Chapter XXVII: Foreshadowings of the Reformation (1)

83. The Reply of Wyclif to the Summons of Pope Urban VI. (1384)

The fourteenth century was an era of religious decline in England, as indeed more or less generally throughout western Europe. The papacy was at its lowest ebb, unable to command either respect or obedience, except among the clergy and certain of the common people; bishops and abbots had grown wealthy and worldly and were often utterly neglectful of their religious obligations; and among the masses the services of worship had frequently become mere hollow formalities. There were still many good men in the Church, men who in an unpretentious way sought to do their duty faithfully; but of large numbers--possibly the majority--of both the higher and lower clergy this could not be said. The dissatisfaction of the people with industrial conditions which prompted the uprising of 1381 was accompanied by an almost equal discontent with the shortcomings of the selfish and avaricious clergy. It was harder, of course, to arouse men to an active hostility to the existing ecclesiastical system than to the industrial regime, because the Church still maintained a very close hold upon the sentiments and attachments of the average individual. Still, there were people here and there who were outspoken for reform, and chief among these was John Wyclif.

Wyclif was born in Yorkshire about 1320 and was educated at Oxford, where in time he became a leading teacher. He was one of those who saw clearly the evils of the times and did not lack the courage to speak out plainly against them. As early as 1366 he had denounced the claims of the papacy, in a pamphlet, _De Dominio Divino_, declaring that the pope ought to have no authority whatsoever over states and governments. This position he never yielded and it became one of the cardinal features of his teaching. He attacked the clergy for their wealth, their self-seeking, and their subservience to the pope, and hurled denunciation at the whole body of friars and vendors of indulgences with whom England was thronged. He even assailed the doctrines of the Church, particularly as to transubstantiation, the efficacy of confession to priests, and the nature of the sacraments. His teachings were very acceptable to large numbers of people who were disgusted with existing conditions, and hence he soon came to have a considerable body of followers, known as the Lollards, who, though not regularly organized into a sect, carried on in later times the work which Wyclif and his "poor priests" had begun.

In 1377 Pope Gregory XI. issued a bull in which he roundly condemned Wyclif and reproved the University of Oxford for not taking active steps to suppress the growing heresy; but it had little or no effect. In 1378 Gregory died and two popes were elected to succeed him--Clement VII. at Avignon and Urban VI. at Rome [see p. 389]. The Schism that resulted prevented further action for a time against Wyclif. In England, however, the uprising of 1381 aroused the government to the expediency of suppressing popular agitators, and in a church council at London, May 19, 1382, Wyclif's doctrines were formally condemned. In 1383 Oxford was compelled to banish all the Lollards from her walls and by the time of Wyclif's death in 1384 the new belief seemed to be pretty thoroughly suppressed. In reality it lived on by the more or less secret attachment of thousands of people to it, and became one of the great preparatory forces for the English Reformation a century and a half later. The document given below is a modernized version of a letter written by Wyclif to Pope Urban VI. in 1384 in response to a summons to appear at Rome to be tried for heresy. The letter was written in Latin and the English translation (given below) prepared by the writer's followers for distribution among Englishmen represents somewhat of an enlargement of the original document. When Wyclif wrote the letter he was in the last year of his life and was so disabled by paralysis that a journey to Rome was quite impossible.

Source--Text in Thomas Arnold, _Select English Works of John
Wyclif_ (Oxford, 1869), Vol. III., pp. 504-506. Adapted, with
modernized spelling, in Guy Carleton Lee, _Source Book of
English History_ (New York, 1900), pp. 212-214.

I have joyfully to tell what I hold, to all true men that believe,
and especially to the pope; for I suppose that if my faith be
rightful and given of God, the pope will gladly confirm it; and if
my faith be error, the pope will wisely amend it.

I suppose over this that the gospel of Christ be heart of the corps
[body] of God's law; for I believe that Jesus Christ, that gave in
His own person this gospel, is very God and very man, and by this
heart passes all other laws.

[Sidenote: The pope's high obligation]

I suppose over this that the pope be most obliged to the keeping of
the gospel among all men that live here; for the pope is highest
vicar that Christ has here in earth. For moreness of Christ's vicar
is not measured by worldly moreness, but by this, that this vicar
follows more Christ by virtuous living; for thus teacheth the
gospel, that this is the sentence of Christ.

[Sidenote: Christ's earthly poverty]

And of this gospel I take as believe, that Christ for time that He
walked here, was most poor man of all, both in spirit and in having
[possessions]; for Christ says that He had nought for to rest His
head on. And Paul says that He was made needy for our love. And
more poor might no man be, neither bodily nor in spirit. And thus
Christ put from Him all manner of worldly lordship. For the gospel
of John telleth that when they would have made Christ king, He fled
and hid Him from them, for He would none such worldly highness.

[Sidenote: How far men ought to follow the pope]

[Sidenote: The pope exhorted to give up temporal authority]

And over this I take it as believe, that no man should follow the
pope, nor no saint that now is in heaven, but in as much as he [the
pope] follows Christ. For John and James erred when they coveted
worldly highness; and Peter and Paul sinned also when they denied
and blasphemed in Christ; but men should not follow them in this,
for then they went from Jesus Christ. And this I take as wholesome
counsel, that the pope leave his worldly lordship to worldly lords,
as Christ gave them,--and more speedily all his clerks [clergy] to
do so. For thus did Christ, and taught thus His disciples, till the
fiend [Satan] had blinded this world. And it seems to some men
that clerks that dwell lastingly in this error against God's law,
and flee to follow Christ in this, been open heretics, and their
fautors [supporters] been partners.

[Sidenote: The pope should not demand what is contrary to the
divine will]

And if I err in this sentence, I will meekly be amended
[corrected], yea, by the death, if it be skilful [necessary], for
that I hope were good to me. And if I might travel in mine own
person, I would with good will go to the pope. But God has needed
me to the contrary, and taught me more obedience to God than to
men. And I suppose of our pope that he will not be Antichrist, and
reverse Christ in this working, to the contrary of Christ's will;
for if he summon against reason, by him or by any of his, and
pursue this unskilful summoning, he is an open Antichrist. And
merciful intent excused not Peter, that Christ should not clepe
[call] him Satan; so blind intent and wicked counsel excuses not
the pope here; but if he ask of true priests that they travel more
than they may, he is not excused by reason of God, that he should
not be Antichrist. For our belief teaches us that our blessed God
suffers us not to be tempted more than we may; how should a man ask
such service? And therefore pray we to God for our Pope Urban the
Sixth, that his old [early] holy intent be not quenched by his
enemies. And Christ, that may not lie, says that the enemies of a
man been especially his home family; and this is sooth of men and
fiends.

INDEX

[Note--The numbers refer to pages.]

Aachen, Charlemagne's capital, 108, 110;
basilica at, 113;
assembly at, 119;
capitulary for the _missi_ promulgated from, 135;
in territory assigned to Lothair, 155.

Abbeville, English and French armies at, 427.

Abbo, account of siege of Paris, 165, 168-171.

Abbot, character and duties of, defined in Benedictine Rule,
84-86.

Abelard, at Paris, 340.

Abu-Bekr, Mohammed's successor, 97.

_Acta Sanctorum_, quoted, 256-258.

Adalbero, archbishop of Rheims, 177;
speech at Senlis, 178-179;
urges election as true basis of Frankish kingship, 179;
opposes candidacy of Charles of Lower Lorraine, 179-180;
speaks in behalf of Hugh Capet, 180.

Adrianople, battle of, importance, 37-38;
described by Ammianus Marcellinus, 38-41.

Aegidius, "king of the Romans," 50-51.

Aelfthryth, daughter of Alfred the Great, 187.

Agincourt, English victory at, 440.

Agius, bishop of Orleans, 167.

Agriculture, among the early Germans, 21, 29.

Aids, nature of, 222;
defined by Norman custom, 222-223;
specified in Great Charter, 306-307.

Ain Tulut, battle of, 317.

Aix-la-Chapelle (see Aachen).

Alaf [Alavivus], a Visigothic chieftain, 34.

Alaric, king of the Visigoths, 51;
Syagrius takes refuge with, 51;
delivers Syagrius to Clovis, 51;
interview with Clovis, 54-55;
defeated and slain by Clovis near Poitiers, 56.

