Chapter VII: Introduction: Sidenote: ARRANGEMENT (6)

487. Accession to Electorate, &c., 1727. _Obv._ Bust of King
l., laur., wearing armour and cloak. GEORGIVS II. D. G.
MAG. BRIT. FR. &c. E. HANNIBAL F. _Rev._ Horse of Brunswick
galloping l. over rocks. NEC ASPERA TERRENT (motto); in ex.,
SVCCESSIO ELECTORALIS. MDCCXXVII. E. H. Silver. Size 2·5. By E.
Hannibal.

George I. died at Osnaburg, 11 June, 1727, and his son, George II., was proclaimed King four days afterwards, 15 June.

488. Coronation, 1727. _Obv._ Bust of King l., laur., wearing
armour and cloak. GEORGIVS II. D. G. MAG. BR. FR. ET HIB. REX.
I. C. _Rev._ King enthroned r., crowned by Britannia, holding
cornucopiae and resting on fasces. PER POPULOS VOLENTES; in
ex., CORON. XI. OCTOB. MDCCXXVII. Gold. Size 1·35. By J. Croker.

George II. was crowned 11 Oct. 1727.

489. Coronation of Queen, 1727. _Obv._ Bust of Queen l.,
draped. CAROLINA D. G. MAG. BR. FR. &c. I. C. _Rev._ Queen
facing between Religion holding book and Britannia with spear
and shield. HIC AMOR HÆC PATRIA; in ex., CORON. XI. OCTOB.
MDCCXXVII. Gold. Size 1·3. By J. Croker.

Caroline, wife of George II., dau. of John Frederic, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, born 1683, mar. 1705, died 1737.

490. The Royal Family of England, 1732. _Obv._ Busts, face to
face, of King in armour and cloak, and Queen draped. GEORGIVS
II. REX ET CAROLINA REGINA; below, MDCCXXXII; on arm of King,
I. C. _Rev._ Seven busts in profile of the Royal children, the
Prince of Wales in centre l., on his arm T. FELICITAS IMPERII;
in ex., names of the two Princes and five Princesses. Gold.
Size 2·7. By J. Croker and J. Sigmund Tanner.[30]

[30] Johann Sigmund Tanner, who executed the reverse of this medal, was a native of Saxe-Gotha. He came to England about 1730, and was shortly afterwards appointed one of the engravers to the Mint. Upon the death of Croker in 1741, Tanner was promoted to the office of Chief Engraver, which he filled till his death in 1773.

The Royal children were Frederic Prince of Wales, William Duke of Cumberland, and the Princesses, Anne, Amelia, Caroline, Mary, and Louisa.

491. Frederic Prince of Wales. _Obv._ Bust of Prince l., in
armour. FREDERIC. WALLIÆ PRINCEPS. J. A. DASSIER. _Rev._
Coronet, plumes, and motto of Prince of Wales, supported by two
infant angels in clouds. Copper. Size 2·1. By J. A. Dassier.[31]

[31] James Anthony Dassier, medallist, born at Geneva 1715, was educated under Germain, the goldsmith, at Paris. He worked first at Rome for Clement XII., and, coming to London, was appointed Assistant Engraver to the Mint and Chief Engraver in 1740. In 1731 he executed a continuous series of portrait medals of English Sovereigns from William I. to George II. He died in 1759 at Copenhagen, on his way from St. Petersburg to London.

Frederic, Prince of Wales, born 1707; mar. 1736 Augusta, dau. of Frederic II., Duke of Saxe-Gotha; died 1751.

492. War of Spanish Succession: Second Treaty of Vienna, 1731.
_Obv._ Head of King l.,laur. GEORGIVS II. D. G. MAG. BRI. FRA.
&c. I. C. _Rev._ Neptune in sea-chariot r., contending with the
four winds. PRÆSTAT COMPONERE. (Virg. Aen. i. 139); in ex.,
FOEDVS VIENNENSE. MDCCXXXI. Gold. Size 1·8. By J. Croker.

The second Treaty of Vienna, between England, France, Spain, Holland, and the Emperor, signed 5 Mar. 1731, terminated the disputes which arose out of the Spanish Succession.

493. War with Spain: Taking of Porto Bello, 1739. _Obv._
Admiral Vernon towards l., in naval uniform; in background,
ship, and Fort Chagree; above which, A VIEW OF FORT CHAGRE. THE
BRITISH GLORY REVIV.D (sic) BY ADMIRAL VERNON. _Rev._ English
fleet in Porto Bello harbour. HE TOOK PORTO BELLO WITH SIX
SHIPS ONLY; in ex., NOV. 22. 1739. Brass. Size 1·45.

Immediately after the declaration of war against Spain, 19 Oct. 1739, Commodore Anson was sent to blockade the coast of Peru, and Admiral Vernon to attack Porto Bello, which he captured 22 Nov. 1739 with the small force of six men-of-war.

494. Attempt on Carthagena, 1741. _Obv._ Admiral Vernon towards
l., in naval uniform; in the distance, Carthagena. ADM^L VERNON
VIEWING THE TOWN OF CARTHAGENA. _Rev._ View of harbour of
Carthagena; outside, English ships; within, boat, over which
DON BLASS.—HE DESTROYD THE FORTS OF CARTHAGENA; in ex., APRIL
1741. Pewter. Size 1·4.

Admiral Vernon attacked Carthagena 4 Mar. 1741, but only succeeded in destroying a portion of its defences. Of this and the previous medal there are a large number of varieties.

495—496. War of the Austrian Succession: Victory of Dettingen,
1743. _Obv._ Bust of King l., in armour and cloak. GEORGIVS
II. D. G. MAGN. BRIT. FR. &c. D. HAESLING F. _Rev._ The King
on horseback l., commanding at battle of Dettingen: distant
view of engagement. LIBERTAS FAVORE DEI ET VIRTVTE MILITIS
RESTITVTA; in ex., AD DETTINGAM. D. XXVII. IVN. MDCCXLIII. Gold
and silver. Size 2·6. By D. Haesling.

At Dettingen, George II., with an army of 40,000 English and Hanoverians, defeated the French under the Duc de Noailles and the Duc de Grammont. In consequence of this defeat, the French were compelled to evacuate Germany. This medal was executed by Daniel Haesling, a native of East Gothland and pupil of Hedlinger. He worked chiefly for the kings of Poland and Denmark.

497. Battle of Fontenoy, 1745. _Obv._ Head of Louis XV. r.,
bound with diadem. LUD. XV. REX CHRISTIANISS. F. M. _Rev._
Louis XV. with the Dauphin in triumphal quadriga r., crowned
by Victory. DECUS IMPERII GALLICI; in ex., HOSTES AB IPSOMET
REGE FUSI AD FONTENOIUM. XI. MAII. MDCCXLV. Copper. Size 1·6.
By F. Marteau.

The defeat of the Allies at Fontenoy was mainly due to the flight of the Dutch. The Allies were commanded by the Duke of Cumberland, and the French by Louis XV. and Marshal Saxe. F. Marteau was one of the engravers to Louis XV.

498. Jacobite Rebellion: Battle of Culloden, 1746. _Obv._
Bust of Duke of Cumberland r., wearing armour and lion's
skin. GULIELMUS GEOR. II. R. FIL. DUX CUMBRIÆ; on arm, R.
YEO F. _Rev._ Hercules raising Britannia l., and trampling
on Rebellion holding serpents. PERDVELLIB. EX ANG. FVGAT. AD
CULLOD. DEBELLAT. 16. APR. 1746. Gold. Size 2. By R. Yeo.

By the battle of Culloden, 16 Apr. 1746, in which the Scots, under Prince Charles Edward and Lord G. Murray, were defeated by the Duke of Cumberland, the cause of the Jacobites was hopelessly crushed. This medal is by Richard Yeo, who for many years during the reign of George II. was employed as one of the assistant engravers at the Royal Mint.

