Chapter XXVI: Part II: , being for British Colonies; and Reports of the Laws of (5)

[828] By the Custody of Infants Act, 1886: see the discussion of
CAIRD, _Morality of Marriage_, 49, 55 ff.

[829] BISHOP, _Marriage, Div., and Sep._, II, 452 ff.

[830] PEARSON, "The Decline of the Family," in his _National Life
and Character_, 240, 234, 235. In many of the American states the
wife may bring action against the seducer of her husband: BISHOP,
_Mar., Div., and Sep._, I, 568.

[831] This fact is seized upon in one of the most powerful books
produced in recent sociological discussion. According to Mrs.
Stetson "we are the only animal species in which the female
depends on the male for food, the only animal species in which
the sex-relation is also an economic relation. With us an entire
sex lives in a relation of economic dependence upon the other
sex." The wife may toil unceasingly; but the labor which she
"performs in the household is given as a part of her functional
duty, not as employment." She is therefore not her husband's
"business partner;" for as an intended equivalent for what she
gets she contributes neither labor nor capital nor experience
nor even motherhood. She contributes her sex-attractions.
Sex-distinctions are therefore excessively developed; and the
"sexuo-economic relation" becomes inevitable. "By the economic
dependence of the human female upon the male, the balance of
forces is altered. Natural selection no longer checks the action
of sexual selection, but coöperates with it;" for "man, in
supporting woman, has become her economic environment." Under
"sexual selection the human creature is of course modified to
its mate, as with all creatures. When the mate becomes also the
master, when economic necessity is added to sex-attraction,
we have the two great evolutionary forces acting together to
the same end; namely, to develop sex-distinction in the human
female. For, in her position of economic dependence in the
sexual relation, sex-distinction is with her not only a means
of attracting a mate, as with all creatures, but a means of
getting a livelihood, as is the case with no other creature under
heaven. Because of the economic dependence of the human female
on her mate she is modified to sex to an excessive degree. This
excessive modification she transmits to her children; and so is
steadily implanted in the human constitution the morbid tendency
to excess in this relation, which has acted so universally upon
us in all ages, in spite of our best efforts to restrain it."
While in man the immediate dominating force of sexual passion
may be more conspicuous, in woman it holds more universal sway.
"For the man has other powers and faculties in full use, whereby
to break loose from the force of this; and the woman, specially
modified to sex and denied racial activity, pours her whole life
into love." Useful to the race as was this evolution originally,
its influence for good has long since reached its limit.
Excessive sex-energy has threatened to "destroy both individual
and race." Hence woman is declining longer to be confined
to her highly specialized sexual function and is demanding
an equal place in the social organization. She is gaining a
social consciousness: STETSON, _Women and Economics_, 5, 12
ff., 37 ff., 48, 122-45. _Cf._ SCHREINER, "The Woman Question,"
_Cosmopolitan_, XXVIII, 183 ff., on "sex-parasitism."

[832] _Cf._ STETSON, _op. cit._, 156 ff. "The woman's club
movement is one of the most important sociological phenomena of
the century--indeed, of all centuries--marking as it does the
first timid steps toward social organization of these so long
unsocialized members of our race;" for "social life is absolutely
conditioned upon organization."--_Ibid._, 164. On woman's clubs
see CROLY, _Hist. of the Woman's Club Movement in America_;
HENROTIN, _Attitude of Women's Clubs Toward Social Economics_;
LIVERMORE, _North Am. Rev._, CL, 115; ANSTRUTHER, _Nineteenth
Century_, XLV, 598-611; and a symposium in _Arena_, VI, 362-88.
The financial dependence of the wife is discussed by COOKE, "Real
Rights of Women," _North Am. Rev._, CXLIX, 353, 354; and by
IVES, "Domestic Purse Strings," _Forum_, X, 106-14, showing the
hardships and temptations of wives dependent upon the husband for
current supplies of money.

We are thus confronted by still another phase of the emancipation movement--the divorce problem. In this problem woman has a peculiar interest. The wife more frequently than the husband is seeking in divorce a release from marital ills; for in her case it often involves an escape from sexual slavery. The divorce movement, therefore, is in part an expression of woman's growing independence. In this instance as in others it does not, of course, follow that the individualistic tendency is vicious. Nowhere in the field of social ethics, perhaps, is there more confusion of thought than in dealing with the divorce question. Divorce is not favored by anyone for its own sake. Probably in every healthy society the ideal of right marriage is a lifelong union. But what if it is not right, if the marriage is a failure? Is there no relief? Here a sharp difference of opinion has arisen. Some persons look upon divorce as an evil in itself; others as a "remedy" for, or a "symptom" of, social disease. The one class regard it as a cause; the other as an effect. To the Roman Catholic, and to those who believe with him, divorce is a sin, the sanction of "successive polygamy,"[833] of "polygamy on the instalment plan."[834] At the other extreme are those who, like Milton and Humboldt,[835] would allow marriage to be dissolved freely by mutual consent, or even at the desire of either spouse. Nay, there are earnest souls, shocked by the intolerable hardships which wives may suffer under the marital yoke, who, pending a reform in the marriage law, would, like the Quakers of earlier days, ignore the present statutory requirements and resort to private contract.[836] According to the prevailing opinion, however, as expressed in modern legislation, divorce should be allowed, with more or less freedom, under careful state regulation. Whatever degree of liberty may be just or expedient in a more advanced state of moral development, it is felt that now a reasonable conservatism is the safer course. Yet divorce is sanctioned by the state as an individual right; and there may be occasions when the exercise of the right becomes a social duty. The right is, of course, capable of serious abuse. Loose divorce laws may even invite crime. Nevertheless, it is fallacious to represent the institution of divorce as in itself a menace to social morality. It is not helpful to allege, as is often done, that with the increase of divorce certain crimes wax more frequent, thus insinuating the effect for the cause. It is just as illogical to assume that the prevalence of divorce in the United States is a proof of moral decadence as compared with other countries in which divorce is prohibited or more restricted. To forbid the use of a remedy does not prove that there is no disease. Is there any good reason for believing that what Tocqueville said fifty years ago is not true today? "Assuredly," he declares, "America is the country in the world where the marriage tie is most respected and where the highest and justest idea of conjugal happiness has been conceived."[837] It is remarkable, says Lecky, "that this great facility of divorce should exist in a country which has long been conspicuous for its high standard of sexual morality and for its deep sense of the sanctity of marriage."[838] Bryce passes a similar judgment: "So far as my own information goes, the practical level of sexual morality is at least as high in the United States as in any part of northern or western Europe (except possibly among the Roman Catholic peasantry of Ireland)." There "seems no ground for concluding that the increase of divorce in America necessarily points to a decline in the standard of domestic morality, except perhaps in a small section of the wealthy class, though it must be admitted that if this increase should continue, it may tend to induce such a decline."[839] Even more emphatic is Commissioner Wright. After eloquently describing the relatively high place which woman has reached in our land, he continues: "I do not believe that divorce is a menace to the purity and sacredness of the family; but I do believe that it is a menace to the infernal brutality, of whatever name, and be it crude or refined, which at times makes a hell of the holiest human relations. I believe the divorce movement finds its impetus outside of laws, outside of our institutions, outside of our theology; that it finds its impetus in the rebellion of the human heart against that slavery which binds in the cruelest bonds of the cruelest prostitution human beings who have, by their foolishness, by their want of wisdom, or by the intervention of friends, missed the divine purpose, as well as the civil purpose of marriage. I believe the result will be an enhanced purity, a sublimer sacredness, a more beautiful embodiment of Lamartine's trinity,--the trinity of the father, the mother, and the child"--to preserve which "in all its sacredness, society must take the bitter medicine labelled 'Divorce.'"[840]

[833] According to CARDINAL GIBBONS there are "two species of
polygamy--simultaneous and successive": "Is Divorce Wrong?" in
_North Am. Rev._, CXLIX, 520.

