Chapter XXVIII: Part I: (Leyden, 1896) (2)

-Ithna -‘ashariyya (the Twelvers), 217

I‘timad, name of a slave-girl, 422

_-Itqan_, 145, 455

_ittihad_, 402

_‘iyar_, 297

Iyas b. Qabisa, 53

‘Izzu ’l-Din b. ‘Abd al-Salam, 461

J

Jabal Tariq (Gibraltar), 204

Jabala b. -Ayham (Ghassanid), 50, 51, 52, 53, 54

-Jabariyya (the Predestinarians), 224

Jabir b. Hayyan, 361, 387

_jabr_ (compulsion), 224, 297

Jacob, G., 74, 76

Jadala (tribe), 429

Jadhima al-Abrash, 34, 35, 36, 40

Jadis (tribe), 4, 25

Jaen, 456

Ja‘far, the Barmecide, 260

Ja‘far, son of the Caliph -Hadi, 260

Jafna, founder of the Ghassanid dynasty, 50

Jafnites, the. See _Ghassanids, the_

Jaghbub, 468

Jahdar b. Dubay‘a, 59

_-jahiliyya_ (the Age of Barbarism), xxvi, +30+, 31, 34, 71, 90, 158,
287

-Jahiz, 267, 280, +346-347+, 375

_jahiz_, 346

-Jahiziyya (Mu‘tazilite sect), 346

_jahl_, meaning 'barbarism', 30

Jahm b. Safwan, 222

-Jahshiyari (Abu ‘Abdallah Muhammad b. ‘Abdus), 458

Jalalu ’l-Din Khwarizmshah, 444

Jalalu ’l-Din al-Mahalli, 455

Jalalu ’l-Din Rumi, Persian poet, 298, 393, 404

Jallaban, 293

_-Jamhara fi ’l-Lugha_, 343

_Jamharatu Ash‘ari ’l-‘Arab_, 130

-Jami (‘Abdu ’l-Rahman), Persian poet, 229, 284, 386, 433

_-Jami‘_, by -Tirmidhi, 337

_-Jami‘a_, 371

Jamil, 238

Jandal, 245

Janissaries, the, 413

-Jannabi, 375

-Jaradatan (name of two singing girls), 2

Jarir (poet), 205, 238, 239, 240, 242, +244-246+

Jassas b. Murra, 56, 57

-Jawf, 9

Jawhar, 429

-Jawlan, 54

Jerusalem, 169, 177, 233, 275, 340, 355, 357

Jesus, 215, 216

Jews, the, 341.
See _Judaism_

-Jibal (province), 292, 356, 445

Jibril (Gabriel), 150

_jihad_, 430

Jinn, the, 72, 112, 119, 152, 165

_jinni_ (genie), 165

Jirjis -Makin (historian), 355

John of Damascus, 221

John of Ephesus, 52

Johnson, Dr., 286, 313

Joktan, xviii

Jones, E. R., 433

Jones, Sir William, 102, 452

Jong, P. de, 366

Jordan, the, 446

-Jubba’i, 377, 378

Judaism, established in -Yemen, 23, 137;
zealously fostered by Dhu Nuwas, 26;
in Arabia, 137-140, 149, 158, 170-172, 173, 176, 177;
in Spain, 415, 428, 429;
in Sicily, 441

Judaism, influence of, on Muhammadan thought, 176, 177, 215, 216

_-ju‘iyya_ (the Fasters), 232

Juliana of Norwich, 233

Junayd of Baghdad, 228, 230, 392, 465

Junde-shapur, 358

Jurhum (tribe), xviii, 63, 117

Jurjan, 339

Jurji Zaydan, 435

Justinian, 43, 51, 104, 358

Justinus (Byzantine Emperor), 27, 52

-Juwayni (Abu ’l-Ma‘ali), 339, 379

Juynboll, 257, 262, 268, 350, 369

K

Ka‘b (tribe), 246

Ka‘b b. Zuhayr (poet), 119, 127, 327

-Ka‘ba, +63+, +64+, +65+, +67+, 101, 117, 154, 155, 157, 164, 169,
177, 198, 319, 400, 403, 467

Ka‘bu ’l-Ahbar, 185

-Kadhdhab (title of Musaylima), 183

Kafur (Ikhshidite), 306, 307

Kahlan, 14

-Kalabadhi, 338

_-kalam_ (Scholasticism), 363, 378

Kalb (tribe), 199, 405

_kalb_, 445

_Kalila and Dimna, the Book of_, 346, 363

-Kamala (title), 88

_-kamil_ (metre), 75

_-Kamil_ of Ibnu ’l-Athir, 355, 379, 429.
See _Ibnu ’l-Athir_

_-Kamil_ of -Mubarrad, 92, 131, 202, 226, 227, 237, 244, 343

_kanwakan_ (a species of verse), 450

Karbala, 196, 198, 208, 216, 218, 243, 466

Kariba’il Watar, 10

-Karkh, a quarter of Baghdad, 267, 385

_kasb_, 379

_Kashfu ’l-Zunun_, 456

_-Kashshaf_, 145

_katib_ (secretary), 257, 326

Kawadh (Sasanian), 42

Kerbogha, 446

Khadija, 148, 150, 151, 152, 153, 157

_-khafif_ (metre), 75

Khalaf, 421

Khalaf al-Ahmar, 97, 134, 293, 344

Khalid b. -Mudallil, 43

Khalid b. -Walid, 184

Khalid b. Yazid, 358

_khalifa_ (Caliph), xxvii, 175

-Khalil b. Ahmad, 75, 285, +343+

Khamir (village), 19

_-Khamriyya_, by Ibnu ’l-Farid, 396

_khamriyyat_, 294

_khanaqah_ (monastery), 229

-Khansa (poetess), 126, 127

_Kharidatu ’l-Qasr_, 348

_khariji_ (Kharijite), 209

Kharijites, the, 193, 207, +208-213+, 221, 222, 239, 248, 259, 428

Kharmaythan, 360

-Khasib, 373

_khatib_, 271

-Khatib, of Baghdad, 355

-Khatim b.‘Adi, 94, 96

-Khawarij. See _Kharijites, the_

-Khawarnaq (castle), 40, 41

-Khaybar, 50

-Khayf, 237

Khazaza, battle of, 5

-Khazraj (tribe), 170

Khedivial dynasty, the, 468

Khidash b. Zuhayr, 95, 96

Khindif, xix

_-Khitat_, by -Maqrizi, 453

Khiva, 361, 444

_Khizanatu ’l-Adab_, 131

Khuda Bukhsh, S., 279

_Khuday-nama_, 348

Khulafa al-Rashidun, xxvii.
See _Caliphs, the Orthodox_

Khurasan, xxviii, 129, 132, 220, 221, 232, 233, 239, +249+, +250+,
251, 254, 256, 258, 263, 265, 266, 275, 303, 339, 341, 379, 390,
391, 419, 444

Khurasan, dialect of, 339

_khuruj_ (secession), 209

Khusraw Parwez. See _Parwez_

_khutba_, 263, 328

Khuza‘a (tribe), 63, 64, 65

Khuzayma (tribe), xix

Khuzistan, 266, 274, 293, 358

Khwarizm, 357, 361, 444

-Khwarizmi (Abu ‘Abdallah), 361

_-kibrit al-ahmar_, 399

Kilab (tribe), 246

Kilab b. Murra, 64

_-kimiya_ (the Philosophers' Stone), 401

_Kimiya’u ’l-Sa‘adat_, 340

_-kimiya’un_ (the Alchemists), 364

Kinana (tribe), xix, 64

Kinda (tribe), xviii, 42, 43, 69, 85, 103, 104, 360

-Kïndi, 288, 360

-Kisa’i (philologist), 261, 343

Kisra (title), 45

_Kitabu ’l-Aghani_ (the Book of Songs), 19, 26, 31, +32+, 37, 43, 44,
46, 47, 53, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 94, 102, 104, 109, 110, 123, 124,
131, 134, 138, 139, 150, 200, 205, 216, 236, 237, 239, 241, 242,
243, 244, 245, +270+, 279, 291, 292, 297, 345, +347+, 374, +419+