499. War of the Austrian Succession: Naval engagement off Cape
Finisterre, 1747. _Obv._ Head of Admiral Anson l., crowned
by Victory, standing on prow. GEORGE LORD ANSON. VICT. MAY
III. MDCCXLVII. T. PINGO F. _Rev._ Victory with wreath and
trophy towards l., standing on sea-monster above globe.
CIRCVMNAVIGATION; around, each within laurel-wreath, names of
SAVNDERS, BRETT, DENNIS, CAMPBELL, KEPPEL, SAVMAREZ. MDCCXL.
MDCCXLIV. Gold. Size 1·65. By T. Pingo.[32]

[32] Thomas Pingo was an assistant engraver at the Royal Mint during the early part of the reign of George III. He also executed a large number of medals for Frederic II. of Prussia, as well as the coronation medal for Stanislaus Augustus, King of Poland.

This medal commemorates the defeat of the French fleet off Cape Finisterre, 3 May, 1747, by Admiral Lord Anson.

500. Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748. _Obv._ Priestess l.,
sacrificing at altar; above, in clouds, female figure holding
cornucopiae, olive-branch, and scales; on l., lion of Holland
resting on Bible and holding staff with cap of Liberty.
E SVPERIS ASTRÆA REDVX BONA SÆCVLA REDDENS; in ex., PAX
AQVISGRANI SANCITA ANNO LIB. IVBILÆO. MDCCXLVIII. _Rev._ Eight
shields crowned, attached to orange-branches and lilies—arms
of England, France, Empire, Spain, Holland, Sardinia, Italy,
and Prussia; in centre, burning heart, pierced with arrows.
REDUNIVNTVR. Silver. Size 1·7.

By the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, the war of the Austrian Succession was brought to an end. The treaty was signed by all the belligerent parties, in October 1748, Sardinia excepted. This medal was executed in Holland.

501. Conquest of Canada: Louisburg taken, 1758. _Obv._ Globe,
inscribed CANADA. AMERICA, resting on prostrate fury at edge
of rock, who drops fleur-de-lis and points to boats in sea; on
either side of globe, Grenadier and Canadian; above, Fame l.,
English flag and scroll inscribed, PARITER IN BELLA. T. PINGO
F. _Rev._ Louisburg bombarded. LOVISBOVRG TAKEN. MDCCLVIII:
edge engraved with names of Boscawen, Amherst, and Pitt.
Silver. Size 1·7. By T. Pingo.

Louisburg was captured from the French, 27 July, 1758. Generals Amherst and Wolfe commanded the land forces, and Admiral Boscawen the fleet.

502. Taking of Quebec, 1759. _Obv._ Head of Britannia l.,
bound with fillet; above, BRITANNIA; below, laurel-wreath,
uniting trident and standard. SAVNDERS. WOLFE. _Rev._ Victory
l., crowning trophy; at base, captive seated bound, and prow
of ship. QVEBEC TAKEN. MDCCLIX.; in ex., SOC. P. A. C. Silver.
Size 1·5.

On 13 Sep. 1759, the heights of Abraham above Quebec were captured by Wolfe, who was killed in the action. The town of Quebec surrendered five days afterwards. Admiral Saunders commanded the fleet. This medal and the following (Nos. 503—5) were issued by the Society for the Promotion of Arts and Commerce.

503. Canada Subdued, 1760. _Obv._ Head of King l., laur. GEORGE
II. KING. _Rev._ Weeping female figure seated r. beneath
pine-tree; on the other side, beaver. CANADA SUBDUED; in ex.,
MDCCLX. S. P. A. C. Silver. Size 1·5.

After the capture of Quebec, it was arranged that the garrison should be conveyed to the nearest French port. In the following year the conquest of the whole of Canada was completed. The reverse type of this medal is suggested by the well-known "Judaea Capta" on Roman coins.

504. War of East India Company: Victory of Plassy, 1757. _Obv._
Victory, with trophy and palm, on elephant l. VICTORY AT
PLASSY CLIVE COMMANDER; in ex., MDCCLVIII. SOC. P. A. C. _Rev._
Clive in dress of Roman warrior l., holding standard in l.
hand and presenting sceptre of Nawab (Nabob) of Bengal to Meer
Jaafar (Jaffier); between them, globe, cornucopiae, and rudder.
INIVRIES ATTONED PRIVILEGE AVGMENTED TERRITORY ACQVIRED. A
SOVBAH GIVEN TO BENGAL. MDCCLVIII. Silver. Size 1·5.

This medal records the defeat of Siraj-ed-dawleh (Surajah Dowlah) at Plassy by Clive, 23 June, 1757, and the appointment of Meer Jaafar to be his successor as Nawab (Nabob) of Bengal, &c.

505. War in Africa: Taking of Goree, 1758. _Obv._ Head of
Britannia, l.; behind, trident. O FAIR BRITANNIA HAIL.
_Rev._ Victory with wreath and palm on prow, r. GOREE TAKEN.
MDCCLVIII. Silver. Size 1·55.

The island of Goree was captured from the French by Commodore Keppel, 28 Dec. 1758.

506. Seven Years' War: Battle of Minden, 1759. _Obv._ Mars
with scourge and shield, surrounded by French arms and flags,
dispersing enemy, who are seen flying in the distance. VIRTVTI
CEDIT NVMERVS; in ex., PRŒLIVM MINDENSE. I. AVG. MDCCLIX. I.
G. HOLTZHEY FEC. _Rev._ View of the valley of the Weser; in
foreground, olive-tree entwined with vine; at base, keys in
mural crowns and wheat-sheaves. POST TOT DISCRIMINA RERVM.
(Virg. Aen. i. 408); in ex., FERD. PR. BRVNSV. EXERC. FOED.
DVX. Silver. Size 1·9. By J. G. Holtzhey.[33]

[33] Johann Georg Holtzhey, a native of Amsterdam, where he resided during the greater part of his life, worked chiefly for Frederic the Great of Prussia and the other sovereigns of Germany. He was also employed occasionally by Louis XV. and Louis XVI. of France. Although residing at Amsterdam, he does not appear to have executed any medals for the House of Orange.

At the battle of Minden, 31 July, 1759, the French, under Marshal Contades and the Duke de Broglie, were defeated by the Hanoverians and English, commanded by Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick and Lord George Sackville. Nothing but the refusal of Lord Sackville to complete the victory by a charge of Ferdinand's horse saved the French from utter rout.

507. Another. _Obv._ Bust of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick r.,
in armour and cloak. FERD. OF BRVNSWICK; on arm, KIRK. _Rev._
View of battle; Prince Ferdinand in foreground commanding.
PROTESTANTS REIOICING; in ex., THE FRENCH BEATEN AT MINDEN.
MDCCLIX. Silver. Size 1·4. By John Kirk.

John Kirk's work dates from the second half of the 18th cent. He executed a large number of medalets.

508. Sir Robert Walpole, Earl of Orford, 1744. _Obv._ Bust l.,
wearing star and ribbon of Garter. ROBERTUS WALPOLE. A. DASSIER
F. _Rev._ Within ornamented border, COMES DE ORFORD. MDCCXLIV.
Copper. Size 2·15. By J. A. Dassier.

Sir Robert Walpole, Earl of Orford, statesman, b. 1676, Secretary for War 1708, Treasurer of the Navy 1709, Chancellor of the Exchequer and First Lord of the Treasury 1715—17, Paymaster of the Forces 1720, Prime Minister 1721—1742; d. 1745.

509. Lord Carteret, 1744. _Obv._ Bust r., in civilian's dress.
IOHANNES CARTERET. A. DASSIER F. _Rev._ Within ornamented
border, BARO DE CARTERET. MDCCXLIV. Copper. Size 2·1. By J. A.
Dassier.

Lord John Carteret, aft. Earl Granville, statesman, b. 1690, Second Sec. of State 1721, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 1724—26 and again 1729—30, First Secretary of State 1742—1744; d. 1763.

