.N.S., A. F. & A. M., and a past high priest of Prince of Wales Chapter No. 10, R.A.M., of Nova Scotia. Dr. Mackay is a Liberal-Conservative in politics, and was elected to represent Cape Breton county in the local legislature of Nova Scotia at the election in June, 1886. A liberal government being in power, and it having been sustained at the election, Dr. Mackay was, at the first meeting of the newly elected legislature, honoured with the position of leader of the opposition. In religion, he is a consistent and honoured member of the Presbyterian church. He was married on November 10th, 1875, to Catherine Campbell Sutherland, youngest daughter of Gilbert Sutherland, of “the Falls,” Colchester county, N.S., by whom he has one son and two daughters.

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=Carson, Rev. W. Wellington=, Pastor of the Dominion Methodist Church, Ottawa, Ontario, was born in the township of Osgoode, county of Carleton, Ontario, on the 7th of January, 1845. He is a son of Thos. and Maria Carson, who came to Canada from Ireland in the year 1833, and who were among the pioneer settlers in that now prosperous part of Ontario. The subject of this sketch attended the Ottawa Grammar School, and the academy in Iroquois, being assistant teacher in the latter previously to commencing a course of theological study. He was called to the ministry of the Methodist church in 1867, and was received into full connection and ordained by the late Rev. W. Morley Punshon, in 1871. After ordination he held the pastorate of the First Methodist Church, Hamilton; Brant Avenue Church, Brantford; the Woodstock Church, and Centenary Methodist Church, Hamilton. He was missionary treasurer of the London conference four years; examiner of ministerial candidates on apologetics and hermeneutics, and also held the office of chairman of district, 1884-5. He has travelled extensively over this continent, and over nearly half the world, including, of course, various parts of Europe, England, and France, all this being done with the view of enlarging his knowledge of mankind, and the religious institutions of other nations. His religions views may be known by his identification with the Methodist church, but his credal beliefs are wider than those of any denomination. His present charge is the Dominion Church, Ottawa, where he is exceedingly popular and, what is better, useful. His congregations are large, and the church prosperous. An intimate friend of the reverend gentleman writes as follows: “I have known Mr. Carson from the time of his commencing his theological studies, and his entrance on the work of the ministry. He is one of the most devoted and studious of the Methodist ministry, not confining himself to the literature of his own sect, but making himself master of most lines of modern thought. His firm and unwavering belief in the verities of Holy Scripture guards him against the reception of every wind of doctrine that blows from this or that point of the compass. In preaching, he is calm at the beginning, energetic as he proceeds, fervent and eloquent in his perorations. Hearing him frequently, it may be added that he is progressive, and capable of grasping the highest and best form of thought, distinct in annunciation, and clear in his modes of expressing his conclusions.”

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=Reed, Robert=, St. John, New Brunswick, was born in the north of Ireland, on the 28th April, 1814. After a shipwreck on the Atlantic in 1820, he arrived with his parents at their original destination, St. John, New Brunswick, in June of the following year. In January, 1830, he became chief clerk in the shipping and steam-boat office of James Whitney, who was then entering upon that fuller development of steam communication on the Bay of Fundy and River St. John for which he afterwards became famous. In 1835 Mr. Reed joined his brother in general business, the partnership continuing until 1886, under the firm of J. and R. Reed. The fact of this name having now, after a successful and creditable career of half a century’s duration, passed from the arena of commercial life with an honorable record for the strictest business integrity, into a mere historical item, warrants more than a passing notice. Hence it may be said the affairs of this house were from the first of a progressive character, reaching to business relations with nearly every important sea-port in the several oceans and seas, and thus their operations as importers, as exporters, as manufacturers and as shipowners became at times among the largest of a New Brunswick character. And in order to show the business habits and precautionary financial arrangements of its members, it may be mentioned that throughout the many commercial panics and business convulsions which occurred during the long period of the firm’s existence, its financial engagements,whether at home or abroad, were in all cases duly met, free from protest. Mr. Reed having had