[834] The epigram of Father Yorke, of San Francisco.

[835] WILHELM V. HUMBOLDT, _Sphere and Duties of Government_:
cited by MILL, _On Liberty_, 185, 186.

[836] For examples see SEWELL, in _Westminster Review_, CXLV,
182 ff., suggesting a form of private contract; and BESANT,
_Marriage_, 19, 20, who asks: "Why should not we take a leaf
out of the Quakers' book, and substitute for the present legal
forms of marriage a simple declaration publicly made?... but
as soon as the laws are moralized, and wives are regarded as
self-possessing human beings, instead of as property, then the
declaration may, with advantage, seek the sanction of the law."
She mentions the well-known cases of Mary Wollstonecraft, her
daughter and Shelley, Richard Carlile, and that of George Henry
Lewes and George Eliot. Mrs. Caird would not go so far. The
state, she concludes, hes no right to interfere in the marriage
contract. "How can it withdraw its interference without causing
social confusion? The answer seems plain. By a gradual widening
of the limitations within which individuals might be allowed to
draw up their private contracts, until, finally, moral standards
had risen sufficiently high to enable the state to cease from
interfering in private concerns altogether."--_The Morality of
Marriage_, 126. DONISTHORPE, "The Future of Marriage," _Fort.
Rev._, LI, 263, recommends a system of free private contract
for one year, renewable at the pleasure of the parties. He is
criticised by MALMSBURY, _ibid._, 272-82. _Cf._ also "Marriage
and Free Thought," _ibid._, L, 275 ff.

[837] TOCQUEVILLE, _La démocratie en Amérique_, II, 215.

[838] LECKY, _Dem. and Liberty_, II, 208.

[839] BRYCE, _Studies in Hist. and Jur._, 850.

[840] WRIGHT, in _Arena_, V, 141, 143. See also his _Practical
Sociology_, 170 ff.; and compare the article of SAVAGE,
"Matrimony and the State," _Forum_, X, 117 ff.; that of JANES,
"Divorce Sociologically Considered," _New Englander_, May, 1891,
395-402; and that of ADLER, "The Ethics of Divorce," in _Ethical
Record_, II, 200-209; III, 1-7.

This brings us to the root of the matter: the need of a loftier popular ideal of the marriage relation. "An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure." While bad legislation and a low standard of social ethics continue to throw recklessly wide the door which opens to wedlock, there must of necessity be a broad way out. How ignorantly, with what utter levity,[841] are marriages often contracted; how many thousands of parents fail to give their children any serious warning against yielding to transient impulse in choosing a mate; how few have received any real training with respect to the duties and responsibilities of conjugal life! What proper check is society placing upon the marriage of the unfit? Is there any boy or girl so immature if only the legal age of consent has been reached; is there any "delinquent" so dangerous through inherited tendencies to disease or crime; is there any worn out debauchee, who cannot somewhere find a magistrate or a priest to tie the "sacred" knot? It is a very low moral sentiment which tolerates modern wife-purchase or husband-purchase for bread, title, or social position. "As our laws stare us in the face," exclaims an eloquent writer, "there is no man so drunken, so immoral, so brutal, so cruel, that he may not take to himself the purest, the most refined, the most sensitive of women to wife, if he can get her. There is no woman so paltry, so petty, so vain, so inane, so enfeebled in body and mind by corsets or chloral, flirtation, or worse, that she may not become the wife of an intellectual, honorable man, and the mother of his doomed children. There is no pauper who may not wed a pauper and beget paupers to the end of his story. There is no felon returned from his prison, or loose upon society uncondemned, who may not make a base play at wedlock, and perpetuate his diseased soul and body in those of his descendants, without restraint. There is no member of what we call our 'respectable' classes who may not, if he choose, make a mock of the awful name of marriage, in sacrilege to which we are so used that we scarcely lift an eyelid to suppress surprise or aversion at the sickening variety of the offence."[842]

[841] The following newspaper paragraph relating to a notorious
wedding resort in Michigan illustrates the shocking frivolity
with which the most important of human relations is sometimes
treated: "It is estimated that fully 20,000 people will visit
this city tomorrow to attend the third annual Maccabees'
county picnic.... It is thought tomorrow will prove to be the
greatest day in the history of St. Joseph as the Gretna Green
of Chicago.... Fully forty-four bridal couples will arrive from
Chicago to take advantage of being married free, as is offered
by the Maccabees in a part of their program. The parties with
matrimonial intentions, upon calling at Marriage Temple, will
be furnished by County Clerk Needham with their license and a
handsome marriage certificate, free of charge, provided they
consent to be married in public from the verandah of the hotels.
Any clergyman in the city, upon request ... , will officiate.
Hundreds of excursionists from Indiana will come for the express
purpose of witnessing the ceremonies." On this point read the
interesting article of DENDY, "Marriage in East London," _Cont.
Rev._, LXV, 427-32.

[842] ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS, "Women's Views of Divorce," _North
Am. Rev._, CL, 130, 131.

It is vain to conceal from ourselves the fact that here is a real menace to society. Marriages thus formed are almost sure to be miserable failures from the start. It is the simple truth, as earnest writers have insisted, that often under such conditions the nuptial ceremony is but a legal sanction of "prostitution within the marriage bond," whose fruit is wrecked motherhood and the feeble, base-born children of unbridled lust. The command to "be fruitful and multiply," under the selfish and thoughtless interpretation which has been given it, has become a heavy curse to womanhood and a peril to the human race.[843] On the face of it, is it not grotesque to call such unions holy or to demand that they shall be indissoluble? What chance is there under such circumstances for a happy family life or for worthy home-building? In sanctioning divorce the welfare of the children may well cause the state anxiety; but are there not thousands of so-called "homes" from whose corrupting and blighting shadow the sooner a child escapes the better for both it and society?

[843] _Cf._ FLOWER, "Prostitution Within the Marriage Bond,"
_Arena_, XIII, 59-73; _idem_, "Wellsprings of Immorality,"
_ibid._, XI, 56-70; HEINZEN, _The Rights of Women and the Sexual
Relations_, 44 ff.; STETSON, _Women and Economics_, 63 ff.;
CAIRD, _Morality of Marriage_, 73-91, 134 ff., discussing the
influence of the Reformation upon sensuality; KARL PEARSON,
"Socialism and Sex," in his _Ethic of Free Thought_, 427-46, on
the alleged evil influence of Luther on the sex-relations; BEBEL,
_Die Frau und der Sozialismus_, 93 ff., taking the opposite view
as to Luther, and considering the causes of the decline in the
birth and marriage rates.

The traditional opinion is represented by NAUMANN, _Christenthum
und Familie_, 21, 22, who believes in getting children at all
hazards, relying on God to take care of them: "Es gibt auch
Christen," he says, "welche sich vor Entfaltung des vollen
Gottessegens in den Ehen fürchten, ganz als ob es nicht wahr
wäre: was unser Gott erschaffen hat, das will er auch erhalten.
In unsern Augen ist es Glaubensschwäche, wenn ein christliches
Volk sich vor dem Gottessegen reicher, blühender Kinderschaaren
fürchtet." On the same side see HARTMANN, _The Sexes Compared_,
28 ff.; POMEROY, _The Ethics of Marriage_, 45 ff., 94 ff. For
an antidote read the able discussion of the diminishing need
of child-bearing under modern conditions, by OLIVE SCHREINER,
"The Woman Question," _Cosmopolitan_, XXVIII, 51 ff.; and LADY
SOMERSET, "The Welcome Child," _Arena_, XII, 42-49; criticised
by USSHER, _Neo-Malthusianism_, 101 ff., 201. _Cf._ WRIGHT,
_Practical Sociology_, 68 ff.; BERTHEAU, _Lois de la population_,
299 ff., 342 ff.

How shall the needed reform be accomplished? The raising of ideals is a slow process. It will not come through the statute-maker, though he can do something to provide a legal environment favorable for the change. It must come through an earnest and persistent educational effort which shall fundamentally grapple with the whole group of problems which concern the related, though distinct, institutions of marriage, the home, and the family. In this work every grade in the educational structure, from the university to the kindergarten and the home circle, must have its appropriate share. Already a few of our higher institutions have made a worthy beginning. Departments of physical culture, economics, history, and sociology are providing instruction of real value. But the movement should become universal; and the curriculum should be broadened and deepened. The actual concrete problems must be dealt with frankly and without flinching. To gain the right perspective it is highly important that a thorough historical basis should be laid through the study of ethnology, comparative religion, and the evolution of cultural, economic, and matrimonial institutions. Moreover, the elements of such a training in domestic sociology should find a place in the public school program. If need be, a little more arithmetic or a little more Latin may be sacrificed. Where now, except perhaps in an indirect or perfunctory way, does the school boy or girl get any practical suggestion as to home-building, the right social relations of parent and child, much less regarding marriage and the fundamental questions of the sexual life? In this field the home, as the complement or coadjutor of the school and the state, has a precious opportunity. Indeed, our inspiring hope lies in the fact that, in spite of unfavorable conditions, many homes, presided over by enlightened parents, are discharging worthily, if not yet ideally, the high function of social training. Here father, mother, and child are equal members of the "trinity." Here it is held as binding an obligation and as joyous a privilege for the parents to honor their children as for the children to honor their parents. Of a truth, is there anything on earth more beautiful and inspiring than the real companionship of parent and child; than a home life in which the characters of the young are molded and their faculties drawn out by free and frank discussion with their elders; where mutual love is based on mutual respect? But what shall be said of the opposite picture--of the countless families in which mother and child still cower before the paternal despot; where authority and not reason prevails; where, as in the good old colonial days, the child is harshly thrust into the background and his insistent individualism is insulted and repressed? Before the home can become a healthful school for social education, parents must themselves be trained; they must become aware of their real place in the social order.

In the future educational program sex questions must hold an honorable place. Progress in this direction may be slow, because of the false shame, the prurient delicacy, now widely prevalent touching everything connected with the sexual life. Nor is it a light matter to brave orthodox sentiment in this regard. It is not always safe for the teacher, even in institutions deeming themselves modern, to deal frankly with the organic facts which are of vital concern to the human race. The folly of parents in leaving their children in ignorance of the laws of sex is notorious. Yet how much safer than ignorance is knowledge as a shield for innocence. The daughter will face the vicissitudes of life more securely if she has been told of the destiny that awaits her as wife and mother; if she has been warned of the snares with which lust has beset the path of womanhood. The son is likely to live a nobler life if he has learned to repudiate the dual standard of sexual morality which a spurious philosophy has set up; if he understands that "instincts" may be safely controlled; if he has been warned that selfish excesses within or without the marriage bond must be dearly paid for by the coming generations. Indeed, it is of the greatest moment to society that the young should be trained in the general laws of heredity. Everywhere men and women are marrying in utter contempt of the warnings of science. Domestic animals are literally better bred than human beings. Through ignorance and defiance of the rules of health, we are destroying our physical constitutions. Under the plea of "romantic love" we blindly yield to sexual attractions in choosing our mates, selfishly ignoring the welfare of the race. Is there not a higher ideal of conjugal choice? Experience shows that in wedlock natural and sexual selection should play a smaller and artificial selection a larger rôle.[844] The safety of the social body requires that a check be put upon the propagation of the unfit. Here the state has a function to perform. In the future much more than now, let us hope, the marriage of persons mentally delinquent or tainted by hereditary disease or crime will be legally restrained. Yet law can do relatively little. A reform of this kind must of necessity depend mainly upon a better educated popular sentiment; upon a higher altruism which shall be capable of present sacrifice for the permanent good of the race. "When human beings and families rationally subordinate their own interests as perfectly to the welfare of future generations as do animals under the control of instinct the world will have a more enduring type of family life than exists at present. This can only be accomplished by the development of controlling ideals which are supported not only by reason and intelligence but by ethical impulse and religious motive. This larger altruism which protects the permanent interests of the future against the more temporary values of the present must be of the heart as much as of the head.... In the mating of men and women, money, social position, worldly expediency, the conventional and fictitious values so influential in these days, will count for much less, while organic health and efficiency, character, unselfish devotion to high ideals, to the great world interests will count for far more. In this obedience to ideals so farsighted, romantic love will not be lost in any way, as some seem to fear. Men and women will not choose one another in cold blood simply because intelligence and reason point the way, but human sentiment and every romantic quality will be enhanced when permanent and future interests are furthered by a saner and finer human choice."[845]

[844] For a radical discussion of this topic, see STANLEY,
"Artificial Selection and the Marriage Problem," _Monist_, II,
51 ff.; _idem_, "Our Civilization and the Marriage Problem,"
_Arena_, II, 94-100. He is criticised by WALLACE, "Human
Selection," _Fort. Rev._, XLVIII, 325 ff. An extreme position
is taken by GRANT ALLEN, "The Girl of the Future," _Universal
Rev._, May, 1890; and "Plain Words on the Woman Question," _Fort.
Rev._, Oct., 1889. _Cf._ WERTHEIMER, "Homiculture," _Nineteenth
Century_, XXIV, 390-92.

[845] See DR. THOMAS D. WOOD'S able paper, _Some Controlling
Ideals of the Family Life of the Future_, 27.

There is then no need to despair of the future. It is vain to turn back the hand on the dial. The problem of individual liberty has become the problem of social liberty. Individualization for the sake of socialization must continue its beneficent work. There must be growth, constant readjustment. Marriage will in truth be holy if it rests on the free trothplight of equals whose love is deep enough to embrace a rational regard for the rights of posterity. The home will not have less sanctity when through it flows the stream of the larger human life. The family will, indeed, survive; but it will be a family of a higher type. Its evolution is not yet complete. Coercive ties will still further yield to voluntary spiritual ties; for individual liberty appears to be the essential condition of social progress.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX

Apparently no successful attempt has ever been made to prepare a complete and systematic bibliography of matrimonial institutions. Indeed, to do so would be a formidable undertaking; but that such a book would be of vast service to social history no one can doubt. Useful lists of authorities, however, are appended to the works of various writers, notably to Lubbock's _Origin of Civilization_; Starcke's _Primitive Family_; Chamberlain's _Child and Childhood_; Lehr's _Le mariage_; and especially Westermarck's _Human Marriage_. For marriage with kindred, including the deceased wife's sister, there is a good, though not exhaustive, bibliography by A. H. Huth in the _Report of the First Annual Meeting of the Index Society_ (London, 1879), 25-47; greatly enlarged in his _Marriage of Near Kin_ (2d ed., London, 1887), 394-465. Ethbin Heinrich Costa's _Bibliographie der deutschen Rechtsgeschichte_ (Braunschweig, 1858) is helpful, particularly for the earlier monographic literature. For supplementary materials, especially the curiosities of the subject, consult Hugo Hayn's _Bibliotheca Germanorum erotica: Verzeichniss der gesammten deutschen erotischen Literatur mit Einschluss der Uebersetzungen, nebst Angabe der fremden Originale_ (2d ed., Leipzig, 1885); the same writer's _Bibliotheca Germanorum nuptialis_ (Cologne, 1890); and the well-known _Bibliographie des ouvrages relatifs à l'amour, aux femmes, au mariage_, etc. (3d ed., 6 vols., San Remo, London, Nice, and Turin, 1871-73). Legal works on marriage and related institutions are included in Martin Lipenius's _Bibliotheca realis juridica omnium materiarum, rerum, et titulorum, in universo universi juris ambitu occurrentium, post F. G. Struvii et G. A. Jenichenii curas emendata ... et locupletata_ (2 vols., folio, Leipzig, 1757); but of much more service for the present purpose is the great work of J. F. von Schulte, _Die Geschichte der Quellen und Literatur des canonischen Rechts von Gratian bis auf die Gegenwart_ (3 vols., bound in 4, Stuttgart, 1875-80). Many recent publications are entered in George K. Fortescue's _Subject Index of the Modern Works Added to the Library of the British Museum in the Years 1880-1895_ (3 vols., London, 1886-97); while Poole's _Index_ contains the titles of more than 1,200 articles on various phases of the subject, including woman in her family relations.

For topical analysis of the literature presented in this Bibliographical Index consult the critical and descriptive notes at the heads of the respective chapters.

I. EARLY HISTORY OF MATRIMONIAL INSTITUTIONS

Abercromby, John. "Marriage Customs of the Mordvins." _Folklore_, I, 417-62. London, 1890.

Achelis, A. "Die Geschlechtsgenossenschaft und die Entwickelung der Ehe." _Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin_, XXV, Heft 4. Berlin, 1890.

Achelis, T. "Die Entwicklung der Ehe." _Beiträge zur Volks- und Völkerkunde_, II. Berlin, 1893.

------ "The Historical Development of the Family." _Open Court_, II, 806, 807. Chicago, 1888-89.

Adam, Lucien. Du parler des hommes et du parler des femmes dans la langue caraibe. Paris, 1879.

Adams, Henry. Historical Essays, New York, 1891.

Alabaster, Ernest. Notes and Commentaries on Chinese Criminal Law. London, 1899.

_American Anthropologist._ 11 vols. Washington, 1888-98.

_American Antiquarian._ 20 vols. Chicago, 1879-98.

American Association for the Advancement of Science. _Proceedings._ 47 vols. Philadelphia, Cambridge, and Salem, 1849-98.

Amram, D. W. "Divorces on Condition [Hebrew]." _Green Bag_, III, 381-83. Boston, 1891.

------ "Chapters from the Ancient Jewish Law: Divorce." _Ibid._, IV, 36 ff., 493 ff. Boston, 1892.

------ The Jewish Law of Divorce. Philadelphia, 1896.

Anchieta, Padre José d'. "Informacão dos casamentos dos Indios do Brazil." _Revista trimensal de historia e geographia_, VIII (1846), 254-62. Rio de Janeiro, 1867.

_Annales de l'Institut international de sociologie._ Publiées sous la direction de René Worms. II, "Travaux du second congrès, septembre-octobre 1895." Paris, 1896.

_Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland_, _Journal of_. 26 vols. London, 1872-97.

Araki, Toratoro. Japanisches Ehoschliessungsrecht: eine historisch-kritische Studie. Inaugural-Dissertation. Göttingen, 1893.

Atkinson, J. J. Primal Law. London, New York, and Bombay, 1903.

Avery, J. "Polyandry in India and Thibet." _American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal_, IV, 48-53.

------ "The Races of the Indo-Pacific Oceans: Polynesians." _American Antiquarian_, VI, 361-69. Chicago, 1884.

Ayrer, Georg Heinrich. De jure connubiorum apud Romanos quam sub divini numinis tutela, etc. Göttingen, 1736.

Backer, Louis de. Le droit de la femme dans l'antiquité: son devoir au moyen âge. A. Claudin, éditeur. Paris, 1880.

Bachofen, J. J. Das Mutterrecht: eine Untersuchung über die Gynaikokratie der alten Welt nach ihrer religiösen und rechtlichen Natur. Stuttgart, 1861.

------ Die Sage von Tanaquil. Heidelberg, 1870.

------ Antiquarische Briefe. Strassburg, 1886.

Bader, Clarisse. La femme dans l'Inde antique: études morales et littéraires. 2d ed. Paris, 1867.

------ La femme biblique, son influence religieuse, sa vie morale et sociale. New ed., revised and corrected. Paris, 1873.

------ La femme grecque: étude de la vie antique. 2 vols. 2d ed. Paris, 1873.

------ La femme romaine: étude de la vie antique. 2d ed. Paris, 1877.

Baegert, Jacob. "An Account of the Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Californian Peninsula." Trans. by Charles Rau. _Report of the Smithsonian Institution_ for 1864, 378-99. Washington, 1865.

Bagehot, Walter. Physics and Politics. London, 1872.

Ball, B. W. "The Rights of Women in Ancient Athens." _Atlantic Monthly_, XXVII, 273-86. Boston, 1871.

Bandelier, A. P. "On the Social Organization and Mode of Government of the Ancient Mexicans." _Report of the Peabody Museum_, II, 557-699. Cambridge, 1880.

Bardesan (_ca._ 250 A. D.). Book of the Laws of Countries. (Identical with his De Fato.) Trans. in William Cureton's Spicilegium syriacum. London, 1855.

Baring-Gould, S. "Marriage." In his Germany, Present and Past, 96-126. New York, n. d.

Baron, J. "Das Heirathen in alten und neuen Gesetzen." In R. Virchow and I. von Holtzendorff's _Sammlung gemeinverständlicher wissenschaftlicher Vorträge_. Berlin, 1874.

Barthélemy, Anatole de. "Le droit du seigneur." _Revue des questions historiques_, I, 95-123. Paris, 1866.

Bastian, A. "Ueber die Eheverhältnisse." _ZFE._, VI.

------ "Matriarchat und Patriarchat." _Ibid._, _Verhandlungen_, 331-41. Berlin, 1886.

Bastian, A. Die Rechtsverhältnisse bei verschiedenen Völkern der Erde. Berlin, 1872.

Baway, Ahamadu. "The Marriage Customs of the Moors of Ceylon." _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_, Ceylon Branch, X, 219-33. Colombo, 1888.

Beauchamp, W. M. "Permanence of Early Iroquois Clans and Sachemships." _Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science_, XXXIV, 381-92. Salem, 1886.

------ "Aboriginal Communal Life in America." _American Antiquarian_, IX, 343-50. Chicago, 1887.

Beckwith, Paul. "Notes on Customs of the Dakotahs." _Report of the Smithsonian Institution_ for 1886, Part I, 245-57. Washington, 1889.

Bergel, J. Die Eheverhältnisse der alten Juden im Vergleiche mit den griechischen und römischen. Leipzig, 1881.

Bernhöft, F. Staat und Recht der römischen Königszeit im Verhältniss zu verwandten Rechten. Stuttgart, 1882.

------ Verwandtschaftsnamen und Eheformen der nordamerikanischen Volksstämme. Rostock, 1888.

------ "Ueber die Grundlagen der Rechtsentwicklung bei den indogermanischen Völkern." _ZVR._, II. Stuttgart, 1880.

------ "Das Gesetz von Gortyn." _Ibid._, VI. Stuttgart, 1886.

------ "Zur Geschichte des europäischen Familienrechts." _Ibid._, VIII. Stuttgart, 1888.

------ "Die Principien des europäischen Familienrechts." _Ibid._, IX. Stuttgart, 1891.

------ "Altindische Familienorganisation." _Ibid._, IX. Stuttgart, 1891.

------ "Ehe und Erbrecht der griechischen Heroenzeit." _Ibid._, XI. Stuttgart, 1895.

Bertholon, M. "Les formes de la famille chez les premiers habitants de l'Afrique du nord d'après les écrivains de l'antiquité et des coutumes modernes." _Archives de l'anthropologie criminelle_, VIII (1893), 581-614.

"Bibliophile" (pseud.). Les nuits d'épreuve des villageoises allemandes avant le mariage. Brussels, 1877.

Billington, Mary Frances. Women in India. London, 1895.

Blumentritt, Ferdinand. Versuch einer Ethnographie der Philippinen. Gotha, 1882.

Boaz, Franz. "The Social Organization and the Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl Indians: Based on the Personal Observations and the Notes Made by Mr. George Hunt." _Report of the Smithsonian Institution_ for 1895, 311-738, _Report of the U.S. National Museum_. Washington, 1897.

Bogišić, V. De la forme dite "Inokosna" de la famille rurale chez les Serbes et les Croates. Paris, 1884.

Botsford, G. W. "The Athenian Constitution." _Cornell University Studies in Classical Philology_, IV. Boston, 1893.

Bourdin, Albert. De la condition de la mère en droit romain et en droit français. Paris, 1881.

Brehm, A. C. Thierleben. 10 vols. 3d ed. Leipzig and Vienna, 1891.

Brinton, D. S. "Religions of Primitive Peoples." _American Lectures on the History of Religion._ 2d series. New York and London, 1897.

Brissonius, Barnabe. De ritu nuptiarum. Paris, 1564.

------ De jure connubiorum. Paris, 1564. (Published and bound with the preceding.)

Brooks, W. K. The Law of Heredity. 2d ed. Baltimore and New York, 1883.

Brouardel, P. L'infanticide. Paris, 1897.

Buch, Max. Die Wotjäken, eine ethnologische Studie. From _Acta societatis scientiarum Fennicae_, XII. Helsingfors, 1882.

Buchner, Max. Kamerun. Leipzig, 1887.

Burnell, A. C., and Hopkins, E. W. The Ordinances of Manu. London, 1891.

Carr, Lucien. The Social and Political Position of Women among the Huron-Iroquois Tribes. From the _XVI. Report of the Peabody Museum_. Cambridge, 1883.

Cassel, Paulus. Gesammelte Schriften. I. Berlin, 1893.

Catlin, George. Indian Tribes. 2 vols. London, 1857.

Chamberlain, Alexander Francis. The Child and Childhood in Folk-Thought. New York, 1896.

Chamblain, L. J. De la puissance paternelle chez les Romains: dissertation présentée à la faculté de droit de Paris. Paris, 1829.

Chaplin, J. "The Position of Women among the Ancient Romans." _Baptist Review_, III, 466 ff.

Chinese Marriage. Mariage impérial chinois: un cérémonial. Traduit par G. Devéria. Paris, 1887.

Ciccotti, Ettore. Donne e politica negli ultimi anni della republica romana. Milan, 1895.

Codrington, R. H. "Social Regulations in Melanesia." _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, XVIII, 300-313. London, 1889.

------ The Melanesians: Studies in Their Anthropology and Folk-Lore. Oxford, 1891.

Combier, Émilien. Du divorce en droit romain: de la séparation du corps en droit français. Paris, 1880.

Corbusier, W. M. "The Apache-Yumas and Apache-Mojaves." _American Antiquarian_, VIII, 276-84, 325-39. Chicago, 1886.

Cornil, Georges. "Contribution à l'étude de la patria potestas." _Nouvelle revue historique de droit_, XXI, 416-85. Paris, 1897.

Corre, A. La mère et l'enfant dans les races humaines. Paris, 1882.

Couch, John Andrew. "Woman in Early Roman Law." _Harvard Law Review_, VIII, 39-50. Cambridge, 1895.

Crawley, Ernest. "Sexual Taboo: A Study of the Relations of the Sexes." _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, XXIV, 116-25, 219-35, 430-46. London, 1895.

------ The Mystic Rose: A Study of Primitive Marriage. New York, 1902.

Cunow, H. "Die ökonomischen Grundlagen der Mutterherrschaft." _Neue Zeit_, XVI. Jahrgang, I, No. 4. Stuttgart, 1897-98.

------ Die Verwandtschafts-Organisationen der Australneger: ein Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Familie. Stuttgart, 1894.

Curr, E. C. The Australian Race. 4 vols. Melbourne, 1886.

Daigoro, Goh. "The Family Relations in Japan." _Transactions of the Japan Society_, II.

Danks, B. "Marriage Customs of the New Britain Group." _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, XVIII, 281-94. London, 1889.

Darab Dastur. Next-of-Kin Marriages in Old Iran. London, 1888.

Dargun, L. "Mutterrecht und Raubehe und ihre Reste im germanischen Recht und Leben." In Gierke's _Untersuchungen_, XVI. Breslau, 1883.

------ Mutterrecht und Vaterrecht. Leipzig, 1892.

------ "Ursprung und Entwicklungs-Geschichte des Eigenthums." _ZVR._, V. Stuttgart, 1884.

Darinsky, A. "Die Familie bei den kaukasischen Völkern." _Ibid._, XIV, 149-210. Stuttgart, 1900.

Darwin, C. The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication. 2 vols. New York, 1890.

------ The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. New York, 1890.

Davoud-Oghlou, Garabed Artin. Histoire de la législation des anciens Germains. 2 vols. Berlin, 1845.

Dawson, James. Australian Aborigines: The Language and Customs of Several Tribes of Aborigines in the Western District of Victoria. Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide, 1881.

Delbrück, Berthold. Altindisches Tempuslehre. Halle, 1876.

------ Die indogermanischen Verwandtschaftsnamen. Leipzig, 1885.

Delbrück, Berthold. "Das Mutterrecht bei den Indogermanen." _Preussische Jahrbücher_, XCVII, Heft 1. Berlin, 1895.

Delpit, Jules. Réponse d'un Campagnard à un Parisien ou réfutation du livre de M. Veuillot sur le droit du seigneur. Paris, 1857.

D'Évreux, Père Yves. Voyage dans le nord du Brésil fait durant les années 1613 et 1614; avec une introduction et des notes par Ferdinand Denis. Leipzig and Paris, 1864.

Dobrizhoffer, Martin. Of the Weddings, and Of the Marriages of the Abipones, an Equestrian People of Paraguay (II, 207-15). 3 vols. Trans. from the original Latin. London, 1822.

Donaldson, James. "Women in Ancient Greece." _Contemporary Review_, XXXII, 647 ff. London, 1878.

------ "Women in Ancient Athens." _Ibid._, XXXIV, 700-716. London, 1879.

------ "The Position of Women in Ancient Rome." _Ibid._, LIII, LIV. London, 1888.

Doolittle, J. Social Life of the Chinese. 2 vols. New York, 1867.

Dorsey, James Owen. "Omaha Sociology." _III. Report of Bureau of Ethnology_, 205-370. Washington, 1884.

------ "Siouan Sociology: A Posthumous Paper." _XV. Report of Bureau of Ethnology_, 205-44. Washington, 1897.

Drummond, H. The Ascent of Man. New York, 1894.

Dubief, Disseruit L. Qualis fuerit familia romana, tempore Plauti, ex ejus Fabulis. Molini, 1859.

Duboc, Karl Julius. Die Psychologie der Liebe. Hanover, 1874.

Düringsfeld, Ida von, and Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Otto Freiherr von. Hochzeitsbuch: Brauch und Glaube der Hochzeit bei den christlichen Völkern Europas. Leipzig, 1871.

Duschak, M. Das mosaisch-talmudische Eherecht. Vienna, 1864.

Düsing, Carl. Die Regulierung des Geschlechtsverhältnisses. Jena, 1884.

Eells, Myron. "The Twana, Chemakum, and Klallam Indians of Washington Territory." _Report of the Smithsonian Institution_ for 1887, 605-81. Washington, 1889.

Eggers, F. W. Th. Ueber das Wesen und die Eigenthümlichkeiten der alt-römischen Ehe mit Manus. Altona, 1833.

Ellis, A. B. The Tshi-Speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast of West Africa. London, 1887.

------ The Ewe-Speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa. London, 1890.

------ "Survivals from Marriage by Capture." _Popular Science Monthly_, XXXIX, 207-22. New York, 1891.

------ "On Polyandry." _Ibid._, 801-9. New York, 1891.

Ellis, A. B. "Marriage and Kinship among the Ancient Israelites." _Ibid._, XLII, 325-37. New York, 1892-93.

Ellis, Havelock. Man and Woman: A Study of Human Secondary Characters. London, 1896.

------ Studies in the Psychology of Sex. Vol. I, "Sexual Inversion." London, 1897.

Engels, Friedrich. Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums, und des Staats. 5th ed. Stuttgart, 1892.

Esmein, A. Mélanges d'histoire du droit et de critique: droit romain. Paris, 1886.

Espinas, Alfred. Des sociétés animales. 2d ed. Paris, 1878.

Farrar, J. A. "Early Wedding Customs." In his Primitive Manners and Customs, 188-238. London, 1879. The same in _Gentleman's Magazine_, new series, XXI, 321-45. London, 1878.

------ "Marriage by Capture." _Gentleman's Magazine_, new series, XL, 267-73. London, 1888.

Fawcett, F. "On Basivis: Women, Who, through Dedication to a Deity, Assume Masculine Privileges." _Journal of the Anthropological Society_ (Bombay), II (1891), 322-54.

Featherman, A. Social History of the Races of Mankind. 6 vols. London, 1881-91.

Fielde, Adele M. "Chinese Marriage Customs." _Popular Science Monthly_, XXXIV, 241-46. New York, 1888.

Finck, H. T. Romantic Love and Personal Beauty: Their Development, Causal Relations, and Historical and Natural Peculiarities. 2 vols. London, 1887.

------ Primitive Love and Love-Stories. New York, 1899.

Fischer, Chr. J. Ueber die Probenächte der teutschen Bauernmädchen. Wortgetreues Abdruck der Original-Ausgabe, Berlin and Leipzig, 1780. Leipzig, 1898.

Fison, Lorimer. "Views of Primitive Marriage." _Popular Science Monthly_, XXVII, 203-15. New York, 1880.

Fison, Lorimer, and Howitt, A. W. Kamilaroi and Kurnai. Melbourne, 1880.

Fletcher, Alice C. "The Emblematic Use of the Tree in the Dakotan Group." _Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science_, XLV, 191-209. Salem, 1897.

------ "A Study from the Omaha Tribe: The Import of the Totem." (An abstract.) _Ibid._, XLVI, 325-34. Salem, 1898.

Flittner, C. G. Die Feyer der Liebe, oder Beschreibung der Verlobungs- und Hochzeits-Ceremonien aller Nationen. Berlin, 1795.

Foras, Amédée, Comte de. Le droit du seigneur au moyen âge: étude critique et historique. Chambéry, 1886.

Fraser, J. G. The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion. 2d ed. 3 vols. London, 1900.

------ Totemism. Edinburgh, 1887.

------ "Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia." _Academy_, XXIX, 220, 221. London, 1886.

Frerichs, H. Zur Naturgeschichte des Menschen. 2d ed. Norden, 1891.

Friedlaender, Ludwig. Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms. 6th ed. 3 vols. Leipzig, 1888-90.

Friedrich, J. B. Ueber die jüdische Beschneidung in historischer, operativer und sanitätspolizeilicher Beziehung. Ansbach, 1844.

Friedrichs, Karl. "Zur Matriarchatsfrage." _ZFE._, XX. Berlin 1880.

------ "Das Eherecht des Islams." _ZVR._, VII. Stuttgart, 1887.

------ "Ueber den Ursprung des Matriarchats." _Ibid._, VIII. Stuttgart, 1888.

------ "Familienstufen und Eheformen." _Ibid._, X. Stuttgart, 1892.

------ "Zum japanischen Recht." _Ibid._

Fritsch, G. Die Eingeborenen Südafrikas ethnographisch und anatomisch. Breslau, 1873.

Fustel de Coulanges. The Ancient City. Trans, by Small. 3d ed. Boston and New York, 1877; also Boston, 1896.

Galton, F. "Marriage Systems of Australian Aborigines." _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_ XVIII, 70-72. London, 1889.

Gaya, Louis de. Cérémonies nuptiales de toutes les nations. Original ed. Paris, 1680. (There are various summaries, and also a later edition, Paris, 1852.)

Geddes, Patrick, and Thompson, J. Arthur. The Evolution of Sex. New York, n. d.

Gerlach, Fridericus de. De Romanorum connubio commentatio. Hallis Saxonum, 1851.

Gessert, F. A. Ad legem Juliam de adulteriis coercendis. G. A. Kleuschrod, _Praes._ Wirceburgi, 1795.

Giddings, Franklin H. Principles of Sociology. New York and London, 1896.

Gide, P. Étude sur la condition de la femme dans le droit ancien et moderne, et en particulier sur le sénatus-consulte velléien. 2d ed. by A. Esmein. Paris, 1885.

Giraud-Teulon, A. La mère chez certains peuples de l'antiquité: études sur les sociétés anciennes. Paris and Leipzig, 1867.

------ Les origines du mariage et de la famille. Geneva and Paris, 1884.

Gomme, G. L. "On the Evidence for Mr. McLennan's Theory of the Primitive Human Horde." _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, XVII, 118-33. London, 1888.

Gooroodass, Banerjee. "The Hindu Law of Marriage and Stridahn." _Tagore Law Lectures_, 1878. Calcutta, 1879.

Gramont, Le Comte F. de. Comment on se marie. Brussels, 1858.

Gray, John Henry. China: A History of the Laws, Manners, and Customs of the People. Ed. by William Gow Gregor. 2 vols. London, 1878.

Greenwood, J. The Wild Man at Home. London, n. d.

Grinnell, G. B. "Marriage among the Pawnees." _American Anthropologist_, IV, 275-81. Washington, 1891.

Groos, Karl. Die Spiele der Thiere. Jena, 1896.

---- The Play of Animals. Trans. by Eliz. L. Baldwin. New York, 1898.

Grosier, L'Abbé. Extracts from his De la Chine, 1819. (1) "De la piété filiale," Liv. X, chap, ix; (2) "Mariages chinois," Liv. XI, chap. i.

Grosse, Ernst. Die Formen der Familie und die Formen der Wirthschaft. Freiburg and Leipzig, 1896.

Grossmann, F. E. "The Pima Indians of Arizona." _Report of the Smithsonian Institution_ for 1871, 407-19. Washington, 1873.

Grupen, Christian Ulrich. Tractatio de vxore romana cum ea, quae in manvm convenit, farre, coemtione et vsu, tum illa, quae vxor tantummodo habebatur. Hanoverae, 1727.

Gumarães, José da Silva. "Memoria: Sobre os usos, costumes e linguagem dos Appiaacás, e descobrimento de novas minas na Provincia de Mato Grosso." _Revista trimensal de historia e geographia_, etc., VI. 2d ed. Rio de Janeiro, 1865.

Haas, E. "Die Heirathsgebräuche der alten Inder nach den Grihyasûtra." In Weber's _Indische Studien_, V, 267-412. Berlin, 1862.

Halbert, H. C. "Courtship and Marriage among the Choctaws of Mississippi." _American Naturalist_, XVI, 222, 223. Philadelphia, 1882.

Hanoteau, A., and Letourneaux, A. La Kabylie et les coutumes kabyles. 3 vols. Paris, 1893.

Harper, Robert Francis (editor). The Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon about 2250 B.C. University of Chicago Press Chicago, 1904.

Harrison, Charles. "Religion and Family among the Haidas (Queen Charlotte Islands)." _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, XXI, 14-29. London, 1892.

Hartland, E. S. "Marriage Ceremonies among the Aborigines of Bengal." _Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review_, new series, V, 183-211. Moking, [1893].

Hase, E. De manu juris romani antiquioris contentio. Hallis, 1847.

Hasse, Johann Christian. Das Güterrecht der Ehegatten nach römischem Recht. Berlin, 1824.

Haupt, Ernest Frederick. De poena adulterii ex lege Julia coercendis adulteriis. Lipsiae, 1797.

Haupt, Paul. Die sumerischen Familiengesetze in Keilschrift; Transcription und Übersetzung, nebst ausführlichem Commentar und zahlreichen Excursen: eine assyriologische Studie. Leipzig, 1879.

Hearn, W. E. The Aryan Household. London and Melbourne 1879.

Hellwald, Friedrich von. Kulturgeschichte in ihrer natürlichen Entwicklung bis zur Gegenwart. 3d ed. Augsburg, 1883.

------ Die menschliche Familie. Leipzig, 1889.

Henrici, E. "Das Volksrecht der Epheneger und sein Verhältnis zur deutschen Colonisation im Togogebiete." _ZVR._, XI. Stuttgart, 1895.

Hermann, Emanuel. "Die Familie vom Standpunkte der Gesammtwirthschaft." _Volkswirthschaftliche Zeitfragen_, Jahrgang 10, Heft 8. Berlin, 1889.

Hildebrand, Richard. Über das Problem einer allgemeinen Entwicklungsgeschichte des Rechts und der Sitte. Graz, 1894.

------ Recht und Sitte auf den verschiedenen wirthschaftlichen Kulturstufen. I. Theil. Jena, 1896.

Hitchcock, Romyn. "The Ainos of Yezo, Japan." _Report of the Smithsonian Institution_ for 1890, 429-502, _Report of U.S. National Museum_. Washington, 1891.

Hoffman, Walter James. "The Menomini Indians." _XIV. Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_, Part I. Washington, 1896.

Hölder, E. Die römische Ehe. Zurich, 1874.

Honegger, J. J. Grundsteine einer allgemeinen Culturgeschichte der neuesten Zeit. 5 vols. Leipzig, 1868-74.

Hotman, Antoine. De veteri ritu nuptiarum. (Published and bound with Brissonius's two works.) Lugduni Batavorum, 1641.

Hotman, François. De sponsalibus. (Published and bound with the preceding.)

------ De ritu nuptiarum et jure matrimoniorum. (Published and bound with the preceding.)

Houzeau, J. C. Études sur les facultés mentales des animaux. Mons, 1872.

Howard, Clifford. Sex Worship. 2d ed. Washington, 1898.

Howitt, A. W. "Australian Group Relations." _Report of the Smithsonian Institution_ for 1883, 797-824. Washington, 1885.

Howitt, A. W. "Remarks on the Class Systems Collected by Mr. Palmer." _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, XIII, 335-46. London, 1884.

------ "Further Notes on the Australian Class Systems." _Ibid._, XVIII, 31-66. London, 1889.

Howitt, A. W., and Fison, Lorimer. "From Mother-Right to Father-Right." _Ibid._, XII, 30-44. London, 1882.

------ "On the Deme and the Horde." _Ibid._, XIV, 142-68. London, 1885.

Hozumi, N. Ancestor-Worship and Japanese Law. Tokio, 1902.

Hruza, Ernst. Beiträge zur Geschichte des griechischen und römischen Familienrechts. I, "Ehebegründung nach attischem Rechte." Erlangen and Leipzig, 1892. II, "Polygamie und Pellikat nach griechischem Rechte." _Ibid._, 1894.

Huc, M. The Chinese Empire. 2 vols. London, 1855.

Humboldt, Alexandre de. Vues de Cordillères, et monuments des peuples indigènes de l'Amérique. Large folio. Paris, 1810.

[Hurtant, P. T. N.]. Coup d'œil anglois sur les cérémonies du
mariage. Geneva, 1750. (Compiled from Louis de Gaya's Cérémonies
nuptiales de toutes les nations.)

Hutchinson, Henry Neville. Marriage Customs in Many Lands.
London, 1897.

Jacolliot, Louis. La femme dans l'Inde. (La femme aux temps
védiques, aux temps brahmaniques, et dans l'Inde de la
décadence.) Paris, 1877.

Jardine, J., and Forchhammer, E. Notes on Buddhist Law. (Nine
papers on marriage, etc.) Rangoon, 1883.

Jolly, Julius. Ueber die rechtliche Stellung der Frauen bei den
alten Indern nach den Dharmaçāstra. Munich, 1876.

------ "Ueber die Systematik des indischen Rechts." _ZVR._, I.
Stuttgart, 1878.

------ "Die juristischen Abschnitte aus dem Gesetzbuch des Manu."
_Ibid._, III, IV. Stuttgart, 1882-83.

Jörs, Paul. Die Ehegesetze des Augustus. Marburg, 1894.

Jubainville, H. D'Arbois de. "Le droit du roi dans l'épopée
islandaise." _Revue archéologique._ Paris, 1881.

Jung, K. E. Der Welttheil Australien. Leipzig, 1882.

Junius, F. A. De annulo Romanorum sponsalitio commentatio.
Leipzig, [1744?].

[Kantemir, Dmitri.]. Coutumes du pays roumain. Trans. by J. E.
Voinesco. In Vasili Aleksandri's Les Doïnas, 121-27. 2d ed.
Paris, 1855.

Karlowa, O. Die Formen der römischen Ehe und Manus. Bonn, 1868.

Katscher, Leopold. Bilder aus dem chinesischen Leben, mit
besonderer Rücksicht auf Sitten und Gebräuche. Leipzig and
Heidelberg, 1881.

------ Aus China: Skizzen und Bilder. I. Leipzig, [1877].

Kautsky, Carl. "Die Entstehung der Ehe und Familie." _Kosmos_,
XII. Stuttgart, 1882.

Klemm, Gustav. Allgemeine Cultur-Geschichte der Menschheit. 10
vols. Leipzig, 1842-52.

Keane, A. H. Ethnology. 2d ed. Cambridge, 1896.

------ Man: Past and Present. Cambridge, 1899.

Kingsley, Mary. Travels in West Africa. London, 1897.

Koehne, K. "Das Recht der Kalmücken." _ZVR._, IX. Stuttgart, 1891.

Kohler, J. "Rechtshistorische und rechtsvergleichende
Forschungen." (Part III, on "Indisches Ehe- und Familienrecht.")
_Ibid._, III. Stuttgart, 1882.

------ "Studien über Frauengemeinschaft, Frauenraub und
Frauenkauf." _Ibid._, V. Stuttgart, 1884.

------ "Studien über zwei babylonische Rechtsurkunden aus der
Zeit Nabonids." _Ibid._, V. Stuttgart, 1884.

------ "Die Ionsage und Vaterrecht." _Ibid._, V. Stuttgart, 1884.

------ "Studien über künstliche Verwandtschaft." _Ibid._, V.
Stuttgart, 1884.

------ "Aus dem chinesischen Civilrecht." _Ibid._, VI. Stuttgart,
1886.

------ "Das Recht der Birmanen." _Ibid._, VI. Stuttgart, 1886.

------ "Das Recht der Chins." _Ibid._, VI. Stuttgart, 1886.

------ "Die Ehe mit und ohne Mundium." _Ibid._, VI. Stuttgart,
1886.

------ "Ueber das Recht der Australneger." _Ibid._, VII.
Stuttgart, 1887.

------ "Ueber das Recht der Papuas auf Neu Guinea." _Ibid._, VII.
Stuttgart, 1887.

------ "Das Recht der Armenier." _Ibid._, VII. Stuttgart, 1887.

------ "Ueber das vorislamitische Recht der Araber." _Ibid._,
VIII. Stuttgart, 1888.

------ "Studien aus dem japanischen Recht." _Ibid._, X.
Stuttgart, 1892.

------ "Das Recht der Azteken." _Ibid._, XI. Stuttgart, 1895.

------ "Ueber das Negerrecht, namentlich in Kamerun." _Ibid._,
XI. Stuttgart, 1895.

------ Zur Urgeschichte der Ehe: Totemismus, Gruppenehe,
Mutterrecht. Separat-Abdruck aus _ibid._, XII. Stuttgart, 1897.

Kohler, J. "Rechte der deutschen Schutzgebiete." _Ibid._, XIV,
294-319, 321-94, 409-55. Stuttgart, 1900.

------ "Rechtsverhältnisse auf dem ostindischen Archipel
und den westlichen Karolinen," _ibid._, VI. "Aus dem Praxis
des buddhistischen Rechts in Birma," _ibid._, VI. "Die
Gewohnheitsrechte des Pendschabs," _ibid._, VII. "Ueber das Recht
der Goajiroindianer," _ibid._, VII. "Indische Gewohnheitsrechte,"
_ibid._, VIII. "Ueber die Gewohnheitsrechte von Bengalen,"
_ibid._, IX. "Die Gewohnheitsrechte der Provinz Bombay," _ibid._,
X. "Gewohnheitsrechte der indischen Nordwestprovinzen mit
Einschluss von Audh," _ibid._, XI.

Kovalevsky, Maxime. Tableau des origines et de l'évolution de la
famille et de la propriété. Stockholm, 1890.

------ Gesetz und Gewohnheit im Kaukass. (Russian text.) Moskow,
1890.

------ "Matrimonial Customs and Usages of the Russian People, and
the Light They Throw on the Evolution of Marriage." In his Modern
Customs and Ancient Laws of Russia. London, 1891.

------ "Marriage among Early Slavs." _Folk-Lore_, I, 463-80.
London, 1890.

Krafft-Ebing, R. von. Psychopathia Sexualis, with Especial
Reference to Contrary Sexual Instinct. 7th ed. Trans. by Charles
Gilbert Chaddock. Philadelphia and London, 1894.

Kranz, M. Natur- und Kulturleben der Zulus. Wiesbaden, 1880.

Krause, Aurel. Die Tlinkit-Indianer: Ergebnisse einer Reise nach
der Nordwestküste von Amerika und der Beringstrasse ausgeführt im
Auftrage der Bremer geographischen Gesellschaft, 1880-81. Jena,
1885.

Krauss, Friedrich S. Sitte und Brauch der Südslaven. Vienna, 1885.

------ "Das Mundschaftsrecht des Mannes über die Ehefrau bei den
Südslaven." _Mittheilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft_,
XV, 101-10. Vienna, 1885.

Kremer, Alfred von. Kulturgeschichte des Orients unter den
Chalifen. Vienna, 1875.

Kubary, J. S. "Aus dem samoanischen Familienleben." _Globus_,
XLVII, 70-72, 86-88. Braunschweig, 1885.

Kulischer, M. "Die geschlechtliche Zuchtwahl bei den Menschen in
der Urzeit." _ZFE._, VIII. Stuttgart, 1888.

------ "Intercommunale Ehe durch Raub und Kauf." _Ibid._, X.

------ "Die communale 'Zeitehe' und ihre Ueberreste." _Archiv für
Anthropologie_, XI, 215-29. Braunschweig, 1879.

Kuntze, Johannes Emil. Excurse über römisches Recht. 2d ed.
Leipzig, 1880.

Kurtz, Joh. Heinrich. Die Ehen der Sohne Gottes mit den Töchtern
der Menschen. Berlin, New York, and Adelaide, 1857.

------ Die Ehe des Propheten Hosea. Dorpat, 1859.

Laband, P. "Rechtliche Stellung der Frauen im altrömischen und
germanischen Recht." _Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie und
Sprachwissenschaft_, III. Berlin, 1865.

Lacombe, P. La famille dans la société romaine: étude de moralité
comparée. Paris, 1889.

Labessade, Léon de. Le droit du seigneur et la Rosière de
Salency. Paris, 1878.

Lafitau, J. F. Mœurs des sauvages Amériquains, comparées aus
mœurs des premiers temps. 2 vols. Paris, 1724.

Lallier, R. De la condition de la femme dans la famille
athénienne au V^e et au IV^e siècle. Paris, 1875.

Lang, Andrew. "Early History of the Family." In his Custom and
Myth. London, 1884.

------ Social Origins. (Published with Atkinson's Primal Law.)
London, New York, and Bombay, 1903.

Langeron, Louis. Du divorce en droit romain: droits des enfants
naturels sur les biens de leur père ou mère en droit français.
Paris, 1857.

Lasaulx, Ernst von. Zur Geschichte und Philosophic der Ehe bei
den Griechen. Munich, 1852.

Laumier, Charles Lazare. Cérémonies nuptiales des peuples anciens
et modernes. Paris, 1829.

Lawlace, W. M. The Japanese Wedding. New York, 1889.

Legge, J. The Life and Teachings of Confucius. 3d ed. London,
1872.

Leist, B. W. Graeco-italische Rechtsgeschichte. Jena, 1884.

------ Alt-arisches Jus Gentium. Jena, 1889.

Léry, Jean de. "Du mariage, polygamie & degrez de consanguinité
observez par les sauvages: & du traittement de leurs petits
enfans." In his Histoire d'un voyage faict en la terre du Bresil,
autrement dite Amerique, 301-11. 3d ed. Geneva, 1585.

Letourneau, Charles. Sociology Based upon Ethnography. Trans. by
H. M. Trollope. New ed. London, 1893.

------ "L'évolution du mariage et de la famille." Vol. VI of
_Bibliothèque anthropologique_. Paris, 1888.

------ "The Evolution of Marriage and of the Family."
_Contemporary Science_ series. New York, n. d.

Lewis, H. The Ancient Laws of Wales. Ed. by Lloyd. London, 1889.

Lichtschein, L. Die Ehe nach mosaisch-talmudischer Auffassung und
das mosaisch-talmudische Eherecht. Leipzig, 1879.

Linton, E. Lynn. "Womanhood in Old Greece." _Fortnightly Review_,
XLVII, 105-123, 715-31. London, 1887.

------ "The Roman Matron and the Roman Lady." _Ibid._, XLVIII,
237-58. London, 1887.

Lippert, Julius. Die Geschichte der Familie. Stuttgart, 1884.

------ Kulturgeschichte der Menschheit in ihrer organischen
Aufbau. 2 vols. Stuttgart, 1886-87.

Lockhart, J. H. S. "Marriage Customs of the Manchus."
_Folk-Lore_, I, 481-92. London, 1890.

Loring, W. W. "Marriage." In his A Confederate Soldier in Egypt,
105-13. New York, [1884, copyright].

Louise, Paul. Du sénatus-consulte velléien et de l'incapacité
de la femme mariée: thèse, faculté de droit de Douai.
Chateau-Thierry, 1873.