510. Earl of Chesterfield, 1743. _Obv._ Bust l., wearing star
and ribbon. PHILIPPUS STANHOPE, I. A. DASSIER F. _Rev._ Within
ornamented border, COMES DE CHESTERFIELD. MDCCXLIII. Copper.
Size 2·1. By J. A. Dassier.

Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield, statesman and writer, b. 1694, Ambassador at the Hague 1728 and 1745, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 1745, Second Sec. of State 1746: assisted in the Reformation of the Calendar 1752; d. 1773.

511. Earl of Chatham. _Obv._ Bust l., in tie-wig and civilian's
dress. GVLIELMVS PITT; on arm, T. PINGO F. _Rev._ THE MAN WHO
HAVING SAVED THE PARENT PLEADED WITH SUCCESS FOR HER CHILDREN.
Silver. Size 1·55. By T. Pingo.

William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, statesman, b. 1708, Vice-Treasurer for Ireland 1746, Paymaster-General of the Army 1747—55, First Secretary of State 1756 and again 1757—1761, Lord Privy Seal and Prime Minister 1766—68; d. 1778.

This medal refers to Chatham's foreign policy and desire to stop England's contest with her colonies.

512. General Wolfe, 1759. _Obv._ Bust l., in armour and cloak.
IACOBUS WOLFE ANGLUS. GOSSET M. KIRK F. _Rev._ Urn on pedestal,
inscribed, PRO PATRIA; above, laurel-wreath; around, arms and
flags. IN VICTORIA CÆSVS; in ex., QVEBECÆ. SEPT. XIII. MDCCLIX.
Silver. Size 1·4. By C. Gosset and J. Kirk.

Major-General James Wolfe, b. 1726, served at Dettingen, Fontenoy, Falkirk, and Culloden; commanded in Canada, and was killed in the attack on Quebec, 13 Sept. 1759.

513. Lord Clive, 1766. _Obv._ Bust, three-quarters l., wearing
embroidered coat and ribbon and star. ROBERT CLIVE BARON OF
PLASSEY. I. U. N. F. _Rev._ Fame facing, pointing at obelisk,
inscribed with achievements of Clive. HONOUR THE REWARD OF
MERIT; in ex., ANNO 1766. C. G. Copper. Size 1·6. By C. Gosset.

Robert Lord Clive, b. 1725, in service of the East India Company, defeated Siraj-ed-dawleh (Surajah Dowlah), Nawab (Nabob) of Bengal, at Plassey, 23 June, 1757; Governor and Commander-in-chief in Bengal 1764—67; d. 1774.

GEORGE III 1760—1820.

514. Marriage, 1761. _Obv._ Busts of King and Queen, as Greek
Sovereigns, jugate r. GEORG. III. SOPH. CAROL. M. B. F. ET H.
REX ET REGINA; on shoulder, A. _Rev._ Britannia burning incense
at tripod, and holding staff with cap of Liberty; in the
distance, ship. VOTA BRITANNIÆ; in ex., FELICI VINCULO IUNCTI.
D. X. SEPT. MDCCLXI. Gold. Size 1·65. By J. Abraham.[34]

[34] Jakob Abraham, b. 1723, at Strelitz, was appointed Engraver to the Prussian Mint, an office which he held for over 50 years. He died about the year 1800.

George III. married, 8 Sep. 1761, Sophia Charlotte, dau. of the Duke of Mecklenburg Strelitz. The date is incorrectly given on the medal.

515. Coronation, 1761. _Obv._ Bust of King r., laur., in
armour, and cloak. GEORGIVS III. D. G. M. BRI. FRA. ET HIB.
REX F. D.; on arm, L. N. _Rev._ King in Roman dress, laur.,
seated l., crowned by Britannia; at her side, shield and
trident; on r., lion with orb. PATRIAE OVANTI; in ex., CORON.
XXII. SEPT. MDCCLXI. L. N. Gold. Size 1·3. By J. L. Natter.[35]

[35] Johann Lorenz Natter, a native of Biberach, Württemberg, settled early at Florence, where he worked for the Grand Duke, and also under the patronage of Baron Stosch, a famous collector of ancient gems, for whom he executed intagli in imitation of the antique. It is also said that he interpolated names on antique gems. From Florence he emigrated to London, where he was liberally patronised by the Duke of Devonshire and the Duke of Marlborough, and was appointed Assistant Engraver to the Mint. Soon after the coronation of George III. he went to St. Petersburg, where he died in 1763.

George III., eldest son of Frederic Prince of Wales, succeeded to the throne 22 Oct. 1760. He was crowned 22 Sep. 1761.

516. Another. _Obv._ Bust of King l., in armour and cloak.
GEORGIVS TERTIVS REX. _Rev._ Bust of Queen r., draped.
CHARLOTTA BRITANNIÆ REGINA. NUPT. SEP. VIII. CORO. XXII.
MDCCLXI. Silver. Size 1·6. By J. Kirk.

517. Seven Years' War: Peace of Paris, &c., 1763. _Obv._
Two military figures (Mars and Austria) conducting Prussia
helmeted to Temple of Janus, surmounted by arms of Russia and
ornamented with various shields; within temple, Neptune and Sol
sacrificing; on step of temple, SVVM CVIQVE. ADES PAX ET TOTO
MITIS IN ORBE MANE. MDCCLXIII. I. G. HOLTZHEY FEC. _Rev._ Latin
inscription detailing treaties entered upon by the different
Powers at the end of the Seven Years' War. Silver. Size 1·9. By
J. G. Holtzhey.

The treaties which terminated the Seven Years' War were a compact between Russia and Prussia, 5 May, 1762; another between Prussia and Sweden, 22 May, 1762; another, called the Peace of Paris, between England, France, Spain, and Portugal, 10/16 Feb. 1763; and the last, called the Peace of Hubertsburg, between Austria, Prussia, and Saxony, 18 Feb. 1763.

518. Prosecution of the "North Briton," No. 45, 1763. _Obv._
Bust of Wilkes, three-quarters l., wearing robes of Lord Mayor.
I. WILKES ESQ^R LORD MAYOR. 1774. _Rev._ Axe and jack-boot with
head of Lord Bute. BRITONS STRIKE HOME. Copper. Size 1·7. Cast.

John Wilkes, Alderman of London and M.P. for Aylesbury, was imprisoned under a general warrant for a libel on the King's Speech published in the "North Briton," No. 45, 1763. General warrants being declared illegal, Wilkes was released. The head in the jack-boot was a rustic pun on the name of John Earl of Bute, Prime Minister 1762—3. The axe suggests treason. This medal was executed when Wilkes became Lord Mayor of London, 1774.

519. Captain Cook's Second Voyage, 1772. _Obv._ Head of King
r., laur. GEORGE III. KING OF GR. BRITAIN FRANCE AND IRELAND
ETC. B. F. _Rev._ Two ships on sea. RESOLVTION ADVENTVRE—SAILED
FROM ENGLAND. MARCH. MDCCLXXII. Gold. Size 1·7. By Barnett.

In his second voyage round the world, Captain James Cook, the navigator (b. 1728; d. 1779), commanded the Resolution, and was accompanied by the Adventure. He left in March 1772, and, after visiting New Zealand and passing Cape Horne, returned in July 1774.

520. Another. _Obv._ Bust l., in naval uniform. IAC. COOK
OCEANI INVESTIGATOR ACERRIMVS. REG. SOC. LOND. SOCIO SVO. L. P.
F. _Rev._ Fortune l., leaning on rostral column, holding rudder
on globe, and spear; near her, shield. NIL INTENTATVM NOSTRI
LIQVERE. (Hor. Ep. ad Pis. 285); in ex., AVSPICIIS GEORGII III.
Gold. Size 1·65. By L. Pingo.

On his return from his second voyage in 1774, Captain Cook was elected a member of the Royal Society, and in 1776 he received its Copley medal in gold for brilliant discoveries. This medal is by Lewis Pingo, who for many years during the reign of George III. was Chief Engraver to the Royal Mint.