no aspirations towards political distinction, holds no office or title in the gift of any government. His political record is embraced in the following. In 1856 he consented to be one on a ticket formed to run a provincial election in support of a prohibitory liquor law passed the previous session; but the whole party being defeated, a repeal of the law followed. This, and the acceptance, during a temporary residence in England the following year, of a government appointment in connection with the purchase of rails and bridge material for the European and North American Railway, then under construction, embrace his entire association with active political life. But as a private citizen he has ever been noted for a generous public spirit, willing to assist in any movement which he deemed for the interest of the city and province of his adoption. He has travelled much, coupled with observation, consequently his ideas, whether of a private or public character, have always kept pace with the progress of the age. He is president of the Owens Art Institution, of St. John, to the development of which, as a leading art educational establishment, he has, from its inception in 1884, devoted much of his personal attention. His latest effort for the general good is set forth in a prospectus for a first-class hotel, of large capacity, having in view making St. John “a grand central rendezvous and diverging centre” for summer tourists visiting the maritime provinces. For that purpose he proposes the utilization of his private residence, with other and prospective erections within a plot covering eight acres, situate on the summit of an eminence overlooking the city and its surroundings as far as the eye can reach. The scheme appears feasible, and got up with a due regard to existing facts bearing upon its financial success. Its consummation would undoubtedly be a benefit to St. John, and the province generally. Mr. Reed, though well advanced in years, is at this writing still full of energy, and bids fair to yet see many years of usefulness added to his already full and useful life.

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=Girouard, Theophile=, Quebec, is one of the most prominent, enterprising and successful of the French Canadian businessmen of the ancient capital, and its subsidiary districts. Born at Gentilly, Nicolet county, on the 1st December, 1826, of the marriage of Joseph Girouard and a French lady named de Cormier, he is essentially a self-educated and a self-made man, and an admirable specimen of the class of his fellow-countrymen who have done so much of late years to develop the resources of their native province. As a lad, he laboured hard to instruct himself, and thus succeeded in acquiring a good French and English education. As a man, he has, with similar energy and perseverance, striven to make his way in the world, and his efforts have been crowned with equal success. His experience has been varied. In 1849, he was impelled by the gold fever to California, like many other young and enthusiastic spirits of the time, but unlike not a few of them he was fairly successful during his stay of four years there. Returning to Canada, he engaged in the lumber business, in the province of Quebec, and has been connected with it ever since. For a number of years the principal seat of his operations was in the eastern townships, where he also resided; but in 1872 he extended them to the region along the north shore of the St. Lawrence below the Saguenay, where he founded the outpost of Betsiamits for the purpose of manufacturing and shipping lumber, and where he erected extensive saw mills at a cost of $152,000. These mills are supplied with the raw material from 750 square miles of limits, and the establishment employs from two to three hundred men. Mr. Girouard has also been the promoter of some of the largest manufactures in the province. Nor has he been without honours marking the respect and confidence of his fellow citizens. He has been a captain of militia and a justice of the peace, and the important municipality of Stanfold, in the eastern townships, elected him its mayor during seven years. In politics, he was a Conservative down to the time of the Riel affair, when he seceded, joined the Liberal ranks, and became a Nationalist. His travels have been extensive. Including his voyages to and from California, he has crossed the ocean over thirty times, has visited most of Europe, and by a singular coincidence which has happened in the lives of few men, was carried by a gale of wind to latitude 62½° south below Cape Horn, while he went on another occasion as far in the opposite direction as 62½° north during his travels in Sweden and the Gulf of Bothnia. In religion, he has always been a Roman Catholic. On the 9th October, 1861, he married Alexneia Pacand, daughter of Charles Pacand, of Arthabasca, by whom he has had issue five children. His eldest son, Raoul, has distinguished himself as an electrician at Ottawa.