Kitabu ’l-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya_, 338

Kitabu ’l-Akhbar al-Tiwal_, 349

_Kitabu ’l-Amali_, 131

_Kitabu Ansabi ’l-Ashraf_, 349

_-Kitab al-Awsat_, 353

_Kitabu ’l-‘Ayn_, 343

_Kitabu ’l-Badi‘_, 325

_Kitabu ’l-Bayan wa-’l-Tabyin_, 347

_Kitabu ’l-Falahat al-Nabatiyya_, xxv

_Kitabu Futuhi ’l-Buldan_, 349

_Kitabu ’l-Hayawan_, 346, 375

_Kitabu ’l-‘Ibar_, by Dhahabi, 339

_Kitabu ’l-‘Ibar_, by Ibn Khaldun, 437

_Kitabu, ’l-Ibil_, 345

_Kitabu ’l-Ishtiqaq_, 343

_Kitabu ’l-Kamil fi ’l-Ta’rikh_, 355.
See _-Kamil of Ibnu ’l-Athir_

_Kitabu Khalq al-Insan_, 345

_Kitabu ’l-Khayl_, 345

_Kitabu ’l-Luma‘_, 393

_Kitabu ’l-Ma‘arif_, xviii, 202, 223, 224, 345, +346+

_Kitabu ’l-Maghazi_, by Musa b. ‘Uqba, 247

_Kitabu ’l-Maghazi_, by -Waqidi, 144

_-Kitab al-Mansuri_, 265

_Kitabu ’l-Masalik wa-’l-Mamalik_, 356

_Kitabu ’l-Milal wa-’l-Nihal_, by Ibn Hazm, 341, 427, 428

_Kitabu ’l-Milal wa-’l-Nihal_, by -Shahrastani, 341.
See _-Shahrastani_

_Kitabu ’l-Muluk wa-akhbar al-Madin_, 13

_Kitabu ’l-Shi‘r wa-’l-Shu‘ara_, 75, 78, 105, 117, 257, 293, 346

_Kitabu ’l-Ta‘arruf li-Madhhabi ahli ’l-Tasawwuf_, 338

_Kitabu ’l-Tabaqat al-Kabir_, 144

_Kitabu ’l-Tanbih wa-’l-Ishraf_, 353, 354

_-Kitab al-Yamini_, 355

_Kitabu ’l-Zuhd_, 247

_Koran, the_, xvii, xx, xxii-xxv, xxvi, xxvii, 1, 2, 3, 15, 17, 18,
27, 68, 74, 91, 102, 119, 132, 134, +141-143+, 144-152, 154-156,
158, +159-168+, 169, 172, 174, +175+, +176+, 178, 179, 183, 184,
185, 187, 192, 201, 203, 207-212, 215, 221, 223, 225, 231, 234,
+235+, 237, 247, 249, 273, 277, 278, 279, 282, 284, 287, 294, 318,
327, 329, 330, 342, 343, 344, 363, 365, 368, 369, 375, 378, 379,
397, 398, 403, 408, 417, 433, 449, 454, 455, 460, 461, 462, 463,
467

_Koran, the_, derivation of, 159;
collection of, 142;
historical value of, 143;
arrangement of, 143, 161;
style of, 159, 318, 368;
not poetical as a whole, 160;
held by Moslems to be the literal Word of God, 159, 235;
heavenly archetype of, 151, 163, 368;
revelation of, 150-152, 159;
designed for oral recitation, 161;
commentaries on, 144, 145, 351, 455;
imitations of, 318, 368, 375;
dispute as to whether it was created or not, 262, 368, 369

Koran-readers (_-qurra_), the, 209, 210, 277

Kosegarten, 128

Krehl, L., 151, 360

Kremer, Alfred von, 13, 14, 18, 19, 23, 24, 101, 139, 140, 220, 221,
225, 233, 279, 281, 302, 304, 316, 318, 321, 323, 324, 360, 373,
379, 383, 399, 439

-Kufa, xxiv, 38, 70, 127, 133, 134, 186, +189+, 193, 196, 198, 202,
207-210, 215, 218, 219, 229, 250, 253, 291, 293, 296, 304, 342,
+343+, 344

-Kulab, battle of, 253

Kulayb (tribe), 244, 245

Kulayb b. Rabi‘a, 5, 55, 56, 57, 76, 93

Kulayb b. Wa’il, 110.
See _Kulayb b. Rabi‘a_

Kulthum b. Malik, 110

-Kumayt (poet), 138

_kunya_ (name of honour), 45, 50, 112

-Kusa‘i, 244

Kuthayyir (poet), 216

_-kutub al-sitta_ (the Six Books), 337

-Kutubi, 449, 452

L

La Fontaine, 469

Labid (poet), 50, 109, +119-121+, 128, 139, 140

Lagrange, Grangeret de, 396, 417

Lahore, 268

Lakhmites, the, of -Hira, 33, 38, +39-49+, 54, 69

Lamis (name of a woman), 82

_Lamiyyatu ’l-‘Ajam_, 326

_Lamiyyatu ’l-‘Arab_, +79+, +80+, 89, 134, 326

Lamta (tribe), 429

Lamtuna (tribe), 429

Lane, E. W., 53, 164, 448, 459

Lane-Poole, Stanley, 264, 275, 371, 432

-Lat (goddess), 135, 155

_Lata’ifu ’l-Minan_, 464

Latifi (Turkish biographer), 460

Laus duplex (rhetorical figure), 311

Law, Muhammadan, the schools of, 283, 284, 363, 465;
the first corpus of, 337

_Lawaqihu ’l-Anwar_, 225, 226, 392

-Lawh al-Mahfuz, 163, 378

Layla, mother of ‘Amr b. Kulthum, 44, 109, 110

Layla, the beloved of -Majnun, 238

Le Strange, G., 256, 356, 357

Learning, Moslem enthusiasm for, 281

Lees, Nassau, 386

Leo the Armenian, 359

Letter-writing, the art of, 267

Lexicon, the first Arabic, 343

Library of Nuh II, the Samanid, 265, 266;
of Hakam II, the Spanish Umayyad, 419

Linguistic Sciences, the, 282

Lippert, 370

_Lisanu ’l-Arab_, 456

Lisanu ’l-Din Ibnu ’l-Khatib. See _Ibnu ’l-Khatib_

Literary culture despised by the Arabs, 278

_litham_, 423

Littmann, Enno, 73

Logos, the, 403

Lollards, the, 374

Longland, 450

Loth, O., 1

Lourdes, 382

Love, Divine, the keynote of Sufiism, 231;
two kinds of, 234;
an ineffable mystery, 387;
hymn of, 396;
in Sufi poetry, 234, 397, 398, 402, 403

Loyalty, as understood by the heathen Arabs, 83-85

Lucian, 319

_-lugha_ (Lexicography), 283

Luhayy, 63

Lull, Raymond, 404

Lu’lu’, 304

Luqman b. ‘Ad (king), 2, 14

_-Luzumiyyat_, 315, 316, 319, 323, 324

_Luzumu ma la yalzam_, 315.
See _-Luzumiyyat_

Lyall, Sir Charles, 32, 54, 71, 75, 82, 89, 92, 97, 101, 109, 111,
112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 125, 129, 139, 140, 149

M

Ma’ al-Sama (surname), 41

Ma’ab, 63

_ma‘ad_ (place of return), 215

Ma‘add, xix, xx, 112

Ma‘arratu ’l-Nu‘man, 313, 314, 323

-Ma‘arri (Abu ’l-‘Ala), 448.
See _Abu ’l-‘Ala al-Ma‘arri_

Ma‘bad (singer), 236

Ma‘bad al-Juhani, 224

_Macbeth_, Arabian parallel to an incident in, 25

Macdonald, D. B., 273, 378, 382, 433

Macedonia, 276

Machiavelli, 439

Macoraba, 5, 62

Madagascar, 352

-Mada’in (Ctesiphon), 29, 33, 46, 47, 48.
See _Ctesiphon_

Mada’in Salih, 3

_-madh al-muwajjah_, 311

_-madid_ (metre), 98

_madih_ (panegyric), 78, 294

Madinatu ’l-Salam, 255.
See _Baghdad_

Madrid, 420

_mafakhir_, 100

_maghazi_, 247

-Maghrib, 460

Magi (Magians), the. See _Zoroastrians, the_

Magian fire-temple at Balkh, the, 259

Mahaffy, J. P., 82

Mahdi, the, +216+, +217+, 248, 249, 274, 431

-Mahdi, the Caliph, 103, 128, 257, 258, 296, 343, 367, 373, 374, 418

-Mahdiyya, 274

Mahmud (Ghaznevid), 268-269, 355

Mahra, dialect of, xxi

Maimonides, 434

Majdu ’l-Din al-Fírúzábádí. See _-Fírúzábádí_

_-Majmu‘ al-Mubarak_, 355

-Majnun, 238

_majnun_, 165

Malaga, 410, 421, 428, 434

Malik (boon companion of Jadhima), 35

Malik (brother of Qays b. Zuhayr), 61

Malik the Azdite, 34

Malik, the slayer of -Khatim b. ‘Adi, 94, 95

Malik b. Anas, 284, +337+, +366+, 408

-Malik al-Dillil (title of Imru’u ’l-Qays), 104

-Malik al-Kamil (Ayyubid), 395, 434

-Malik al-Salih Najmu’l-Din (Ayyubid), 447

Malik Shah (Seljuq), 275, 276, 326, 340

-Malik al-Zahir (Ayyubid), 275

-Malik al-Zahir Baybars. See _Baybars, Sultan_

Malikite books burned by the Almohades, 433

Malikite school of Law, the, 408

Mameluke dynasty, the, xxix, 442, 446, +447+, +448+, 453, 464

Mamelukes, the, 413

_mamluk_, 447

-Ma’mun, the Caliph, 92, 129, 255, 257, +262+, +283+, 284, 302, 343,
+358-359+, 361, +368+, 369, 373, 388

Manat (goddess), 135, 155

Mandeville, Sir John, xxv

Manfred, 441

-Manfuha, 124

Mani (Manes), 364, 375

Manichæans, the, 218, 297, 341, 372-375.
See _Zindiqs, the_

-Mansur, the Caliph, 128, 206, 252, 253, 255, 257, +258-259+, 291,
314, 337, 346, 349, 358, 373, 407

Mansur I (Samanid), 265, 352

-Mansur Ibn Abi ‘Amir, 412, 413, 426

_Mantle Ode (-Burda), the_, 326, 327

_maqama_, 328

_-Maqamat_, of Badi‘u ’l-Zaman al- Hamadhani, 328, 329

_-Maqamat_, of -Hariri, 329-336

Maqamu Ibrahim, 63

-Maqdisi. See _-Muqaddasi_

-Maqqari, 399, 401, +413+, 418, 419, 427, 436, 454

-Maqrizi (Taqiyyu ’l-Din), 453

_-Maqsura_, 343

Marabout, modern form of _murabit_, 430

_Marasidu ’l-Ittila‘_, 357

_marathi_, 294

Marathon, battle of, 174

Marcion, 364

Margoliouth, Prof. D. S., xxiv, 183, 267, 314, 316, 317, 319, 357, 469

Mariaba, 5

Ma’rib, 2, 5, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 50.
See _Dyke of Ma’rib_