Albar, 201.

Alcuin, brought to Charlemagne's court, 113;
in the Palace School, 144.

Alemanni, defeated by Clovis at Strassburg, 53.

Alessandria, founded, 399.

Alexander II., approves William the Conqueror's project to invade
England, 234.

Alexander III., 399.

Alexander V., elected pope, 390.

Alexius Comnenus, appeals to Urban II., 283.

Alfonso XI., of Castile, 421.

Alfred the Great, biography by Asser, 181;
becomes king of the English, 182;
fights the Danes at Wilton, 182;
constructs a navy, 183;
defeats Danes at Swanwich, 183;
in refuge at Athelney, 184;
meets English people at Egbert's stone, 184;
defeats Danes at Ethandune, 184;
peace of Guthrum and, 185;
negotiates treaty of Wedmore, 185;
interest in education, 185;
literary activity, 186, 193;
care for his children, 187;
varied pursuits, 187;
piety, 188;
regret at lack of education, 189;
search for learned men, 190-191;
letter to Bishop Werfrith, 191-194;
laws, 194-195.

Alith, mother of St. Bernard, 251-252.

Alp Arslan, defeats Eastern emperor at Manzikert, 282.

Amalric, king of the Visigoths, 56.

Amboise, 55.

Ammianus Marcellinus, author of a Roman History, 34;
facts concerning life, 34;
quoted, 34-37, 38-41, 43-46.

Amusements, of the early Germans, 30-31.

Anagni, Boniface VIII. taken captive at, 385.

Angelo, companion of St. Francis, 363.

Angers, Northmen at, 167.

Angilbert, a Carolingian poet, 151.

Angouleme, captured by Clovis, 56-57.

_Annales Bertiniani_, scope, 165;
quoted, 156, 165-168.

_Annales Laureshamensis_, quoted, 132-133.

_Annales Laurissenses Minores_, quoted, 106-107.

_Annales Xantenses_, quoted, 158-163.

Annals, origin and character of, 157-158.

Annates, defined, 389.

Antioch, crusaders arrive at, 293;
siege and capture of, 293-296.

Apicius, Marcus Gavius, 471.

Arabs, overrun Syria, 282.

Arezzo, Petrarch born at, 461, 464, 471.

Arianism, adopted by Germans, 50;
refuted by ordeal of hot water, 198-200.

Aristotle, Dante cites, 460.

Arles, Council of, 72.

Armagnacs, in later Hundred Years' War, 440.

Armenia, crusaders in, 293.

Arnold Atton, forfeiture of fief, 227-228.

Arnold of Bonneval, 251.

Arpent, a land measure, 129.

Arras, treaty of, 439.

Arteveld, James van, connection with Hundred Years' War, 422.

Articles of the Barons, relation to the Great Charter, 304.

Asnapium, inventory of, 127-129.

Assam, conquered by the crusaders, 293.

Assembly, the German, 26-27;
the Saxon, 123.

Asser, biography of Alfred the Great, 181, 186.

Assisi, birth-place of St. Francis, 362-363.

Athanaric, a Visigothic chieftain, 33-34.

Athelney, Alfred in refuge at, 184.

Augustine, sent to Britain by Pope Gregory, 72-73;
constituted abbot, 74;
lands at Thanet, 75;
preaches to King Ethelbert, 76;
life at Canterbury, 77.

Augustus, 32.

Aurelian, cedes Dacia to the Visigoths, 33.

_Ausculta Fili_, issued by Boniface VIII., 384.

Auvillars, forfeited by Arnold Atton, 227.

Avignon, popes resident at, 389.

Aylesford, Horsa slain in battle at, 71.

Babylon (Cairo), St. Louis advances on, 318.

Babylonian Captivity, begins, 385, 389.

Ban, of the emperor, 138.

Basel, Council of, 391, 393.

Battle Abbey, founded by William the Conqueror, 242.

Baugulf, Charlemagne's letter to, 145-148.

Bavaria, annexed to Charlemagne's kingdom, 115.

Bayeux, Odo, bishop of, imprisoned, 243.

Beatrice, Dante's love affair with, 446.

Beauchamp, William de, 302.

Beaumont, birth of Froissart at, 418.

Bede, facts regarding life of, 68;
"Ecclesiastical History of the English People," 68;
account of the Saxon invasion, 69-72;
account of Augustine's mission to Britain, 73-77.

Bedford, castle of, English barons at, 301-302.

Bellona, Roman goddess of war, 39.

Benedict XIII., deposed from papacy, 391.

Benedictine Rule, nature and purpose, 84;
translation of, 84;
quoted, 84-90;
character and duties of the abbot, 84-86, 89;
the monks to be called in council, 87;
the Rule always to be obeyed, 87;
monks to own no property individually, 87-88;
daily manual labor, 88;
reading during Lent, 89;
hospitality, 89.

Benefice, origin and development, 206;
relation to vassalage, 207;
example of grant, 207-210.

Beowulf, 188.

Bernardone, Pietro, father of St. Francis, 363.

_Bernardus Claraevallensis_ (by William of St. Thierry), quoted,
251-256, 258-260.

Berno, abbot of Cluny, 248.

Bertha, queen of Kent, 72, 75.

Bertha, daughter of Charlemagne, 151.

Biography, character of, in Middle Ages, 108.

Blanche of Castile, mother of St. Louis, 311, 313-314.

Boccaccio, Petrarch's acquaintance with, 464.

Boethius, 186.

Bohemia, king of, an elector of the Empire, 410.

Bohemians, Louis the German makes expedition against, 160-161.

Bohemond of Tarentum, 294-295.

Bologna, University of, 340.

Boniface, anoints Pepin the Short, 107.

Boniface VIII., conflict with Philip the Fair, 383-384;
issues bull _Clericis Laicos_, 384;
issues bull _Unam Sanctam_, 385;
death, 385.

Boulogne, count of, uncle of St. Louis, 314.

Bourges, Pragmatic Sanction of, promulgated, 394;
quoted, 395-397.

Bouvines, King John's defeat at, 297, 403.

Brackley, English barons meet at, 300.

Bretigny, treaty of, negotiated, 439;
provisions of, 441-442.

Britain, Saxon invasion of, 68-72;
shores infested by Angle and Saxon seafarers, 68;
Roman garrisons withdrawn from, 68;
Saxons invited into, 69;
Saxon settlement in, 70;
Saxons conquer, 71-72;
Christianity in, 72;
Augustine sent to, 73-74;
conversion of Saxon population begins, 75-77.

Britons, menaced by Picts and Scots, 68;
decide to call in the Saxons, 68-69;
conquered by the Saxons, 71-72;
early Christianization of, 72.

Brittany, Northmen in, 166.

Brussels, conference at, 422-423.

Buchonian Forest, 57, 58.

Burchard, bishop of Chartres, 167.

Burgundians, faction in Hundred Years' War, 440.

Caesar, Julius, describes the Germans in his "Commentaries,"
19-22;
conquest of Gaul, 19, 32.

Calais, treaty of Bretigny revised at, 439-440.

Calixtus II., concessions made by, in Concordat of Worms,
279-280.

Camargue, Northmen establish themselves at, 168.

Campus Martius, 52;
Merovingian kings at, 106-107.

Cannae, battle of, 41.

Canossa, Henry IV. arrives at, 274;
Henry IV.'s penance at, 276;
oath taken by Henry IV. at, 277-278.

Canterbury, capital of Kent, 76;
life of Augustine's band at, 77;
Plegmund archbishop of, 190;
Christchurch monastery built at, 242.

_Capellani_, functions of, 190.

_Capitulare Missorum Generale_, promulgated by Charlemagne, 135;
scope, 135;
translation of, 135;
quoted, 135-141;
character and functions of the _missi_, 135-137;
new oath to Charlemagne as emperor, 137;
administration of justice, 138-139;
obligations of the clergy, 139;
murder, 140.

Capitulary, Charlemagne's concerning the Saxon territory,
118-123;
nature of, 119-120;
Charlemagne's concerning the royal domains, 124-127;
Charlemagne's for the _missi_, 134-141;
nature of, in ninth century, 174;
Carloman's concerning the preservation of order, 174-176.