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=Pacaud, Gaspard=, M.P.P., Windsor, Ontario, editor of _Le Progress_, and M.P.P. for North Essex, was born at St. Norbert d’Arthabaska, province of Quebec, on the 24th June, 1859. He was educated at St. Joseph Grand Seminary, Three Rivers, P.Q., and graduated therefrom in 1880. He then entered the law office of his brother, Ernest Pacaud, well known in Quebec city as a man of ability and learning, but the spirit of activity within him was such as to induce him to forsake the law for the equally honorable and more exciting profession of journalism, and accordingly, in 1881, he became editor of _Le Patriote_, published in Bay City, Michigan, by another brother, H. A. Pacaud. In 1884 he returned to Canada, and took the editorial chair of _Le Progress_, published in Windsor by still another brother, Aurèle Pacaud, and has edited this paper ever since. _Le Progress_ is the only French paper published in Western Ontario, and has a high standing among the reform papers of the province. At the last general election Mr. Pacaud was returned by the Reformers of North Essex as their representative in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, and there is no member of that body who tries more to advance the interests of his constituents than he does. A fact which may be taken as strong evidence of the magnetism and personal popularity of Mr. Pacaud is this, that although such a young man—young in years as well as in political life—and although resident but a short time in a county which never before elected a Liberal, yet he defeated Mr. Sol. White, who was so well known as the leader of the Opposition’s first lieutenant. The attention which Mr. Pacaud has given to his parliamentary duties, and the fluency of his speech when he has addressed the house, are evidences to his friends that, although the youngest member of the house, Mr. Pacaud is destined to make his mark, and possibly to rise to a yet higher position in the future. Mr. Pacaud is the son of Philippe Napoléon Pacaud, who so powerfully seconded Papineau, in 1837 and 1838, by putting his life and his immense wealth at the service of the great cause of his fellow countrymen, and is one of five brothers, three of whom are journalists, and two lawyers. Every reader of Canadian history knows the name of Pacaud, the bearers of this name having distinguished themselves in many ways. The Pacaud family, indeed, is well known as one of the oldest and most distinguished in the province of Quebec.

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=Mowat, Hon. Oliver=, Q.C., LL.D., Premier of the province of Ontario, is descended of a stock that has given Canada many of its foremost men in almost every public department in the land, namely, the Canadian-Scotch. His father, John Mowat, was from Canisbay, Caithness-shire, Scotland. He was a soldier who had seen stern service during the Peninsular wars. His wife, Helen Levack, was also a native of Caithness-shire. They came to Canada in 1816, and settled in Kingston, where their son Oliver was born, on July 22, 1820. His education was as good as the schools of that city afforded at that date. At about the age of seventeen he entered the law office of Mr. (now Sir) John A. Macdonald, who, a young man but five years his senior, had just been admitted to the bar, and had settled down to practise his profession. At the outset of his student life young Mowat was called on to serve as a volunteer in the rebellion of 1837. It may well be supposed that the state of parties and affairs in Canada to which his attention was thus early and practically called must have afforded him food for thought, and had much effect in shaping his after course. It is certainly noteworthy, as indicating both mental independence and moral earnestness of no common order, that, born as he was of Conservative parents, surrounded with Conservative influences, and trained in the study of a profession which is more closely related to politics than any other, in the office and under the direct influence of a man whose brilliant talents and personal magnetism have long been and still are the strongest forces on the side of Conservatism in Canada, Oliver Mowat should have chosen that broad-minded, moderate Liberalism, of whose principles he has ever since been so able an exponent, and so steadfast a promoter. He was called to the bar in 1842, and commenced his practice in Kingston, but very soon afterwards came to Toronto, where he has ever since resided. At a time when the line of demarcation between common law and equity was much more clearly drawn than at present, Mr. Mowat chose the latter branch. He rose quickly to eminence at the Chancery bar. In 1856 he was appointed by the government of which Hon. John A. Macdonald was a member, as commissioner for consolidating the Statutes of Canada and of Upper Canada respectively, a position which he held until 1859. In 1857 he was elected to parliament as member for South Oxford, and continued to represent that constituency until 1864. Upon the fall of the Macdonald-Cartier government, in 1867, he was selected, though he had been but one year in the house, to fill the office of provincial secretary in the Brown-Dorion administration. He held the portfolio of postmaster-general in the Coalition government formed by Hon. John Sandfield Macdonald, in 1861, a position which he retained until the defeat of that government, in 1864. He was also a member of the memorable Union Conference which met at Quebec in 1864, and framed the confederation scheme; but his acceptance, a few months later, of the vice-chancellorship of Upper Canada deprived the framers of the Confederation Act of his services in the subsequent deliberations. When the Dual Representation Act compelled the retirement of Messrs. Blake and Mackenzie from the leadership of the Ontario legislature, in 1872, he was called on by the lieutenant-governor, acting no doubt on the advice of the retiring premier, to form an administration. His descent from the bench and re-entrance into political life gave occasion for a good deal of discussion at the time, on the part of those who thought, or affected to think, that the purity of the judicial ermine must be in some way contaminated by the change. The answer, if any is needed, to those who think that the position of head of the Provincial government is one requiring either mental or moral qualifications of a lower order than those of even the chancellor’s bench, is to be found in the record of sixteen years of able, upright, and progressive government of the affairs of Ontario. Those must be wilfully purblind who cannot now see that the judicial temperament and habit, with all of mental training and capacity, and of moral integrity they imply, furnish the very best of qualifications for the responsible and honorable position of virtual ruler of a great province. Sound discretion, marked ability, and sterling integrity have characterised Hon. Mr. Mowat’s career in each division of his professional and official life. As a lawyer, his talents quickly gained recognition, and, reinforced by his clear judgment and scrupulous conscientiousness, soon won for him a high place in the confidence of the profession and of the court in which he practised. Though not fluent, he was energetic, forcible, and convincing as a pleader. His patience was admirable, his industry untiring, his fertility in resources great. He was said to be endowed in large measure with the power of “thinking out” a subject, and was believed to be stronger in ability to go to the bottom of the subject than any of his contemporaries. As a judge, he exhibited qualities of both head and heart which, while they won for him respect and admiration, gained also esteem and friendship in high degree. His great business and executive ability quickly showed itself in the improved conduct and quicker despatch of the business of the court. As the head of the government, his record has long been before the people of Ontario. The mere enumeration of the reforms that have been effected, and the beneficial acts passed during his _régime_, would occupy more space than we have at our disposal. The judicious settlement of the vexed question of the municipal loan fund; the liberal and salutary provisions of the local Railway Acts; the consolidation of the Provincial Statutes; the local option principle reduced to practice in the Liquor Acts; the General Incorporation Act, by which so much economy of time has been secured in the Legislative Assembly; the well-considered and systematic aid to public charities; the changes by which the education department has been relieved of irresponsible and bureaucratic character, and put in charge of a responsible minister; the progressive legislation in connection with higher education and the University of Toronto; the introduction of the ballot in political and municipal elections; the liberalising of the franchise up to the verge of universal suffrage; all these, and many other legislative reforms wrought under this _régime_, will be lasting monuments of his statesmanship. Mr. Mowat’s legislation, though uniformly Liberal and progressive, has never been sensational. His opponents have sometimes charged him with timidity. That wise caution that refuses to move blindly under irresponsible pressure, that waits to look on all sides of a question, and goes forward only when the way is made clear, is certainly his. But that cowardly fear of censure which shrinks and hesitates on the brink of what is seen to be right and just, for fear of consequences, cannot be laid to his charge. No really urgent legislation in the interests of Liberalism and progress has been unduly delayed through his fault. The manner in which he has met and vanquished, not only in the local political arena, but in the highest court of the realm, Sir John A. Macdonald, with all the power and prestige of his own high reputation and the Dominion premiership at his back, sufficiently attests his courage in doing what he deems the right. The vindication of provincial rights in the matters of the Boundary, the Rivers and Streams Bills, and the license question, are services rendered by Oliver Mowat which will long be remembered by a grateful province. As leader of the Ontario government, in the house and out, Mr. Mowat’s address and tactics are admirable. Clear-headed and logical in debate; cautious in committing himself, yet, when occasion demands, prompt in decision and firm in action; uniformly courteous and affable, yet ready and keen in retort, and often turning the tables on an opponent most effectively; keeping himself thoroughly informed on all important questions; exhibiting on all occasions a sound judgment, combined with a ready wit, he inspires his colleagues and followers with confidence, and generally holds at bay or discomfits his most eager assailants. In some of these respects, notably in the extent and fulness of his knowledge of the subjects under debate, and in the soundness and acumen of his opinions on juridical and jurisdictional questions, his record compares most favorably with that of his great antagonist, the veteran leader of the Dominion government. To say that he may have sometimes made mistakes in judgment and policy, and that he has not uniformly steered clear of the dangerous reefs which abound in the streams of patronage, is but to admit that he is human and consequently fallible. Hon. Mr. Mowat has always taken a deep interest in social and religious questions. He is a member of the Presbyterian church, and was for many years president of the Evangelical Alliance. Like most men who have wrought earnestly and conscientiously for the public good in any sphere, his philanthropy and integrity are, no doubt, deep-based upon the firm foundation of religious principle. It has been sneeringly insinuated that he has claimed for himself the high honor of being a “Christian politician;” but it is unnecessary to say that the charge is without foundation. It seems to have originated in a perversion of a hypothetical allusion in one of his speeches to what might be considered the duty of a Christian politician, in some specified case. To arrogate to himself the distinctive title was farthest from his thought, and a boast would be as repugnant to his good sense and taste as to the modesty for which he is distinguished. That he is a faithful and devout member of an influential Christian church is a crime which will be readily forgiven him in view of the great services he has rendered to society and the state.