Maridin, 449

_ma‘rifat_ (gnosis), 386

Marinid dynasty, the, 442

Mariya, mother of -Mundhir III, 41

Mariya (name of a handmaiden), 46, 47

Mariya of the Ear-rings, 50

Marj Rahit, battle of, 199

Marr al-Zahran, 95

Marriage, a loose form of, prevailing among the Shi‘ites, 262

Ma‘ruf al-Karkhi, 385, 386, 388

Marwan I (Umayyad Caliph), 199

Marwan II (Umayyad Caliph), 181, 251, 253, 347

-Marzuqi (philologist), 128

_Masabihu ’l-Sunna_, 337

_Masaliku ’l-Mamalik_, 356

_-mashaf_, 294

Mashhad -Husayn, 466

Maslama b. Ahmad, 420

Masruq, 28

Mas‘ud, Sultan, 329.
See _Ghiyathu ’l-Din Mas‘ud_

-Mas‘udi, 13, 15, 37, 195, 203, 205, 206, 259, 260, 267, 349,
+352-354+, 387, 456

_Materia Medica_, by Ibnu ’l-Baytar, 434

_mathalib_, 100, 280

_Mathnawi, the_, by Jalalu ’l-Din Rumi, 404

_-Matin_, 428

_matla‘_, 309

_matn_, 144

Mauritania, 412

_-Mawa‘iz wa ’l-I‘tibar fi dhikri ’l-Khitat wa ’l-Athar_, 453

-Mawali (the Clients), 198, 207, +219+, 222, +248+, 250, +278+,
+279+, 373

-Mawali (the Clients), coalesce with the Shi‘ites, 198, 219, 220,
250;
treated with contempt by the Arabs, 219, 248, 278, 279;
their culture, 248;
their influence, 278, 279

_mawaliyya_, a species of verse, 450

-Mawardi, 337, 338

Mawiyya, mother of -Mundhir III, 41

Mawiyya, wife of Hatim of Tayyi’, 87

-Maydani, 31.
See _Proverbs, Arabic_

Maymun b. Qays. See _-A‘sha_

Maysun, 195

Mazdak, 42, 258, 364

Mazyar, 375

Mecca, xviii, xxiii, xxvi, xxvii, 2, 3, 5, 6, 22, 28, 53, +62+, 63,
64, 65-68, 101, 102, 114, 117, 146, 150, 154-156, 158, 169, 171,
174, 175, 196, 198, 202, 236, 249, 274, 319, 339, 340, 395, 396,
429, 431, 434, 439, 466, 468

Mecca, Pre-islamic history of, 62;
attacked by the Abyssinians, 66-69;
submits to the Prophet, 64, 175

Mecca, the dialect of, xxiii

_Meccan Revelations, the_, 464.
See _Futuhat al-Makkiyya_

Meccan _Suras_ of the Koran, the, 160-168

Media, 356

Medina (-Madina), xxvi, xxvii, 3, 21, 22, 49, 50, 52, 62, 71, 84,
150, 157, 158, 169, 170, 171, 173, 175, 176, 177, 181, 185, 186,
188, 198, 208, 209, 236, 241, 243, 337, 339, 365, 466, 468

Medina, _Suras_ of the Koran revealed at, 175, 176

Mediterranean Sea, the, 5, 255, 275, 404, 412, 444

Merv, 252, 346

Merx, A., 384, 389

Mesopotamia, 35, 186, 238, 240, 269, 355, 358, 385, 388, 411, 446

Messiah, Moslem beliefs regarding the, 215-217, 248, 249.
See _Mahdi, the_

Metempsychosis, the doctrine of, 267

Metres, the Arabian, 74, 75

Mevlevi dervish order, the, 393

_mihna_, 368

-Mihras, 124

Mihrgan, Persian festival, 250

Milton, 212

Mina, 119

Minæan language, the, xxi

Minæans, the, 7

_minbar_ (pulpit), 199

Minqar, 57

Miqlab (castle), 24

Miracles demanded by the Quraysh from Muhammad, 165;
falsely attributed to Muhammad, 166

_-Mi‘raj_ (the Ascension of the Prophet), 169, 403

_Mir’atu ’l-Zaman_, 355

_Mishkatu ’l-Masabih_, 337

_Misr_ (Old Cairo), 394

_misra‘_ (hemistich), 74

_-Mishar_, 455.
See _-Muzhir_

Moguls, the Great, xxix, 444

Moliere, 469

Monasticism, alien to Islam, 225

Mongol Invasion, the, xxiv, xxix, xxx, 272, 277, 326, 443, +444-446+

Mongols, the, 254, 264, 275, 442, 443, 462.
See _Mongol Invasion, the_

_Monte Cristo_, 469

Montrose, 191

Mordtmann, 9

Morocco, 264, 341, 423, 424, 430, 431, 442

Moses, 165, 172, 185, 215, 273, 397

Moslem, meaning of, 153

Moslems, the first, 153

Moslems, the non-Arabian. See _-Mawali_

Mosul (-Mawsil), 261, 269, 281, 326, 355, 362, 399, 445, 454

_-Mu‘allaqat_, 77, 82, +101-121+, 128, 131, 416, 459

Mu‘awiya b. Abi Sufyan (Caliph), xxviii, 13, 119, 181, 191, 192, 193,
+194-195+, 196, 206, 207, 208, 213, 214, 222, 256, 377, 407, 426

Mu‘awiya b. Bakr (Amalekite prince), 2

Mu‘awiya, brother of -Khansa, 126

Mu’ayyidu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), 267

-Mubarrad (philologist), 92, 131, 202, 226, 237, 244, +343+, +344+

Mudar b. Nizar, xix, 252

Mudar, the tribes descended from, xix

_-Mudhhabat, -Mudhahhabat_, 101

-Mutaddal al-Dabbi (philologist), +128+, 133, +343+

Mufaddal b. Salama, 31

_-Mufaddaliyyat_, 90, +128+, 343

-Mughammas, 69

_muhajat_ (scolding-match), 238

-Muhajirun (the Emigrants), 171, 209

Muhalhil b. Rabi‘a, 58, 76, 109, 110

-Muhallab b. Abi Sufra, 239

-Muhallabi, the Vizier, 267, 347

Muhammad, the Prophet, xxiii, xxvi-xxviii, 3, 10, 15, 18, 27, 30, 51,
62, 64, 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, 74, 86, 87, 105, 124, 132, 134, 135,
137, 139, +141-180+, 181-183, 186-188, 190-193, 201, 202, 207-209,
213-218, 223, 224, 229, 231, 233, +235+, 237, 249, 250, 251, 257,
258, 267, 273, 274, 277, 278, 279, 280, 318, 327, 330, 341, 342,
348, 349, 355, 356, 380, 383, 392, 400, 403, 420, 428, 433, 449,
455, 462, 463, 465, +467+

Muhammad, question whether he could read and write, 151;
his attitude towards the heathen poets, 159, 212, 235;
his aim in the Meccan _Suras_, 160;
his death, 175;
his character, 179, 180;
biographies of, 144, 146, 247, 349;
poems in honour of, 124, 127, 326, 327, 449;
mediæval legend of, 327;
identified with the Logos, 403;
pilgrimage to the tomb of, 463;
his tomb demolished by the Wahhabis, 467

Muhammad (‘Alid), 258

Muhammad (Seljuq), 326

Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab, 465-467

Muhammad b. ‘Ali (‘Abbasid), 251

Muhammad ‘Ali Pasha, 466, 468

Muhammad b. ‘Ali b. -Sanusi, 468

Muhammad Ibnu ’l-Hanafiyya, 216, 218, 220

Muhammad b. -Hasan, the Imam, 217

Muhammad b. Isma‘il, the Imam, 217, 272-274

Muhammad al-Kalbi, 348

Muhammad b. Sa‘ud, 466

-Muhtadi, the Caliph, 264

Muhyi ’l-Din Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi, +399-404+, 434, 462

Muhyi ’l-Maw’udat (title), 243

Muir, Sir W., 142, 143, 146, 156, 184, 197, 338

-Mu‘izz (Fatimid Caliph), 420

Mu‘izzu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), 266, 267, 347

-Mujammi‘ (title), 65

_Mu‘jamu ’l-Buldan_, 17, 357

_Mu‘jamu ’l-Udaba_, 357

Mukarrib (title), 10

-Mukhadramun (a class of poets), 127

-Mukhtar, 198, +218-220+, 250

_-Mukhtarat_, 128

-Muktafi, the Caliph, 257, 269, 325

-Mulaththamun, 423

Müller, A., 5, 101, 261, 266, 355, 429

Müller, D. H., 9, 10, 12, 13, 17, 18, 24

Multan, 203

Muluku ’l-Tawa’if (the Party Kings of Spain), 414

-Munafiqun (the Hypocrites), 171, 172, 176

-Munakhkhal (poet), 49

-Mundhir I (Lakhmite), 41

-Mundhir III (Lakhmite), +41-44+, 45, 50, 51, 60, 87, 103, 104

-Mundhir IV (Lakhmite), 45, 47

-Mundhir b. -Harith (Ghassanid), 50, 52

-Mundhir b. Ma’ al-sama, 50, 51.
See _-Mundhir III_

-Munjibat (title), 88

Munk, S., 360

_-Munqidh mina ’l-Dalal_, 340, 380

_munshi_, 326

-Muqaddasi (geographer), 356, 357, 409

_-Muqaddima_, of Ibn Khaldun, 32, 229, 278, 289, +437-440+.
See _Ibn Khaldun_

-Muqanna‘, 258

-Muqattam, Mt., 394, 396

_-Muqtabis_, 428

-Muqtadir, the Caliph, 325, 343, 399

_-murabit_, 430

-Murabitun, 433.
See _Almoravides, the_

_murid_, 392

_murji’_ (Murjite), 221

Murjites, the, 206, 220, +221-222+, 428

Murra, 56, 57, 58

Mursiya (Murcia), 399

_Muruju ’l-Dhahab_, 13, 15, 37, 195, 203, 205, 206, 259, 260, 267,
+349+, +353+, +354+, 387, 457