521. No Popery Riots, 1779—80. _Obv._ Bust of Lord George
Gordon l., in broad-brimmed hat and coat. _Rev._ LORD GEORGE
GORDON. 1780. Copper. Size 1·15.

In consequence of a Bill before Parliament to relieve Roman Catholics of certain penalties and disabilities, serious riots took place in Scotland and England, 1779—80. These riots were stimulated by the Protestant Association, of which Lord George Gordon was president.

522. American War: Paul Jones: Attacks on Scottish Coast, 1779.
_Obv._ Bust of Paul Jones r., in naval uniform. JOANNI PAVLO
JONES CLASSIS PRAEFECTO. COMITIA AMERICANA. DUPRÉ F. _Rev._
Naval engagement. HOSTIVM NAVIBVS CAPTIS AVT FVGATIS; in ex.,
AD ORAM SCOTIAE. XXIII. SEPT. MDCCLXXVIIII. DUPRÉ F. Copper.
Size 2·2. By A. Dupré.[36]

[36] Augustin Dupré, a medallist of some note, was for some time chief engraver at the Paris mint.

In the autumn of 1779 Scotland was much alarmed by the daring exploits of Captain John Paul Jones, who in command of an American squadron attacked her coasts, captured numerous prizes, and even threatened Edinburgh. This medal records the capture, on 13 Sep. 1779, of the English frigate Serapis, Captain Pearson, by the Bon Homme Richard, commanded by Captain Paul Jones, to whom it was awarded, in gold.

523. Defeat of Royal Forces at Cowpens, 1781. _Obv._ English
cavalry flying before American; Lieut.-Colonel Washington on
horseback l., commanding; above, Victory with wreath and palms.
GULIELMO WASHINGTON LEGIONIS EQUIT. PRÆFECTO; in ex., COMITIA
AMERICAN, DU V. _Rev._ Within laurel-wreath, inscription in
Latin, giving date of battle of Cowpens, XVII. JAN. MDCCLXXXI.
&c. Copper. Size 2·8. By B. Du Vivier.[37]

[37] Benjamin Du Vivier, son of J. Du Vivier, the medallist, b. at Paris, 1730, was chief engraver to Louis XVI. He was afterwards employed by the French Republican Government. Died 1795.

On 17 Jan. 1781, Colonel Tarleton, who commanded the British troops, was defeated at a place called Cowpens by a force under General Morgan and Lieut.-Colonel Washington, nephew of the Commander-in-chief.

524. Prosecution of the War with America, 1781. _Obv._ Bust of
King l., laur., in armour and cloak. GEORGIUS III. REX ANG.
_Rev._ Lion l., bursting his bonds. INDOCILIS PATI; in ex., IN
PERPET. MEMOR. MDCCLXXXI. Silver. Size 2·1.

This medal illustrates the determination of England to prosecute the war with America to the "bitter end." The independence of the Colonies was, however, acknowledged in the following year, 30 Nov. 1782, by the Treaty of Paris.

525. War with Holland: Capture of the Island of St. Eustatius,
1781. _Obv._ Bust of Admiral Rodney r., in naval uniform. G.
B. RODNEY. _Rev._ Within oak-wreath, IN MEMORY OF THE GLORIOUS
3^{RD.} FEB^{RY.} 1781 WHEN S^R GEORGE PUNISH'D THE DUTCH &c.
&c. Silver. Size 1·35.

Holland having formed a secret treaty with the United States, a declaration of war was proclaimed in London, and on 3 Feb. 1781 Admiral Sir George Rodney captured from the Dutch the rich Island of St. Eustatius, in the West Indies. It was recaptured by the French in the following year.

526. Action off Cadiz, 1781: Capture of the Castor. _Obv._
Ships on sea; one sinking. VIS VI FORTITER REPULSA; in ex.,
PROPE GADES. XXX. MAY. MDCCLXXXI. _Rev._ Trophy of three
shields, arms of Holland and of the Dutch ships the Castor
and Brill? surmounted by naval crown, anchors, and two flags
inscribed, P. MELVILL NAVARCHUS, and G. OORTHUIS NAVARCH.; sun
rising. ANTIQVA VIRTVTE DVVMVIRI; below, festoons with lion's
head in centre. I. G. HOLTZHEY FEC. Silver. Size 1·75. By J. G.
Holtzhey.

This medal commemorates the action on 30 May, 1781, between the English ships, the Flora and Crescent, and the Dutch ships, the Castor and Brill. The fight ended in the capture of the Castor, commanded by Capt. Melvill. Capt. Oorthuis commanded the Brill.

527. Action off Dogger Bank, 1781. _Obv._ Victory r., holding
wreath and palm, on prow inscribed, DOGGERS BANK—PAX QVAERITVR
BELLO. V. AVG. MDCCLXXXI. S. _Rev._ Within laurel-wreath,
EXIMIAE VIRTVTIS PRAEMIVM; around, MVNIFICENTIA PRINCIPIS
AVRIACI. Gold. Size 1·4; with ring for suspension.

This medal was executed by order of the Prince of Orange to commemorate the action off Dogger Bank, 5 Aug. 1781, between the English fleet under Admiral Sir Hyde Parker and the Dutch under Admiral Zoutman. Both sides fought with the determination of former days, but neither obtained any actual advantage.

528. War with Spain: Siege of Gibraltar, 1782. _Obv._ View of
Gibraltar besieged. PER TOT DISCRIMINA RERUM. (Virg. Aen. i.
208); XIII. SEPT. MDCCLXXXII. _Rev._ Within laurel-wreath,
REDEN, LAMOTTE, SYDOW, ELIOTT; around, BRUDERSCHAFT. L. PINGO
F. Gold. Size 1·9. By L. Pingo.

Gibraltar had suffered a siege of three years, when the Spaniards determined to make a supreme effort to capture the place by means of floating batteries constructed by the French engineer D'Arcon. The great attack was made 13 Sep. 1782, but failed, the batteries being totally destroyed by red-hot cannon balls. The fortress was defended by General Elliot, who ordered this medal to be struck for presentation to the Hanoverian Brigade, which took part in the defence.

529. General Elliot. Defender of Gibraltar, 1782. _Obv._ Bust
l., in military uniform, wearing order of Garter. GEORGE
AUGUSTUS ELIOTT GOVERNOR OF GIBRALTAR. J. P. DROZ F. _Rev._
Hercules, with apples of the Hesperides and club, facing;
beside him, pillar, another beyond, the sea between; in the
distance, Gibraltar. FORTITER ET RECTE; in ex., XIII. SEPT.
MDCCLXXXII. DROZ F. Copper. Size 2·35. By J. P. Droz.[38]

[38] Jean Pierre Droz, b. at Chaux de Fonds 1746, was a pupil of Du Vivier. He came to England about 1790, and was engaged by Boulton of Birmingham on a new copper coinage. Returning to Paris about 1807, he was appointed Director of the Mint, which post he resigned in 1814. Afterwards, under the direction of Vivant-Denon and Jeuffroy, he issued a large series of medals illustrating the great events of the Empire. In this work he employed a number of engravers. He died 1823.

General George Augustus Elliot, Lord Heathfield, born 1718, entered the army 1735; was present at Dettingen 1743; appointed Commander-in-chief in Ireland 1775, and soon afterwards Governor of Gibraltar, which he defended in the long siege from 1779 to 1783; created 1787 Lord Heathfield, Baron Gibraltar; died 1790. The rock of Calpe (Gibraltar) on the Spanish coast, with the opposite one of Abyla on the African coast, formed the renowned "Pillars of Hercules," so called from the myth that he tore asunder the mountain which closed the Straits.