_Capitulum Saxonicum_, issued by Charlemagne, 119.

Cappadocia, crusaders in, 293.

Cardinals, college of, instituted, 269;
and Great Schism, 389-391.

Carloman, capitulary concerning the preservation of order,
174-176;
functions of the _missi_, 175;
obligations of officials, 176.

_Carmina Burana_, source for mediaeval students' songs, 352.

Carolingians, origin of, 105-106;
age of Charlemagne, 108-148;
disorders in reigns of, 149-163;
menaced by Norse invasions, 163-173;
efforts to preserve order, 173-176;
growing inability to cope with conditions, 174;
replaced by Capetian dynasty, 177-180.

Carthusians, 246.

_Castellanerie_, defined, 216.

Celestine III., 381.

_Cens_, payment of, in Lorris, 328.

_Census_, 209.

_Centenarius_, functions of, 176.

Chalcedon, Council of, 80.

Chalons-sur-Saone, immunity of monastery at, confirmed by
Charlemagne, 212-214.

Champagne, county of, 215;
Joinville's residence in, 312.

Charibert, 75.

Charlemagne, employs Einhard at court, 108;
biography of, 109;
personal appearance, 109-110;
manner of dress, 111;
fondness for St. Augustine's _De Civitate Dei_, 111;
everyday life, 112;
education, 112-113;
interest in religion, 113;
charities, 114;
policy of Germanic consolidation, 115;
conquers Lombardy, Bavaria, and the Spanish March, 115;
war with the Saxons, 115-118;
transplants Saxons into Gaul, 117-118;
peace with Saxons, 118;
issues capitularies concerning the Saxon territory, 119;
capitulary concerning the royal domains, 124-127;
revenues, 124;
interest in agriculture, 124;
inventory of a royal estate, 127-129;
appealed to by Pope Leo III., 130;
goes to Rome, 130;
crowned emperor by Leo, 130, 132-134;
significance of the coronation, 131-133;
issues capitulary for the _missi_, 134;
new oath to, as emperor, 137;
provisions for administration of justice, 138-139;
legislation for clergy, 139-140;
letter to Abbot Fulrad, 142-144;
builds up Palace School, 144-145;
provides for elementary and intermediate education, 145;
confirms immunity of monastery of Chalons-sur-Saone, 212-214.

Charles Martel, victor at Tours, 105;
Frankish mayor of the palace, 105;
makes office hereditary, 105.

Charles the Fat, Emperor, 168;
Odo's mission to, 170-171;
buys off the Northmen, 171;
deposition and death, 171.

Charles, son of Charlemagne, anointed by Leo, 134.

Charles the Bald, of France, birth, 149;
combines with Louis against Lothair, 150-151;
takes oath of Strassburg, 152-154;
lands received by treaty of Verdun, 155-156;
buys off the Northmen, 159;
capitularies, 174.

Charles the Simple, of France, yields Normandy to Rollo, 172.

Charles of Lower Lorraine, claimant to French throne, 177;
candidacy opposed by Adalbero, 179-180.

Charles IV., Emperor, founds University of Prague, 345;
promulgates Golden Bull, 410.

Charles IV. (the Fair), of France, 419.

Charles VI. of France, 440;
and the Great Schism, 390.

Charles VII. of France, convenes council at Bourges, 394;
dauphin of France, 440-441.

Charles, count of Anjou, 321.

Charles, of Luxemburg, slain at Crecy, 433.

Charter, conditions of grant to towns, 326;
of Laon, 327-328;
of Lorris, 328-330.
(See _Magna Charta_.)

Chatillon, St. Bernard educated at, 252;
begins monastic career at, 254.

Childebert, conquers Septimania, 57

Childeric I., father of Clovis, 50.

Childeric III., last Merovingian king, 105;
deposed, 107.

Chippenham, Danes winter at, 184;
siege of, 184;
treaty of, 185.

_Chronica Majora_ (by Roger of Wendover), scope of, 298;
quoted, 298-303.

_Chronica Majora_ (by Matthew Paris), value of, 404;
quoted, 405-409.

_Chroniques_ (by Froissart), character of, 418;
quoted, 418-439.

Church, development of, 78-96;
origin of papacy, 78-79;
Pope Leo's sermon on the Petrine supremacy, 80-83;
rise of monasticism, 83-84;
the Benedictine Rule, 84-90;
papacy of Gregory the Great, 90-91;
Gregory's description of the functions of the secular clergy,
91-96;
Charlemagne's zeal for promotion of, 113;
Charlemagne's extension into Saxony, 118-123;
influence on development of annalistic writings, 157;
education intrusted to, by Charlemagne, 146;
to aid in suppressing disorder, 175-176;
illiteracy of English clergy in Alfred's day, 190-192;
influence on use of ordeals, 197;
use of _precarium_, 206-207;
favored by grants of immunity, 210;
efforts to discourage private warfare, 228-229;
decrees the Peace of God, 229;
decrees the Truce of God, 229;
reform through Cluniac movement, 246;
conditions in St. Bernard's day, 250;
Gregory VII.'s conception of the papal authority, 262-264;
Gregory VII. avows purpose to correct abuses in, 267;
college of cardinals instituted, 269;
issue of lay investiture, 265-278;
Concordat of Worms, 278-281;
liberties in England granted in Great Charter, 305;
patronage of universities, 340;
menaced by abuses, 360;
rise of the mendicant orders, 360;
St. Francis's attitude toward, 375, 377-378;
use of excommunication and interdict, 380;
_Unam Sanctam_, 383-388;
Great Schism, 389-390;
Council of Pisa, 390-391;
Council of Constance, 391, 393;
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, 393-397;
decline in England in fourteenth century, 474;
Wyclif's efforts to regenerate, 475-477.

Cicero, Dante cites, 451;
Petrarch's reading of, 466.

_Cimbri_, 32.

Cistercians, 246, 250.

Citeaux, 246;
St. Bernard decides to join, 252, 254;
St. Bernard goes forth from, 256.

Cities (see Towns), Frederick Barbarossa and Lombard, 398-399;
rights of guaranteed by Peace of Constance, 400-402.

Clairvaux, St. Bernard founds monastery at, 256-257;
description of by William of St. Thierry, 258-260;
marvelous works accomplished at, 259;
piety of monks at, 259.

Claudius Claudianus, at the court of Honorius, 42;
description of the Huns, 43.

Clement VII., elected pope, 389;
dies, 390.

Clergy (see Church), Charlemagne's general legislation for,
139-140;
Pope Gregory I.'s exhortation to, 91-96;
Charlemagne's provisions for, in Saxony, 120-123;
temporal importance in Charlemagne's empire, 141-142;
work of education committed to by Charlemagne, 146;
illiteracy in Alfred's day, 186, 191-192;
grants of immunity to, 210-214;
protected by Peace of God, 230-231;
worldliness of, in England before the Conquest, 239.

_Clericis Laicos_, issued by Boniface VIII., 384.

Clermont, Council of, confirms Peace and Truce of God, 229;
Pope Urban's speech at, 283-288;
first crusade proclaimed at, 287-288.

Cloderic, receives deputation from Clovis, 57;
has his father slain, 57;
himself slain, 58.

Clotilde, wife of Clovis, 49;
labors for his conversion, 53;
calls Remigius to the court, 54.

Clovis, conversion of, 49;
becomes king of the Salian Franks, 50;
advances against Syagrius, 51;
defeats him at Soissons, 51;
requests King Alaric to surrender the refugee, 51;
has Syagrius put to death, 51;
episode of the broken vase, 51-52;
decides to become a Christian, 53;
wins battle of Strassburg, 53;
baptized with his warriors, 54;
interview with Alaric, 54-55;
resolves to conquer southern Gaul, 55;
campaign against Alaric, 55-57;
victory at Vouille, 56;
takes possession of southern Gaul, 56;
captures Angouleme, 57;
sends deputation to Cloderic, 57;
takes Cloderic's kingdom, 58;
slays Ragnachar and Richar, 58-59;
death at Paris, 59.

Cluny, establishment of monastery at, 245;
growth and influence, 246;
charter issued for, 247-249;
land and other property yielded to, 247-248;
Berno to be abbot, 248;
relations with the papacy, 249;
charitable activity, 249.