_muruwwa_ (virtue), 72, 82, 178, 287

Musa b. Maymun (Maimonides), 434

Musa b. Nusayr, 203, 204, 405

Musa b. ‘Uqba, 247

Mus‘ab, 199

Musaylima, 183

_-Mushtarik_, 357

Music in Pre-Isiamic Arabia, 236

Musicians, Arab, 236

_-musiqi_ (Music), 283

Muslim (Moslem), meaning of, 153

Muslim (author of _-Sahih_), 144, 337

Muslim b. ‘Aqil, 196

Muslim b. -Walid (poet), 261

_musnad_ (inscriptions), 6

-Mustakfi (Spanish Umayyad), 424

-Mustakfi, ‘Abbasid Caliph, 266

-Mustansir (‘Abbasid), 448

-Mustarshid Billah, the Caliph, 329

-Musta‘sim, the Caliph, 254, 445

-Mustawrid b. ‘Ullifa, 210

_-mut‘a_, 262

-Mu‘tadid (‘Abbadid), 421, 425

-Mu‘tadid (‘Abbasid Caliph), 325

-Mu‘tamid (‘Abbadid), 421-424

-Mutajarrida, 49, 122

-Mutalammis (poet), 107, 108, 138

Mutammim b. Nuwayra, 127

-Mutanabbi (poet), 266, 269, +270+, 289, 290, 291, 292, +304-313+,
315, 316, 324, 396, 416, 448

_mutasawwifa_ (aspirants to Sufiism), 229

-Mu‘tasim, the Caliph, 129, 257, 263, 369, 375

-Mutawakkil, the Caliph, 257, 264, 284, 344, 350, 369, +375+, +376+,
388

_mutawakkil_, 233

Mu‘tazilites, the, 206, 220, +222-224+, 225, 230, 262, 268, 284, 346,
+367-370+, 376, 377, 378, 392, 409, 428, 431

-Mu‘tazz, the Caliph, 325

-Muti‘, the Caliph, 353

Muti‘ b. Iyas (poet), 291, 292

_muwahhid_, 432

-Muwalladun, 278, 408

_muwashshah_, verse-form, 416, 417, 449

_-Muwatta’_, 337, 408, 409

Muzaffar Qutuz (Mameluke), 446

Muzayna (tribe), 116

-Muzayqiya (surname), 15

_-Muzhir_, 71, 455

Mystical poetry of the Arabs, the, 325, 396-398, 403

Mysticism. See _Sufiism_

N

-Nabat, the Nabatæans, xxv, 279

Nabatæan, Moslem use of the term, xxv

_Nabatæan Agriculture, the Book of_, xxv

Nabatæan inscriptions, xxv, 3

-Nabigha al-Dhubyam (poet), 39, 49, 50, +54+, 86, 101, +121-123+, 128,
139

_nadhir_ (warner), 164

Nadir (tribe), 170

-Nadr b. -Harith, 330

_Nafahatu ’l'Uns_, by Jami, 386

_Nafhu ’l-Tib_, by -Maqqari, 399, 413, 436

Nafi‘ b. -Azraq, 208

-Nafs al-zakiyya (title), 258

-Nahhas (philologist), 102

-Nahrawan, battle of, 208

_-nahw_ (grammar), 283

Na’ila, 35

-Najaf, 40

-Najashi (the Negus), 26, 27, 28

Najd, xvii, 62, 107, 466

Najda b. ‘Amir, 209

Najdites (a Kharijite sect), the, 208

Najran, 26, 27, 105, 124, 136, 137, 162

Na‘man, 11

Namir (tribe), xix

Napoleon, 468

_-Naqa’id_, of -Akhtal and Jarir, 240

_-Naqa’id_, of Jarir and -Farazdaq, 239

Naqb al-Hajar, 8

-Nasafi (Abu ’l-Barakat), 456

-Nasa’i, 337

Nashwan b. Sa‘id al-Himyari, 12, 13

_nasib_ (erotic prelude), 77, 310

Nasim, a place near Baghdad, 461

-Nasimi (the Hurufi poet), 460, 461

Nasir-i Khusraw, Persian poet, 323

Nasiru ’l-Dawla (Hamdanid), 269, 411

Nasr b. Sayyar, 251

Nasr II (Samanid), 265

Nasrid dynasty of Granada, the, 435, 442

_nat‘_, 257

-Nawaji (Muhammad b. -Hasan), 417

Nawar, wife of -Farazdaq, 243, 244

Nawar, the beloved of Labid, 121

Nawruz, Persian festival, 250

Naysabur, 232, 276, 338, 339, 340, 348

_Nazmu ’l-Suluk_, 396

-Nazzam, 369

Neo-platonism, 360, 384, 389, 390

Neo-platonist philosophers welcomed by Nushirwan, 358

Nero, 325

Nessus, 104

Nicephorus, 261

Niebuhr, Carsten, 7

Night journey of Muhammad, the, 169, 403

Night of Power, the, 150

_Nihayatu ’l-Aráb_, 455

Nile, the, xxviii, 264, 354, 455

Nirvana, 233, 391

-Nizamiyya College, at Baghdad, 276, 340, 380, 431

-Nizamiyya College, at Naysabur, 276, 340

Nizamu ’l-Mulk, 276, 340, 379

Nizar, xix

Noah, xv, xviii, 165

Nöldeke, Th., xv, xx, xxxiii, xxv, 5, 27, 29, 38, 42, 44, 45, 48, 49,
51, 52, 54, 55, 57-60, 66, 70, 78, 80, 83, 101, 102, 103, 109, 113,
122, 123, 126, 127, 130, 134, 145, 151, 160, 167, 172, 184, 195,
228, 237, 238, 249, 252, 258, 288

Nomadic life, characteristics of, 439, 440

Nominalists, 367

Normans, the, 441

Nubia, 387

Nuh I (Samanid), 265

Nuh II (Samanid), 265

_-Nujum al-Záhira_, 257, 262, 268, 369, +454+

-Nu‘man I (Lakhmite), 40, 41, 139

-Nu‘man III (Lakhmite), +45-49+, 50, 53, 54, 69, 86, 121, 122

-Nu‘man al-Akbar. See _Nu‘man I_

-Nu‘man al-A‘war (Lakhmite). See _-Nu‘man I_

-Nu‘man b. -Mundhir Abu Qabus. See _-Nu‘man III_

Numayr (tribe), 245, 246

-Nuri (Abu ’l-Husayn), 392

Nushirwan (Sasanian king), 29, 42, 45, 358

-Nuwayri, 15, 455

Nyberg, H. S., 404

O

Occam, 367

Ockley, Simon, 433

Ode, the Arabian, 76-78.
See _qasida_

Odenathus, 33, 35

_Odyssey, the_, xxii

O'Leary, De Lacy, 360

Ordeal of fire, the, 23

Orthodox Caliphs, the, xxiii, xxvii, 181-193

Orthodox Reaction, the, 284, 376.
See _-Ash‘ari_

Osiander, 9

Ottoman Turks, the, xxix, 442, 447, 464-467

Oxus, the, xxviii, 341, 444

P

Pahlavi (Pehlevi) language, the, 214, 330, 346, 348, 358

Palermo, 441

Palestine, 52, 104, 137, 229

Palmer, E. H., 172, 176, 260

Palms, the Feast of, 54

Palm-tree, verses on the, by ‘Abd al-Rahman I, 418

Palm-trees of Hulwan, the two, 292

Palmyra, 33, 53

Panegyric, two-sided (rhetorical figure), 311

Panjab (Punjaub), the, 203, 268

Pantheism, 231, 233, 234, 275, 372, +390+, +391+, 394, +402+, +403+,
460

Paracelsus, 388

Paradise, the Muhammadan, burlesqued by Abu’l -‘Ala al-Ma‘arri, 318,
319

Parthian kings, the, 457

Parwez, son of Hurmuz (Sasanian), 48, 69

Passion Play, the, 218

_Paul and Virginia_, 469

Pavet de Courteille, 349

Pearl-fishing in the Persian Gulf, 354

Pedro of Castile, 437

Penitents, the (a name given to certain Shi‘ite insurgents), 218

Pentateuch, the, 165, 171, 323

Perfect Man, doctrine of the, 402

Persecution of the early Moslems, 154, 155, 157;
of heretics, 224, 368, 369, 372-375, 376, 436, 460, 461

Persepolis, 356

Persia, xxiv, xxvii, xxix, 21, 29, 33, 34, 38, 41, 42, 48, 113, 169,
182, 184, 185, 188, 208, 214, 247, 255, 258, 265, 266, 274, 279,
328, 348, 349, 390, 394, 404, 444, 446, 454, 457

Persia, the Moslem conquest of, 184

Persia, the national legend of, 349

Persian divines, influence of the, 278

Persian Gulf, the, 4, 107, 354, 357

Persian influence on Arabic civilisation and literature, xxviii,
xxix, 182, 250, 256, 265, 267, +276-281+, 287, 288, 290, 295, 418