530. Recovery of the King, 1789. _Obv._ Head of King r., laur.
GEORGIVS III. MAGN. BR. FR. &c. _Rev._ West front of St. Paul's
Cathedral. LÆTITIA CVM PIETATE.—DEO OPT. MAX. REX. PIENTISS.
PRO SALVTE REST. V.S.L. M. AP. 23. 1789; edge inscribed. Gold.
Size 2·1.

In 1788 the King was attacked with a violent illness, which terminated in symptoms of lunacy. He recovered in the following year, and a public thanksgiving was held at St. Paul's, 23 April, 1789. This medal was "struck by order of the Patrons of the anniversary meeting, who assembled with 5000 children on the happy event."

531. War with France: "Victory of the 1st June," 1794. _Obv._
Bust of Admiral Howe l., in naval uniform and cloak. RIC.
COMES HOWE VICE-ADMIRALLUS ANGLIÆ &c. BARNETT. _Rev._ Neptune
in sea-chariot l., presenting trident to Britannia, seated l.
on rock; in background, Victory r. inscribing obelisk with
names of Howe and the other commanders; ships in action. NON
NOBIS SED PATRIÆ; in ex., MDCCXCIIII. 1^{ST.} JUNE. _Barnett._
Silver. Size 2·2. By Barnett.

On the 1st June, 1794, Admiral Lord Howe, who commanded the Channel Fleet, fell in with the French fleet off Brest, under Jean Bon St. André. After an hour's hard fighting Howe broke the enemy's line, capturing seven ships and sinking another. For this victory the Admiral received the thanks of Parliament, &c.

532. Marriage of George Prince of Wales with Caroline of
Brunswick, 1795. _Obv._ Bust of Prince, three quarters r., in
civilian's dress, wearing star of Garter; around, border of
oak-leaves and ribbon inscribed, GEORGE PRINCE OF WALES, &c.
_Rev._ Inscription with dates of birth of Prince, 12 Aug. 1762,
and his marriage, 8 Apr. 1795. Silver. Size 1·8. By Whitley of
Old Bond Street.

George (IV.) Prince of Wales mar. 8 April, 1795, Princess Caroline Amelia Elizabeth, dau. of the Duke of Brunswick.

533. Another. _Obv._ Busts of Prince and Princess jugate r.
GEORGE PRINCE OF WALES ET CAROLINE PRINC.; on arm of Prince, C.
H. K. _Rev._ FROGMORE. MAY 19^{TH} 1795; beneath, oak-branches
crossing. SOHO. Silver. Size 1·85. By C. H. Küchler.

This medal was struck upon the occasion of the visit of the Prince and Princess to Frogmore after their marriage. C. H. Küchler, a native of Flanders, was employed by Boulton at the Soho Mint, Birmingham.

534. War with France: Defeat of French fleet off Port d'Orient
by Admiral Hood, Lord Bridport, 1795. _Obv._ Bust of Hood r.,
in naval uniform. A. A. HOOD LORD BRIDPORT ADMIRAL OF THE
WHITE, P. K; on arm, HANCOCK. _Rev._ Victory facing, holding
naval crown and French flags, alighting on rock; in the
distance, ships. Inscription giving number of ships engaged and
captured; and in ex., 23^D JUNE 1795. Copper. Size 1·9. By J.
G. Hancock.

On 23 June, 1795, a portion of the Channel fleet under Admiral Hood attacked a part of the Brest fleet under Vice-Admiral Villaret, off Port d'Orient. The enemy was obliged to seek shelter in their port, with the loss of three ships and 228 guns.

535. French Expedition to Bantry Bay, 1797. _Obv._ Within
wreath, FRIENDLY ASSOCIATION. BANTRY GARRISON; in centre,
crown. _Rev._ Ships in storm. AFFLAVIT DEUS ET DISSIPANTUR; in
ex., JAN. MDCCXCVII. MOSSOP. Copper. Size 1·55. By W. Mossop.

After the successes of Bonaparte, the Directory determined to make a descent upon Ireland. The expedition, consisting of 17 sail of the line and 13 frigates and transports, conveying 20,000 men, set sail from Brest 19 Dec. 1796. The fleet was scattered by a severe storm, and only a few ships reached Bantry Bay 24 Dec., and these returned without making any attempt to land.

536. Engagement off Cape St. Vincent, 1797. _Obv._ Bust of
Jervis l., in naval uniform, &c. JOHN JERVIS EARL OF S^T
VINCENT ADMIRAL OF THE WHITE. BORN JANUARY 26 1735; on arm,
HANCOCK. _Rev._ Spain seated r. on rock, weeping, leaning on
shield; in the distance, naval battle. Inscription giving
number of ships engaged and captured; and in ex., FEBRUARY 14.
1797. P. K. Copper. Size 1·9. By J. G. Hancock.

An alliance having been entered into between France, Spain, and Holland, a joint invasion of England was projected, and fleets were equipped at Brest, Cadiz, and the Texel. The attempt was fruitless in each case: the French fleet was dispersed at Bantry Bay (see No. 535); the Spanish fleet was defeated by Admiral Jervis off Cape St. Vincent, 14 Feb. 1797; and that of the Dutch by Admiral Duncan off Camperdown, 11 Oct. 1797. (See No. 537.) For the victory off Cape St. Vincent, Jervis was created Earl St. Vincent, &c.

537. Engagement off Camperdown, 1797. _Obv._ Bust of Duncan r.,
in naval uniform, wearing medal, &c. ADAM LORD VISCOUNT DUNCAN
ADMIRAL OF THE WHITE. BORN JULY 1, 1731; on arm, HANCOCK;
below, P. K. _Rev._ Sailor nailing English flag to mast-head.
Inscription with date of engagement, OCTOBER 11. 1797, and
number of ships engaged; in ex., HEROIC COURAGE PROTECTS THE
BRITISH FLAG. HANCOCK. Copper. Size 1·9. By J. G. Hancock.

In this engagement with the Dutch fleet the English captured 12 ships of the line, three of which immediately sank. Admiral Duncan was created Viscount Duncan of Camperdown.

538. Another. _Obv._ Bust of Onslow, three-quarters l., in
naval uniform and wearing medal. SIR RICHARD ONSLOW BART.
ADMIRAL OF THE BLUE. BORN 23 JUNE 1741; on arm, HANCOCK. _Rev._
View of engagement, the fleets contending in line. SECOND IN
COMMAND OCTO. 11. 1797; in ex., IN THE MONARCH OF 74 GUNS BROKE
THE REAR OF THE DUTCH LINE & TOOK THE ADMIRALS SHIP. Copper.
Size 1·9. By J. G. Hancock.

Admiral Sir Richard Onslow was second in command at the battle off Camperdown.

539. Victory of the Nile, 1798. _Obv._ Medallion with portrait
of Nelson, held by Britannia l., standing on rock near sea; in
her r. hand, laurel-branch; at her side, anchor. REAR ADMIRAL
LORD NELSON OF THE NILE. C. H. K. _Rev._ English and French
fleets drawn up in semicircle in Aboukir Bay. ALMIGHTY GOD HAS
BLESSED HIS MAJESTY'S ARMS; in ex., VICTORY OF THE NILE. AUGUST
1. 1798. M. B. SOHO. C. H. KÜCHLER FEC. Edge engraved, FROM
ALEX^Ṛ DAVISON ESQ^Ṛ S^Ṭ JAMES'S SQUARE. A TRIBUTE OF REGARD.
Gold. Size 1·95. By C. H. Küchler.

In the battle of the Nile, which was fought in Aboukir Bay, 1 Aug. 1798, the French fleet which had conveyed Napoleon and his troops to Egypt was, with the exception of four vessels, either taken or destroyed by Admiral Nelson, who for this victory was raised to the peerage. This medal was presented by Mr. Davison to every officer and seaman engaged in the battle: in gold, to the admirals, commanders, and captains: in silver, to lieutenants and warrant officers; in bronze-gilt, to petty officers; and in bronze, to seamen and marines.

