Chapter III: Part II

=Collection of Words= 41
=Easy Dialogues= 47

SECOND COURSE.

=Verbs= 58
The Auxiliary Verbs 58
The Regular Verbs 69
Active Verbs 69
The Passive Verbs 79
The Neuter Verbs 79
The Reflective Verbs 80
Irregular Verbs 84
Impersonal Verbs 107

=Adverbs= 108
1. Adverbs of Time 108
2. Adverbs of Place 108
3. Adverbs of Number and Comparison 108
4. Adverbs of Manner and Kind 109
5. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation 109

=Prepositions= 111
=Conjunctions= 113
=Interjections= 114
=Reading Lessons= 115
=Idiomatic Expressions=
with Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions etc. 121

FIRST COURSE.

The Pronunciation.

=1. The Alphabet.=

The Portuguese Alphabet is composed of the 25 following letters:

pronounced | pronounced
_a_ ah | _n_ ennay
_b_ bay | _o_ o
_c_ say | _p_ pay
_d_ day | _q_ kay
_e_ ai | _r_ erray
_f_ effay | _s_ essay
_g_ jay | _t_ tay
_h_ aghah | _u_ oo
_i_ ee | _v_ vay
_j_ dshod | _x_ shees
_k_ kah | _y_ ypsilon
_l_ ellay | _z_ zea.
_m_ emmay |

There are six vowels: _a_, _e_, _i_, _o_, _u_ and _y_, the rest are consonants.

=2. The Accent.=

The Portuguese language has several accents:

the ʹ acute accent,
the ^ circumflex accent,
the ~ hyphen, called _til_, is set over some letters
as a substitute for _m_, as:
_lã_ for _lam_
_bẽ_ for _bem_
_huã_ for _huam_.

=3. The Vowels.=

=A= 1. is pronounced like the _a_ in the English word
=path=, when it has the acute accent ´:
_chá_, tea
_dá_, he gives
_lá_, there.

2. is it pronounced short and clear like the _a_ in
=father=:
_capitão_, the captain (first a),
or if found before the double consonants:
_cc_, _ll_, _mm_, _nn_, _pp_, _ss_, _tt_, as:
_acclamar_, to call out
_annullar_, to annull
_alludir_, to allude
_appellar_, to appeal.

3. it has a soft and aspirated sound at the end of words if not
accentuated: _vergonha_, the shame. If the hyphen ~ _til_
stands over the _a_ it takes a nasal sound:

_irmãa_ (pr. irmāng), the sister
_lã_ (pr. lāng), the world.

=E= has three sounds:
1. open but short like _ai_ in the English word =hail=,
when with the acute accent ´ as:
_pé_, foot
_fé_, belief
_sé_,

or in:
_mel_, honey
_he_, he is
_quero_ (pr. kayro), I will,

or in those verbs ending in _er_:
_conhecer_, to know
_receber_, to receive.

2. long, when with the circumflex ^ over it, as:
_lê_, he reads
_vê_, he sees
_rêde_, the net.

3. It is almost mute at the end of words without the accent, as:
_liberdade_, liberty
_amizade_, friendship.

=I= is pronounced like _e_ in the English word =me=, and it
is only the accent that determines the pronunciation, as:
_tímido_,
_timoré_,
_difficil_,
_javalí_.

=O= has three sounds:

1. clear and strong in:
_mólho_,
_dó_.

2. soft and long in:
_bôlo_, cake
_gôrdo_, fat
_rapôsa_, the fox (fem.).

3. quite short, almost like _oo_ in:
_poder_, to be able
_molho_, a bundle almost pronounced like
_molyou_.

=U= is pronounced like the _oo_ in the word =wood=, but the
pronunciation depends much upon the length of the
syllables, f. i. in _túmulo_, the grave, the first _u_
is long, the second is short. If provided with the _til_
~ and before _m_ and _n_ it takes the nasal sound.

If it follows after _g_ and _q_, it is either aspirated,
or it is quite mute, as:
_guerra_ (gerrah), war
_quero_ (kayro), I will
_quieto_ (key-eh-to), quite.

In _qual_, it is slightly sounded to distinguish it from the
Noun _cal_, the chalk.

=Y= is pronounced like the vowel _I_.

=4. The Consonants.=

=B= is pronounced like the English _B_.

=C= before _a_, _o_, _u_, _l_ and _r_ is pronounced like _k_, as:
_cavallo_ (kahvallo), the horse
_cravo_ (krahvo), the pink
_cuidado_ (kooeedado), the care.

Before _e_ and _i_ it sounds like _s_, as:
_ceo_ (sayo), heaven
_cigarro_ (seegarro), cigar.

If the _c_ before _a_, _o_, _u_ has a cedille (_ç_)
it sounds like _s_, as:
_caça_ (kassah), chase
_aço_ (asso), the steel
_açucar_ (assookar), sugar.

The double _c_, is distinctly heard only before _e_ and
_i_, the first sounds like _k_, the second like _s_, as:
_accidente_ (akseedente), the accident.

=D= is pronounced like the English.

=F= do. do.

=G= before _a_, _o_ and a consonant is pronounced
like the English _g_, as:
_gordo_, fat
_gravo_, grave.

_g_ before _e_ and _i_ sounds like the
_j_ in the English word =joy=, as:
_general_.

_gua_ almost sounds like the English _wa_, as:
_guarda_, pr. gwarda.

=H= is only softly aspirated in few words, as:
_anhelar_,
_hálito_;
otherwise it is mute, as:
_homem_ (omem), man
_hora_ (ora), hour.
Many writers drop the _h_ at the beginning and write
_um_, _uma_, instead of: _hum_, _huma_.