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=Desaulniers, Denis Benjamin William=, Nicolet, Governor of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Province of Quebec, was born on the 5th of December, 1839, at St. Anthony de la Rivière du Loup, near Maskinonge. His father, Antoine Lesieur Desaulniers, was an agriculturist of Rivière du Loup. His mother was Maria Emelie Beland. The Lesieur-Desaulniers were a numerous family, and inhabited a large portion of the parishes of Yamachiche and Rivière du Loup. Our present subject was brought up with his family until the age of thirteen, and in the month of September, 1853, he entered the seminary of Nicolet, where he made his classical course with great success. In the month of May, 1860, he obtained from the Board of Physicians his license for the study of medicine, and studied two years under the patronage of Dr. Alexis Milette. In 1862, in the month of September, he entered the Laval University at Quebec to complete his course, and was the most solid and substantial of all the students of his time. During his last two years he carried off the first “Morin,” this prize having been only twice offered to the pupils whilst pursuing his course. On the 10th October, 1865, he was admitted to the practice of medicine, after a severe examination before the Provincial Board of Physicians, and the same year he established himself in the parish of Rivière du Loup, now Louiseville. A year after, in October, 1866, being equally successful in the practice of his profession as well as literary pursuits, he was called to Nicolet to take charge of the seminary there, the pupils and all connected with this important institution, a post which he still fills. Later, upon the establishment of the convent of the Sœurs de l’Assomption at Nicolet, he was made physician to the institution. In 1886, when L’Hotel Dieu of Nicolet was inaugurated by the Sœurs Grises of St. Hyacinthe, he was again selected as first acting physician to the house. Dr. Desaulniers has been very fortunate in the practice of his profession, but his great specialty has been midwifery. He has closely followed the progress of medicine in its many branches, and therefore is one of the foremost physicians of the day. His unprecedented success in the past promises a brilliant future. On the 31st of August, in the year 1881, he was appointed coroner, in conjunction with Dr. S. Ed. Badeau, for the district of Three Rivers, and occupied this office for two years, when he was obliged to resign to fulfil the requirements of his profession. Seven years after Dr. Desaulniers arrival at Nicolet, the village was raised to a town, and it then became necessary to form a town council, of which he was chosen and elected by a large majority first mayor of Nicolet. Of course he had everything to do, and the greater part of the rules and regulations now in force were passed during his administration. At the completion of his term of office he retired, and gave himself up entirely to the practice of his profession, which had become very extensive. In 1877, he was elected governor of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the province of Quebec for the district of Three Rivers, and has held that position since that date. He was born in the Roman Catholic religion, and has ever remained faithful to his church principles. Dr. Desaulniers married on the 12th January, 1869, Marie Rose de Lima Proulx, second daughter of Hubert Proulx, of Nicolet, and in May, 1879, his wife died, leaving three infant daughters. He was married the second time, on July 13th, 1880, to Marie Célanire Gagnon, widow of late Louis Ludger Richard, and daughter of Antoine Gagnon, agent for the Crown lands at Arthabaskaville. In May, 1884, he again had the misfortune of losing his wife, who left an infant daughter.

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