540. Attempted Assassination of the King, 1800. _Obv._ Bust of
King l., in armour and cloak. GEORGIUS III. D. G. MAGN. BRIT.
FR. &c. C. H. KÜCHLER F. _Rev._ Lighted altar, inscribed D. O.
M.; above, radiate Eye. REGE INCOLUMI POPULUS LAETUS; in ex.,
A SICARIO SERVATUS. MAI. XV. MDCCC. Silver. Size 1·9. By C. H.
Küchler.

On 15 May, 1800, an unsuccessful attempt was made by a discharged soldier, James Hadfield, to shoot the King, as he was entering his box at Drury Lane Theatre.

541. Union with Ireland, 1801. _Obv._ Bust of King l., in
armour and cloak. GEORGIUS III. D. G. BRITANNIARUM REX FIDEI
DEF. &c. C. H. K. _Rev._ Britannia and Hibernia, with their
shields, &c., grasping right hands. JUNGUNTUR OPES FIRMATUR
IMPERIUM; in ex., I. JAN. MDCCCI. C. H. KÜCHLER FC. Silver.
Size 1·9. By C. H. Küchler.

By the Act of Union, 1 Jan. 1801, the parliaments and churches of England and Ireland were united, and freedom of trade was established.

542. War with France: Battle of Alexandria, 1801. _Obv._
Bust of Abercrombie facing, head l., in uniform. SIR RALPH
ABERCROMBIE K.B. LIEUTENANT GENERAL. _Rev._ Britannia
reclining, weeping at base of monument inscribed, WOUNDED
MAR. 21. DIED MAR. 28. 1801; in the distance, battle. FRENCH
DEFEATED. MAR. 21. 1801. Copper. Size 1·55.

At the battle of Alexandria, 21 March, 1801, the French under Menon were defeated by the English, who were commanded by Sir Ralph Abercrombie. Abercrombie was wounded in the action and expired seven days afterwards.

543. Peace of Amiens, 1802. _Obv._ King r., holding trident
and shield, crowned by Victory with palm. REGNO PACEM OBTULIT;
in ex., SUPER PACE RATA DIE 27. MARTII. HANCOCK. _Rev._ View
of St. Paul's. DEO GLORIAM REFERT; in ex., PAX CELEBRATA DIE
I. JUNII. MDCCCII.: K. & K. H. Silver-gilt. Size 1·9. By J. G.
Hancock.

The Treaty of Amiens, concluded 27 Mar. 1802, between England, France, Spain, and Holland, restored peace to Europe. A public thanksgiving was held in England, 1st June following.

544. War with France and Spain: Victory of Trafalgar, 1805.
_Obv._ Bust of Nelson l., in naval uniform. HORATIO VISCOUNT
NELSON K.B. DUKE OF BRONTE &c.; on arm, C. H. K. _Rev._ Naval
engagement. ENGLAND EXPECTS EVERY MAN WILL DO HIS DUTY; in
ex., TRAFALGAR OCT^Ṛ 21. 1805. Edge engraved, TO THE HEROES OF
TRAFALGAR. FROM M. BOULTON. Silver-gilt. Size 1·85. By C. H.
Küchler.

At the battle of Trafalgar the French and Spanish fleets under Villeneuve and Gravina were defeated by the English under Nelson, who was killed in the action. Twenty of the enemy's ships struck, and Villeneuve and the two Spanish admirals and 20,000 prisoners fell into the hands of the victors. This medal was presented by Mr. Boulton to every officer and seaman engaged in the battle. It was issued in silver, bronze-gilt, bronze, and white metal.

545. Peninsular War: Battle of Talavera, 1809. _Obv._ Bust of
Wellington r., in military uniform. ARTHUR DUKE OF WELLINGTON.
MILLS F. MUDIE. _Rev._ Victory facing, head l., giving wreath
to lion, but withholding another from eagle. BATTLE OF
TALAVERA. 1809. LA FITTE. MUDIE D. Copper. Size 1·6. By Mills
and Lafitte.

The battle of Talavera, 27 July, 1809, was the first of the great victories of Wellington in the Peninsula. The French were commanded by Joseph Bonaparte, Victor and Sebastiani, and the Allies by Wellington and Cuesta. For this victory Wellington, then Sir Arthur Wellesley, was raised to the peerage. This is one of the series of National Medals issued under the direction of James Mudie in 1820, "to commemorate the succession of victories achieved by British arms over Napoleon." A number of English and foreign artists were employed in the accomplishment of this work.

546. Lines of Torres Vedras, 1810—1811. _Obv._ Wellington
in military dress, seated l. within tent, and studying map.
FABIUS CUNCTATOR. PETIT F. _Rev._ Tagus reclining l.; behind,
orange-tree and tents. LINES OF TORRES VEDRAS—THE ENGLISH ARMY
ON THE TAGUS. 1810—1811. MUDIE D. DUBOIS F. Copper. Size 1·6.
By Petit and Dubois.

After the battle of Busaco, Wellington retired for winter-quarters into the Lines of Torres Vedras, which he entered 8 Oct. 1810; a position which Massena, who commanded the "army of Portugal," found impregnable. Wellington is naturally compared to Fabius Cunctator, whose delays baffled Hannibal.

547. Battle of Salamanca and Entry into Madrid, 1812. _Obv._
Soldiers advancing r., towards mountains, up which ascend
horsemen and military train, against whom Victory l. hurls
lightnings. JULY XXII. MDCCCXII. SALAMANCA. MUDIE D. _Rev._
Wellington on horseback l., receiving garland from Spaniards.
THE BRITISH ARMY ENTERS MADRID. AVG. XII. MDCCCXII. BRENET F.
Copper. Size 1·6. By Brenet.

After the battle of Salamanca, in which Marmont was defeated by Wellington, the latter, hearing that Joseph Bonaparte was threatening his rear, turned upon him and pursued him to Madrid, which he entered 12 Aug. 1812. The French garrison surrendered, and 180 guns with 20,000 stand of arms were captured.

548. Victories up to Salamanca and Entry into Madrid, 1812.
_Obv._ Head of Wellington l., bare. LIEUT. GEN. MARQUIS
WELLINGTON K.B. &c. &c. MDCCCXII. T. WYON F. _Rev._ Column
inscribed with names of victories, and ornamented with shields
of England, Portugal, and Spain; around base, French arms and
standard. ENTER'D MADRID AUGUST XII. P. W. F. Copper. Size
1·75. By T. and P. Wyon.[39]

[39] The place occupied in medallic art in the 17th century by the Roettier family has been filled during the present century by the family of the Wyons. This family is of German origin, George Wyon, the first member who visited England, being a native of Cologne, and forming one of the suite of George I., to whose person he was attached as Chief Goldsmith. He is said to have died in the West Indies. His son George was apprenticed to Hemmings, the goldsmith of George II., and in 1772 executed for the City of London a silver cup which was presented to John Wilkes, the "Patriot." In 1775 he was engaged at the Soho mint near Birmingham, and died in 1796, leaving four sons, the two eldest being Thomas and Peter, who acted together as a firm of general die-engravers in Birmingham till 1800. In this year Thomas came to London, and was employed in the Dept. of the Engraver of His Majesty's Seals, and of which Dept. he became chief in 1816. He died in 1830, surviving by many years his son, Thomas Wyon, jun., who at the early age of 23 in 1815 was appointed Chief Engraver to the Mint, and who in that capacity executed, among numerous medals, that for the battle of Waterloo (No. 576) and also the great recoinage of 1816. T. Wyon, jun., died in 1817. His brother Benjamin was appointed Chief Engraver of His Majesty's Seals in 1831, and executed among other works the Crimea medal (No. 597). He died in 1858, and was succeeded in his appointment by his son, J. S. Wyon, who in conjunction with his brother, A. B. Wyon, engraved the New Zealand (No. 603) and Abyssinian (No. 605) medals. J. S. Wyon died in 1873, and the appointment which he held was given to his brother, A. B. Wyon. Peter Wyon, the second son of George Wyon, after the departure of his brother to London remained at Birmingham, where he displayed great taste in his designs and models for ornamental brass-work. Before his death he had the satisfaction of seeing his son William enjoying greater reputation than himself. William Wyon, the R.A., was born at Birmingham 1795, and in 1815 he came to London. In the following year he was appointed Assistant Engraver to the Mint, and in 1828 succeeded Pistrucci as Chief Engraver. In 1832 he was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy, and in 1838 Academician, this being the first instance of a medallist receiving such distinction. Besides the numerous coinages which W. Wyon executed, he produced a large series of military, academical, and private medals. He died in 1851, and was succeeded in his post by his son, L. C. Wyon, the present Engraver to the Mint, who, besides engraving a large series of national, colonial, and foreign coinages, has executed the medals for the Second Burmese War (No. 595), for Campaigns in South Africa (No. 596), for Service in the Baltic (No. 598), for the Indian Mutiny (No. 601), for Arctic Discoveries (No. 602), for the Ashantee War (No. 606), &c.

