Chapter XXVII: Part I: (Leyden, 1896) (1)

Contains masterly studies on the origins of Arabic Poetry and
other matters connected with literary history.

5. _Die Rhetorik der Araber_, by A. F. Mehren (Copenhagen, 1853).

II

GENERAL WORKS ON ARABIAN HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY,
GEOGRAPHY, LITERATURE, ETC.

6. _The Encyclopædia of Islam_ (Leyden, 1913--).

A great number of Orientalists have contributed to this
invaluable work, of which the first half (A-L) is now
completed.

7. _Chronique de Ṭabarí, traduite sur la version persane de...
_Bel‘amí_, by H. Zotenberg, 4 vols. (Paris, 1867-74).

8. The _Murúju ’l-Dhahab_ of Mas‘údí (_Maçoudi: Les Prairies d'Or_),
Arabic text with French translation by Barbier de Meynard and
Pavet de Courteille, 9 vols. (Paris, 1861-77).

The works of Ṭabarí and Mas‘údí are the most ancient and
celebrated Universal Histories in the Arabic language.

9. _Abulfedæ Annales Muslemici arabice et latine_, by J. J. Reiske,
5 vols. (Hafniæ, 1789-94).

10. _Der Islam im Morgen- und Abendland_, by August Müller,
2 vols. (Berlin, 1885-87).

11. _Histoire des Arabes_, by C. Huart, 2 vols. (Paris, 1912).

12. _A Short History of the Saracens_, by Syed Ameer Ali (London,
1921).

13. _Essai sur l'histoire de l'Islamisme_, by R. Dozy, translated from
the Dutch by Victor Chauvin (Leyden and Paris, 1879).

14. _The Preaching of Islam, a History of the Propagation of the
Muslim Faith_, by T. W. Arnold (2nd ed., London, 1913).

15. _Sketches from Eastern History_, by Th. Nöldeke, translated by
J. S. Black (London, 1892).

16. _The Mohammadan Dynasties_, by Stanley Lane-Poole (London,
1894).

Indispensable to the student of Moslem history.

17. _Genealogische Tabellen der Arabischen Stämme und Familien mit
historischen und geographischen Bemerkungen in einem
alphabetischen Register_, by F. Wüstenfeld (Göttingen,
1852-53).

18. _Ibn Khallikán's Biographical Dictionary_, translated from the
Arabic by Baron MacGuckin de Slane, 4 vols. (Oriental
Translation Fund, 1842-71).

One of the most characteristic, instructive, and interesting
books in Arabic literature.

19. _Géographie d'Aboulféda, traduite de l'arabe_, by Reinaud and
Guyard, 2 vols. (Paris, 1848-83).

20. _Travels in Arabia Deserta_, by C. M. Doughty, 2 vols. (Cambridge,
1888).

Gives a true and vivid picture of Bedouin life and manners.

21. _Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to al-Madinah and Meccah_,
by Sir R. F. Burton, 2 vols. (London, 1898).

22. _The Penetration of Arabia: a record of the development of
Western knowledge concerning the Arabian Peninsula_, by D. G.
Hogarth (London, 1905).

23. Ḥájjí Khalífa, _Lexicon bibliographicum et encyclopædicum_,
Arabic text and Latin translation, by G. Flügel, 7 vols.
(Leipzig and London, 1835-58).

24. _Die Geschichtschreiber der Araber und ihre Werke_ (aus dem
xxviii. und xxix. Bande der Abhand. d. Königl. Ges. d. Wiss.
zu Göttingen), by F. Wüstenfeld (Göttingen, 1882).

25. _Litteraturgeschichte der Araber bis zum Ende des 12. Jahrhunderts
der Hidschret_, by J. von Hammer-Purgstall, 7 vols. (Vienna,
1850-56).

A work of immense extent, but unscientific and extremely
inaccurate.

26. _Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur_, by Carl Brockelmann,
2 vols. (Weimar, 1898-1902).

Invaluable for bibliography and biography.

27. _A Literary History of Persia_, by E. G. Browne, vol. i from the
earliest times to Firdawsí (London, 1902), and vol. ii down to
the Mongol Invasion (London, 1906).

The first volume in particular of this well-known work
contains much information concerning the literary history of
the Arabs.

28. _A History of Arabic Literature_, by Clement Huart (London,
1903).

The student will find this manual useful for purposes of
reference.

29. _Arabic Literature: an Introduction_, by H. A. R. Gibb (London,
1926).

A trustworthy outline of the subject.

30. _Arabum Proverbia_, Arabic text with Latin translation, by
G. W. Freytag, 3 vols. (Bonn, 1838-43).

31. _Arabic Proverbs_, by J. L. Burckhardt (2nd ed., London, 1875).

III

PRE-ISLAMIC HISTORY, LITERATURE, AND RELIGION.

32. _Essai sur l'histoire des Arabes avant l'Islamisme_, by A. P.
Caussin de Perceval, 3 vols. (Paris, 1847-48).

Affords an excellent survey of Pre-islamic legend and
tradition.

33. _Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden_,
translated from the Annals of Ṭabarí, by Th. Nöldeke
(Leyden, 1879).

The ample commentary accompanying the translation is valuable
and important in the highest degree.

34. _Fünf Mo‘allaqát übersetzt und erklärt_, by Th. Nöldeke (Vienna,
1899-1901).

The omitted _Mu‘allaqas_ are those of Imru’u ’l-Qays and
Tarafa.

35. _The Seven Golden Odes of Pagan Arabia_, translated from the
original Arabic by Lady Anne Blunt and done into English verse
by Wilfrid Scawen Blunt (London, 1903).

36. _Hamâsa oder die ältesten arabischen Volkslieder übersetzt und
erläutert_, by Friedrich Rückert, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1846).

Masterly verse-translations of the old Arabian poetry.

37. _Translations of ancient Arabian poetry, chiefly Pre-islamic_,
with an introduction and notes, by C. J. Lyall (London, 1885).

38. _Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Poesie der alten Araber_, by Th.
Nöldeke (Hannover, 1864).

39. _Studien in arabischen Dichtern_, Heft iii, _Altarabisches
Beduinenleben nach den Quellen geschildert_, by G. Jacob
(Berlin, 1897).

40. _Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia_, by W. Robertson
Smith (2nd ed., London, 1903).

41. _Lectures on the Religion of the Semites_, First Series, by W.
Robertson Smith, 3rd ed., revised by S. A. Cook (London,
1927).

42. _Reste Arabischen Heidentums_, by J. Wellhausen (2nd ed.,
Berlin, 1897).

IV

MUḤAMMAD AND THE KORAN.

43. _Das Leben Mohammed's_, translated from the Arabic biography
of Ibn Hishám by G. Weil, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1864).

44. _Muhammed in Medina_, by J. Wellhausen (Berlin, 1882).

An abridged translation of Wáqidí's work on Muḥammad's
Campaigns.

45. _Das Leben und die Lehre des Moḥammad_, by A. Sprenger,
3 vols. (Berlin, 1861-65).

46. _Life of Mahomet_, by Sir W. Muir, ed. by T. H. Weir (Edinburgh,
1923).

47. _Das Leben Muhammed's nach den Quellen populär dargestellt_,
by Th. Nöldeke (Hannover, 1863).

48. _The Spirit of Islam_, by Syed Ameer Ali (London, 1922).

49. _Mohammed_, by H. Grimme, 2 vols. (Münster, 1892-95).

50. _Die weltgeschichtliche Bedeutung Arabiens: Mohammed_, by
H. Grimme (Munich, 1904).

51. _Mohammed and the Rise of Islam_, by D. S. Margoliouth in
'Heroes of the Nations' Series (London and New York, 1905).

52. _Mohammed and Islam_, by A. A. Bevan in _The Cambridge
Mediæval History_, vol. ii, ch. 10 (Cambridge, 1913).

53. _Die Person Muhammeds in Lehre und Glauben seiner Gemeinde_,
by Tor Andrae (Uppsala, 1918).

54. _The origin of Islam in its Christian environment_, by R. Bell
(London, 1926).

55. _Annali dell' Islām_, by Leone Caetani, Principe di Teano, vol. i
(Milan, 1905).

Besides a very full and readable historical introduction this
magnificent work contains a detailed account of Muḥammad's
life during the first six years after the Hijra (622-628
A.D.).

56. _The Koran_, translated into English with notes and a preliminary
discourse, by G. Sale (London, 1734).

Sale's translation, which has been frequently reprinted, is
still serviceable. Mention may also be made of the English
versions by J. M. Rodwell (London and Hertford, 1861) and by
E. H. Palmer (the best from a literary point of view) in vols.
vi and ix of 'The Sacred Books of the East' (Oxford, 1880);
reprinted in _The World's Classics_, vol. 328.

57. _Geschichte des Qorâns_, by Th. Nöldeke, 2nd ed., revised by
F. Schwally (Leipzig, 1909-19).

_Cf._ Nöldeke's essay, 'The Koran,' in _Sketches from Eastern
History_, pp. 21-59, or his article in the _Encyclopædia
Britannica_ (11th ed.).

58. _The Teaching of the Qur’ān_, by H. W. Stanton (London, 1920).

V

THE HISTORY OF THE CALIPHATE.

59. _The Caliphate_, by T. W. Arnold (Oxford, 1924).

60. _Geschichte der Chalifen_, by G. Weil, 3 vols. (Mannheim,
1846-51).

Completed by the same author's _Geschichte des
Abbasiden-Chalifats in Egypten_, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1860-62).

61. _Annals of the Early Caliphate_, by Sir W. Muir (London, 1883).

62. _The Caliphate, its rise, decline, and fall_, by Sir W. Muir
(2nd ed., London, 1924).

63. _The Arab Conquest of Egypt and the last thirty years of Roman
dominion_, by A. J. Butler (London, 1902).

64. _Das Arabische Reich und sein Sturz_, by J. Wellhausen (Berlin,
1902).

An excellent history of the Umayyad dynasty based on the
Annals of Tabarí.

65. _The Eclipse of the Abbasid Caliphate_, by H. F. Amedroz and
D. S. Margoliouth, 7 vols. (Oxford, 1920-1).

Arabic texts and translations valuable for the history of the
fourth century A.H.

66. _The life and times of ‘Alí b. ‘Ísá, the Good Vizier_, by H. Bowen
(Cambridge, 1928).

67. _Geschichte der Fatimiden-Chalifen, nach arabischen Quellen_, by
F. Wüstenfeld (Göttingen, 1881).

VI

THE HISTORY OF MOSLEM CIVILISATION.

68. _Prolégomènes d'Ibn Khaldoun_, a French translation of the
_Muqaddima_ or Introduction prefixed by Ibn Khaldún to his
Universal History, by Baron MacGuckin de Slane, 3 vols. (in
_Notices et Extraits des Manuscrits de la Bibliothèque
Impériale_, vols. xix-xxi, Paris, 1863-68).

69. _Culturgeschichte des Orients unter den Chalifen_, by A. von
Kremer, 2 vols. (Vienna, 1875-77).

70. _Culturgeschichtliche Streifzüge auf dem Gebiete des Islams_, by
A. von Kremer (Leipzig, 1873).

This work has been translated into English by S. Khuda Bukhsh
in his _Contributions to the History of Islamic Civilization_
(Calcutta, 1905; 2nd ed., 1929).

71. _Geschichte der herrschenden Ideen des Islams_, by A. von Kremer
(Leipzig, 1868).

A celebrated and most illuminating book.

72. _La civilisation des Arabes_, by G. Le Bon (Paris, 1884).

73. _Muhammedanische Studien_, by Ignaz Goldziher (Halle,
1888-90).

This book, which has frequently been cited in the foregoing
pages, should be read by every serious student of Moslem
civilisation.

74. _Islamstudien_, vol. i, by C. H. Becker (Leipzig, 1924).

75. _Umayyads and ‘Abbásids_, being the Fourth Part of Jurji
Zaydán's _History of Islamic Civilisation_, translated by D.
S. Margoliouth (E. J. W. Gibb Memorial, vol. iv, 1907).

76. _Die Renaissance des Islams_, by A. Mez (Heidelberg, 1922).

77. _Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate_, by G. le Strange
(Oxford, 1900).

78. _A Baghdad Chronicle_, by R. Levy (Cambridge, 1929).

79. _The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate_, by G. le Strange (Cambridge,
1905).

80. _Palestine under the Moslems_, by G. le Strange (London, 1890).

81. _Painting in Islam_, by T. W. Arnold (Oxford, 1928).

82. _Moslem Architecture_, by G. T. Rivoira, translated by G. M.
Rushforth (Oxford, 1919).

83. _Arabian Society in the Middle Ages_, by E. W. Lane, edited by
Stanley Lane-Poole (London, 1883).

84. _Die Araber im Mittelalter und ihr Einfluss auf die Cultur
Europa's_, by G. Diercks (2nd ed., Leipzig, 1882).

85. _An account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians_,
by E. W. Lane (5th ed., London, 1871).

VII

MUḤAMMADAN RELIGION, THEOLOGY, JURISPRUDENCE,
PHILOSOPHY, AND MYSTICISM.

86. _Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence, and Constitutional
Theory_, by Duncan B. Macdonald (London, 1903).

The best general sketch of the subject.

87. _Asch-Schahrastâni's Religionspartheien und Philosophen-Schulen_,
translated by T. Haarbrücker (Halle, 1850-51).

88. _The Traditions of Islam_, by A. Guillaume (Oxford, 1924).

See also No. 73, Pt. ii.

89. _Les traditions islamiques trad. de l'arabe_, by O. Houdas and
W. Marçais (Paris, 1903-14).

A translation of the celebrated collection of Traditions by
Bukhárí.

90. _A Handbook of early Muhammadan Tradition_, by A. J.
Wensinck (Leyden, 1927).

91. _Mohammedanism_, by C. Snouck Hurgronje (American lectures
on the history of religions, 1916).

92. _Vorlesungen über den Islam_, by I. Goldziher (Heidelberg,
1910; 2nd ed., 1925).

93. _The Early Development of Mohammedanism_, by D. S. Margoliouth
(London, 1914; re-issued, 1927).

94. _L'Islam, croyances et institutions_, by H. Lammens (Beyrout,
1926); translation by E. Denison Ross (London, 1929).

95. _The Islamic Faith_, by T. W. Arnold (Benn's Sixpenny Library,
No. 42).

96. _The History of Philosophy in Islam_, by T. J. de Boer, translated
by E. R. Jones (London, 1903).

97. _Die Mutaziliten oder die Freidenker im Islam_, by H. Steiner
(Leipzig, 1865).

98. _Die Philosophie der Araber im X. Jahrhundert n. Chr. aus den
Schriften der lautern Brüder herausgegeben_, by F. Dieterici
(Berlin and Leipzig, 1861-79).

99. _Averroes et l'Averroisme_, by E. Renan (Paris, 1861).

100. _Mélanges de Philosophie Juive et Arabe_, by S. Munk (Paris,
1859).

101. _Fragments, relatifs à la doctrine des Ismaélîs_, by S. Guyard
(Paris, 1874).

102. _Exposé de la Religion des Druzes_, by Silvestre de Sacy, 2 vols.
(Paris, 1838).

103. _The Mystics of Islam_, by R. A. Nicholson (London, 1914).

104. _The Religious Attitude and Life in Islam_, by D. B. Macdonald
(Chicago, 1909).

105. _Essai sur les origines du lexique technique de la mystique
musulmane_, by L. Massignon (Paris, 1922).

106. _La Passion d'al-Halláj_, by L. Massignon, 2 vols. (Paris, 1922).

107. _Al-Ḳuschairîs Darstellung des Ṣûfîtums_, by Richard
Hartmann (Berlin, 1914).

108. _Kleinere Schriften des Ibn al-‘Arabī_, by H. S. Nyberg
(Leiden, 1919).

109. _Studies in Islamic Mysticism_, by R. A. Nicholson (Cambridge,
1921).

110. _The Idea of Personality in Ṣúfism_, by R. A. Nicholson
(Cambridge, 1923).

111. _The Dervishes or Oriental Spiritualism_, by John P. Brown,
ed. by H. A. Rose (London, 1927).

112. _Les Confréries religieuses musulmanes_, by O. Depont and
X. Coppolani (Algiers, 1897).

VIII

THE HISTORY AND LITERATURE OF THE MOORS.

113. _Histoire des Musulmans d'Espagne jusqu'à la conquête de
l'Andalusie par les Almoravides_ (711-1110 A.D.), by R. Dozy,
4 vols. (Leyden, 1861). Translated into English under the
title _Spanish Islam_ by F. G. Stokes (London, 1913).

114. _History of the Moorish Empire in Europe_, by S. P. Scott,
3 vols. (New York, 1904).

115. _The Moriscos of Spain, their conversion and expulsion_, by
H. C. Lea (Philadelphia, 1901).

116. _History of the Mohammedan dynasties of Spain_, translated
from the _Nafḥ al-Ṭíb_ of Maqqarí by Pascual de Gayangos, 2
vols. (London, Oriental Translation Fund, 1840-43).

117. _The History of the Almohades_, by ‘Abdu ’l-Wáḥid
al-Marrákoshí, translated by E. Fagnan (Algiers, 1893).

118. _Recherches sur l'histoire et la littérature de l'Espagne pendant
le moyen âge_, by R. Dozy, 2 vols. (3rd ed., Leyden, 1881).

119. _Poesie und Kunst der Araber in Spanien und Sicilien_, by
A. F. von Schack, 2 vols. (2nd ed., Stuttgart, 1877).

120. _Moorish remains in Spain_, by A. F. Calvert (London, 1905).

121. _Storia dei musulmani di Sicilia_, by M. Amari (Firenze,
1854-72). A revised edition is in course of publication.

IX

THE HISTORY OF THE ARABS FROM THE MONGOL
INVASION IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY TO THE
PRESENT DAY.

122. _Histoire des Sultans Mamlouks de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe par
Taki-eddin Ahmed Makrizi, traduite en français ... par_ M.
Quatremère, 2 vols. (Oriental Translation Fund, 1845).

123. _The Mameluke or Slave dynasty of Egypt_, by Sir W. Muir
(London, 1896).

124. _Histoire de Bagdad depuis la domination des Khans mongols
jusqu'au massacre des Mamlouks_, by C. Huart (Paris, 1901).

125. _History of the Egyptian revolution from the period of the
Mamelukes to the death of Mohammed Ali_, by A. A. Paton,
2 vols. (London, 1870).

126. _The Shaikhs of Morocco in the XVI^h century_, by T. H. Weir
(Edinburgh, 1904).

127. _The Arabic Press of Egypt_, by M. Hartmann (London, 1899).

128. _Neuarabische Volkspoesie gesammelt und uebersetzt_, by Enno
Littmann (Berlin, 1902).

INDEX

In the following Index it has been found necessary to omit the accents indicating the long vowels, and the dots which are used in the text to distinguish letters of similar pronunciation. On the other hand, the definite article _al_ has been prefixed throughout to those Arabic names which it properly precedes; it is sometimes written in full, but is generally denoted by a hyphen, _e.g._ -‘Abbas for al-‘Abbas. Names of books, as well as Oriental words and technical terms explained in the text, are printed in italics. Where a number of references occur under one heading, the more important are, as a rule, shown by means of thicker type.

A

Aaron, 215, 273

‘Abbad, 421

‘Abbadid dynasty, the, 414, 421-424, 431

-‘Abbas, 146, 249, 250, 251

-‘Abbas b. -Ahnaf (poet), 261

‘Abbása, 261

‘Abbasid history, two periods of, 257

‘Abbasid propaganda, the, 249-251

‘Abbasids, the, xxviii, xxix, xxx, 65, 181, 182, 193, 194, 220,
+249-253+, +254-284+, 287-291, +365-367+, 373

‘Abdullah, father of the Prophet, xxvii, 146, 148, 250

‘Abdullah, brother of Durayd b. -Simma, 83

‘Abdullah, the Amir (Spanish Umayyad), 411

‘Abdullah b. -‘Abbas, 145, 237, 249

‘Abdullah b. Hamdan, 269

‘Abdullah b. Ibad, 211

‘Abdullah b. Mas‘ud, 352

‘Abdullah b. Maymun al-Qaddah, 271-274, 363

‘Abdullah. b. Muhammad b. Adham, 423

‘Abdullah b. -Mu‘tazz. See _Ibnu ’l-Mu‘tazz_

‘Abdullah b. Saba, 215, 216

‘Abdullah b. Tahir, 129

‘Abdullah b. Ubayy, 172

‘Abdullah b. Yasin al-Kuzuli, +430+

Abdullah b. -Zubayr, 198, 199, 200, 202

‘Abdu ’l-‘Aziz (Marinid), 436

‘Abdu ’l-‘Aziz, brother of ‘Abdu ’l-Malik, 200

‘Abdu ’l-‘Aziz, son of Muhammad b. Sa‘ud, 466

‘Abdu ’l-Ghani al-Nabulusi, 402

‘Abdu ’l-Hamid, 267

‘Abdu ’l-Malik (Umayyad Caliph), +200-202+, 206, 209, 224, 240, 242,
244, 247, 349, 407

‘Abd Manaf, 146

‘Abdu, ’l-Mu’min (Almohade), 432

‘Abdu ’l-Muttalib, 66-68, 146, 148, 154, 250

‘Abdu ’l-Qadir al-Baghdadi, 131

‘Abdu ’l-Qadir al-Jili, 393

‘Abd al-Qays (tribe), 94

‘Abdu ’l-Rahman I, the Umayyad, 253, 264, +405-407+, 417, 418

‘Abdu ’l-Rahman II (Spanish Umayyad), 409, 418

‘Abdu ’l-Rahman III (Spanish Umayyad), +411-412+, 420, 425

‘Abdu ’l-Rahman V (Spanish Umayyad), 426

‘Abdu ’l-Rahman b. ‘Awf, 186

‘Abdu ’l-Razzaq-Kashani, 402

‘Abd Shams, 146

‘Abd Shams Saba, 14

‘Abdu ’l-‘Uzza, 159

‘Abdu ’l-Wahhab, founder of the Wahhabite sect. See _Muhammad b.
‘Abd al-Wahhab_.

‘Abdu ’l-Wahhab al-Sha‘rani. See _-Sha‘rani_

‘Abdu ’l-Wahid of Morocco (historian), 431, 433

‘Abid b. -Abras (poet), 39, 44, 86, 101

‘Abid b. Sharya, 13, 19, 247

‘Abida b. Hilal, 239

‘Abir, xviii

‘Abla, 115

-Ablaq, (name of a castle), 84

Ablutions, the ceremonial, incumbent on Moslems, 149

-Abna, 29

Abraha, 6, 15, +28+, +65-8+

Abraham, xviii, 22, 62, 63, 66, 149, 150, 165, 172, 177

Abraham, the religion of, 62, 149, 177

‘Abs (tribe), xix, 61, 88, 114-117

Absal, 433

Abu ’l-‘Abbas (Marinid), 436

Abu ’l-‘Abbas Ahmad al-Marsi, 327

Abu ’l-‘Abbas al-Nami (poet), 270

Abu ’l-‘Abbas-Saffah, 182, 253.
See _-Saffah_

Abu ‘Abdallah Ibnu ’l-Ahmar (Nasrid), 437

Abu ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami, 338

Abu Ahmad al-Mihrajani, 370

Abu ’l-‘Ala al-Ma‘arri, 166, 167, 206, 271, 289, 291, 296, 308,
+313-324+, 375, 448

Abu ‘Ali al-Qali, 131, 420

Abu ‘Ali b. Sina, 265.
See _Ibn Sina_

Abu ‘Amir, the Monk, 170

Abu ‘Amr b. al-‘Ala, 242, 285, +343+

Abu ’l-Aswad al-Du’ili, 342, 343

Abu ’l-‘Atahiya (poet), 261, 291, +296-303+, 308, 312, 324, 374

Abu Ayman (title), 14

Abu Bakr (Caliph), xxvii, 142, 153, 175, 180, +183+, 185, 210, 214,
215, 257, 268, 297

Abu Bakr b. Abi ’l-Azhar, 344

Abu Bakr Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi of Seville, 399

Abu Bakr b. Mu‘awiya, 420

Abu Bakr al-Nabulusi, 460

Abu Bakr al-Razi (physician), 265.
See _-Razi_

Abu Bakr b. ‘Umar, 430

Abu ’l-Darda, 225

Abu Dawud al-Sijistani, 337

Abu ’l-Faraj of Isfanan, 32, 123, 131, 270, +347+, 419.
See _Kitabu ’l-Aghani_

Abu ’l-Faraj al-Babbaghá (poet), 270

Abu ’l-Fida (historian), 308, 316, 331, +454+

Abu Firas al-Hamdani (poet), 270, 304

Abu Ghubshan, 65

Abu Hanifa, 222, 284, 402, 408

Abu ’l-Hasan ‘Ali b. Harun al-Zanjani, 370

Abu ’l-Hasan al-Ash‘ari, 284.
See _-Ash‘ari_

Abu Hashim, the Imam, 220, 251

Abu Hashim, the Sufi, 229

Abu Hudhayl -‘Allaf, 369

Abu ’l-Husayn al-Nuri, 392

Abu ‘Imran al-Fasi, 429

Abu Ishaq al-Farisi. See _-Istakhri_

Abu Ja‘far -Mansur, 258.
See _-Mansur, the Caliph_

Abu Jahl, 158

Abu Karib, the Tubba‘, 12, 19.
See _As‘ad Kamil_

Abu Lahab, 159, 160

Abu ’l-Mahasin b. Taghribirdi (historian), 257, 262, 267, 268, 350,
369, +454+

Abu Marwan Ghaylán, 224

Abu Ma‘shar, 361

Abu Mihjan (poet), 127

Abu Mikhnaf, 210

Abu Musa al-Ash‘ari, 192, 377

Abu Muslim, 220, +251-252+, 375

Abu Nasr al-Isma‘ili, 339

Abu Nasr al-Sarraj, 393

Abu Nu‘aym al-Isfahani, 338

Abu Nuwas (poet), 261, 277, +286+, 290, 291, _292-296_, 303, 308, 345,
375

Abu Qabus, _kunya_ of -Nu’man III, 45

Abu ’l-Qasim Ahmad. See _-Mustansir_

Abu ’l-Qasim Muhammad, the Cadi, 421

Abu ’l-Qasim b. -Muzaffar, 312

Abu ’l-Qasim al-Zahrawi, 420

Abu Qays b. Abi Anas, 170

Abu Qurra, 221

Abu Sa’id b. Abi ’l-Khayr, 391, 394

Abu Salama, 257

Abu Salih Mansur b. Ishaq (Samanid), 265

Abu ’l-Salt b. Abi Rabi’a, 69

Abu Shaduf, 450

Abu Shamir the Younger, 50

Abu Shamir, _kunya_ of -Harith b. ’Amr Muharriq, 50

Abu Shuja’ Buwayh, 266

Abu Sufyan, 124, 175, 195

Abu Sulayman al-Darani, 384, 386, 388

Abu Sulayman Muhammad b. Ma‘shar al-Bayusti, 370

Abu Talib, uncle of the Prophet, 146, 148, 154, 157, 183, 250

Abu Talib al-Makki, 338, 393

Abu Tammam, author of the _Hamasa_, 79, _129-130_, 288, 316, 324, 331.
See _-Hamasa_

Abu ’Ubayda (philologist), 94, 242, 261, 280, 343, _344_, _345_, 459

Abu ‘Ubayda b. al-Jarrah, 51

Abu ’l-Walid al-Baji, 428

Abu Yazid al-Bistami, 391.
See _Bayazid of Bistam_

Abu Yusuf, the Cadi, 283

Abu Zayd of Saruj, 330, 331, 332, 335

Abu Zayd Muhammad al-Qurashi, 130

Abusir, 326

Abyssinia, 53, 155, 156

Abyssinians, the, xxi;
in -Yemen, 5, 6, 26-29;
invade the Hijaz, 66-68

Academy of Junde-shapur, the, 358

Academy of Sabur, the, 267, 314

‘Ad (people), +1+, +2+, 3

_adab_, 283, 346

_Adabu ’l-Katib_, 346

Adam, xxvi, 62, 63, 244, 398

‘Adana (river), 15

‘Adawi dervishes, the, 393

Adharbayjan, 17

‘Adi (tribe), 233

‘Adi b. ‘Amr, 94

‘Adi al-Hakkari, 393

‘Adi b. Marina, 244

‘Adi b. Nasr, 35

‘Adi b. Zayd, 40, +45-48+, 49, +138+, 244

‘Adiya, 85

Adler, 316

‘Adnán, xviii, xix, xx, 64

‘Adudu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), 266, 307

Ælius Gallus, 9

Æthiopic language, the, xvi, xxi

Afghanistan, 268, 275

Africa, xv, xvi

Africa, North, 53, 203, 253, 271, 274, 405, 419, 423, 424, 429, 430,
434, 437, 439, 442, 443, 468

Afshin, 375

-Afwah al-Awdi (poet), 83

_-Aghani._ See _Kitabu ’l-Agfhani_

Aghlabid dynasty, the, 264, 274, 441

Aghmat, 424

-Ahlaf, at -Hira, 38

Ahlu ’l-Kitab, 341

Ahlu ’l-Taswiya, 280.
See _Shu‘ubites, the_

Ahlu ’l-tawhid wa-’l-‘adl, a name given to the Mu‘tazilites, 224

Ahlwardt, W., 76, 101, 125, 128,133, 136, 286, 293, 294, 304, 349, 454

Ahmad (Buwayhid), 266

Ahmad, brother of Ghazali, 339

Ahmad, father of Ibn Hazm, 426

Ahmad b. Hanbal, 284, 369, 376, 402

Ahmad al-Nahhas, 102

Ahmad b. Tulun, 354

Ahmar of Thamud, 3

Ahnum, 19

Ahqafu ’l-Raml (desert), 1

_Ahsanu ’l-Taqasim fi ma‘rifati ’l-Aqalim_, 357

_ahwal_, mystical term, 231, 391

-Ahwas (poet), 237

-Ahwaz, 271, 293

A‘isha, 151, 183

_‘Aja ’ibu ’l-Maqdur_, 454

-‘Ajam (the non-Arabs), 277.
See _-Mawali_

-‘Ajjaj (poet), 138

_-Ajurrumiyya_, 456

Akbar (Mogul Emperor), xxx

_Akhbaru ’l-Zaman_, 353

-Akhtal (poet), 221, 238, +239-242+, 285

_akhu ’l-safa_, 370

Akilu ’l-Murar (surname), 42

-A‘lam (philologist), 128

Alamut, 445

‘Ala’u ’l-Din Muhammad Khwarizmshah, 444

Albategnius, 361

Albucasis, 420

Albumaser, 361

Alchemists, the, 361, 387

Alchemy, works on, translated into Arabic, 358

Aleppo, 269, 270, 275, 291, 303, 305, 313, 360, 415, 446, 451, 460,
461

Alexander the Great, 17, 276, 358, 457

Alexandria, 340

Alexandrian Library, the, 435

_Alf Layla wa-Layla_, 456, 459.
See _Thousand Nights and a Night_ and _Arabian Nights_

_-Alfiyya_, 456

Alfraganus, 361

Algeria, 430

Algiers, 468

Alhambra, the, 435

‘Ali (Buwayhid), 266

‘Ali, grandson of ‘Umar Ibnu ’l-Farid, 394

‘Ali b. Abi Talib, the Prophet's son-in-law, xxvii, xxviii, 105, 153,
181, 183, +190-193+, 194, 196, 205, 207-211, +213-218+, 220-222,
243, 249, 250, 251, 264, 267, 273, 274, 342, 343, 349, 377, 432, 442

‘Ali b. Abi Talib, public cursing of, 205

‘Ali b. -Mansur, Shaykh, 319

‘Ali b. Musa b. Ja‘far al-Rida, 262, 385

‘Alids, the, 258, 259, 337.
See _‘Ali b. Abi Talib_ and _Shi‘ites, the_

Allah, 62, 134, 135, 164, 231, 392

Allah, the Muhammadan conception of, 225, 231

Almaqa, 18

Almeria, 421

Almohades, the, 217, 429, +431-434+

Almoravides, the, 423, 429-431

Alp Arslan (Seljuq), 275, 276, 340, 379

Alphabet, the South Arabic, 6, 8, 12

Alphonso VI of Castile, 422, 423, 431

‘Alqama b. ‘Abada (poet), 121, +125+, 128

‘Alqama b. Dhi Jadan (poet), 12

Alvaro, Bishop of Cordova, 414

Amaj, 22

-Amali, 420.
See _Kitabu ’l-Amali_

-Amaliq (Amalekites), 2, +3+, 63

‘Amidu ’l-Mulk al-Kunduri, 379

-Amin, the Caliph, 255, +262+, 293, 343

Amina, mother of the Prophet, 146

‘Amir b. Sa‘sa‘a (tribe), 119

‘Amir b. Uhaymir, 87

Amiru ’l-Mu‘minin (Commander of the Faithful), 185

Amiru ’l-Umara (title), 264

‘Amr, the Tubba‘ 25, 26

‘Amr b. ‘Adi b. Nasr, 35, 36, 37, 40

‘Amr b. Amir (tribe), 94

‘Amr b. ‘Amir Ma’ al-Sama al-Muzayqiya, 15, 16, 49

‘Amr b. -‘As, 192

‘Amr b. -Harith (Ghassanid), 50, 54, 122

‘Amr b. Hind (Lakhmite), 44, 107, 108, 109, 112

‘Amr b. Kulthum (poet), 44, 82, 102, +109-113+, 128, 269

‘Amr b. Luhayy, 63, 64

‘Amr b. Ma‘dikarib, 82

‘Amr b. Mas‘ud, 43

‘Amr b. ‘Ubayd, 223, 374

‘Amr b. Zarib, 35

Amul, 350

Anas, 88

_‘anatira_, 459

‘Anaza (tribe), xix

-Anbar, 38

-Anbari (philologist), 128

-Anbat, xxv.
See _Nabatæans, the_

Ancient Sciences, the, 282

-Andarin, 111

Angels, the Recording, 161

Angora, 104

-Ansar (the Helpers), 171, 241

_‘Antar, the Romance of_, 34, 459

‘Antara (poet), 76, 109, +114-116+, 128, 459

_‘antari_, 459

Anthologies of Arabic poetry, 128-130, 289, 325, 343, 347, 348, 417

Anthropomorphism, 369, 376, 379, 432

Antioch, 43

Anushirwan (Sasanian king). See _Nushirwan_

Anushirwan b. Khalid, 329

Aphrodite, 43

_-‘Aqida_, by ‘Izzu ’l-Din b. ‘Abd al-Salam, 461

‘Aqil, 35

Arab horses, the training of, 226

Arab singers in the first century A.H., 236

_a‘rabi_ (Bedouin), 210

Arabia, in the ‘Abbasid period, 276

Arabia Felix, xvii, 4.
See _-Yemen_

Arabian History, three periods of, xxvi

_Arabian Nights, the_, 238, 256, 261, 292, 421, +456-459+

Arabic language, the, xvi, xvii, xxi-xxv, 6, 77, 201, 203, 239, 265,
277-280, 336, 342, 344

Arabic literature, largely the work of non-Arabs, xxx, xxxi, 276-278

Arabic Press, the, 469

Arabic writing, 201;
oldest specimens of, xxi, xxii

Arabs, the Ishmaelite, xviii

Arabs of Khurasan, the, thoroughly Persianised, 250

Arabs, the Northern. See _Arabs, the Ishmaelite_

Arabs, the Northern and Southern, racial enmity between, xx, 199, 200,
252, 405, 406

Arabs, the Southern, xvii, xviii, xx, 4.
See _Arabs, the Yemenite_

Arabs, the Yemenite, xvii, xviii, xx, 38, 55, 199, 252, 405, 406.
See _Sabæans, the_;
_Himyarites, the_

Arabs, the Yoqtanid, xviii.
See _Arabs, the Yemenite_

Aramæans, the, xv, xxv

Aramaic language, the, xvi, xxv, 279, 375

-Araqim, 113, 114

Arbela, 451

Ardashir Babakan, founder of the Sasanian dynasty, 34, 38

Ἀρέθας τοῦ Γαβάλα, 51

Arhakim, 11

_‘arif_ (gnostic), 386

‘Arifu ’l-Zanadiqa, 373

Aristocracy of Islam, the, 188, 190

Aristotle, 358, 359, 360

-‘Arji (poet), 237

Armenia, xv, 352

Arnaud, Th., 9, 15, 17

Arnold. F. A., 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 114

Arnold, T. W., 184, 223, 224, 360, 448

Arsacids, the, 21, 38

Aryat, 27, 28

-‘Asa (name of a mare), 36

_‘asabiyya_, 440

Asad (tribe), xix, 104

Asad Kamil, the Tubba‘, 12, +19-23+, 25, 26, 137

Asad b. Musa, 247

Asal, 433

_asalib_, 289, 315

Ascalon, 456

Ascension of the Prophet, the, 169, 403

Asd (tribe), 19

-A‘sha (poet), 16, 101, 121, +123-125+, 128, 138, 139

-Ash‘ari (Abu ’l-Hasan), 284, +376-379+, 431

Ash‘arites, the, 379, 380, 460

_Ash‘aru ’l-Hudhaliyyin_, 128

-Ashram (surname of Abraha), 28

Asia, xv, 275, 352, 414

Asia, Central, 255

Asia Minor, 269, 399, 434, 446

Asia, Western, xvi, xxix, 358, 442, 444, 446

Asin Palacios, 404

_aslama_, 153

-Asma‘i (philologist), 261, 343, 344, +345+, 459

Assassins, the, 272, 371, 372, 381, 445

Assyrian language, the, xvi

Assyrians, the, xv

Astrologers and Astronomers, 361

Astronomy, 276, 283

Aswad b. -Mundhir, 47

_-Athar al-Baqiya_, 361

_Atharu ’l-Bilad_, 416

Athens, 240, 358

‘Athtar, ‘Athtor (Sabæan divinity), 11, 18

_Atlal_, 286

‘Attar (Persian mystic). See _Faridu’ddin ‘Attar_

‘Atwada, 28

Aurelian, 34

Aurora, 412

Avempace. See _Ibn Bajja_

Avenzoar, 434

Averroes. See _Ibn Rushd_

Avicenna. See _Ibn Sina_

_awa’il_ (origins), 247

_‘Awarifu ’l-Ma‘arif_, 230, 338

-‘Awfi, 370

_awliya_ (saints), 393

Awrangzib (Mogul Emperor), xxx

Aws (tribe), 170

Aws b. Hajar (poet), 131

Awwam Dhú ‘Iran Alu, 11

_a‘yan thabita_, 402

_ayat_ (verse of the Koran, sign, miracle), 166

Ayatu ’l-Kursi (the Throne-verse), 176

Aybak, 447

-Ayham b. -Harith (Ghassanid), 50

‘Ayn Jalut, battle of, 446

‘Ayn Ubagh, battle of, 52

_ayyamu ’l-‘Arab_, 55, 356

Ayyubid dynasty, the, 275, 447, 453

Azd (tribe), 79, 374

-Azhar, the mosque, 395

Azraqites (-Azariqa), the, 208, 239

B

Baalbec, 111

Bab al-Mandab, 5

Babak, 258, 375

Babur (Mogul Emperor), xxix, 444

Babylon, xxv, 38

Babylonia, 34, 38, 138, 253, 255, 307.
See _-‘Iraq_

Babylonian and Assyrian inscriptions, the, xvi, xxv

Babylonians, the, xv

Badajoz, 421, 423

Badis, 428

Badi‘u ’l-Zaman ai-Hamadhání, 328, 329, 331

Badr, battle of, 158, 174, 175

Badr, freedman of ‘Abdu ’l-Rahman the Umayyad, 405, 406

-Baghawi, 337

Baghdad, xxviii, xxix, 131, 182, 254, +255-256+, 290-293, 303, 307,
313, +314+, 315, 326, 338, 340, 345, 346, 347, 350, 351, 352, 355,
357, 359, 362, 365, 369, 376, 380, 382, 385, 387, 392, 399, 412,
415, 418, 431, 441, +444-446+, 447, 449, 450, 458, 461, 465, 466

Baghdad, history of its eminent men, by -Khatib, 355

Baha’u ’l-Dawia (Buwayhid), 267, 314

Bahdala (tribe), 87

Bahira, the monk, 148

Bahman (Sasanian), 457

Bahram Gor (Sasanian), 40, 41

-Bahrayn (province), 107, 108, 186

Bahri Mamelukes, the, 447

Baju, 445

-Bakharzi, 348

Bakil (tribe), 12

Bakr (tribe), xix, 55-60, 61, 69, 70, 76, 93, 107, 109, 113, 114, 242

-Bakri (geographer), 357, 428

Balaam, 73

-Baladhuri (historian), 280, 349

_-balagh al-akbar_, 371

Balak, 73

-Bal‘ami, 265, 352

Balaq (mountain), 17

Balkh, 232, 233, 259, 361, 385

-Balqa, 63

_Banat Su‘ad_, the opening words of an ode, 119, 127, 327

Banu ’l-Ahrar, 29

Banu Hind, 58

Banu Khaldun, 437

Banu Musa, 359

Banu Nahshal, 243

Baptists, name given to the early Moslems, 149

_baqa_, mystical term, 390

Baqqa, 36

-Baramika, 259.
See _Barmecides, the_

Barbier de Meynard, 13, 15, 37, 195, 259, 350, 352, 353, 380, 457

Bardesanes, 364

Barmak, 259

Barmakites, the. See _Barmecides, the_

Barmecides, the, 255, +259-261+, 262, 293

Barquq, Sultan (Mameluke), 452

Bashama, 119

Bashshar b. Burd, 245, 277, 290, +373-374+, 375

_-basit_ (metre), 75

-Basra, xxiv, 127, 133, 134, 186, +189+, 195, 202, 209, 210, 215, 222,
223, 225, 226, 233, 242, 243, 246, 273, 281, 293, 294, 329, 331,
336, 341, 342, +343+, 345, 346, 369, 370, 374, 377, 378

Basset, R., 327

-Basus, 56

-Basus, the War of, +55-60+, 61, 76, 107, 114

-Batiniyya (Batinites), 381, 382, 402.
See _Isma‘ilis, the_

-Battani, 361

_-bayan_, 283

_-Bayan al-Mughrib_, 407

Bayard, 191

Bayazid of Bistam, 391, 460.
See _Abu Yazid al-Bistami_

Baybars, Sultan (Mameluke), 447, 448

-Baydawi, 145, 179

_bayt_ (verse), 74, 77

Baytu ’l-Hikma, at Baghdad, 359

-Bazbaz, 60

Bedouin view of life, the, 136

Bedouin warfare, character of, 54, 55

Bedouin women, Mutanabbi's descriptions of, 310

Benu Marthadim, 11

Berber insurrection in Africa, 405

Berbers, the, 204, 274, 405-409, 413, 420, 423, 424, 429-432, 442, 443

Berbers, used as mercenaries, 407

Berlin Royal Library, 8, 12

Bevan, Prof. A. A., 46, 80, 129, 151, 166, 168, 199, 205, 239, 244,
253, 356, 373, 374, 375

Beyrout, 238, 469

_Bibliographical Dictionary_, by Hajji Khalifa, 456

_Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum_, 356

_Bidpai, the Fables of_, 330, 346

Bilqis, 18

-Bimaristan al-‘Adudi, 266

Biographies of poets, 346, 347, 348

Birnam Wood, 25

-Biruni (Abu Rayhan), 269, 280, +361+

Bishr b. Abi Khazim (poet), 86

Bishr al-Hafi, 228

Bishr b. -Mu‘tamir, 369

Bistam, 391

Blick, J. S., 184, 249, 258

Black, the colour of the ‘Abbasids, 220, 262

Black Stone in the Ka‘ba, the, 63, 274, 319, 467

Blunt, Lady Anne, 88, 101

Blunt, Wilfrid, 88, 101

Bobastro, 410

Boer, T. J. de, 433

Bohlen, 308, 312

Bokhara, 203, 265, 275, 360

_Book of Examples, the_, by Ibn Khaldun, 437

_Book of Sibawayhi, the_, 343

_Book of the Thousand Tales, the._ See _Hazar Afsan_

_Book of Viziers, the_, 458

Books, the Six Canonical, 337

Boswell, 144, 313, 452

Brethren of Purity, the, 370-372

British Museum, the, 12, 402

Brockelmann, C., 205, 236, 237, 308, 328, 339, 346, 349, 449, 459,
468, 469

Browne, Prof. E. G., 29, 42, 185, 217, 218, 230, 247, 251, 258, 265,
272, 275, 290, 329, 346, 362, 375, 381, 383, 394, 399, 445

Brünnow, R. E., 32, 35, 49, 51, 209, 210

Brutus, 252

Bu‘ath, battle of, 170

Buddha, 297, 298

Buddhism, 373, 375, 390, 391.
See _Nirvana_

-Buhturi (poet), 130, 316, 324

Bujayr b. ‘Amr, 58

Bukhara. See _Bokhara_

-Bukhari, 144, 146, 151, 337

Bulaq, 469

Bunyan, 212

Burckhardt, 95, 465, 466, 467

Burd, 373

_-Burda_, 326, 327

_-burda_ (the Prophet's mantle), 327, 366

Burji Mamelukes, the, 447

Burns, Robert, 450

_burnus_, the, a mark of asceticism, 210

Burton, Sir Richard, 459

Busir, 326

-Busiri (poet), 326, 327

Buthayna, 238

Butrites, the, a Shi‘ite sect, 297

Buwayhid dynasty, the, 264, +266-268+, 271, 275, 303, 338

Byzantine Empire, the, 3, 29, 46, 171, 255, 261, 269, 359

C

Cadiz, 405

Cæsar, 252

Cætani, Prince, 149, 155, 156, 171

Cairo, 275, 350, 394, 395, 437, 447, 448, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455,
458, 461, 464, 469

Caliph, the, must belong to Quraysh, 207

Caliph, name of the, mentioned in the Friday sermon, 263, 264;
stamped on the coinage, 264;
title of, assumed by the Fatimids, 271;
by the Umayyads of Spain, 412

Caliphs, the, -Mas‘udi's account of, 354

Caliphs, the ‘Abbasid. See _‘Abbasids, the_

Caliphs, the Orthodox, xxiii, xxvii, 181-193

Caliphs, the Umayyad. See _Umayyad dynasty, the_

Calpe, 204

Campbell, D., 360

Canaanites, the, 3

Canonical Books, the Six, 337

Capuchins, the, 228

Carmathians, the, 272, +274+, 322, 324, 371, 375, 381, 467.
See _Fatimid dynasty_; _Isma‘ilis_

Carmona, 437

Casanova, P., 371

Caspian Sea, the, xxviii, 21, 264, 266, 350, 352, 391

Castile, 422, 437

Castles of -Yemen, the, 24

Catharine of Siena, 233

Cathay, xxv

Caussin de Perceval, 32

Cave-dwellers of Khurasan, the, 232

Celibacy condemned by Muhammad, 224

Cemetery of the Sufis, the, at Damascus, 463

Ceuta, 405, 412, 423, 434

Ceylon, 352

Chagar Beg, 275

Charles the Hammer, 204

Charter, the, drawn up by Muhammad for the people of Medina, 173

Chaucer, 289

Chauvin, Victor, 214

Chenery, T., 244, 328, 332, 333, 336

Chihrazad, 457

China, 203, 352, 419, 444

Chingiz Khan, 444

Christian poets who wrote in Arabic, 138, 139

Christianity in Arabia, 117, 137-140;
in Ghassán, 51, 54, 123;
at -Hira, 39, 41, 43, 44, 46, 49, 123, 124, 138;
in Najran, 26, 27, 124, 137;
in Moslem Spain, 407, 411, 412, 413, +414-415+, 431, 435, 441

Christianity, influence of, on Muhammadan culture, xxii, 176, 177,
216, 221, 231, 389, 390

Christians, Monophysite, 51

Christians, supposed by Moslems to wear a girdle, 461

Christians at the Umayyad court, 221, 240, 241

_Chronology of Ancient Nations, the_, by -Biruni, 361

Church and State, regarded as one by Moslems, 170, 182, 197

Chwolsohn, 363

Classicism, revolt against, 287-289

Cleopatra, 34

Coinage, Arabic, introduced by ‘Abdu ’l-Malik, 201

Commercial terms derived from Arabic, 281

Companions of the Prophet, biographies of the, 144, 356, 456

Confession of faith, the Muhammadan, 403

Conquests, the early Muhammadan, work on the, 349

Constantinople, xxix, 29, 45, 52, 84, 104, 318, 362, 412

Cordova, 131, 341, 347, 406-411, +412+, 413-415, 418, 420-426, 428,
434, 435

Cordova, the University of, 420

Courage, Arabian, the nature of, 82

Criticism of Ancient and Modern Poets, 283-289

Cromwell, 189

Crusade, the Third, 275

Crusaders, the, 331, 447

Cruttenden, 8

Ctesiphon, 47, 48, 210.
See _-Mada’in_

Cureton, 211, 216, 341

D

Dabba (tribe), xix

-Dahab al-‘Ijli, 44

Dahis (name of a horse), 61

Dahis and -Ghabrá, the War of, 61, 62, 114, 116

_-dahriyyun_, 381

_da‘i_ (missionary), 249, 272

-Daja‘ima, 50

-Dajjal (the Antichrist), 216

_dakhil_, 95

Damascus, xxi, xxviii, 13, 46, 51, 53, 54, 111, 181, 104, 195, 202,
203, 207, 235, 240, 241, 242, 244, 247, 252, 255, 274, 304, 313,
335, 340, 374, 386, 399, 408, 451, 462, 463

_-Damigh_, 375

Daniel, 162

Dante, 360, 404

_dapir_ (Secretary), 257

Daqiqi, Persian poet, 265

Daraya, 386

Darius, 256

Darmesteter, J., 217

Daru ’l-Rum (Constantinople), 362

Daughters, the birth of, regarded as a misfortune, 91, 156

Daughters of Allah, the, 135, 156

Davidson, A. B., 82

_dawidar_ (_dawadar_), 445

Daws Dhu Tha‘laban, 27

-Daylam, 266

Dead Sea, the, 249

Decline of the Caliphate, 257, 263

Derenbourg, H., 54, 122, 123, 194, 260, 331, 445, 454

Dervish orders, the, 393

Desecration of the tombs of the Umayyad Caliphs, 205

-Dhahabi (Shamsu ’l-Din), historian, 339, 446, 454

Dhamar‘ali Dhirrih, 10

Dhu ’l-Khalasa, name of an idol, 105

Dhu ’l-Khursayn (name of a sword), 96

Dhu ’l-Majaz, 114

Dhu Nafar, 66, 67

Dhu ’l-Nun al-Misri, 386-388, 389, 460

Dhu ’l-Nusur (surname), 2

Dhu Nuwas, 12, +26-27+, 137, 162

Dhu Qar, battle of, 69, 70

Dhu l-Qarnayn, 17, 18

Dhu ’l-Quruh (title), 104

Dhu Ru‘ayn, 25, 26

Dhu ’l-Rumma (poet), 246

Dhu ’l-‘Umrayn, nickname of Ibnu ’l-Khatib, 436

Dhu ’l-Wizaratayn (title), 425

Dhubyan (tribe), xix, 61, 62, 116, 117, 121

Diacritical points in Arabic script, 201

Di‘bil (poet), 261, 375

Dictionaries, Arabic, 343, 403, 456

Didactic poem by Abu ’l-‘Atahiya, 300

Diercks, 360

Dieterici, F., 270, 305, 307, 308, 310, 312, 313, 371

_dihqan_, 291

Diminutives, 396, 449

_din_ (religion), 178, 287

Dinarzad, 457

Dinarzade, 457

-Dinawar, 346

-Dinawari (historian), 251, 349

Dinazad, 457

Diodorus Siculus, 3

Dionysius the Areopagite, 387, 389

-Dira‘iyya, 466

Dirge, the Arabian, 126

_dithar_, 152

_Divan-i Shams-i Tabriz_, 298

Divine Right, the Shi‘ite theory of, 214, 271

_diwan_ (collection of poems), 127, 128

Diwan (Register) of ‘Umar, the, 187, 188

_Diwans of the Six Poets, the_, 128

_diya_ (blood-wit), 93

-Diyárbakri (historian), 445

Dog, the, regarded by Moslems as unclean, 445

Doughty, E. M., 3

Dozy, 214, 399, 407, 410, 411, 413, 414, 415, 420, 422, 424, 428, 429,
431, 465, 467

Drama, the, not cultivated by the Semites, 328

Drinking parties described in Pre-islamic poetry, 124, 125, 167

Droit du seigneur, le, 4

_dubayt_ (a species of verse), 450

Dubeux, 352

Duka, T., 390

Dumas, 272

_Dumyatu ’l-Qasr_, 348

Duns Scotus, 367

Durayd b. -Simma, 83

Durayd b. Zayd b. Nahd, 75

_Durratu ’l-Ghawwas_, 336

_Duwalu ’l-Islam_, 446

Dvorak, R., 304

Dyke of Ma’rib, the, 2, 5, +14-17+, 50, 63

Dynasties of the ‘Abbasid period, 264-276

E

Eber, xviii

Ecbatana, 129, 328.
See _Hamadhan_

Ecstasy, 387, 393, 394

Edessa, 331, 358

Egypt, xxiv, xxix, xxx, 4, 5, 132, 184, 186, 193, 215, 268, 274, 275,
307, 323, 326, 327, 350, 354, 355, 358, 387-390, 399, 419, 432,
434, 442, 443, 447, 448, 450, 451, 454, 460, 461, 464, 466, 468

Egypt, conquest of, by the Moslems, 184

_Egypt, History of_, by Ibn Taghribirdi, 454

Eichhorn, xv

Elegiac poetry, 126, 127

_Elephant, the Sura of the_, 68

Elephant, the year of the, 28, 66, 146

Eloquence, Arabian, 346, 347

Emanation, Plotinus's theory of, 393

Emessa, 304

Emigrants, the. See _-Muhajirun_

Encomium of the Umayyad dynasty, by -Akhtal, 242

Epic poetry not cultivated by the Arabs, 325

Equality of Arabs and non-Arabs maintained by the Shu‘ubites, 279, 280

Equites Thamudeni, 3

Erotic prelude, the. See _nasib_

Erpenius, 355

Essenes, the, 224

Euphrates, the, xv, 33, 36, 37, 38, 41, 53, 110, 113, 186, 189, 192,
196, 256, 418, 443, 449

Euting, Julius, 9

F

Fables of beasts, considered useful and instructive, 330

-Fadl, the Barmecide, 260

-Fadl b. al-Rabi‘, 293

-Fahl (surname), 125

Fahm (tribe), 81

Fairs, the old Arabian, 135

_-Fakhri_, 187, 188, 194, 203, 260, 331, 445, +454+

Fakhru ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), 267

Fakhru ’l-Mulk, 340

Falcon of Quraysh, the, 407, 417

_-falsafa_ (Philosophy), 283

_fana_ (dying to self), 233, 390, 391

_fanak_, 53

_faqih_, 464

_faqir_ (fakir), 230, 464

_faqr_ (poverty), 230

Farab, 360

-Farábi (Abu Nasr), 270, +360+, 393

-Farazdaq (poet), 196, 238, 239, 240, +242-244+, 245, 246

-Farghani, 361

Faridu’ddin ‘Attar, 226, 228, 386

-Farqadan (name of two stars), 35

-Farra, 343

Farrukh-mahan, 45

Fars (province), 266

Fathers, the Christian, 341

_-Fatiha_, 143

Fatima, daughter of -Khurshub, 88

Fatima, daughter of the Prophet, 183, 218, 250, 251, 258, 267, 274

Fatima (mother of Qusayy), 64

Fatima, a woman loved by Imru’u ’l-Qays, 106

Fatimid dynasty, the, 217, 265, 268, 269, +271-275+, 322, 371, 412

-Fatra, 152

_Fawatu ’l-Wafayat_, 449, 452

Fayiasufu ’l-‘Arab (title), 360.
See _-Kindi_

Faymiyun (Phemion), 26

Ferdinand I of Castile, 422

Ferdinand III of Castile, 434

Ferdinand V of Castile, 441

Fez, 436

Fihr (tribe), xix

_-Fihrist_, 13, 142, 345, 359, +361-364+, 387, 457

-Find, 58, 60, 84

_-fiqh_ (Jurisprudence), 283;
denoting law and theology, 339, 420, 465

Firdawsi, Persian poet, 265, 269

Firuz (Firuzan), father of Ma‘ruf al-Karkhi, 385

Firuz, a Persian slave, 189

-Fírúzábádí (Majdu ’l-Din), 403, 456

Fleischer, 400, 404

Flint, Robert, 441

Fluegel, G., 142, 297, 362, 364, 459

Folk-songs, Arabic, 238, 416-417, 449-450

_Fons Vitæ_, 428

Foreigners, Sciences of the, 282, 283

Forgery of Apostolic Traditions, 145, 146, 279

Forgery of Pre-islamic poems, 133, 134

France, 9, 412, 469

Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, 434, 441

Free schools, founded by Hakam II, 419

Free-thought in Islam, 283, 284, 298, 345, 460.
See _Mu‘tazilites_ and _Zindiqs_

Free-will, the doctrine of, 223, 224

Freytag, G. W., 16, 31, 48, 50, 55, 73, 89, 91, 109, 129, 292, 373

Friedlaender, I., 428

Frothingham, 389

-Fudayl b. ‘Iyad, 232, 233, 385

_-fuhul_, 138

Fukayha, 89

_-funún al-sab‘a_ (the seven kinds of poetry), 450

Fuqaym (tribe), 28

_-Fusul wa-’l-Ghayat_, 318

_Fususu ’l-Hikam_, 400, 401, 402

_-Futuhat al-Makkiyya_, 400, 464

Future life, Pre-islamic notions of the, 166

G

Gabriel, 63, 141, 150, 267

Galen, 358

Galland, 458

Gallienus, 33

Gaulonitis, the, 53

Gaza, 5

Geber, 361

Geiger, 162

Genealogy, Muhammadan, xx

Genealogy, treatise on, by Ibn Durayd, 343

_Genesis, Book of_, xv

Geographers, the Moslem, 356, 357

George -Makin, 355

Georgians, the, 445

Germany, 8, 412

Gesenius, 8

-Ghabrá (name of a mare), 61

-Gharid, 236

-Ghariyyan, 43

Ghassán, xxii, 33, 37, 38, 42, 43, 121, 122, 138, 139, 158, 332

Ghassanid court, the, described by Hassan b. Thabit, 53

Ghassanids, the, 33, +49-54+, 122

Ghatafan (tribe), xix, 61

-Ghawl, 119

_ghayba_ (occultation), 216

Ghayman (castle), 24

Ghayz b. Murra, 117

Ghazala, 339

-Ghazali, 230, 234, 277, +338-341+, +380-383+, 393, 431, 463

Ghazan, 446

Ghaziyya (tribe), 83

Ghazna, 268-269, 355

Ghaznevid dynasty, the, 265, +268-269+, 271, 275

_ghiyar_, 461

Ghiyathu ’l-Din Mas‘ud (Seljuq), 326, 329

_-Ghulat_ (the extreme Shi‘ites), 216

Ghumdán (castle), 24

Gibb, E. J. W., 443, 460

Gibb, H. A. R., 470

Gibbon, 439

Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq), 204, 414

Glaser, E., 9, 15

Gnosis, the Sufi doctrine of, 386, 387

Gnosticism, 389, 390

Gobineau, Comte de, 320

Goeje, M. J. de, 179, 180, 253, 256, 257, 287, 322, 349, 350, 351,
353, 354, 356, 366, 371, 409