Cologne, 57;
university founded at, 345.

_Comitatus_, among the early Germans, 27-28;
a prototype of vassalage, 205.

Commendation, defined, 205;
Frankish formula for, 205-206.

Commerce, freedom guaranteed by
Great Charter, 308-309;
encouraged in charter of Lorris, 329.

Commune (see Towns), 326.

Compiegne, 171.

Compurgation, defined, 196.

Conrad IV., 334.

Constance, Council of, assembles, 391;
declarations of, 393.

Constance, Peace of, 398-402.

Constantine, 78.

Constantine VI., deposed at Constantinople, 131-132.

Constantinople, threatened by Seljuk Turks, 282.

Corbei, 191;
French barons assemble at, 314.

_Corvee_, provision for in charter of Lorris, 330.

Councils, Church, powers of declared at Pisa and Constance,
392-393;
provisions for in Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, 396-397.

Count, duties, 123, 134;
restrictions on by grants of immunity, 211.

Count of the Palace, 112.

Crecy, English take position at, 427-428;
French advance to, 427, 430-431;
English prepare for battle, 431-432;
the French defeated at, 433-436.

Crime, in the Salic law, 62-65;
in Charlemagne's _De Partibus Saxoniae_, 123;
in Charlemagne's _Capitulare Missorum Generale_, 140-141;
Carloman's regulations for suppression of, 175-176;
in Alfred's legislation, 194-195;
penalties for in Peace and Truce of God, 230-232;
protection of scholars against, 343.

Crusade, Gregory VII.'s plan for, 283;
Urban II.'s speech in behalf of, 284-288;
first crusade proclaimed, 287-288;
motives for, 288;
starting of the crusaders, 289-291;
letters of crusaders, 291-292;
Stephen of Blois to his wife, 292-296;
early achievements of, 293;
of St. Louis to Egypt, 313, 318-322.

Cyprus, St. Louis in, 316;
departs from, 317.

Dacia, ceded to the Visigoths, 33.

Danelaw, 185.

Danes (see Northmen), earliest visits to England, 181;
defeat Alfred the Great at Wilton, 182;
winter at Exeter, 183;
defeated by Alfred at Swanwich, 183;
winter at Chippenham, 184;
defeated by Alfred at Ethandune, 184;
treaties of peace with Alfred, 185.

Dante, career of, 446;
attachment to Holy Roman Empire, 446;
relation to Renaissance, 446-447;
defends Italian as a literary language, 447-452;
conception of imperial power, 452-453;
_De Monarchia_ quoted, 453-462.

Danube, Visigoths cross, 34-37.

Dauphine, origin of, 395.

_De Bello Gallico_ (by Julius Caesar), character of, 20;
quoted, 20-22;
used by Tacitus, 23.

Debt, in the Salic law, 66;
collection of among students, 342.

_Decime_, defined, 389.

_De Civitate Dei_ (by St. Augustine), Charlemagne's regard for,
111.

_De Divortio Lotharii regis et Tetbergae reginae_ (by Hincmar),
quoted, 200-201.

_De Domino Divino_ (by Wyclif), nature of, 474.

_De Gestis Regum Anglorum_ (by William of Malmesbury), scope,
235;
quoted, 235-241, 289-290.

Degrees, university, 340.

_De Litteris Colendis_, addressed by Charlemagne to Abbot
Baugulf, 145;
quoted, 146-148;
work of education committed to the clergy, 146-147;
education essential to interpretation of Scriptures, 147.

Demesne, 125.

_De Monarchia_ (by Dante), nature of, 452-453;
quoted, 453-462.

_De odio et atia_, writ of, 307-308.

_De Partibus Saxoniae_, capitulary issued by Charlemagne, 119;
quoted, 120-123;
churches as places of refuge, 120;
offenses against the Church, 121;
penalties for persistence in paganism, 122;
fugitive criminals, 123;
public assemblies, 123.

_De Rebus Familiaribus_ (by Petrarch), quoted, 465-473.

_De Rebus Gestis Aelfredi Magni_ (by Asser), quoted, 182-185,
186-191.

_De Temporibus_ (by Eusebius), preface to, cited by Petrarch,
468.

_De Villis_, capitulary issued by Charlemagne, 124;
translation of, 124;
quoted, 124-127;
reports to be made by the stewards, 125;
equipment, 125-127;
produce due the king, 127.

_De Vulgari Eloquentia_ (by Dante), 447-448.

Deusdedit, 262.

_Dictatus Papae_, authorship of, 262;
quoted, 262-264.

Diedenhofen, Louis, Lothair, and Charles meet at, 158.

_Divina Commedia_ (by Dante), 446.

Domains, Charlemagne's capitulary concerning, 124-127;
specimen inventory of property, 127-129.

Domesday Survey, 243.

Dominicans, founded, 360.

Dordrecht, burned by the Northmen, 159;
again taken, 161.

Dorset, Danes land in, 181.

Dorylaeum, Turks defeated at, 293.

Druids, among the Gauls, 20-21.

Dudo, dean of St. Quentin, 165.

Easter tables, origin of mediaeval annals, 157.

Eastern Empire, menaced by Seljuk Turks, 282-283, 285.

Ebolus, abbot of St. Germain des Pres, 169-170.

Edington (see Ethandune).

Education, decline among the Franks, 144-147;
Charlemagne's provisions for, 145-148;
the Palace School, 144;
decline after Charlemagne, 145;
entrusted by Charlemagne to the clergy, 146;
Alfred's interest in, 185;
of Alfred's children, 187;
Alfred's labors in behalf of, 189-191;
Alfred laments decline of, 192;
universities in the Middle Ages, 339-359.

Edward the Elder, son of Alfred the Great, 187.

Edward the Confessor, death of, 233.

Edward III., claim to French throne, 421;
takes title of king of France, 421-424;
wins battle of Sluys, 424-427;
takes position at Crecy, 427;
prepares for battle, 429;
defeats French army, 433-436;
new invasion of France, 439;
concludes treaty of Bretigny, 439-442.

Edward, the Black Prince, wins his spurs at Crecy, 434-435;
besieges and sacks Limoges, 436-439.

Egbert's stone, Alfred meets English people at, 184.

Einhard, describes weakness of later Merovingians, 106-107;
career of, 108;
author of _Vita Caroli Magni_, 109;
sketch of Charlemagne, 109-114;
account of the Saxon war, 116-118;
statement regarding Charlemagne's coronation, 133.

Elbe, German boundary in Charlemagne's day, 330.

Electors, of Holy Roman Empire, provisions of Golden Bull
regarding, 409-416.

Ely, bishop of, 300.

Empire (see Eastern Empire; Holy Roman Empire, and the names of
emperors).

England, ravaged by the Danes, 181;
Alfred the Great becomes king, 182;
Alfred's wars with the Danes, 182-185;
navy founded by Alfred, 183;
treaty of Wedmore, 185;
decadence of learning, 186;
Alfred brings learned men to, 190-191;
Alfred writes to Bishop Werfrith on state of learning in,
191-194;
William the Conqueror's claim to throne of, 234;
Harold becomes king of, 234;
William the Conqueror prepares to invade, 234;
battle of Hastings, 235-238;
Saxons and Normans, 238-241;
William the Conqueror's government of, 241-244;
reign of King John, 297-298;
the winning of the Great Charter, 298-303;
provisions of the Charter, 305-310;
Edward III. claims French throne, 421-423;
naval battle of Sluys, 424-427;
battle of Crecy, 427-436;
the Black Prince sacks Limoges, 436-439;
treaty of Bretigny, 439, 441-442;
treaty of Troyes, 440, 443;
religious decline in fourteenth century, 474;
Wyclif's career, 474-475.

_Epistolae de Rebus Senilibus_ (by Petrarch), 464.

_Epistolae sine Titulo_ (by Petrarch), 464.

_Epistolae Variae_ (by Petrarch), 464.

Erfurt, University of, founded, 345.

_Etablissements de St. Louis_, quoted, 217, 223-224.

Ethandune, Alfred defeats Danes at, 184.

Ethelbert, king of Kent, 72;
accepts Christianity, 73, 77;
power of, 74;
receives Augustine, 76;
encourages missionary effort, 77.

Ethelred I., king of the English, 182.

Ethelstan, of Mercia, 190.

Ethelwerd, son of Alfred the Great, 186.

Eugene IV., and Council of Basel, 393.

Eurie, king of the Northmen, 166;
defeated by Louis the German, 166.

Eusebius, author of _De Temporibus_, 468.

Excommunication, nature of, 380;
of Henry IV. by Gregory VII., 272;
of Frederick II. by Gregory IX., 406.

Exeter, Danes winter at, 183.

Fealty, ceremony of, 216-217;
described in an English law book, 218;
rendered to count of Flanders, 218-219;
ordinance of St. Louis on, 219.

Feudalism, importance of, in mediaeval history, 203;
most perfectly developed in France, 203-204;
essential elements, 204;
origins of vassalage, 204-205;
formula for commendation, 205-206;
development of the benefice, 206-207;
example of grant of a benefice, 207-210;
origins and nature of the immunity, 210-211;
formula for grant of immunity, 211-212;
an immunity confirmed by Charlemagne, 212-214;
nature of the fief, 214;
specimen grants of fiefs, 215-216;
complexity of the system, 216;
ceremonies of homage and fealty, 216-217;
homage defined, 217;
fealty described, 218;
homage and fealty illustrated, 218-219;
ordinance of St. Louis on homage and fealty, 219;
obligations of lords and vassals, 220-221;
rights of the lord, 221-228;
aids, 222-223;
military service involved, 223-224;
wardship and marriage, 224-225;
reliefs, 225-226;
forfeiture, 226-228;
militant character of feudal period, 228-229;
efforts to reduce private war, 229;
the Peace and Truce of God, 229-232;
provisions of Great Charter concerning, 306-307.

Fief, relation to benefice, 207;
nature, 214;
specimen grants, 215-216.

Fitz-Walter, Robert, besieges castle of Northampton, 301.

Flanders, influence on Hundred Years' War, 419;
allied with Edward III., 421-423.

Flanders, William, count of, homage and fealty to, 218-219.

Florence, Dante born at, 445.

Fontaines, St. Bernard born at, 251.

Fontenay, Charles and Louis defeat Lothair at, 150.

Forfeiture, nature, 226-227;
case of Arnold Atton, 227-228.

Formula, for commendation, 205-206;
for grant of a benefice, 207-210;
for grant of immunity to a bishop, 211-212.

France, Hugh Capet becomes king, 177-180;
geographical extent in 987, 180;
feudalism most perfectly developed in, 203-204;
over-population of described by Pope Urban, 286;
in times of Louis IX., 311-324;
treaty of Paris (1229), 322;
rise of municipalities in, 325-326;
interdict laid on by Innocent III., 380-383;
Philip the Fair's contest with Boniface VIII., 383-388;
States General meets, 385;
responsibility for Great Schism, 389-390;
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, 393-397;
disputed succession in 1328, 419-420;
Edward III. takes title of king, 421-423;
naval battle of Sluys, 424-427;
battle of Crecy, 427-436;
siege and sack of Limoges, 436-439;
treaty of Bretigny, 439, 441-442;
treaty of Troyes, 440, 443.

_Francia Occidentalis_, 155.

_Francia Orientalis_, 155.

_Francia_, territorial extent, 152, 155.

Francis I., Concordat of, 394.

Franciscans, founded, 360, 361;
life of St. Francis, 363-373;
Rule of St. Francis, 373-376;
Will of St. Francis, 376-378.

Frankfort, electors of Empire to assemble at, 412.

Franks, conquer northern Gaul, 49;
become Christians, 49, 54;
character of conversion, 50;
close relations with papacy, 50;
Clovis becomes king of the Salians, 50;
defeat Syagrius at Soissons, 51;
defeat Alaric near Poitiers, 56;
Salic law, 59-67;
decadence of Merovingians, 105;
rise of Mayor of the Palace, 105;
early mayors, 105;
Pepin the Short becomes king, 105-107;
the age of Charlemagne, 108-148;
the war with the Saxons, 114-118;
Charlemagne's capitularies, 118-127, 134-141;
Charlemagne crowned emperor, 130-134;
decay of learning among, 144;
Carolingian Renaissance, 144-148;
disorder among in ninth century, 157-163;
menaced by invasions of Northmen, 160-163;
decline of monarchy in ninth century, 173;
rise of feudalism among, 173-174.

Freckenhorst, sacred relics brought to, 163.

Frederick, bishop of Hamburg, issues charter for a colony,
332-333.

Frederick Barbarossa, grants privileges to students and masters,
341-343;
and the Italian communes, 398-399;
destroys Milan, 399;
defeated at Legnano, 399;
agrees to Peace of Constance, 399-400.

Frederick II., accession of, 402-403;
character, 403-404;
suspected of heresy, 405;
excommunicated, 406, 408-409.

Friars, conditions determining rise of, 360;
unlike monks, 360-361;
relations with papacy and local clergy, 361;
system of organization, 361;
career of St. Francis, 362-378;
Rule of St. Francis, 373-376;
Will of St. Francis, 376-378.

Fridigern, leader of branch of Visigoths, 33-34, 38, 39.

Friesland (see Frisia).

Frisia, Northmen in, 159, 162, 166.

Froissart, Sire de, "Chronicles" of, 417-418.

Fulbert of Chartres, letter to William of Aquitaine, 220-221.

Fulcher of Chartres, version of Pope Urban's speech, 286;
account of starting of crusaders, 290-291.

Fulda, Einhard educated at, 108, 145.

Fulrad, Charlemagne's letter to, 142-144;
summoned to assembly at Strassfurt, 143;
troops and equipment to be brought, 143;
gifts for the Emperor, 143-144.

Gaiseric, 112.

Galicia, Northmen visit, 166.

Gatinais, 329.

_Gau_, 25.

Gaul, conquered by Julius Caesar, 19, 32;
invaded by Cimbri and Teutons, 32;
Syagrius's kingdom in, 51;
the Franks take possession in the north, 51;
Clovis overthrows Visigothic power in south, 55-57;
monasteries established in, 83;
Charlemagne transplants Saxons into, 117-118;
Northmen devastate, 159;
survival of Roman immunity in, 210.

Geoffrey of Clairvaux, 251.

_Germania_ (by Tacitus), nature and purpose, 23;
contents, 24;
translation and editions, 24;
quoted, 24-31.

Germans, described by Caesar, 19-22;
religion, 21;
system of land tenure, 21;
magistrates and war leaders, 22;
hospitality, 22;
described by Tacitus, 23-31;
location in Caesar's day, 20;
physical characteristics, 24;
use of iron, 24;
weapons, 24-25;
mode of fighting, 25-26, 40;
ideas of military honor, 25, 64;
kingship, 26;
tribal assemblies, 26-27;
investment with arms, 27;
the _princeps_ and _comitatus_, 27, 28;
love of war, 28-29;
agriculture, 21, 29;
life in times of peace, 29;
absence of tax systems, 29;
lack of cities and city life, 29;
villages, 30;
food and drink, 30;
amusements, 30;
slavery, 31;
early contact with the Romans, 32-33;
defeat Varus, 32;
put Romans on the defensive, 32;
filter into the Empire, 33;
invasions begin, 33;
generally Christianized before invasion of Empire, 48;
character of their conversion, 49-50;
ideas of law, 59-60;
influenced by contact with Romans, 60;
codification of law, 60;
legal ideas and methods, 196;
compurgation,196;
use of the ordeal, 196-197.

Germany, Henry IV.'s position in, 264-265;
Henry V.'s government of, 278;
question of lay investiture in, 265-281;
colonization toward the east, 331-332;
colony chartered by bishop of Hamburg, 331-333;
decline of imperial power, 334;
chaotic conditions, 334;
rise of municipal leagues, 334;
the Rhine League, 335-338;
rise of universities in, 345;
in Frederick Barbarossa's period, 398-399;
under Frederick II., 402-409;
conditions after Frederick II., 409-410;
Golden Bull of Charles IV., 410-416.

Genghis Khan, empire of, 316.

Ghent, Council at, 423-424.

Gildas, story of Saxon invasion of Britain, 68.

Gillencourt, granted to Jocelyn d'Avalon, 216.

Gisela, 173.

Gloucester, William the Conqueror wears crown at, 242.

Godfrey of Bouillon, 289.

Golden Bull, promulgated by Charles IV.,
409;
character of, 409.

Gozlin, bishop of Paris, 168.

_Grace expectative_, nature of, 396.

Gratian, 35, 38.

Great Council, in William the Conqueror's time, 242;
provisions of Great Charter concerning, 306;
composition, 307.

Greek fire, nature of, 319;
used by the Saracens, 319-321.

Gregory of Nazianzus, cited by Pope Gregory, 93.

Gregory of Tours, facts regarding career, 47;
author of _Ecclesiastical History of the Franks_, 47-48;
opportunities for knowledge, 48;
account of Frankish affairs quoted, 50-59;
account of ordeal by hot water quoted, 198-200.

Gregory I. (the Great), plans conversion of Saxons, 72;
sends Augustine to Britain, 72-73;
becomes pope, 73, 90;
letter of encouragement to Augustine's band, 74;
early career, 90;
qualifications, 90-91;
author of the _Pastoral Rule_, 91;
describes the functions of the secular clergy, 91-96;
attitude toward worldly learning, 95;
_Pastoral Rule_ translated by Alfred, 186, 193.

Gregory IV., 158.

Gregory VI., 261.

Gregory VII., early career, 261;
becomes pope, 261, 269;
conceptions of papal authority, 262-264;
breach with Henry IV., 264;
letter to Henry IV., 265-269;
claim to authority over temporal princes, 266;
avows purpose to correct abuses in the Church, 267;
disposed to treat Henry IV. fairly, 268;
letter to, from Henry IV., 269-272;
charges against, by Henry IV., 272;
deposes him, 272-273;
meets Henry IV. at Canossa, 274, 275;
absolves him, 276;
project for a crusade, 283.

Gregory IX., 403, 406.

Gregory XI., removes to Rome, 389;
bull concerning Lollards, 475.

Gregory XII., abdicates papacy, 391.

Grimbald, brought from Gaul by Alfred, 190.

Guienne, English and French dispute possession of, 419.

Guiscard, Roger, 341.

Guthrum, peace of Alfred and, 185;
becomes a Christian, 185.

Hadrian, I., 111, 130.

Hamburg, pillaged by the Slavs, 331;
bishop of, grants charter for a colony, 331-333.

Hanseatic League, 334.

Harold Hardrada, defeated at Stamford Bridge, 234.

Harold, son of Godwin, chosen king of England, 234;
position disputed by William the Conqueror, 234;
defeats Harold Hardrada, 234;
takes station at Hastings, 234;
valor and death, 237.

Hastings, English take position at, 234;
they prepare for battle, 235;
the Normans prepare, 236;
William's strategem, 236-237.

Heidelberg, University of, founded, 345;
charter of, 345-350;
modelled on University of Paris, 346;
internal government, 347-348;
jurisdiction of bishop of Worms, 348;
exemptions enjoyed by students, 349;
rates for lodgings, 350.

Hell, portrayed in the Koran, 103-104.

Hengist, legendary leader of Saxons, 71;
ancestry, 71.

Henry of Champagne, grants fief to bishop of Beauvais, 215.

Henry I. of England, charter of, 298, 304, 306.

Henry III. of England, concludes treaty of Paris with St. Louis,
322.

Henry V. of England, in Hundred Years' War, 440;
marries daughter of Charles VI., 441;
awarded French crown by treaty of Troyes, 443.

Henry I. of Germany, movement against the Slavs, 331.

Henry III. of Germany, 273.

Henry IV. of Germany, controversy opens with Gregory VII., 264;
wins battle on the Unstrutt, 265;
letter of Gregory VII. to, 265-269;
exhorted to confess and repent sins, 266, 268;
reply to letter of Gregory VII., 269-272;
rejects papal claim to temporal supremacy, 270;
excommunicated by Gregory VII., 272;
deposed by him, 272-273;
penance at Canossa, 273-277;
oath of, 277-278.

Henry V. of Germany, succeeds Henry IV., 278;
his spirit of independence, 278;
invasion of Italy, 278;
compact with Paschal II., 278;
party to Concordat of Worms, 279-281.

Henry VI. of Germany, 400, 402.

Henry VII. of Germany, 433.

Hermaneric, king of the Ostrogoths, 33.

Hide, a land measure, 242.

Hildebrand (see Gregory VII.).

Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims, 165;
description of ordeal by cold water, 200-201.

Hippo, St. Augustine bishop of, 112.

_Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum_ (by the Venerable Bede),
scope and character, 68;
quoted, 69-72, 73-77;
translation of, 69.

_Historia Ecclesiastica Francorum_ (by Gregory of Tours), scope
and character, 48-49;
quoted, 50-59.

_Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Jerusalem_ (by Raimond of
Agiles), quoted, 201-202.

_Historia Iherosolimitana_ (by Robert the Monk), quoted, 284-288.

_Historia Iherosolimitana_ (by Fulcher of Chartres), quoted,
290-291.

_Historiarum Libri IV._ (by Nithardus), scope, 151;
quoted, 151-154.

_Historiarum Libri IV._ (by Richer), scope, 178;
quoted, 178-180.

_Histoire de Saint Louis_ (by Joinville), character, 312;
quoted, 313-324.

Hollanders, receive charter from bishop of Hamburg, 332-333;
fiscal obligations, 332;
judicial immunity, 333.

Holy Roman Empire, coronation of Charlemagne, 130-134;
character and significance, 131-132;
difficulty of holding together, 149;
disordered condition in ninth century, 157-163;
Henry IV.'s position in, 264-265;
question of lay investiture in, 265-281;
Henry V., emperor, 278;
Concordat of Worms, 278-281;
weakening of central authority, 334;
chaotic condition, 334;
rise of municipal leagues, 334;
the Rhine League, 335-338;
in 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries, 398-416;
Frederick Barbarossa at head of, 398;
Peace of Constance, 399-402;
accession of Frederick II., 403;
II., 403;
Dante's attachment to, 446;
Dante's defense of in _De Monarchia_, 452-462.

Homage, ceremony of, 216-217;
a Norman definition of, 217;
rendered to count of Flanders, 218-219;
ordinance of St. Louis on, 219.

Homer, Dante's knowledge of, 449;
Petrarch interested in, 467.

Homicide, in the Salic law, 65.

Honorius III., St. Francis promises allegiance to, 375.

Horace, alluded to by Petrarch, 468.

Horsa, legendary leader of Saxons, 71;
death, 71;
ancestry, 71.

_Hote_, defined, 329.

House of Commons, origin of, 307.

House of Lords, origin of, 307.

Hugh Capet, establishes Capetian dynasty, 177;
Adalbero urges election as king, 178-180;
crowned at Noyon, 180;
extent of dominions, 180.

Humanism, rise of, 445;
Petrarch's love of the classics, 465-469.

Humber River, 71, 74, 191.

Hundred Years' War, causes, 418-419;
Edward III. and the Flemings, 421-424;
naval battle of Sluys, 424-427;
battle of Crecy, 427-436;
siege and sack of Limoges, 436-439;
treaty of Bretigny, 439, 441-442;
treaty of Troyes, 440, 443.

Huns, threaten the Goths, 33-34, 42;
characterized by Claudius Claudianus, 43;
described by Ammianus Marcellinus, 43-46;
physical appearance, 44;
dress, 44;
mode of fighting, 45;
nomadic character, 45;
greed and quarrelsomeness, 46.

Iacinthus, 199.

_Il Convito_ (by Dante), character of, 447;
quoted, 447-452.

Immunity, in Roman law, 210;
feudal, 210-211;
formula for grant to bishop, 211-212;
grant to a monastery confirmed by Charlemagne, 212-214;
in an East German colony, 333.

Incendiarism, in the Salic law, 63;
in the Burgundian law, 63.

Ingeborg, wife of Philip Augustus, 380-381.

Ingelheim, 108.

Inghen, Marsilius, rector of University of Heidelberg, 345.

Inheritance, in the Salic law, 66.

Innocent III., King John's surrender to, 297;
confirms privileges of University of Paris, 341;
approves work of St. Francis, 362;
lays interdict on France, 380-383.

Innocent IV., 403, 454.

_In Rufinum_ (by Claudius Claudianus), quoted, 43.

Interdict, nature of, 380;
laid on France, 380-383.

Interregnum, 334;
end of, 409-410.

Investiture, lay, 261;
Henry IV.'s disregard of Gregory VII.'s decrees concerning,
265;
Paschal II.'s decree prohibiting, 278;
agreement of 1111 concerning, 278;
settlement of by Concordat of Worms, 279-281.

Ireland, Christianity in, 72.

Irene, deposes Constantine VI., 132.

Irmensaule, destroyed by Charlemagne, 122.

Irnerius, teacher of law at Bologna, 340.

Isabella, mother of Edward III., 418-419;
excluded from French throne, 420.

Islam (see Koran, Mohammed).

Italian (language), Dante's defense of, 446-452.

Italy, Frederick Barbarossa and communes of, 398-399.

Jerusalem, captured by Arabs, 282;
by the Seljuk Turks, 282.

Jeufosse, Northmen winter at, 167.

Jocelyn d'Avalon, receives fief from Thiebault of Troyes, 216.

John, bishop of Ravenna, 91.

John the Old Saxon, brought from Gaul by Alfred, 191.

John, of England, character of reign, 297;
conference of magnates in opposition to, 298;
arranges truce with them, 299;
takes the cross, 300;
scorns the demands of the barons, 301;
loses London, 302;
consents to terms of Great Charter, 303.

John XXIII., elected pope, 390;
deposed, 391.

John, king of Bohemia, 421.

John II. of France, taken captive at Poitiers, 439;
later career, 442.

John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, 440.

Joinville, Sire de, sketch of, 312;
biographer of St. Louis, 312.

Judith of Bavaria, 149.

Julian the Apostate, 271.

Jurats, in Laon, 328.

Jury, not provided for in Great Charter, 308.

Justice, among the early Germans, 22;
among the Franks, 61-67;
among the Saxons, 121-123;
Charlemagne's provision for in capitulary for the _missi_,
138-139;
compurgation, 196;
ordeal, 196-197;
administration of in the universities, 342, 344, 349.

Jutes, settle in Kent, 70.

Karlmann, son of Charles Martel, 105.

Kent, Saxons and Jutes settle in, 70;
Ethelbert, king of, 72, 74.

Kingship, among the early Germans, 26.

Knut VI., king of Denmark, 380.

Koran, origin of, 97;
scope and character, 98;
essential teachings, 98;
translation, 99;
quoted, 99-104;
opening prayer, 99;
unity of God, 99;
the resurrection, 100;
the coming judgment, 100;
reward of the righteous, 101;
fate of the wicked, 101;
pleasures of paradise, 102-103;
torments of hell, 103-104.

Kutuz, defeats Tartars, 317.

La Broyes, Philip VI. at castle of, 435.

La Ferte-sur-Aube, 216;
St. Bernard at, 256.

_L'Ancienne Coutume de Normandie_, quoted, 217, 222-223, 224-225.

Laon, 171;
charter of, 327-328.

Law, character of among the early Germans, 27, 59-60;
codification under Roman influence, 60;
the Salic code, 60-67;
of Alfred the Great, 194-195;
revival of Roman, 339-340;
study of at University of Bologna, 340.

Learning, revival under Charlemagne, 144-148;
decline after Charlemagne, 145;
Alfred on state of in England, 191-194;
decadence in England before the Conquest, 239;
revival in thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, 445;
Petrarch's love of the classics, 465-469.

_Legend of the Three Companions_, quoted, 363-368, 376-378.

Legnano, Frederick Barbarossa defeated at, 399.

Leo I. (the Great), elected pope, 78;
sermon on the Petrine supremacy, 80-83.

Leo III., 111;
driven from Rome, 130;
appeals to Charlemagne, 130;
crowns Charlemagne emperor, 130, 132-134.

Leo IV., 160.

Leo IX., 261.

Leo, author of the _Mirror of Perfection_, 363.

Liberal Arts, place in Charlemagne's system of education, 145;
Alfred laments his ignorance of, 189, 339.

_Liber Regulae Pastoralis_ (by Pope Gregory I.), nature and value,
91;
translation of, 91;
quoted, 91-96;
qualities of the ideal pastor, 91-93, 96;
admonitions for various sorts of people, 94-95;
translated by Alfred, 186, 193.

_Libri Miraculorum_ (by Gregory of Tours), quoted, 198-200.

Liege, Henry IV. dies at, 278.

Limoges, siege of by the Black Prince, 436-439.

Limousin, 437.

Lindisfarne, plundered by Danes, 181.

_Little Flowers of St. Francis_, 363.

Loire, Clovis and Alaric meet on, 55;
Clovis's campaign beyond, 55-56;
Northmen on, 167.

Lollards, tenets of, 475.

Lombard League, formation of, 399;
Frederick Barbarossa's war upon, 399;
provisions of Peace of Constance regarding, 400-402.

Lombards, conquered by Charlemagne, 112, 115.

London, sacked by Danes, 181;
King John at, 299;
army of the barons arrives at, 302;
surrendered to the barons, 302;
treaty of, 439;
Wyclif's doctrines condemned in council at, 475.

Lorris, model of franchise towns, 327;
charter of, 328-330.

Lorsch, monastery at, 106;
_Lesser Annals_ of, 106.

Lothair, Charles and Louis combine against, 150;
defeated at Fontenay, 150;
oaths of Strassburg directed against, 151-154;
makes overtures for peace, 154;
lands received by treaty of Verdun, 155-156.

Lotharingia, 155.

Louis the Pious, capitulary on education, 145;
divides the Empire, 149.

Louis the German, combines with Charles the Bald against Lothair,
150-151;
takes oath at Strassburg, 152-153;
lands received by treaty of Verdun, 155-156;
advances against the Wends, 158, 159, 160;
expeditions against the Bohemians, 160-161;
defeats the Northmen, 166.

Louis the Stammerer, 174.

Louis V., last direct Carolingian, 177.

Louis VI. of France, ratifies charter of Laon, 327.

Louis VII. of France, 215;
grants charter to Lorris, 327.

Louis IX. of France, early career, 311, 313-314;
character, 311-312;
difficulties at beginning of reign, 314;
takes the cross, 314-315;
emulated by prominent nobles, 315;
in Cyprus, 316;
receives deputation from Khan of Tartary, 316-317;
arrival in Egypt, 318;
advances on Babylon (Cairo), 318;
operations on the lower Nile, 318-322;
negotiates treaty of Paris, 322;
personal traits, 323;
methods of dispensing justice, 323-324.

Louis X. of France, 419.

Louis XI. of France, seeks to revoke Pragmatic Sanction of
Bourges, 394.

Louis IV., Emperor, allied with Edward III., 421.

Luidhard, 75.

Luitbert, brings sacred relics to the Freckenhorst, 163.

Lyons, Council of, Frederick II. excommunicated at, 407.

Macon, 248.

Magdeburg, established, 331.

_Magna Charta_, the winning of, 298-303;
agreed to at Runnymede, 303;
importance and character, 303-304;
translations, 305;
quoted, 305-310;
liberties of the English church, 305;
rate of reliefs, 306;
aids, 306;
the Great Council, 307;
writ _de odio et atia_, 307-308;
personal liberties and prerogatives, 308;
freedom of commercial intercourse, 308-309;
means of enforcement, 309.

_Magna Moralia_, written by Pope Gregory, 91.

Mainz, a capital of Rhine League, 337;
archbishop of, to summon electors of the Empire, 412.

_Mallus_, character, 61;
summonses to, 61;
complaint to be made before, 63.

Manichaeus, 388.

Manzikert, Eastern emperor defeated at, 282.

Mapes, Walter, _Latin Poems_ attributed to, a source for mediaeval
students' songs, 352.

Marcomanni, 32, 35.

Marriage, of heiresses, right of lord to control, 224-225.

Marseilles, St. Louis's companions embark at, 315.

Marshall, William, surety for King John, 300-301.

Martian, 69.