Persian influence on the Shi‘a, 214, 219

_Persian Kings, History of the_, translated by Ibnu ’l-Muqaffa‘, 348

Persian literature, fostered by the Samanids and Buwayhids, 265, 303

Persian Moslems who wrote in Arabic, xxx, xxxi, 276-278

Persians, the, rapidly became Arabicised, 280, 281

Persians, the, in -Yemen, 29

Petra, xxv, 5

Petrarch, 425

Pharaoh, 162, 403

Pharaohs, the, 4, 5

Philip III, 441

Philistines, the, 3

Philologists, the Arab, xxiv, 32, 127, 128, 133, 246, +341-348+

Philosophers, the Greeks 341, 363

Philosophers, the Moslem, 360, 361, 381, 382, 432-434

_Philosophers and scientists, Lives of the_, by Ibnu ’l-Qifti, 355

_Philosophus Autodidactus_, 433

Phœnician language, the, xvi

Phœnicians, the, xv

_Physicians, History of the_, by Ibn Abi Usaybi‘a, 266, 355

Piers the Plowman, 450

Pietists, the, 207, 208

Pilgrimage to Mecca, the, 63, 65, 135, 136, 319

Pilgrimage, of the Shi‘ites, to the tomb of -Husayn at Karbala, 218,
466

_pir_ (Persian word), 392

Plato, 204

Plutarch, 363

Pocock, E., 433

_Poems of the Hudhaylites, the_, 128

Poems, the Pre-islamic, xxii, xxiii, 30, 31, +71-140+, 282, 285-289,
290;
chief collections of, 127-131;
the tradition of, 131-134;
first put into writing, 132

_Poems, the Suspended._ See _-Mu‘allaqat_

Poetics, work on, by Ibnu ’l-Mu‘tazz, 325

Poetry, Arabian, the origins of, 72-75;
the decline of, not due to Muhammad, 235;
in the Umayyad period, 235-246;
in the ‘Abbasid period, 285-336;
in Spain, 415-417, 425, 426;
after the Mongol Invasion, 448-450

Poetry, conventions of the Ancient, criticised, 286, 288, 315

Poetry, Muhammadan views regarding the merits of, 308-312;
intimately connected with public life, 436;
seven kinds of, 450

Poetry, the oldest written Arabic, 138

_Poetry and Poets, Book of_, by Ibn Qutayba. See _Kitabu ’l-Shi‘r
wa-’l-Shu‘ara_

Poets, the Modern, 289-336;
judged on their merits by Ibn Qutayba, 287;
pronounced superior to the Ancients, 288, 289

Poets, the Pre-islamic, character and position of, 71-73;
regarded as classical, xxiii, 72, 285, 286

Politics, treatise on, by -Mawardi, 337, 338

Portugal, 416

Postal service, organised by ‘Abdu ’l-Malik, 201

Postmaster, the office of, 45

Prætorius, F., 10

Prayers, the five daily, 149, 168

Predestination, 157, 223, 224, 378, 379

Preston, Theodore, 330

Prideaux, W. F., 11, 13

Primitive races in Arabia, 1-4

Proclus, 389

Procreation, considered sinful, 317

Prophecy, a, made by the Carmathians, 322

Prose, Arabic, the beginnings of, 31

Proverbs, Arabic, 3, 16, +31+, 50, 84, 91, 109, 244, 292, 373

Ptolemies, the, 276

Ptolemy (geographer), 3, 358

Public recitation of literary works, 314

Pyramids, the, 354

Pyrenees, the, xxviii, 204

Pythagoras, 102

Q

Qabus (Lakhmite), 44, 45, 52

_qadar_ (power), 224

-Qadariyya (the upholders of free-will), 224

_qaddah_ (oculist), 271

_qadí ’l-qudat_ (Chief Justice), 395

Qadiri dervish order, the, 393

-Qahira, 275, 394.
See _Cairo qahramana_, 457

Qahtan, xviii, 12, 14, 18, 200

_Qala’idu ’l-‘Iqyan_, 425

_-Qamus_, 403, 456

_-Qanun_, 361

_qara’a_, 159

-Qarafa cemetery, 396

-Qaramita, 274.
See _Carmathians, the_

_qarawi_, 138

_qarn_, meaning 'ray', 18

_qasida_ (ode), 76-78, 105, 288

_qasida_ (ode), form of the, 76, 77;
contents and divisions of the, 77, 78;
loose structure of the, 134;
unsuitable to the conditions of urban life, 288

_Qasidatu ’l-Burda_. See _-Burda_

_Qasidatu ’l-Himyariyya,_ 12

Qasir, 36, 37

Qasirin, 111

Qasiyun, Mt., 399

-Qastallani, 455

Qatada, 294

Qatari b. -Fuia’a, 213

-Qayrawan, 264, 429

Qays ‘Aylan (tribe), xix, 199, 293, 405

Qays b. -Khatim, 94-97, 137

Qays b. Zuhayr, 61, 62

Qaysar (title), 45

Qazwin, 445

-Qazwini (geographer), 416

Qift, 355

_qiyas_, 297

Qoniya, 404

Quatremère, M., xxv, 437, 445, 453

Qudar the Red, 3

Qumis (province), 391

_-Qur’an_, 159.
See _Koran, the_

Quraysh (tribe), xix, xxiii, xxvii, 22, +64+, 65-68, 117, 124, 134,
142, 146, 153-158, 164, 165, 170, 174, 175, 183, 207, 216, +237+,
241, 279, 330, 347, 375, 407, 417

Quraysh, the dialect of, xxiii, 142;
regarded as the classical standard, xxiii, 134

Qurayza (tribe), 21, 170

_qurra_ (Readers of the Koran), 277.
See _Koran-readers, the_

Qusayy, 64, 65, 146

-Qushayri, 226, 227, 228, 230, +338+, 379

Quss b. Sa‘ida, 136

_qussas_, 374

Qusta b. Luqa, 359

_Qutu ’l-Qulub_, 338, 393

R

_rabad_, 409

Rabi‘, son of Fatima, the daughter of -Khurshub, 88

Rabi‘a al-‘Adawiyya, 227, 232, +233-234+

Rabi‘a b. Nizar, xix, 5

Rabi‘a (b. Nizar), the descendants of, xix

Racine, 469

-Radi, the Caliph, 376

Radwa, Mount, 216

Rafidites, the, 268.
See _Shi‘ites, the_

Ra‘i ’l-ibil (poet), 245, 246

_raj‘a_ (palingenesis), 215

_-rajaz_ (metre), 74, 75, 76, 77

Rakhman, 126

Rakusians, the, 149

Ralfs, C. A., 327

Ramadan, the Fast of, 224, 450

Ramla, 229

Raqqada, 274

_Rasa’ilu Ikhwan al-Safa_, 370, 371

Rasmussen, 61

Rationalism. See _Mu‘tazilites_ and _Free-thought_

-Rawda, island on the Nile, 455

_rawi_ (reciter), 131

Rawis, the, 131-134

Raydan, 10

-Rayy, 258, 259, 268, 333, 350, 361, 420, 445

-Rayyan, 120

-Razi (Abu Bakr), physician, 361.
See _Abu Bakr al-Razi_

-Razi (Abu Bakr), historian, 420

Reading and writing despised by the pagan Arabs, 39

Realists, 368

Red Sea, the, 4, 5, 62

Reformation, the, 468

Reforms of ‘Abdu ’l-Malik, 201;
of ‘Umar b. ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, 205

Register of ‘Umar, the, 187, 188

Reiske, 15, 102, 308, 312, 316, 331

Religion, conceived as a product of the human mind, 317

Religion of the Sabæans and Himyarites, 10, 11;
of the Pagan Arabs, 56, 135-140, 164, 166;
associated with commerce, 135, 154

Religions and Sects, Book of, by -Shahrastam, 341;
by Ibn Hazm, 341.
See _Kitabu ’l-Milal wa-’l-Nihal_