The victories in the Peninsula were Vimiera, 21 Aug. 1808; Talavera, 26—28 July, 1809; Busaco, 27 Sep. 1810; Ciudad Rodrigo captured 19 Jan. 1812; Badajoz captured 7 Apr. 1812; and Salamanca, 22 July, 1812.

549. War with America: Action between "Wasp" and "Frolic,"
1812. _Obv._ Bust of Capt. James Jones r., in naval uniform.
JACOBUS JONES VIRTUS IN ARDUA TENDIT. FURST F. _Rev._
Engagement between the "Wasp" and "Frolic." VICTORIAM HOSTI
MAJORI CELERRIME RAPUIT; in ex., INTER WASP NAV. AMERI. ET
FROLIC NAV. ANG. DIE XVIII. OCT. MDCCCXII. FURST F. Silver.
Size 2·55. By—Furst.

On 18 Oct. 1812, after a short resistance the British ship "Frolic," commanded by Capt. Whingates, surrendered to the American ship "Wasp," under the command of Capt. James Jones, to whom this medal in gold was awarded. Silver medals were presented to the other commissioned officers.

550. George (IV.) Prince of Wales, Regent, 1814. Head of Prince
r., laur. GEORGIVS PRINCEPS WALLIÆ PATRIAM PRO PATRE REGENS.
MDCCCXIIII; on arm, I. BARBER F. &c. No reverse. Silver-gilt.
Size 2·75. Plaque by J. Barber.

On account of the ill-health of George III., the Prince of Wales was appointed Regent by a Bill passed 5 Feb. 1811.

551. Peace of Paris, 1814. _Obv._ Head of Britannia l.,
wearing crested helmet ornamented with lion and olive-wreath.
BRITANNIA. J. MUDIE DT. _Rev._ Hercules facing, wearing lion's
skin, trampling on French standard and resting on club. THE
REPOSE OF HERCULES. MDCCCXIIII. DROZ F. MUDIE D. Silver. Size
1·6. By J. P. Droz.

The defeat and abdication of Napoleon was followed by the Peace of Paris, signed 23 Apr. and confirmed 30 May, 1814, between Louis XVIII. and the Allies, Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia.

552. The Waterloo Medal designed by Pistrucci. _Obv._ Jugate
busts l., laur., of the Prince Regent, Francis II., Emperor of
Austria, Alexander I., Emperor of Russia, and Frederick William
III., King of Prussia; on either side, Justice l., and Hercules
r., seated; above, the Sun in quadriga l., preceded by Castor
and Pollux, and followed by Iris and Zephyrus; beneath, Night
in Biga r.; before her, the Furies; behind her, the Fates,
PISTRUCCI. _Rev._ Wellington and Blucher on horseback l.,
guided by Victory between them; Wellington gallops in advance,
and Blucher rushes to his aid; above, Jupiter in quadriga,
facing, hurling thunderbolt at giants arranged in circle,
PISTRUCCI. Copper. Size 5·3. By B. Pistrucci.[40]

[40] Benedetto Pistrucci, born at Rome 1784 of good family, his father being Judge of the High Criminal Court at Rome, began at the early age of twelve to study the art of gem and cameo cutting, and acquired such proficiency that before he was sixteen his works were often disposed of by dealers as antiques. In 1815 Pistrucci came to England, and two years later, upon the death of T. Wyon, was appointed Chief Engraver to the Mint, being immediately engaged on the new silver and gold coinage, having for the reverse type the St. George and Dragon. For some time after the accession of George IV., Pistrucci was engaged on a coinage for the new reign, which, having finished, he was promoted in 1828 to the post of Chief Medallist to the Mint, W. Wyon being appointed his successor as Chief Engraver. From this period till 1849 Pistrucci was engaged on the dies of the Waterloo medal, occasionally relieving the monotony of the work by the production of a large number of gems and medals, among the latter being the Coronation Medal of Victoria, a medal of the Duke of Wellington, one for the Royal Humane Society, &c. &c. He died in 1855.

This medal was executed in pursuance of an order given by the Prince Regent in 1819, who desired to commemorate the battle of Waterloo by the production of a medal of surpassing magnitude and beauty. It was intended for presentation to each of the allied sovereigns as well as to the two commanders, Wellington and Blucher; but this object failed, as Pistrucci, who was directed to execute the work, did not accomplish the task till 1st January, 1849, and Wellington then alone survived. This medal has not been issued, as the dies have never been hardened; but it has been reproduced by the electro process, of which the above is an example.

553. Duke of Wellington, 1810. _Obv._ Head r., bare. LIEUT.
GEN. LORD VISCOUNT WELLINGTON K.B. MDCCCX. T. WYON JU^{R.} F.
_Rev._ Victory r., on mountain, holding wreath and palm; at her
side, shield, arms of St. George and Portugal impaled; at her
feet, broken French standard. T. WYON JU^Ṛ FECIT. Copper. Size
1·95. By T. Wyon, jun.

Arthur, Duke of Wellington, general and statesman, b. 1769, raised to the peerage as Viscount 1809, created Marquis 1812, Duke 1814, d. 14 Sep. 1852. This medal was struck about the time of the battle of Busaco and of Wellington's famous defence in the lines of Torres Vedras, 1810—11.

554. Sir John Moore, 1809. _Obv._ Head l., bare. LIEUT.
GENERAL SIR J. MOORE K.B. MILLS F. _Rev._ Soldiers defending
wounded comrade against attack of eagle with thunderbolt; in
background, prow of ship. DEATH OF SIR JOHN MOORE; in ex.,
CORUNNA. 16 JANUARY 1809. MUDIE D. COURIGUER SC. Copper. Size
1·6. By Mills and Couriguer.

Sir John Moore, general, b. 1761, served in the West Indies 1795, in Egypt at the battle of Alexandria 21 Mar. 1801, and afterwards in the Peninsular War 1808—9; killed at the battle of Corunna, 16 Jan. 1809.

555. Lord Hill, 1812. _Obv._ Head l., bare. LIEUT. GENERAL
LORD HILL, MILLS F. H. _Rev._ The river Tagus, over which
broken bridge; above, Victory flying r., conducting Britannia.
ALMARAZ. MAY XIX. MDCCCXII. MUDIE D. GAYRARD F. Copper. Size
1·6. By Mills and Gayrard.

Rowland, Viscount Hill, general, b. 1772, served in the Egyptian Campaign 1801, in the Peninsular War 1809—1814, raised to the peerage 1814, commanded at Waterloo 1815, appointed Commander-in-chief 1828—42; d. 1842. This medal records the destruction by Hill, 19 May, 1812, of the French fortifications which covered the bridge of boats over the Tagus at Almaraz, the only means of communication between the armies of Soult and Marmont.