Martin V., elected pope, 391;
and Council of Siena, 395.

Matilda, wife of William the Conqueror, 234.

Matilda, Countess, ally of Gregory VII., 274.

Matthew Paris, 292;
_Greater Chronicle_ of, quoted, 405-409.

Maurice, 73.

May-field, character of in Charlemagne's time, 142.

Mayor of the Palace, rise of, 105;
office made hereditary, 105;
accession of Pepin the Short, 105;
latter becomes king, 107.

Merovingians, decadence of, 105-106;
end with Childeric III., 105.

Merovius, ancestor of Clovis, 50.

Metz, 154;
diet of, 410;
electors of Empire to meet at, 416.

Milan, Frederick Barbarossa destroys, 398-399.

_Ministeriales_, functions of, 188.

_Missaticae_, 135.

_Missi dominici_, 123;
Charlemagne's capitulary for, 134;
character and functions, 134-137;
employed by Charles Martel and Pepin the Short, 135;
to promulgate royal decrees, 141;
abuses of, 175-176;
in ninth century, 175-176.

Moesia, Visigoths settle in, 34.

Mohammed, sayings comprised in Koran, 97;
principal teachings, 98.

Monastery, formula for grant of _precarium_ by, 209-210;
grant of immunity confirmed to, 212-214.

Monasticism, rise of, 83-84;
character of in the East and West, 83;
abbey of St. Martin established, 83;
Monte Cassino established by St. Benedict, 84;
the Benedictine rule, 84-90;
character and functions of the abbot, 84-86;
prohibition of individual property-holding, 87;
manual labor, 88;
reading and study, 89;
hospitality, 89;
decadence in eighth and ninth centuries, 245;
the Cluniac reform, 245-246;
St. Bernard's reformation of, 250;
founding of Clairvaux, 256-258.

Monotheism, set forth in the Koran, 99.

Monte Cassino, monastery founded at, 84;
Karlmann withdraws to, 105.

Montlheri, St. Louis at, 314;
English army at, 439.

Mortmain, prohibited by charter of Laon, 328.

Murder, Charlemagne's legislation on, 141.

Nantes, pillaged by Northmen, 165.

Nazianzus, Gregory, bishop of, 93.

Nerva, 34.

New Forest, of William the Conqueror, 244.

Nicaea, Council of, 198;
Seljuk Turks established at, 282;
crusaders converge at, 290.

Nice, Visigoths advance toward, 38.

Nicholas II., 269.

Nile, St. Louis's operations on, 318.

Nithardus, author of _Historiarum Libri IV._, 151;
career, 151.

Nogaret, William of, captures Boniface VIII., 385.

Nomenoe, conflicts with Charles the Bald, 167.

Normans, rapid civilization of, 233;
retain adventuresome disposition, 233;
in battle of Hastings, 236-238;
described by William of Malmesbury, 238-241.

Normandy, ceded by Charles the Simple to Rollo, 172;
improvement under Norman regime, 173;
William the Bastard becomes duke of, 233-234;
English and French dispute possession of, 419.

Northampton, castle of, besieged by the English barons, 301.

Northmen, in Frisia and Gaul, 159-160;
in Frisia and Saxony, 162;
burn church of St. Martin at Tours, 162, 167;
motives of the Norse invasions, 163;
pillage, Nantes, 165;
winter at Rhe, 165;
ascend Garonne, 166;
in Spain, 166;
at Paris, 166;
in Frisia and Brittany, 166;
threaten Orleans, 167;
at Angers, 167;
pillage Orleans, 167;
plunder Pisa, 168;
besiege Paris, 168-171;
bought off by Charles the Fat, 171;
receive Normandy from Charles the Simple, 172;
become Christians, 173. (See Danes.)

Notre Dame, cathedral school of, 340.

Noyon, Hugh Capet crowned at, 180.

Nuremberg, diet of, 410.

Odo, becomes king of France, 168, 177;
defense of Paris, 169-170;
mission to Charles the Fat, 170-171.

Odo, bishop of Bayeux, imprisoned by William the Conqueror, 243.

Oppenheim, convention of, 274.

Ordeal, nature of, 197;
use among Germanic peoples, 197;
various forms, 197;
an Arian presbyter tested by, 198-200;
by cold water described, 200-201;
Peter Bartholomew subjected to by fire, 201-202.

Origen, 387.

Orleans, threatened by the Northmen, 167;
pillaged by them, 167.

Orosius, 186.

Ostrogoths, fall before the Huns, 33.

Otger, archbishop of Mainz, 152, 160.

Otto I. of Germany, 331.

Otto II. of Germany, loses ground to the Slavs, 331.

Otto III. of Germany, 403.

Otto IV. of Germany, 401;
crowned at Rome, 403;
defeated at Bouvines, 403.

Oxford, Wyclif educated at, 474;
banishes Lollards, 475.

Paderborn, Frankish assembly at, 119;
Pope Leo III. meets Charlemagne at, 130.

_Pagus_, 25.

Paradise, portrayed in the Koran, 102-103.

Palace School, origin of, 144;
enlargement by Charlemagne, 112-113, 144-145.

Papacy, views on origin of, 78-79;
reasons for growth, 78-79;
theory of Petrine supremacy, 79;
Pope Leo's sermon, 80-83;
Gregory becomes pope, 73, 90;
his literary efforts, 91;
describes functions of secular clergy, 91-96;
Pope Zacharias sanctions deposition of Merovingian line, 107;
Pope Leo III. crowns Charlemagne emperor, 130-134;
Cluny's relations with, 249;
Gregory VII.'s conception of, 262-264;
Gregory VII.'s claim to authority over temporal princes, 266;
Henry IV.'s rejection of claim of, 270;
Calixtus II. agrees to Concordat of Worms, 278-281;
relations of friars with, 361;
St. Francis's attitude towards, 375, 377-378;
and temporal powers in later Middle Ages, 380-397;
contest of Innocent III. and Philip Augustus, 380-383;
Boniface VIII.'s bull _Unam Sanctam_, 383-388;
Babylonian Captivity, 383, 389;
Great Schism, 389-390;
declarations of Councils of Pisa and Constance, 390-393;
provisions of Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges regarding powers
of, 395-397;
conflicts with Frederick II., 405-409;
Dante enumerates theories in defense of, 453-455;
defines true position of, 456-462;
Wyclif's ideas concerning, 475-477.

Paris, Clovis's capital, 57;
his death at, 59;
Northmen at, 166;
Northmen prepare to besiege, 168;
attack upon, 169-171;
importance of siege, 171;
treaty of (1259), 322;
treaty of (1396), 439.

Paris, University of, origin, 340;
privileges granted to students by Philip Augustus, 341,
343-345;
Heidelberg modelled on, 346;
case of Great Schism laid before, 390;
proposals regarding Schism, 371-392.

Paschal II., accession to papacy, 278;
decree prohibiting lay investiture, 278;
relations with Henry V., 278.

_Patrocinium_, a prototype of vassalage, 204.

Paul the Deacon, in Charlemagne's Palace School, 144.

Paulinus of Aquileia, in Charlemagne's Palace School, 144.

Pavia, taken by Charlemagne, 112.

Peace of God, decreed by Church councils, 229;
decree of Council of Toulouges, 229-232.

Pelagius II., sends Gregory to Constantinople, 90.

Penalties, in the Salic law, 62-65;
in Charlemagne's _De Partibus Saxoniae_, 121-123;
in Alfred's legislation, 194-195;
for violation of an immunity, 214;
for violation of Peace and Truce of God, 230-232.

Pepin the Short, son of Charles Martel, 105;
mayor of the palace, 105;
sends deputation to Pope Zacharias, 106;
crowned by Pope Stephen III., 106;
advised to take title of king, 107;
anointed by Boniface at Soissons, 107.

Pepin, grandson of Louis the Pious, 152, 158.

Peter Bartholomew, subjected to ordeal by fire, 198, 201-202.

Peter of Catana, minister-general of Franciscans, 370.

Peter of Pisa, brought to Charlemagne's court, 112;
in the Palace School, 144.

Petrarch, career of, 462-463;
part in the Renaissance, 463;
writings, 464-465;
love of the classics, 465-469;
letter to Posterity, 469-473.