=J= is pronounced like the English _j_.

=K= only occurs in foreign words and is pronounced like the
English _K._

=L= is pronounced like the English _L._

=M= at the beginning of words, or between two vowels when it belongs
to the second syllable, is pronounced like the English _m_, as:
_menino_, child
_amar_, to love.
It takes a nasal sound at the end of words, or when it follows
after _a, e, i, o_ or _u_ which cannot well be described, as:
_condição_, condition
_bem_ (bang), well
_bom_ (bong), good.

=N= is pronounced like the English _n_, but has the same
peculiarities as _m._

=P= is pronounced as in English.

=Q= sounds like _k_, as:
_quero_ (kayro), I will.

=R= is pronounced as in English.

=S= is pronounced as in English; between two vowels it sounds
like _z._

=T= is pronounced like the English.

=V= do. do.

=X= has three sounds.
1. It sounds generally like _sh_, as:
_xarope_ (sharope), syrup
_enxaqueca_ (anshakeykah), headake.
2. After _e_ it is pronounced like _ks_, as:
_extenção_,
_extenuado_,
_expulso_,
_excellente_.
3. Between two vowels it is pronounced like _gz_, as:
_exactamente_,
_exornar_,
except in:
_paixão_,
_puxo_,
_Alexandre_,
_baixo_,
and some other words, where it sounds like _sh._
The _x_ must be pronounced so softly that it is
scarcely audible.

=Z= sounds like the English, as:
_zelo_,
_zona_.
At the end of words it sounds like _s_, as:
_rapaz_,
_luz_,
_voz_.

=5. Double Consonants.=

The Portuguese language has the following double consonants:

=Ch= 1. is pronounced like the English _ch_, as:
_acho_,
_chaga_,
_marchar_.

2. it is pronounced like _k_ in words derived from Latin or
Greek, as:
_monarchia_,
_archeo_,
_archonte_,
_Achilles_.

=Lh= is pronounced like the _ll_ in the English word “billiards”
or in the French words “fille, bouilli”, as:
_mulher_, woman
_mólho_, the bundle.

=Nh= is pronounced like the French _gn_ in “espagne, peigner”, as:
_ganho_, I win
_banho_, bath
_manha_, trick.

=Ph= is pronounced like _f_, as:
_philosophia_.

=Rh= and =Th= are pronounced like _r_ and _t_.

6. The Diphthongs.

The Portuguese language has two kinds of diphthongs: the =pure=,
those which are distinctly pronounced, and the =nasal= diphthongs,
pronounced with a nasal sound.

=Pure Diphthongs.=
=ae=, as:
_taes_,
_olivaes_.

=ai= (the _a_ and _i_ do not blend), as:
_pai_ (pa-i),
_ai_ (a-i).
=ao=, as:
_páo_ (pa-o),
_máo_ (ma-o).
=au=, as:
_aula_,
_auto_,
_pauta_,
_causa_.
=ei=, =ey=, as:
_rei_,
_rey_,
_lei_,
_sei_.
=éi=, as:
_papéis_,
_réis_.
=eo=, as:
_deo_,
_mordeo_,
_viveo_.
=éo=, as:
_Céo_,
_véo_,
_réo_.
=eu=, as:
_eu_,
_euro_,
_meu_,
_seu_.
=io=, as:
_pio_,
_rio_,
_vio_,
_ouvio_.
=oa=, as:
_loa_,
_toa_.
=oe=, as:
_heroe_,
_dóe_,
_róe_.
=oi=, as:
_boi_.
=ôo=, =oo=, as:
_vôo_,
_sôo_,
_môo_.
=ou=, as:
_ou_,
_ouvir_,
_douto_.
=ui=, =uy=, as:
_fui_,
_Rui_.

In the above the first vowel is preeminent, in the
following the second vowel has most emphasis.
=ea=, as:
_lactea_,
_área_.
=eo=, as:
_lacteo_,
_arboreo_.
=ia=, as:
_gloria_.
=oa= (pron. _oâ_ and _oá_), as:
_agoa_,
_coadura_,
_coalho_.
=ui= (pron. _ui_), as:
_quirinal_,
_inquirir_.
=uo= (pron. _uó_), as:
_equoreo_.
=uu= (pron. _uú_), as:
_equuleo_.

=Nasal Diphthongs.=

=ãa= (bad orthography _am_ or _an_), as:
_maçãa_ (mas-sang), apple,
_irmãa_ (ir-mang), sister.

=ãe= (bad _aem_, _aen_), as:
_capitães_ (kapeeta-engs), captains,
_cães_ (ka-engs), dogs.
=am=, as:
_amparo_ (ang-paro), protection.
=an=, as:
_andar_ (ang-dar), to go.
=ão= (bad orthogr. _aõ_, _am_, _an_), as:
_captião_, captain.
=em=, =ẽe=, =ẽem=, as:
_lem_ or _lẽem_ (lay-eng), they read,
_bem_, good.
=im=, as:
_fim_ (fing), the end.
=õe= (_oem_, _oen_), as:
_põe_ (pong-eng),
_nações_ (nahs-so-engs).
=om=, as:
_bom_ (bong), good.
=um=, =un=, as:
_mundo_ (moong-do), the world.
The Portuguese have also syllables of three vowels such, as:
=eei=,
=éio=,
=eão=,
=ião=,
as:
_eia_, hallo!
_meia_, half
_ideia_, idea
_rodeão_, they surround
_vivião_, they lived.