Goethe, 97

Gog and Magog, 18

_Golden Meadows, the._ See _Muruju ’l-Dhahab_ and -Mas‘udi

Goldziher, Ignaz, xx, xxii, 10, 18, 30, 73, 90, 119, 145, 177, 178,
199, 200, 221, 225, 246, 278, 279, 280, 285, 287, 289, 297, 298,
315, 344, 345, 366, 368, 370, 372, 374, 379, 390, 409, 431, 433, 466

Gospel, the, 165, 171

Grammar, Arabic, the origin of, 202, 278, 282, 341-343, 363

Grammars, Arabic, 343, 456

Granada, 421, 424, 428, 431, 434, +435-437+, 441, 442, 447

Gray, T., 77

Greece, 131, 296, 361, 434

Greece, the influence of, on Muhammadan thought, 220, 221, 229, 266,
+358-361+, 363, 369, 370, 386, 388

Greek Philosophers, the, 341, 363

Green, the colour of the ‘Alids, 262

Grimme, H., xv, 10

Grünert, M., 346

Guadalquivir, the, 422

Guest, A. R., 453

Guillaume, A., 360

Guirgass, 251

Guyon, Madame, 233

H

Haarbrücker, 220, 221, 223, 224, 297

Habib b. Aws. See _Abu Tammam_

_hadarat_, mystical term, 402

-Hadi, the Caliph, 260, 373

_Hadiqatu ’l-Afrah_, 449

_-hadith_ (Traditions of the Prophet), 132, 134, +143-146+, 201, 247,
258, 348. See _Traditions of the Prophet_

Hadramawt (province), 1, 5, 42

Hadrian, 137

Hafsa, 142

Hafsid dynasty, the, 442

Hagar. See _Hajar, wife of Abraham_

Hajar (in -Bahrayn), 94, 96

Hajar, wife of Abraham, xviii, 63

-Hajjaj b. Yusuf, 200, +201-203+, 209, 213, 244

Hajji Khalifa, 456

-Hakam I (Spanish Umayyad), 409

-Hakam II (Spanish Umayyad), 412, 419

_hakim_ (philosopher), 387

_hal_, mystical term, 387

_Halbatu ’l-Kumayt_, 417

Halévy, Joseph, 9

Halila, 56

Halima, daughter of -Harith al-A‘raj, 50

Halima, the battle of, 43, 50, 51, 125

Halima, the Prophet's nurse, 147

-Hallaj. See _-Husayn b. Mansur_

Halle, 8

Ham, xv

_hama_ (owl or wraith), 94, 166

Hamadhan (Ecbatana), 129, 292, 328, 333

-Hamadhání, 328.
See _Badi‘u ’l-Zaman_

Hamal b. Badr, 61, 88

_-Hamasa_, of Abu Tammam, 55, 57-61, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 92, 93,
98, 100, 126, +129-130+, 136, 137, 199, 213, 324, 331

_-Hamasa_, of -Buhturi, 130, 324

_hamasa_ (fortitude), 79, 326

Hamat, 454

-Hamaysa‘ b. Himyar, 12

Hamdan, 19

Hamdan Qarmat, 274

-Hamdani (geographer), 6, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 20, 24

Hamdanid dynasty, the, 268, +269-271+, 291, 303

Hamilton, Terrick, 459

Hammad al-Rawiya, 103, 113, 128, +132-134+, 344

Hammer, J. von, 308, 316, 396, 459

Hamza of Isfahan (historian), 14, 280

Hanbalites, the, 376, 462

_handasa_ (geometry), 283

Hani’, a chieftain of Bakr, 69

Hanifa (tribe), 183

Hanifs, the, 69, +149+, +150+, 170, 318

Hanzala of Tayyi’, 44

_haqiqat_, mystical term, 392

_haqiqatu ’l-haqa’iq_, mystical term, 403

_-haqiqatu ’l-Muhammadiyya_, mystical term, 403

_-haqq_, mystical term, 392

Haram (tribe), 331

Harim b. Sinan, 61, 116, 117, 288

-Hariri, author of the _Maqamat_, 329-336

-Harith al-Akbar. See _-Harith b. ‘Amr Muharriq_

-Harith b. ‘Amr (Kindite), 42, 44, 103, 104

-Harith b. ‘Amr Muharriq (Ghassanid), 50

-Harith al-A‘raj (Ghassanid), 43, 50, 54, 125.
See _-Harith b. Jabala_

-Harith b. ‘Awf, 61, 116, 117

-Harith b. Hammam, 330, 331, 333

-Harith b. Hilliza (poet), 44, 100, 109, 113-114, 128

-Harith b. Jabala (Ghassanid), 43, 50, +51+, +52+.
See _-Harith al-A‘raj_

-Harith al-Ra’ish, 17

-Harith b. Surayj, 222

-Harith b. ‘Ubad, 58, 50

-Harith the Younger (Ghassanid), 50

-Harith b. Zalim, 85

_-harj_, 249

Harran, 221, 358, 361, 462

Harran, the bilingual inscription of, xxii

Hartmann, M., 450, 468

Harun al-Rashid, the Caliph, xxix, 255, 258, 259, +260-261+, 262, 277,
283, 292, 293, 296, 298, 343, 345, 347, 366, 367, 368, 373, 385,
388, 458, 459

Harura, 208

Harwat, 11

_hasab_, 100

Hasan (Buwayhid), 266

-Hasan of -Basra, 208, 222, 223, +225-227+, 230, 243, 244, 294

-Hasan b. Ahmad al-Hamdani, 11.
See _-Hamdani_

-Hasan b. ‘Ali, the Nizamu ’l-Mulk, 276.
See _Nizamu ’l-Mulk_

-Hasan b. ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, 216, 297

-Hasan al-Burini, 396

-Hasan b. -Sabbah, 445

Hashid (tribe), 12

Hashim, 65, 146, 250

-Hashimiyya (Shi‘ite sect), 220, 251

Hassan b. Thabit (poet), 18, 52, 53, 54, 127

Hassan (son of As‘ad Kamil), the Tubba‘, 19, 23, 25

Hatim of Tayyi’, +85-87+, 288

Hawazin (tribe), xix

_Hayy b. Yaqzan_, 433

Hayyum, 19

_Hazar Afsan_ (_Hazar Afsana_), 363, 457-458

-Haziri (Abu ’l-Ma‘ali), 348

_Hazzu ’l-Quhuf_, 450

Hebrew language, the, xvi

Hebrews, the, xv

Hellespont, the, xxix

Helpers, the. See _-Ansar_

Hengstenberg, 102

Heraclius, 52

Heresies of the Caliph -Ma’mun, 262

Herodotus, 353

Hierotheus, 389

hija (satire), 73, 294

-Hijaz, xvii, 3, 21, +62+, 63, 64, 69, 137, 149, 150, 215, 340, 395,
398, 399, 465, 466

-Hijr, the inscriptions of, xxi, 3

-Hijra (Hegira), xxv, 158, 171

-Hilla, 449

_Hilyatu ’l-Awliya,_ 338

_himaq_ (a species of verse), 450

Hims, 304

Himyar (person), 14

Himyar (people), xxv, 1, 6, 10, 17, 24, 25, 26, 429

Himyarite kings, the, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17-27.
See _Tubba‘s, the_

Himyarite language, the, xvi, xvii, xxi, 6-11

_Himyarite Ode, the_, 12, 13

Himyarites, the, xviii, xx, xxi, 4, +5+, +6+, 7, 12, 17, 23, 26

Hind, mother of Bakr and Taghlib, 58

Hind (a Bedouin woman), 46

Hind, daughter of -Nu‘man III, 46, 47

Hind, wife of -Mundhir III, 44, 45, 110

Hinwam (hill), 20

-Hira, xxii, xxiii, 29, 33, 34, +37-49+, 51, 52, 53, 54, 60, 69, 70,
85, 87, 103, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 114, 121, 122, 124, 138,
139, 189, 244, 439

Hira, Mount, 150

Hirran, 11

Hirschfeld, H., 151

Hisham (Umayyad Caliph), 200, 206, 224, 243

Hisham I (Spanish Umayyad), 347, 409

Hisham II (Spanish Umayyad), 412, 421

Hisham b. Muhammad al-Kalbi, 38, 39, 40, 348

Hisn Ghurab, 8

Historians, Arab, +11-14+, 144, 247, +348-356+, 420, 428, 435-440,
+452-454+

Historical studies encouraged by the Umayyads, 247

History, the true purpose of, 437;
subject to universal laws, 438;
evolution of, 439, 440

_History of the Berbers_, by Ibn Khaldun, 429, 435

_History of the Caliphs_, by -Suyuti, 455

_History of Islamic Civilisation_, by Jurji Zaydan, 435

_History of Old and New Cairo_, by -Suyuti, 455

Holy Ghost, the, 150

Holy War, the, enjoined by the Koran, 174

Homer, the Iliad of, translated into Arabic verse, 469

Homeritæ, the, 5

Hommel, F., xv, 1

Honour, Pre-islamic conception of, 82-100

Horace, 326

Hospitality, the Bedouin ideal of, 85

House of the Prophet, the, 250.
See ‘_Ali b. Abi Talib_; _‘Alids_; _Shi‘ites_.

Houtsma, Th., 193, 242, 329, 349

Huart, C., 468

Hubal (name of an idol), +64+

Hubba, 64

Hud (prophet), 2

Hudhalites (Hudhaylites), 22, 128.
See _Hudhayl_

Hudhayla b. Badr, 61

Hudhayta b. al-Yaman, 142

Hudhayl (tribe), xix, 64, 98, 99, 100

Hughes, G., 80

Hujr (Kindite), 42

Hujr, father of Imru’u ’l-Qays, 104

Hulagu, xxix, 182, 444-446

Hulayl b. Hubshiyya, 64

_-Hullat al-Siyara_, 418

Hulton, 8

_hulul_ (incarnation), 396, 402

Hulwan, 292

Humani, 457

-Humayma, 249

Hunayn b. Ishaq, 359

_hur_ (houris), 167

Hurmuz (Sasanian), 47

Hurufis, the, 460

-Husayn, son of ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, +196+, +197+, 198, 216, 218, 243,
466

-Husayn b. Damdam, 117

-Husayn b. Mansur -Hallaj, 363, 375, 399

_Husnu ’l-Muhadara_, 455

-Hutay’a (poet), 127, 131, 261

Huzwa, 398

Hypocrites, the. See _-Munafiqun_

I

Iamblichus, 389

‘Ibad, the, of -Hira, 38, 39, 138

Ibadites (a Kharijite sect), the, 211

_-‘Ibar_, by -Dhahabi, 339

Ibnu ’l-Abbar, 418, 424

Ibn ‘Abdi Rabbihi, 102, +347+, +420+

Ibn Abi Du’ad, 376

Ibn Abi Usaybi‘a, 266, 355

Ibn Abi Ya‘qub al-Nadim, 362

Ibn Abi Zar‘, 429

Ibnu ’l-Ahmar (Nasrid), 435

Ibn ‘A’isha, 236

Ibnu ’l-‘Alqami, 445

Ibnu ’l-‘Amid, 267

Ibn ‘Ammar (poet), 422, 424

Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi. See _Muhyi ’l-Din Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi_

Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi, the Cadi, of Seville, 399

Ibnu ’l-A‘rabi (philologist), 128

Ibn ‘Arabshah, 454

Ibnu ’l-Athir, 203, 205, 253, +355-356+, 376, 379, 420, 429

Ibn Bajja, 361, 434

Ibn Bashkuwal, 426, 434

Ibn Bassam, 422, 434

Ibnu ’l-Baytar, 434

Ibn Durayd, 253, 280, +343+

Ibnu ’l-Farid. See _‘Umar Ibnu ’l-Farid_

Ibn Hajar, 456

Ibnu ’l-Hanafiyya. See _Muhammad Ibnu ’l-Hanafiyya_

Ibn Hani (poet), 419, 420

Ibn Hawqal, 356

Ibn Hayyan, 428

Ibn Hazm, 222, 341, 402, +423-428+

Ibn Hisham, 17, 22, 23, 63, 64, 69, +144+, 147, 150, 151, 152, 154,
156, 158, 166, 170, 173, 175, +349+

Ibn Humam, 105

Ibnu ’l-‘Idhari, 407, 428, 429

Ibn Ishaq, 69, +144+, 146, 149, 156, 247, +349+

Ibn Jahwar, 424

Ibnu ’l-Jawzi, 355

Ibn Jubayr, 357, 434

Ibn Kabsha, nickname of Muhammad, 166

Ibn Khalawayh, 271

Ibn Khaldun, 32, 228, 229, 277, 278, 288, 289, 350, 353, 429, 435,
+437-440+, 443, 452

Ibn Khallikan, 129, 132, 190, 213, 224, 234, 245, 261, 266, 267, 276,
288, 295, 308, 312, 326, 343, 344, 346, 348, 355, 357, 359, 360,
377, 378, 387, 408, 422, 425, 427, +451-452+

Ibn Khaqan, 425, 434

Ibnu ’l-Khatib, the Vizier, 413, 435, 436, 437

Ibn Khidham, 105

Ibn Khurdadbih, 356

Ibn Maja, 337

Ibn Malik of Jaen, 456

Ibn Mukarram (Jamalu ’l-Din), 456

Ibn Muljam, 193

Ibnu ’l-Muqaffa‘, 330, +346+, 348, 358

Ibnu ’l-Mu‘tazz (poet), 325

Ibn Nubata (man of letters), 61

Ibn Nubata, the preacher, 271, 328

Ibnu ’l-Qifti, 355, 370, 387

Ibn Qutayba, xviii, 35, 49, 50, 51, 75, 77, 105, 117, 145, 202, 223,
257, 277, 280, +286+, +287+, 288, 289, 293, 294, 345, +346+

Ibnu ’l-Qutiyya, 420

Ibn Quzman, 417

Ibn Rashiq, 71, 288

Ibnu ’l-Rawandi, 375

Ibn Rushd, 341, 361, 432, 434

Ibn Sab‘in, 434

Ibn Sa‘d, 144, 256, 349

Ibnu ’l-Sammak, 261

Ibnu ’l-Sikkit, 343

Ibn Sina (Avicenna), 265, 266, 341, +360+, +361+, 393

Ibn Sirin, 244

Ibn Surayj, 236

Ibn Taymiyya, 371, +462+, +463+, 465, 466

Ibnu ’l-Tiqtaqa, 454

Ibn Tufayt, 361, 432, 433, 434

Ibn Tumart, 431-432

Ibnu ’l-Wahshiyya, xxv

Ibnu ’l-Wardi, 455

Ibn Zaydun (poet), 419, 424-426

Ibn Zuhr, 434

Ibrahim (Abraham), xviii, 63.
See _Abraham_

Ibrahim (‘Alid), 258

Ibrahim b. Adham, 232

Ibrahim b. Hilal al-Sabi, 328

Ibrahim of Mosul, 261

Idol-worship at Mecca, 62-64

Idris, 264

-Idrisi (geographer), 357, 434

Idrisid dynasty, the, 264

_Ihya’u Ulum al-Din_, 230, 234, 338, 340

-Iji (Adudu ’l-Din), 456

_ijma‘_, 460

_ikhlas_, 164

Ikhmim, 387

_-Ikhtiyarat_, 128

Ikhwánu ’l-Safa, 370-372, 388

_-Iklil_, 6, 12, 13, 24

_-ilahiyyun_, 382

_Iliad, the_, xxii, 325, 469

Il-Khans, the, xxix, 446

Il-Makah, 11

_‘ilmu ’l-hadith_ (Science of Apostolic Tradition), 283

_‘ilmu ’l-kalam_ (Scholastic Theology), 283

_‘ilmu ’l-nujum_ (Astronomy), 283

_‘ilmu ’l-qira’at_ (Koranic Criticism), 283

_‘ilmu ’l-tafsir_ (Koranic Exegesis), 283

_‘ilq_, 101

‘Imadu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), 266

‘Imadu ’l-Din al-Katib al-Isfahani, 348, 355

Imam (head of the religious community), 210

Imam, the Hidden, 216-217, 371;
the Infallible, 220, 432

Imam-Husayn, a town near Baghdad, 466.
See _Karbala_

_-imam al-ma‘sum_, 432

Imamites, the, 251

Imams, the Seven, 217, 273

Imams, the Shi‘ite, 214-220

Imams, the Twelve, 217

Imamu ’l-Haramayn, 339, 379

_iman_ (faith), 222

Imru’u ’l-Qays (poet), 42, 84, 85, 101, 102, +103-107+, 128, 136, 246,
289

India, 4, 17, 268, 341, 352, 361, 389

+India, History of+, by -Biruni, 361

India, the influence of, on Moslem civilisation, 361, 389, 390

India, Moslem conquests in, 203, 268

Indian religion, described by -Shahrastani, 341

Indus, the, xxiv, 203, 264

Infanticide, practised by the pagan Arabs, 149, 243

Initiation, the Isma‘ilite degrees of, 273

Inquisition (_mihna_) established by -Ma’mun, 368, 369

_-Insan al-Kamil_, the Perfect Man, 402

Inscriptions, the Babylonian and Assyrian, xxv, 4

Inscriptions, Himyarite. See _Inscriptions, South Arabic_

Inscriptions, Nabatæan, xxv, 3

Inscriptions, South Arabic, xvi, xxi, xxvi, +6-11+

Inspiration, views of the heathen Arabs regarding, 72, 73, 152, 165

Intellectual and Philosophical Sciences, the, 282

Ionia, the dialect of, xxiii

_-‘Iqd al-Faríd_, 102, 131, +347+, 420

Iram, 1

-‘Iraq, 34, 38, 42, 123, 132, 142, 201, 202, 207, 208, 243, 244, 255,
262, 266, 273, 303, _350_, 419, 445. See _Babylonia_

_-Isaba fi tamyiz al-Sahaba_, 456

Isabella of Castile, 441

Isaiah, 151

Isfahan, 14, 131, 268, 280, 326, 347, 355, 419

Isfandiyar, 330, 363

Ishaq b. Ibrahim al-Mawsili, 261, 362, 418

Ishaq b. Khalaf, 92

Ishmael. See _Isma‘il_

Isidore of Hispalis, 198

Islam, meaning of, 153;
cardinal doctrines of, 163-168;
formal and ascetic character of, 168, 224;
derived from Christianity and Judaism, 176, 177;
pagan elements in, 177;
opposed to the ideals of heathendom, 177, 178;
identified with the religion of Abraham, 62, 177;
a world-religion, 184

Isma‘il (Ishmael), xviii, 63, 64

Isma‘il (Samanid), 265

Isma‘il b. ‘Abbad, 267.
See _-Sahib Isma‘il b. ‘Abbad_

Isma‘il b. Naghdala, 428

Isma‘ilis, the, 217, +272-274+, 363, +371+, +372+, 381, 420, 445

+isnad+, 144, 278, 352

-Isnawi, 339

Israel, 73

Istakhr, 356

-Istakhri, 356

_istifa_, 228

Italy, 412, 414, 441

Ithamara (Sabæan king), 4