Religious ideas in Pre-islamic poetry, 117, 119, 123, 124, 135-140

Religious literature in the ‘Abbasid period, 337-341

Religious poetry, 298-302

Renaissance, the, 443

Renan, xv, 432

Renegades, the, 408, 415, 426

Resurrection, the, 166, 215, 297, 299, 316

Revenge, views of the Arabs concerning, 93, 94;
poems relating to, 97

Rhages. See _-Rayy_

Rhapsodists, the, 131

Rhazes, 265, 361.
See _Abu Bakr al-Razi_

Rhetoric, treatise on, by -Jahiz, 347

Rhinoceros, the, 354

Rhymed Prose. See _saj‘_

Ribah b. Murra, 25

_ribat_, 276, 430

Richelieu, 195

Rifa‘i dervish order, the, 393

-Rijam, 119

_Risalatu ’l-Ghufran_, 166, 167, 206, +318+, +319+, +375+

_-Risalat al-Qushayriyya_, 226, 227, 338

Roderic, 204, 405

Rödiger, Emil, 8

Roger II of Sicily, 434

Rome, 33, 34, 41, 43, 50, 52, 113, 252, 314.
See _Byzantine Empire, the_

Ronda, 410

Rosary, use of the, prohibited, 467

Rosen, Baron V., 375

Rothstein, Dr. G., 37, 53

-Rub‘ al-Khali, xvii

Rubicon, the, 252

Rückert, Friedrich, 93, 97, 104, 292, 332

Rudagi, Persian poet, 265

Ruhu ’l-Quds (the Holy Ghost), 150

_-rujz_, 152

Ruknu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), 266, 267

-Rumaykiyya, 422

Rushayyid al-Dahdah, 394, 396

Rustam, 330, 363

Ruzbih, 346.
See _Ibnu ’l-Muqaffa‘_

S

-Sa‘b Dhu ’l-Qarnayn, 17

_-Sab‘ al-Tiwal_ (the Seven Long Poems), 103

Saba (Sheba), xxv, 1, +4+, +5+, 6, 10, 16, 17.
See _Sabæans, the_

Saba (person), 14

Sabæan language, the, xvi.
See _South Arabic language, the_

Sabæans, the, xv, xvii, xviii, xx, xxi, 1, +4+, +5+, 7, 14, 17

Saba’ites, the, a Shi‘ite sect, 215, 216, 217, 219

Sabians, the, 149, 341, 354, 358, 363, 364, 388

-Sab‘iyya (the Seveners), 217

Sabota, 5

Sabuktagin, 268

Sabur I, 33

Sabur b. Ardashir, 267, 314

Sachau, E., xxii, 361

Sacy, Silvestre de, 8, 80, 102, 353, 354

Sa‘d (client of Jassas b. Murra), 56, 57

Sa‘d (tribe), 147

Sa‘d b. Malik b. Dubay‘a, 57

_sada_ (owl or wraith), 94, 166

Sa‘d-ilah, 11

_sadin_, 259

-Sadir (castle), 41

Sadru ’l-Din of Qoniya, 404

_safa_ (purity), 228, 370

Safa, the inscriptions of, xxi

-Safadi, 326, 456

_Safar-Nama_, 324

Safawid dynasty, the, xxix

-Saffah, 253, 254, 257, 259

-Saffah b. ‘Abd Manat, 253

-Saffah, meaning of the title, 253

-Saffar (title), 265

Saffarid dynasty, the, 265

_safi_ (pure), 228

Safiyyu ’l-Din al-Hilli (poet), 449, 450

_sag_ (Persian word), 445

-Sahaba (the Companions of the Prophet), 229

Sahara, the, 423, 429, 468

-Sahib Isma‘il b. ‘Abbad, 267, 347

Sahibu ’l-Zanadiqa (title), 373

_-Sahih_, of -Bukhari, 144, 146, 337

_-Sahih_, of Muslim, 144, 337

Sahl b. ‘Abdallah al-Tustari, 392

Sa‘id b. -Husayn, 274

St. John, the Cathedral of, 203

St. Thomas, the Church of, at -Hira, 46

Saints, female, 233

Saints, the Moslem, 386, 393, 395, 402, 403, 463, 467

_saj_ (rhymed prose), 74, 75, 159, 327, 328

Sakhr, brother of -Khansa, 126, 127

Sal‘, 398

Saladin, 275, 348, 355

Salahu ’l-Din b. Ayyub, 275.
See _Saladin_

Salama b. Khalid, 253

Salaman, 433

Salaman (tribe), 79

Salamya, 274

Salih (prophet), 3

Salih (tribe), 50

Salih b. ‘Abd al-Quddus, 372-375

Salim al-Suddi, 204

Saltpetre industry, the, at -Basra, 273

Sam b. Nuh, xviii. See _Shem, the son of Noah_

_sama‘_ (oral tradition), 297

_sama‘_ (religious music), 394

Samah‘ali Yanuf, 10, 17

-Sam‘ani 339

Samanid dynasty, the, +265+, +266+, 268, 271, 303

Samarcand, 203, 268, 447

Samarra, 263

-Samaw’al b. ‘Adiya, 84, 85

Samuel Ha-Levi, 428, 429

San‘a, 8, 9, 17, 24, 28, 66, 215

_sanad_, 144

-Sanhaji, 456

Sanjar (Seljuq), 264

-Sanusi (Muhammad b. Yusuf), 456

Sanusiyya Brotherhood, the, 468

-Saqaliba, 413

_Saqtu ’l-Zand_, 313, 315

Sarabi (name of a she-camel), 56

Sargon, King, 4

Sari al-Raffa (poet), 270

Sari al-Saqati, 386

Saruj, 330, 331, 332

Sa‘sa‘a, 242

Sasanian dynasty, the, 34, 38, 40, 41, 42, 214, 256, 358, 457

Sasanian kings, the, regarded as divine, 214

Satire, 73, 200, 245, 246

Saturn and Jupiter, conjunction of, 322

Sa‘ud b. ‘Abd al-‘Aziz b. Muhammad b. Sa‘ud, 466

Sawa, 333

Sayf b. Dhi Yazan, 29

-Sayfiyya College, the, in Cairo, 395

Sayfu ’l-Dawla (Hamdanid), +269-271+, +303-307+, 311, 313, 360

Saylu ’l-‘Arim, 14

Schack, A. F. von, 360, 416, 436, 441

Schefer, C., 324

Scheherazade, 457

Scholasticism, Muhammadan, 284, 363, 460.
See _-Ash‘ari_; _Ash‘arites_; _Orthodox Reaction_

Schreiner, 379

Schulthess, F., 87

Sciences, the Foreign, 282, 283, 358-364

Sciences, the Moslem, development and classification of, +282+, +283+

Scripture, People of the, 341

Sea-serpent, the, 354

Sédillot, 360

Seetzen, Ulrich Jasper, 8

Seleucids, the, 276

Self, dying to (fana), the Sufi doctrine of, 233

Selim I (Ottoman Sultan), 448

Seljuq dynasty, the, 264, 265, 268, +275+, +276+, 326, 445

Seljuq b. Tuqaq, 275

Seljuq Turks, the, 275, 444

Sell, Rev. E., 468

Semites, the, xv, xvi, 1, 328

Semitic languages, the, xv, xvi

Senegal, 430

Seville, 399, 406, 416, 420, 421, 422, 424, 425, 427, 431, 435, 437,
447

Shabib, 209

Shabwat, 5

Shaddad (king), 1

Shaddad b. -Aswad al-Laythi, 166

_Shadharatu ’l-Dhahab_, 339, 399, 436, 460

-Shadhili (Abu ’l-Hasan), 461

Shadhili order of dervishes, 393, 461

-Shafi‘i, 284, 409

Shafi‘ite doctors, biographical work on the, 339

_Shahnama, the_, by Firdawsi, 265, 325

-Shahrastani, 211, 216, 220, 221, 223, 224, 297, +341+, 388

Shahrazad, 457

_sha‘ir_ (poet), 72, 73

Shakespeare, 252

Shamir b. Dhi ’l-Jawshan, 196, 197, 198

Shams (name of a god), 11

Shams b. Malik, 81

Shamsiyya, Queen of Arabia, 4

_Shamsu ’l-‘Ulum_, 13

-Shanfara, +79-81+, 89, 97, 134, 326

Shaqiq (Abu ‘Ali), of Balkh, 232, 233, 385

Sharahil (Sharahbil), 18

-Sha‘rani, 225, 226, 392, 400, 403, 443, 460, 462, +464-465+

_shari‘at_, 392

-Sharif al-Jurjani, 456

-Sharif al-Radi (poet), 314

Sharifs, of Morocco, the, 442

Sharik b. ‘Amr, 44

Shas, 125

Shayban (clan of Bakr), 58

-Shaykh al-Akbar, 404.
See _Muhyi ’l-Din Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi_

Sheba, 4

Sheba, the Queen of, 18

Shem, the son of Noah, xv, xviii

_shi‘a_ (party), 213

Shi‘a, the, 213.
See _Shi‘ites, the_

_-Shifa_, 361

Shihabu ’l-Din al-Suhrawardi. See _-Suhrawardi_

-Shihr, dialect of, xxi

Shi‘ites, the, xxviii. 207, 208, +213-220+, 222, 248, 249, 250, 262,
267, 268, 271-275, 297, 379, 409, 428, 432, 445, 466

_shikaft_ (Persian word), 232

_-shikaftiyya_ (the Cave-dwellers), 232

Shilb, 416

Shiraz, 266, 307

Shirazad, 457

-Shirbini, 450

_-shurat_ (the Sellers), 209

Shu‘ubites, the, 279-280, 344, 372

Sibawayhi, 343

Sibt Ibn al-Jawzi, 355

Sicily, xvi, 52, 441

_siddiq_, meaning of, 218, 375

-Siddiq (title of Abu Bakr), 183

Sidi Khalil al-Jundi, 456

_Sifatu Jazirat al-‘Arab_, 12, 18, 20

Siffin, battle of, 192, 208, 377

_-sihr wa-’l-kimiya_ (Magic and Alchemy), 283

_-Sila fi akhbari a’immati ’l-Andalus_, 426

Silves, 416

Simak b. ‘Ubayd, 210

Sinbadh the Magian, 258

_Sindbad, the Book of_, 363

Sinimmar, 40

Siqadanj, 252

_Siratu ‘Antar_, 459

_Siratu Rasuli ’llah_, 349

_siyaha_, 394

_Siyaru Muluk al-‘Ajam_, 348

Slane, Baron MacGuckin de, 32, 104, 129, 132, 136, 190, 213, 224, 229,
245, 261, 267, 278, 288, 289, 295, 326, 343, 344, 348, 355, 357,
359, 360, 371, 377, 378, 387, 408, 422, 425, 427, 429, 435, 437,
438, 440, 451

Slaves, the, 413

Smith, R. Payne, 52

Smith, W. Robertson, 56, 199

Snouck Hurgronje, 217

Socotra, dialect of, xxi

Solecisms, work on, by -Hariri, 336

Solomon, xvii

Solomon Ibn Gabirol, 428

Soothsayers, Arabian, 72, 74, 152, 159, 165

South Arabic inscriptions, the. See _Inscriptions, South Arabic_

South Arabic language, the, xvi, xxi, 6-11

Spain, xvi, xxx, 199, 203, 204, 253, 264, 276, 399, +405-441+, 442,
443, 449, 454

Spain, the Moslem conquest of, 203, 204, 405

Spencer, Herbert, 382

Spitta, 378

Sprenger, A., 143, 145, 149, 153, 456

Steiner, 369

Steingass, F., 328

Stephen bar Sudaili, 389

Stones, the worship of, in pagan Arabia, 56

Stories, frivolous, reprobated by strict Moslems, 330

Street-preachers, 374

Stylistic, manual of, by Ibn Qutayba, 346

-Subki (Taju ’l-Din), 461

Suetonius, 354

_suf_ (wool), 228

Sufi, derivation of, 227, 228;
meaning of, 228, 229, 230

Sufiism, +227-235+, 382, +383-404+, 460, 462, 463-465

Sufiism, Arabic works of reference on, 338

Sufiism, origins of, 228-231, 388-389;
distinguished from asceticism, 229, 230, 231;
the keynote of, 231;
argument against the Indian origin of, 233;
composed of many different elements, 389, 390;
different schools of, 390;
foreign sources of, 390;
principles of, 392;
definitions of, 228, 385, 392

Sufis, the, 206, 327, 339, 381, 460-465.
See _Sufiism_

Sufyan b. ‘Uyayna, 366

Suhaym b. Wathil (poet), 202

-Suhrawardi (Shihabu ’l-Din Abu Hafs ‘Umar), 230, 232, 338, 396

-Suhrawardi (Shihabu ’l-Din Yahya), 275

-Sukkari, 128, 343

-Sulayk b. -Sulaka, 89

Sulaym (tribe), xix

Sulayma, 34

Sulayman (Umayyad Caliph), 200, 203

Sulayman al-Bistani, 469

-Suli, 297

_-Suluk li-ma‘rifati Duwali ’l-Muluk_, 453

-Sumayl b. Hatim, 406

Sumayya, 195

_-Sunan_, of Abu Dawud al-Sijistani, 337

_-Sunan_, of Ibn Maja, 337

_-Sunan_, of, -Nasa’i, 337

_-sunna_, 144, 234

_-sunna_, collections of traditions bearing on, 337

Sunnis, the, 207

Sunnis and Shi‘ites. not between the, 445

_sura_, 143, 159

_Sura of Abu Lahab, the_, 160

_Sura of Coagulated Blood, the_, 151

_Sura of the Elephant, the_, 68

_Sura of the Enwrapped, the_, 152

_Sura of the Morning, the_, 152

_Sura, the Opening_, 143, 168

_Sura of Purification, the_, 164.
See _Suratu ’l-Ikhlas_

_Sura of the Severing, the_, 161

_Sura of the Signs, the_, 162

_Sura of the Smiting, the_, 163

_Sura of the Unbelievers, the_, 163

_Suratu ’l-Fatiha_ (the opening chapter of the Koran), 168.
See _Sura, the Opening_

_Suratu ’l-Ikhlas_, 461.
See _Sura of Purification, the_

_Suratu ’l-Tahrim_, 454

Surra-man-ra’a, 263

Surushan, 391

-Sus, 431

Suwayqa, 398

Suyut, 454

-Suyuti (Jalalu ’l-Din), 55, 71, 145, 403, +454+, +455+

Syria, xxiv, xxvii-xxx, 3, 5, 26, 33, 35, 43, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54,
63, 73, 84, 123, 132, 142, 148, 170, 184, 185, 186, 191, 193, 199,
207, 215, 232, 240, 247, 255, 262, 268, 269, 271, 274, 275, 303,
304, 350, 355, 358, 382, 386, 388, 390, 405, 418, 419, 442, 443,
446, 448, 451, 461, 468

Syria, conquest of, by the Moslems, 184

T

Ta’abbata Sharran (poet), 79, +81+, +97+, 107, 126

Tabala, 105

_Tabaqatu 'l-Atibba_, 266

_Tabaqatu ’l-Sufiyya_, 338

Tabaran, 339

-Tabari, 1, 27, 35, 37, 38, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 49, 66-68, 70, +145+,
155, 156, 158, 185, 186, 187, 189, 210, 212, 215, 218, 219, 256,
258, 259, 265, 277, +349+, +352+, 355, 356, 373, 376

-Tabari's _Annals_, abridgment of, by -Bal‘ami, 265, 352

Tabaristan, 350

_tabi‘iyyun_, 381

-Tabi‘un (the Successors), 229

Table, the Guarded, 163

Tabriz, 461

Tacitus, 194

_Tadhkiratu ’l-Awliya_, by Faridu’ddin ‘Attar, 226, 228, 387

_tadlis_, 145

_Tafsiru ’l-Jalalayn_, 455

_Tafsiru ’l-Qur‘an_, by -Tabari, 1, 145, 351

-Taftazani, 456

Taghlib (tribe), xix, 44, 55-60, 61, 76, 93, 107, 109, 110, 112, 113,
240, 253, 269

_Tahafutu ’l-Falasifa_, 341

Tahir, 262, 263

Tahirid dynasty, the, 263, 265

_tahrimu ’l-makasib_, 297

Ta’if, 158

_-Ta’iyyatu ’l-Kubra_, 396, 397, 402

_-Taiyyatu ’l-Sughra_, 397

_tajrid_, 394

Talha, 190

Ta‘limites, the, 381, 382

_Talisman, the_, 469

Tamerlane, 437.
See _Timur_

Tamim (tribe), xix, 125, 242, 293

Tamim al-Dari, 225

_tanasukh_ (metempsychosis), 267

Tanukh (tribe), xviii, 34, 38

_taqlid_, 402

Tarafa (poet), 44, 101, +107-109+, 128, 138, 308

_tardiyyat_, 294

_Ta’rikhu ’l-Hind_, 361

_Ta’rikhu ’l-Hukama_, 355, 370

_Ta’rikhu ’l-Khamis_, 445

_Ta'rikhu ’l-Khulafa_, 455

_Ta'rikhu ’l-Rusul wa-’l-Muluk_, 351

_Ta'rikhu ’l-Tamaddun al-Islami_, 435

Tariq, 204, 405

_Tarjumanu ’l-Ashwaq_, 403

Tarsus, 361

Tartary, 444

_tasawwuf_ (Sufiism), 228

Tasm (tribe), 4, 25

_tawaf_, 117

_tawakkut_, 233

_tawhid_, 401

_ta’wil_ (Interpretation), the doctrine of, 220

_-tawil_ (metre), 75, 80

-Tawwabun (the Penitents), 218

Tayma, 84

Tayyi’ (tribe), xviii, 44, 53, 115

_ta‘ziya_ (Passion Play), 218

Teheran, 361

Temple, the, at Jerusalem, 169, 177

Tennyson, 79

Teresa, St., 233

Testament, the Old, 161, 179

-Tha‘alibi, 267, 271, 288, 290, 303, 304, +308-312+, +348+

Thabit b. Jabir b. Sutyan, 81, 126.
See _Ta’abbata Sharran_

Thabit b. Qurra, 359

Thabit Qutna, 221

Tha‘lab, 344

Thales, 363

Thamud, x, +3+, 162

_thanawi_, 374

Thapsus, 274

Thaqif (tribe), 69

Theodore Abucara, 221

Theologians, influence of, in the ‘Abbasid period, 247, 283, 366, 367

Thoma (St. Thomas), 46

Thomas Aquinas, 367

Thorbecke, H., 55, 90, 114, 129, 336, 459

_Thousand and One Nights, the_, 34, 456-459.
See _Arabian Nights, the_

_-tibb_ (medicine), 283

Tiberius, 194

-Tibrizi (commentator), 55, 130

Tibullus, 425

Tides, a dissertation on, 354

Tigris, the, 189, 238, 256, 446

-Tihama, 62

Tihama, the, of Mecca, 3

Tilimsan, 454

Timur, xxix, 444, 454.
See _Tamerlane_

Timur, biography of, by Ibn ‘Arabshah, 454

_tinnin_, 354

-Tirimmah (poet), 138

-Tirmidhi (Abu ‘Isa Muhammad), 337

Titus, 137

Tobacco, the smoking of, prohibited, 467

Toledo, 204, 421-423

Toleration, of Moslems towards Zoroastrians, 184;
towards Christians, 184, 414, 441

Torah, the, 403.
See _Pentateuch_

Tornberg, 203, 205, 253, 355, 429

Tours, battle of, 204

Trade between India and Arabia, 4, 5

Trade, expansion of, in the ‘Abbasid period, 281

Traditional or Religious Sciences, the, 282

Traditions, the Apostolic, collections of, 144, 247, 337

Traditions of the Prophet, +143-146+, 237, 277, 278, 279, 282, 337,
356, 378, 462, 463, 464, 465, 467

Trajan, xxv

Translations into Arabic, from Pehlevi, 330, 346, 348, 358;
from Greek, 358, 359, 469;
from Coptic, 358;
from English and French, 469

Translators of scientific books into Arabic, the, 358, 359, 363

Transoxania, 203, 233, 263, 265, 266, 275, 360, 419, 444

Transoxania, conquest of, by the Moslems, 203

Tribal constitution, the, 83

Tribes, the Arab, xix, xx

Tripoli, 468

Tubba‘s, the (Himyarite kings), 5, 14, +17-26+, 42

Tudih, 398

_tughra_, 326

_tughra’i_ (chancellor), 326

-Tughra’i (poet), 326

Tughril Beg, 264, 275

_tului_, 286

Tumadir, 126

Tunis, 274, 428, 437, 441

Turkey, xvi, 169, 394, 404, 448, 466

Turkey, the Sultans of, 448

Turks, the, 263, 264, 268, 325, 343.
See _Ottoman Turks_; _Seljuq Turks_

Tus, 339, 340

Tuwayli‘, 398

Tuways, 236

_Twenty Years After_, by Dumas, 272

U

‘Ubaydu’llah, the Mahdi, 274

‘Ubaydu’llah b. Yahya, 350

‘Ubaydu’llah b. Ziyad, 196, 198

Udhayna (Odenathus), 33, 35

Uhud, battle of, 170, 175

‘Ukaz, the fair of, 101, 102, 135

-‘Ulama, 320, 367, 460, 461

Ultra-Shi‘ites, the, 258.
See _-Ghulat_

‘Uman (province), 4, 62

‘Umar b. ‘Abd al-‘Aziz (Umayyad Caliph), 200, 203, +204-206+, 283

‘Umar b. Abi Rabi‘a (poet), 237

‘Umar Ibnu ’l-Farid (poet), +325+, +394-398+, 402, 448, 462

‘Umar b. Hatsun, 410

‘Umar b. al-Khattab (Caliph), xxvii, 51, 105, 127, 142, 157, 183,
+185-190+, 204, 210, 214, 215, 242, 254, 268, 297, 435

‘Umar Khayyam, 339

‘Umara, 88

Umayma (name of a woman), 90, 91, 92

Umayya, ancestor of the Umayyads, 65, 146, 181, 190

Umayya b. Abi ’l-Salt (poet), 69, +149-150+

Umayyad dynasty, the, xxviii, 65, 154, 181, 190, +193-206+, 214, 222,
264, 273, 274, 278, 279, 282, 283, 347, 358, 366, 373, 408

Umayyad literature, 235-247

Umayyads (descendants of Umayya), the, 190, 191.
See _Umayyad dynasty, the_

Umayyads, Moslem prejudice against the, 154, 193, 194, 197, 207

Umayyads of Spain, the, 253, 264, 347, +405-414+

_-‘Umda_, by Ibn Rashiq, 288

Umm ‘Asim, 204

Umm Jamil, 89

Unays, 67

-‘Urayd, 398

Urtuqid dynasty, the, 449

_Usdu ’l-Ghaba_, 356

‘Usfan, 22

_ustadh_, 392

Ustadhsis, 258

Usyut, 454

‘Utba, a slave-girl, 296

-‘Utbi (historian), 269, 354

‘Uthman b. ‘Affan, Caliph, xxvii, 142, 185, +190+, 191, 210, 211,
213, 214, 215, 221, 236, 297

_‘Uyunu ’l-Akhbar_, 346

_‘Uyunu ’l-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba_, 355.
See _Tabaqatu ’l-Atibba_

-‘Uzza (goddess), 43, 135, 155

V

Valencia, 421

Valerian, 33

Van Vloten, 221, 222, 250

Vedanta, the, 384

Venus, 18

Vico, 439

Victor Hugo, 312

Villon, 243

Vizier, the office of, 256, 257.
See _wazir_

Viziers of the Buwayhid dynasty, the, 267

Vogué, C. J. M. de, xxii

Vollers, 450

Vowel-marks in Arabic script, 201

W

Wadd, name of a god, 123

Wadi ’l-Mustad‘afin, 394

_Wafayatu ’l-A‘yan_, 451, 452.
See _Ibn Khallikan_

_-Wafi bi ’l-Wafayat_, 456

_-wafir_ (metre), 75

Wahb b. Munabbih, 247, 459

_wahdatu ’l-wujud_, monism, 402

Wahhabis, the, 463, 465-468

Wahhabite Reformation, the, 465-468

-Wahidi (commentator), 305, 307

_-wa‘id_, 297

Wa’il, xix, 56, 57

_wajd_, mystical term, 387, 394

Wajra, 398

-Walid b. ‘Abd al-Malik (Umayyad Caliph), 200, +203+, 405

-Walid b. Yazid (Umayyad Caliph), 132, +206+, 291, 375

Wallada, 424, 425

-Waqidi (historian), 144, 261, 349

Waraqa b. Nawfal, 149, 150

_wasi_ (executor), 215

Wasil b. ‘Ata, 223, 224, 374

Wasit, 385, 386

Water-diviners, honoured by the pagan Arabs, 73

-Wathiq, the Caliph, 257, 369

_wazir_, an Arabic word, 256.
See _Vizier_

Wellhausen, J., 56, 128, 135, 139, 140, 149, 173, 198, 205, 207, 209,
210, 215, 218, 219, 222, 250, 365

Well-songs, 73

Wellsted, J. R., 8

West Gothic dynasty in Spain, the, 204

Weyers, 425

Wine-songs, 124, 125, 138, 206, 325, 417

Witches, Ballad of the Three, 19

Women famed as poets, 89, 126, 127;
as Sufis, 233

Women, position of, in Pre-islamic times, 87-92

Woollen garments, a sign of asceticism, 228, 296

Wright, W., 202, 226, 343

Writing, Arabic, the oldest specimens of, xxi

Writing, the art of, in Pre-islamic times, xxii, 31, 102, 131, 138

Wüstenfeld, F., xviii, 17, 129, 132, 190, 213, 245, 253, 275, 295,
357, 378, 408, 416, 452, 459

X

Xerxes, 256

Ximenez, Archbishop, 435

Y

-Yahud (the Jews), 171

Yahya b. Abi Mansur, 359

Yahya b. Khalid, 259, 260, 451

Yahya b. Yahya, the Berber, 408, 409

Yaksum, 28

-Yamama, 25, 111, 124

-Yamama, battle of, xxii, 142

Ya‘qub b. -Layth, 265

Ya‘qub al-Mansur (Almohade), 432

-Ya‘qubi (Ibn Wadih), historian, 193, 194, 349

Yaqut, 17, 357

Ya‘rub, 14

Yatha‘amar (Sabæan king), 4

Yatha‘amar Bayyin, 10, 17

Yathrib, 62.
See _Medina_

Yathrippa, 62

_-Yatima._ See _Yatimatu ’l-Dahr_

_Yatimatu ’l-Dahr_, 267, 271, 304, +308+, +348+

_-Yawaqit_, by -Sha‘rani, 403, 460

Yazdigird I (Sasanian), 40, 41

Yazid b. ‘Abd al-Malik (Umayyad Caliph), 200

Yazid b. Abi Sufyan, 426

Yazid b. Mu‘awiya (Umayyad Caliph), +195-199+, 208, 241

Yazid b. Rabi‘a b. Mufarrigh, 19

-Yemen (-Yaman), xvii, 2, 5, 7, 11, 12, 15, 17, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27,
28, 29, 42, 49, 65, 68, 87, 99, 103, 137, 215, 247, 252, 274, 405

Yoqtan, xviii

Yoqtanids, the, xviii, 4.
See _Arabs, the Yemenite_

Yusuf b. ‘Abd al-Barr, 428

Yusuf b. ‘Abd al-Mu’min (Almohade), 432

Yusuf b. ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, 406

Yusuf b. Tashifin (Almoravide), 423, 430, 431

Z

Zab, battle of the, 181, 253

Zabad, the trilingual inscription of, xxii

-Zabba, 35, 36, 37.
See _Zenobia_

Zabdai, 34

_zaddiq_, 375

Zafar (town in -Yemen), 7, 8, 17, 19, 21

Zafar (tribe), 94

_zahid_ (ascetic), 230

Zahirites, the, 402, 427, 433

-Zahra, suburb of Cordova, 425

_zajal_, verse-form, 416, 417, 449

Zallaqa, battle of, 423, 431

-Zamakhshari, 145, 280, 336

_zandik_, 375

-Zanj, 273

Zanzibar, 352

_Zapiski_, 375

Zarifa, 15

Zarqa’u ’l-Yamama, 25

Zayd, son of ‘Adi b. Zayd, 48

Zayd b. ‘Ali b. -Husayn, 297

Zayd b. ‘Amr b. Nufayl, 149

Zayd b. Hammad, 45

Zayd b. Haritha, 153

Zayd b. Kilab b. Murra, 64.
See _Qusayy_

Zayd b. Rifa‘a, 370

Zayd b. Thabit, 142

Zaydites, the, 297

Zaynab (Zenobia), 35, 36

Zaynab, an Arab woman, 237

Zaynu ’l-‘Abidin, 243

Zenobia, 33, 34, 35

_Zinatu ’l-Dahr_, 348

Zindiqs, the, 291, 296, 319, 368, +372-375+, 387, 460

Ziryab (musician), 418

Ziyad, husband of Fatima, the daughter of -Khurshub, 88

Ziyad ibn Abihi, 195, 256, 342

Ziyad b. Mu‘awiya. See _-Nabigha al-Dhubvani_

Ziyanid dynasty, the, 442

Zone, the, worn by Zoroastrians, 461

Zoroaster, 184, 258

Zoroastrians, the, 184, 341, 354, 373, 461

Zotenberg, H., 352

Zubayda, wife of Harun al-Rashid, 262

-Zubayr, 190

-Zuhara, 18

Zuhayr b. Abi Sulma (poet), 62, +116-119+, 128, 131, 137, 140, 312

_zuhd_ (asceticism), 229, 230. 299

_zuhdiyyat_, 294

Zuhra b. Kilab b. Murra, 64

-Zuhri (Muhammad b. Muslim b. Shihab), 153, 247, 258

_zunnár_, 461