556. Sir Thomas Picton, 1812. _Obv._ Bust, three-quarters l.,
in uniform, wearing star of the Bath. LIEUT. GEN. SIR T. PICTON
K.B. _Webb._ _Rev._ General Picton l., planting English flag
on battlement. BADAJOZ. APR^Ḷ VI. MDCCCXII. MUDIE D. MILLS F.
Copper. Size 1·6. By Webb and Mills.

Sir Thomas Picton, general, b. 1758, commanded in the West Indies 1794—1797, where he was appointed Gov. of Trinidad; commanded in Holland 1809, and in the Peninsular War, being present at the battles of Ciudad Rodrigo, Badajoz, Vittoria, &c.; killed at Waterloo 1815. This medal commemorates the capture of Badajoz, Picton and his division leading the assault on the citadel.

557. Lord Lynedoch, 1813. _Obv._ Head r., bare. LIEUT. GENERAL
LORD LYNEDOCH. MODELED BY P. ROUW. MUDIE DIR. WEBB F. _Rev._
Greek warrior facing, head r., standing on battlements, holding
sword and crown; in background, city in flames; before which,
ships. S. SEBASTIAN. AUG. XXXI. MDCCCXIII. MUDIE D. MILLS F.
Copper. Size 1·6. By P. Rouw, Webb, and Mills.

Thomas Graham, Lord Lynedoch, general, b. 1750, served in the Peninsular War 1809—1814, raised to the peerage 1814, d. 1843. This medal refers to the capture of the town and citadel of St. Sebastian, 21 Aug. 1813.

558. Lord Thurlow, d. 1806. Bust l., in hat and official robes.
Copper. Size 3·1. Cast and chased. A Plaque.

Edward, Lord Thurlow, b. 1732, appointed Solicitor-General 1770, Attorney-General 1771, Lord Chancellor 1778; d. 1806.

559. William Pitt. _Obv._ Head l. R^{T.} HON^{BLE.} WILLIAM
PITT. 1814. T. WYON JUN. S. _Rev._ Inscription giving date of
birth and death and recording public services. Copper. Size
2·1. By T. Wyon, jun.

William Pitt, statesman, b. 28 May, 1759, appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer 1782, Prime Minister 1784—1801, and again in 1804—1806; d. 23 Jan. 1806.

560. Charles James Fox, 1806. _Obv._ Bust l., draped. CHARLES
JA^Ṣ FOX. THIS ILLUSTRIOUS PATRIOT DEPARTED THIS LIFE SEPTEMBER
13. A.D. 1806. ÆT^Ṭ 57. P. W. F. _Rev._ INTREPID CHAMPION OF
FREEDOM, &c. Silver. Size 2·05. By P. Wyon.

Charles James Fox, statesman, b. 1748, appointed Secretary of State 1782, Foreign Secretary 1783, and again 1806; d. 13 Sep. 1806.

561. Henry Addington, Viscount Sidmouth, 1803. _Obv._ Bust r.,
in court dress. HENRY ADDINGTON. CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER &
FIRST LORD OF THE TREASURY. I. G. HANCOCK. _Rev._ Female figure
holding scroll, inscribed, STATE OF THE NATION, and kneeling l.
before pedestal, surmounted by figures of Britannia, Justice,
and Time; in the distance, Westminster Abbey. WHO CAN WITHHOLD
APPLAUSE; in ex., MDCCCIII. K. & K. Copper. Size 1·9. By J. G.
Hancock.

Henry Addington, Viscount Sidmouth, statesman, b. 1757, appointed Speaker of the House of Commons 1789, Prime Minister 1801—1804, President of the Council 1805, Home Secretary 1812—1822; d. 1844. This medal refers to the peaceable state of England as well as of Europe in 1803, brought about by the Peace of Amiens, 27 March, 1802.

562. Earl of Liverpool (Lord Hawkesbury), 1803. _Obv._ Bust
l. ROBERT BANKS LORD HAWKESBURY. SECRETARY OF STATE. HANCOCK.
_Rev._ Female figure seated l., despatching Mercury, who holds
scroll; at her side, shield; sea and ship in the distance.
INTEGRITY AIDS DISPATCH; in ex., MDCCCIII. K. & K. Copper. Size
1·9. By J. G. Hancock.

Robert Banks Jenkinson, Earl of Liverpool, b. 1770, became Lord Hawkesbury 1796, appointed Foreign Secretary in the Addington Ministry 1801, Home Secretary 1804 and again in 1807, Earl of Liverpool 1808, Prime Minister 1812—1827; d. 1828. Like the previous medal, this one refers to the Addington administration.

563. William Wilberforce, 1807. _Obv._ Head r. WILLIAM
WILBERFORCE M.P. THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. _Webb._ _Rev._ Britannia
seated l., accompanied by Minerva and Justice, delivering
message to Peace; above, angel in clouds with cross and
wreath. I HAVE HEARD THEIR CRY; in ex., SLAVE TRADE ABOLISHED.
MDCCCVII. Silver. Size 2·1. By Webb.

William Wilberforce, philanthropist, b. 1759, M.P. for Hull 1780 and York county 1783, procured a bill for the abolition of the trade in slaves by British subjects 25 March, 1807, and survived the second reading of the Emancipation Act 1833; d. same year. This medal commemorates the Act of 1807.

564. Lord Brougham and Vaux, 1812. _Obv._ Head r. HENRY
BROUGHAM ESQ^{RE}, M.P. MDCCCXII. HALLIDAY F. _Rev._
Panegyrical inscription. Copper. Size 1·9. By Halliday.

Henry Lord Brougham and Vaux, statesman and orator, b. 1779; M.P. for Camelford 1810, for Winchelsea 1816; appointed Attorney-General to Queen Caroline, 1820; M.P. for York county, 1830; Lord Chancellor, 1830—1834; d. 1868.

565. Adam Smith, 1787. _Obv._ Head r. ADAM SMITH. 1787. _Rev._
Minerva l., holding cornucopiae and spear. Silver. Size 1·6.
Cast and chased.

Adam Smith, political economist, b. 1723, d. 1787, author of "Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations," "Theory of Moral Sentiments," &c.

566. George Washington, First President of the United States,
1805. _Obv._ Bust r., in armour and ermine cloak. GENERAL
WASHINGTON. INSCRIBED TO HIS MEMORY BY D. ECCLESTON. LANCASTER.
MDCCCV; on arm, WEBB. _Rev._ American Indian l., with bow and
spear. THE LAND WAS OURS; around, panegyrical inscription in
three circles. Copper. Size 3. By Webb.

George Washington, Founder and First President of the United States, b. 1732, Commander-in-chief of the Continental army 1775, President 1789, re-elected 1793, d. 1799.

567. Benjamin Franklin, 1786. _Obv._ Bust l. BENJ. FRANKLIN
NATUS BOSTON XVII. JAN. MDCCVI: on arm, DUPRÉ F. _Rev._ Within
oak-wreath, ERIPUIT CŒLO FULMEN SCEPTRUM QUE TYRANNIS. SCULPSIT
ET DICAVIT AUG. DUPRE ANNO MDCCLXXXVI. Copper. Size 1·8. By A.
Dupré.

Benjamin Franklin, American statesman, philosopher, &c., b. 1706, was at first a compositor and printer, appointed postmaster of Philadelphia 1737, agent for England 1757 and again in 1764, signed at Paris the treaty between England and America 1783, President of the Supreme Council 1785, d. 1790.

MILITARY AND NAVAL MEDALS.

568. Battle of Culloden, 1746. _Obv._ Head of Duke of
Cumberland r. CUMBERLAND. YEO F. _Rev._ Apollo l., leaning on
bow and pointing at dragon pierced by arrow. ACTUM EST ILICET
PERIIT. (cf. Ter. Eun. I. i. 9); in ex., PRŒL. COLOD. AP. XVI.
MDCCXLVI: ornamental border. Gold. Oval. Size 1·85: loop for
suspension. By R. Yeo.

Struck to commemorate the defeat of Prince Charles Edward at Culloden, 16 Ap. 1746, by William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland.