Chapter XXVII: Foreshadowings of the Reformation (2)

Petrine Supremacy, theory of, 79;
Pope Leo's sermon on, 80-83;
mediaeval acceptance of, 79;
theory of stated by Gregory VII., 267;
allusion to in _Unam Sanctam_, 386;
Dante's conception of, 456-457.

Pfahlburgers, provision of Rhine League concerning, 337.

Philip II. (Augustus) of France, privileges granted to students
by, 343-345;
contest with Innocent III., 380-383;
imposes Saladin tithe, 390.

Philip IV. (the Fair) of France, contest with Boniface VIII.,
383-385;
convenes States General, 385;
sons of, 419.

Philip V. of France, 419.

Philip VI. of France, acquires the Dauphine, 395;
accession of, 420;
advances with army to Crecy, 430-431;
defeated at Crecy, 433-436.

Philip of Hohenstaufen, 402-403.

Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, 440.

Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, 440.

Philippa, wife of Edward III., 425.

Piacenza, Council of, 283.

Picts, menace the Britons, 68;
Saxons called in against, 69;
Saxons ally with, 71.

Pilgrimages, to Jerusalem, 282-283.

Pisa, Council of, convened, 390;
declarations of, 392-393.

Plato, Petrarch loans a volume of, 469.

Plegmund, archbishop of Canterbury, 190.

Pliny the Elder, probably used by Tacitus, 23.

Poitiers, 55, 56;
battle of, 418.

Pontus, 35.

Posidonius of Rhodes, probably used by Tacitus, 23.

Prague, University of founded, 345.

_Precarium_, nature of, 206;
prototype of the benefice, 206-207;
example of grant, 207-210.

_Principes_, among the early Germans, 27-28;
conduct in battle, 28.

Prudence, bishop of Troyes, 165.

Quadi, 35.

_Quadrivium_, 145, 339.

Ragnachar, kinsman of Clovis, 51;
slain, 58-59.

Raymond of Agiles, account of ordeal by fire, 201-202.

Raymond, count of Toulouse, letter to Arnold Atton, 227-228.

Raymond of St. Gilles, 294-295.

Ravenna, Dante's death at, 446.

Reformation, foreshadowings of, 474-477.

_Regalia_, in Concordat of Worms, 279-280;
claimed by Frederick Barbarossa, 398;
grant of to Lombard cities, 400-401.

Relief, defined, 223, 225;
origin, 225-226;
examples, 226;
rate fixed by Great Charter, 306.

Religion, of the early Germans, 21;
rise of Mohammedanism, 97-104;
the Koran quoted, 99-104;
Charlemagne's zeal for, 113.

Remigius, bishop of Rheims, 54.

Renaissance (Carolingian), conditions preceding, 144;
Charlemagne's part in, 145-146.

Renaissance (Italian), nature of, 444-445;
career of Dante, 446-447;
Dante's defense of Italian as literary language, 446-452;
Dante's conception of the imperial power, 452-462;
career and writings of Petrarch, 462-465;
Petrarch's love of the classics, 465-469;
his letter to Posterity, 469-473.

_Rerum Gestarum Libri qui Supersunt_ (by Ammianus Marcellinus),
quoted, 34-37, 38-41, 43-46.

_Reserve_, nature of, 396.

Resurrection, portrayed in the Koran, 100.

Rhe, Northmen winter at, 165.

Rhine, the Roman frontier, 19-20;
trade in vicinity of, 30, 32.

Rhine League, conditions influencing formation, 334;
instituted at Worms, 335;
restrictions imposed on members, 335;
treatment of enemies of, 335-336;
capitals, 337;
governing body, 337;
military preparations, 338.

Richar, slain by Clovis, 59.

Richer, author of _Four Books of Histories_, 178.

Rivo Torto, St. Francis at, 369.

Robert I., 169, 177.

Robert the Strong, 168, 177.

Robert the Monk, version of Pope Urban's speech, 283-288.

Robert of Artois, connection with Hundred Years' War, 423.

Robertians, 168;
rivalry with Carolingians, 177.

Roger de Hoveden, 292.

Roger of Wendover, account of the winning of the Great Charter,
298-303, 404.

Roland, Song of, 236.

Rollo, receives Normandy from Charles the Simple, 172;
baptized, 172;
improvement of Normandy, 173.

Romans, conquest of Gaul by, 19;
travelers and traders in Germany, 23, 32;
defeat of Varus, 32;
put on the defensive, 32;
early contact with the Germans, 32-33;
alarmed by reports of Gothic restlessness, 35;
mistreat the Visigoths, 37;
defeated at Adrianople, 39-41;
withdraw garrisons from Britain, 68.

Roman Empire, filtration of Germans into, 33;
efforts to enlarge to the northward, 19, 32;
Visigoths desire to enter, 34;
Visigoths settle in, 36-37;
relation of Charlemagne's empire to, 131-132.

Romanus Diogenes, defeated at Manzikert, 282.

Rome, development of papacy at, 78-79;
Pepin the Short sends deputation to, 106;
Charlemagne's visits to, 111, 114;
Charlemagne crowned at, 130, 132-134;
plundered by the Saracens, 160.

Romulus Augustulus, 131.

Roncesvalles, Count Roland slain at, 236.

Rorik, leader of Northmen, 161.

Rouen, Odo, bishop of Bayeux, imprisoned at, 243.

Rudolph I., of Hapsburg, elected emperor, 409.

_Rudolfi Fuldensis Annales_, quoted, 156.

Rufinus, companion of St. Francis, 363.

Rule, of St. Francis, drawn up, 373-374;
quoted, 375-376.

Runnymede, Great Charter promulgated at, 303.

Rupert I., founds University of Heidelberg, 345.

_Sacrosancta_, decree of, 391.

St. Albans, 298.

St. Andrew, monastery of, established, 90.

St. Augustine, author of _De Civitate Dei_, 111.

St. Benedict, career of, 84;
service to European monasticism, 84;
Rule of, 84-90.

St. Bernard, times of, 250;
founds Clairvaux, 250;
biography of, 251;
birth and parentage, 251;
early traits, 252;
decides to become a monk, 252-253;
at Chatillon, 254;
enters Citeaux,254;
obtains ability to reap, 255;
piety and knowledge of Scriptures, 255-256;
goes forth from Citeaux, 256;
founds monastery at Clairvaux, 256-257.

St. Bonaventura, author of official life of St. Francis, 363.

Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, treaty of, 172.

St. David, 181.

St. Dionysius, 387.

St. Dominic, founder of Dominican order, 360.

St. Edmund's, magnates of England assemble at, 298.

St. Francis, early career, 362;
sources of information on, 362;
youthful follies, 364;
redeeming qualities, 364;
change in manner of life, 365-366;
zeal in charity, 366-367;
begs alms at Rome, 367;
overcomes aversion to lepers, 368;
refuses to dwell in an adorned cell, 369;
humiliates himself publicly, 370-371;
love for the larks, 371-372;
regard for all created things, 372-373;
draws up his Rule, 373-374;
the Rule quoted, 375;
the will of, 376-378;
attitude toward the existing Church, 375, 377-378;
enjoins poverty and labor, 377-379.

St. Germain des Pres, 165, 169.

St. Hilary, bishop of Poitiers, 56.

St. Jerome, translation of Scriptures, 193;
cited by Petrarch, 468.

St. Louis (see Louis IX.).

St. Marcellus, Church of, 212.

St. Martin (of Tours), career of, 48;
shrine of visited by pilgrims, 48;
Clovis's respect for, 55, 57;
church at Canterbury dedicated to, 77;
monastery at Tours dedicated to, 83;
church of burned by Northmen, 162, 167.

St. Peter, Christ's commission to, 79, 81.

St. Peter, Church of, Charlemagne's gifts to, 114;
Charlemagne crowned in, 133;
fortified, 161.

St. Quentin, Fulrad abbot of, 142;
Dudo, dean of, 165.

Savigny, granted as fief to bishop of Beauvais, 215.

Saisset, Bernard, offends Philip the Fair, 384.

Salerno, University of, 341.

Salic law, cited, 25;
date, 60;
character, 60;
editions and translation, 61;
monetary system in, 61;
summonses to meetings of the local courts, 61;
theft, 62;
robbery with assault, 63;
incendiarism, 63;
deeds of violence, 63;
use of poison or witchcraft, 64;
slander, 64;
trespass, 65;
homicide, 65;
right of migration, 66;
debt, 66;
inheritance, 66-67;
wergeld, 67.

Saracens, plunder Rome, 160;
Italian league against, 160;
renew devastation, 161;
in possession of the Holy Land, 282;
combats with crusaders, 292-296;
project to turn the Tartars against, 317;
operations against St. Louis, 318-322;
Frederick II. accused of friendly relations with, 405-407.

Saxon Chronicle, quoted, 241-244.

Saxons, conquer Britain while yet pagans, 49;
infest British coasts, 68;
appear at Thanet, 69;
called in by Britons, 69;
settlement in Britain, 70;
ally with Picts, 71;
conquest of Britain, 71-72;
pagan character, 72;
Christianization begun, 73-77;
in Charlemagne's day, 115-117;
problem of conquest, 115-116;
lack of natural frontier, 117;
faithlessness, 117;
transplanted in part to Gaul, 117;
Charlemagne's peace with, 118;
massacre at Verden, 117;
formula for acceptance of Christianity, 118;
Charlemagne's capitularies concerning, 118-123;
provisions for establishment of Christianity among, 120-122;
penalties for persistence in paganism, 122;
fugitive criminals, 123;
public assemblies, 123.

Scheldt River, 58.

Schism, Great, origin, 389-390;
plans of University of Paris to end, 391-392;
Councils of Pisa and Constance, 390-393;
stops proceedings against Wyclif, 475.

Schools (see Education).

Scots, menace the Britons, 68;
Saxons called in against, 69.

Scutage, increased by King John, 297;
method of raising specified in Great Charter, 306.

Scythia, 43.

Seine, Northmen on, 166, 168.

Seligenstadt, Einhard at, 109.

Selwood, Alfred at, 184.

Senlis, meeting of Frankish magnates at, 178.

Sens, given over to Northmen to plunder, 171.

Septimania, conquered by Childebert, 57.

Septuagint, 192.

Serfs, fugitive, 138.

Sergius II., 158.

Senlac (see Hastings).

Siegfred, leads siege of Paris, 168.

Siena, Council of, 395.

Sigibert the Lame, slain by son's agents, 57.

Sigismund, appealed to by John XXIII., 391.

Simony, 261;
Henry IV.'s councilors condemned for, 264.

Slander, in the Salic law, 64.

Slavery, among the early Germans, 31.

Slavs, location in Charlemagne's day, 330;
German encroachment upon, 331.

Sluys, naval battle of, 424-427.

Soana, Hildebrand born at, 261.

Soissons, capital of Syagrius's kingdom, 51;
Clovis defeats Syagrius at, 51;
episode of the broken vase, 51-52;
Pepin the Short anointed at, 107;
council at, 381.

_Solidus_, value, 61.

Spain, invaded by Northmen, 166.

Spanish March, annexed to Charlemagne's kingdom, 115.

_Speculum Perfectionis_ (by Brother Leo), quoted, 368-373.

Speyer, Henry IV. flees from, 274.

Stamford, English barons meet at, 300.

Stamford Bridge, Harold Hardrada defeated at, 234.

Stephen, abbot of Citeaux, 254.

Stephen III., crowns Pepin the Short, 106.

Stephen IX., 261.

Stephen of Blois, sketch of, 292;
letter to his wife, 292-296;
recounts experiences of crusaders, 293;
describes siege of Antioch, 293-296.

Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, 298, 299.

Strassburg, battle of won by Clovis, 49, 50, 53;
results, 53-54;
oaths of Charles and Louis at, 150, 152-154;
linguistic and historical significance, 150-151.

Strassfurt, Frankish assembly at, 142.

Students, privileges granted to by Frederick I., 341-343;
by Philip Augustus, 343-345;
itinerant character of, 351-352;
songs of, 353-359.

Subasio, Mount, St. Francis seeks seclusion at, 370.

Suetonius, 34;
as model for Einhard, 109.

Suevi, described by Caesar, 21.

Swanwich, Danes defeated at, 183.

Syagrius, "king of the Romans," 50-51;
defeated by Clovis at Soissons, 51;
takes refuge with Alaric, 51;
surrendered and put to death, 51.

Sylvester II. (Gerbert), 283.

Syria, overrun by Arabs, 282;
partially recovered, 282;
conquered by Seljuk Turks, 282;
described by Pope Urban, 286;
crusaders in, 293-296.

Tacitus, describes the Germans in his _Germania_, 23-31;
sources of information, 23;
object in writing, 23-24.

Tartary, Khan of, sends deputation to St. Louis, 316-317.

Taxation, not developed among the early Germans, 29.

Templars, in England, 299;
Turks attack, 319.

Tertullian, 72.

Tescelin, father of St. Bernard, 251.

Teutoberg Forest, Varus defeated at, 32.

_Teutones_, 32.

Thames, Danes appear on, 181.

Thanet, Saxons appear at, 69;
conceded to them by Vortigern, 70;
population, 75;
Augustine lands at, 75.

Theft, in the Salic law, 62;
Charlemagne's legislation on, 141.

Thiebault, count palatine of Troyes, grants fief to Jocelyn
d'Avalon, 216.

Thrace, selected as a haven by the Visigoths, 35;
conceded to them by Valens, 36.

Toulouges, Council of, decrees Peace and Truce of God, 229-232.

Toulouse, Visigothic capital, 51;
Syagrius takes refuge at, 51.

Tours, Gregory, bishop of, 47-48;
monastery and shrine of St. Martin at, 48;
Alaric and Clovis meet near, 55;
monastery at dedicated to St. Martin, 83;
truce of, 439.

Towns, lack of among the early Germans, 29;
prevalence in Graeco-Roman world, 29;
use of in France, 325;
origins of, 325-326;
classes of, 326-327;
charter of Laon, 327-328;
charter of Lorris, 328-330.

Trajan, wars in the Rhine country, 23.

Trespass, in the Salic law, 65.

Tribur, conference of German nobles at, 274-275.

_Trivium_, 145, 339.

Troyes, county of, 215.

Troyes, treaty of, negotiated, 440-441;
provisions of, 443.

Truce of God, decreed by church councils, 229;
decree of Council of Toulouges, 229-232;
reissued by Council of Clermont, 286.

Turks, Seljuk, invasions of, 282;
ravages depicted by Pope Urban, 285;
defeated by crusaders, 293;
attack the Templars, 318;
operations against St. Louis, 318-322.

_Unam Sanctam_, issued by Boniface VIII., 383-385;
quoted, 385-388.

Universities, origins of in Middle Ages, 339;
patronage of by Church and temporal powers, 340;
privileges granted to students by Frederick I., 341-343;
by Philip Augustus, 343-345;
rise in Germany, 345;
charter of Heidelberg, 345-350;
student songs, 351-359.

Unstrutt, Henry IV.'s victory at, 265.

Urban II., appealed to by Alexius Comnenus, 283;
speech at Clermont, 283-288;
appeal to the French, 284-285;
enumerates reasons for a crusade, 285-287;
results of speech, 287-288.

Urban VI., approves foundation of University of Heidelberg, 346;
elected pope, 389;
Wyclif's letter to, 475-477.

Valens, Visigoths send embassy to, 35;
flattered into acceding to their request, 36;
seeks to quell Visigothic uprising, 37-38;
rash resolve to attack, 38;
defeat, 41.

Valentinian I., 35.

Valentinian III., 69.

Varus, defeated at the Teutoberg Forest, 32.

Vassalage, origins, 204-205;
relations with _patrocinium_ and _comitatus_, 205;
commendation defined, 205;
formula for commendation, 205-206;
relation to benefice, 207;
obligations of, 220-221.

Vecta, 71.

Venice, treaty of, 399.

Verden, massacre of Saxons at, 117.

Verdun, treaty of, 154-156;
territorial division by, 155.

_Vicarius_, functions, 176.

Victgilsus, 71.

Vienna, University of, founded, 345.

Villages, among the early Germans, 30.

_Villes franches_, nature of, 326-327.

_Villes libres_, nature of, 326;
Laon as an example, 327-328.

Vincennes, 323.

Viscount, functions, 176.

Visigoths, invasion of the Roman Empire described by Ammianus
Marcellinus, 32-41;
receive Dacia from Aurelian, 33;
threatened by the Huns, 33;
select Thrace as a haven, 35;
send embassy to Valens, 35;
receive the desired permission, 36;
cross the Danube, 36-37;
terms of the settlement, 37;
mistreated by the Romans, 37;
rise in revolt, 37;
Valens resolves to attack, 38;
advance toward Nice, 38;
defeat the Romans at Adrianople, 39-41;
Alaric, king of, 51, 54-55;
defeated by Clovis, 56;
Amalaric, king of, retreats to Spain, 56;
new capital at Toledo, 56.

_Vita Caroli Magni_ (by Einhard), purpose, 109;
value, 109;
translation of, 109, 116;
quoted, 109-114, 116-118.

_Vitae Pontificorum Romanorum_, quoted, 133-134.

Vortigern, king of the Britons, 68;
invites Saxons into Britain, 69.

Vortimer, 71.

Vulcan, worshipped by the Germans, 21, 26.

Vouille, Clovis defeats Alaric at, 56.

Vulgate, 193;
origin of, 468.

Wager of battle, discouraged by the Church, 197.

Wales, Christianity in, 72.

Wardship, nature of, 224;
conditions of prescribed by Norman custom, 224-225;
conditions of defined in Great Charter, 306.

Warfare, of the early Germans, 22, 25-26, 28-29;
of the Huns, 45;
prevalence in feudal times, 228-229;
efforts to restrict, 229;
decline of feudal, 428.

Weapons, of the early Germans, 24;
of the Huns, 45.

Wedmore, treaty of, 185.

Wends, 158, 159, 160.

Werfrith, bishop of Worcester, 189;
Alfred's letter to, 191-194.

Wergeld, 65;
in the Salic law, 67, 141.

Werwulf, of Mercia, 190.

Westminster, William the Conqueror wears crown at, 242.

Widukind, account of Saxon conquest, 116.

William of Aquitaine, letter of Fulbert of Chartres to, 220-221.

William the Conqueror, power as duke of Normandy, 233;
claims to throne of England, 234;
prepares to invade England, 234;
makes ready for battle, 236;
his strategem at Hastings, 236-237;
his valor in battle, 237;
his government described in the Saxon Chronicle, 241-244;
religious zeal, 242;
extent of his authority, 243;
forest laws, 244.

William, count of Flanders, homage and fealty to, 218-219.

William of Holland, claimant to imperial title, 334.

William of Jumieges, 165.

William of Malmesbury, sketch of, 235;
author of _Chronicle of the Kings of England_, 235, 288.

William the Pious, issues charter for monastery at Cluny, 245;
motives for benefaction, 247;
land and other property ceded, 247-248.

William of St. Thierry, biographer of St. Bernard, 251, 258.

Wilton, Alfred fights the Danes at, 182.

Winchester, William the Conqueror wears crown at, 242;
King John holds court at, 299.

Witan, 194.

Witchcraft, in the Salic law, 64.

Woden, 26, 49, 50, 71, 72, 119, 197.

Worcester, Werfrith, bishop of, 189.

Worms, 154;
council at decrees that Gregory VII. should abdicate, 270;
diet at, 279;
Concordat of, 279-281;
Rhine League formed at, 335;
with Mainz, to be League's capital, 337;
jurisdiction of bishop of over University of Heidelberg, 348,
350.

Wyclif, career of, 474-475.

Zacharias, consulted by Pepin the Short, 106;
advises him to take title of king, 107.

Zaid, collects sayings of Mohammed, 97.

ESSENTIALS IN MEDIAEVAL AND MODERN HISTORY

From Charlemagne to the Present Day

By SAMUEL BANNISTER HARDING, Ph.D., Professor of European History, Indiana University, in consultation with ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, LL.D., Professor of History, Harvard University.

$1.50

Essentials in Mediaeval History $1.00

The difficulties usually encountered in treating mediaeval and modern history are here overcome by an easy and satisfactory method. By this plan Italy, France, Germany, and England are taken up in turn as each becomes the central figure on the world's stage. The first part of the book is devoted to the period previous to the Reformation; the second to modern history from the Reformation to the French Revolution; and the remainder to the century and a quarter since the occurrence of that great event. This arrangement gives an opportunity to discuss the greatness of England, the unification of Italy and of Germany, and the present organization of Europe under control of the concert of powers, on the same plane as the Crusades, or the Thirty Years' War, or the age of Louis XIV.

The three most difficult problems in mediaeval history--the feudal state, the church, and the rivalry between the empire and the church--are here discussed with great clearness and brevity. The central idea of the book is the development of the principle of national independence in both politics and religion from the earlier condition of a world empire.

For the convenience of those wishing a text-book on Mediaeval History alone, the period from Charlemagne to the close of the fifteenth century is issued in separate form.

FISHER'S BRIEF HISTORY OF THE NATIONS

By GEORGE PARK FISHER, LL.D., Emeritus Professor in Yale University

$1.50

This is an entirely independent work, written, expressly to meet the demand for a compact and acceptable text-book on General History for secondary schools and lower classes in colleges. Some of the distinctive qualities which will commend this book to teachers and students are as follows:

It narrates in fresh, vigorous, and attractive style the most important facts of history in their due order and connection. It explains the nature of historical evidence, and records only well established judgments respecting persons and events. It delineates the progress of peoples and nations in civilization as well as the rise and succession of dynasties.

It connects, in a single chain of narration, events related to each other in the contemporary history of different nations and countries. It is written from the standpoint of the present, and incorporates the latest discoveries of historical explorers and writers.

It is illustrated by numerous colored maps, genealogical tables, and artistic reproductions of architecture, sculpture, painting, and portraits of celebrated men, representing every period of the world's history.

FISHER'S OUTLINES OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY

Revised, $2.40

Also published in three parts, price, each, $1.00. Part I, Ancient History. Part II, Mediaeval History. Part III, Modern History.

A new and revised edition of this standard work. Soon after the publication of the first edition of this history the author was honored by the University of Edinburgh with the degree of Doctor of Laws, in recognition of his services in the cause of historical research. In this edition the book is brought fully up to date in all particulars.

ESSENTIALS IN ANCIENT HISTORY

From the Earliest Records to Charlemagne. By ARTHUR MAYER WOLFSON, Ph.D., First Assistant in History, DeWitt Clinton High School, New York. In consultation with ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, LL.D., Professor of History, Harvard University

$1.50

This volume belongs to the Essentials in History Series, which follows the plan recommended by the Committee of Seven, and adopted by the College Entrance Examination Board, and by the New York State Education Department. The pedagogic apparatus is amply sufficient for any secondary school.

The essentials in ancient history are presented as a unit, beginning with the earliest civilization in the East, and ending with the establishment of the Western Empire by Charlemagne. More attention is paid to civilization than to mere constitutional development, the latter being brought out in the narrative, rather than as a series of separate episodes.

A departure has been made from the time-honored method of carrying the subject down to the end of Greek political life before beginning the story of Rome. The history of the two civilizations is not entirely distinct; hence, it has seemed wise, after completing the account of the life and work of Alexander, to tell the story of the beginnings of Rome. Afterwards the history of the East is resumed, and carried on to the point where it merges into that of Rome. Should any teacher, however, prefer the old method of treating the two nations, he has only to take up Chapters XXIV and XXV before Chapters XVIII to XXIII. The Roman Empire, a very important but much neglected period of history, is brought out in its just proportions, and with reference to the events which had the greatest influence.

ESSENTIALS IN AMERICAN HISTORY

From the Discovery to the Present Day. By ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, LL.D., Professor of History, Harvard University

$1.50

Professor Hart was a member of the Committee of Seven, and consequently is exceptionally qualified to supervise the preparation of a series of text-books which carry out the ideas of that Committee. The needs of secondary schools, and the entrance requirements to all colleges, are fully met by the Essentials in History Series.

This volume reflects in an impressive manner the writer's broad grasp of the subject, his intimate knowledge of the relative importance of events, his keen insight into the cause and effect of each noteworthy occurrence, and his thorough familiarity with the most helpful pedagogical features--all of which make the work unusually well suited to students.

The purpose of the book is to present an adequate description of all essential things in the upbuilding of the country, and to supplement this by good illustrations and maps. Political geography, being the background of all historical knowledge, is made a special topic, while the development of government, foreign relations, the diplomatic adjustment of controversies, and social and economic conditions have been duly emphasized.

All sections of the Union, North, East, South, West, and Far West, have received fair treatment. Much attention is paid to the causes and results of our various wars, but only the most significant battles and campaigns have been described. The book aims to make distinct the character and public services of some great Americans, brief accounts of whose lives are given in special sections of the text. Towards the end a chapter sums up the services of America to mankind.

ESSENTIALS IN ENGLISH HISTORY

From the Earliest Records to the Present Day. By ALBERT PERRY WALKER, A.M., Master in History, English High School, Boston. In consultation with ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, LL.D., Professor of History, Harvard University

$1.50

Like the other volumes of the Essentials in History Series, this text-book is intended to form a year's work in secondary schools, following out the recommendation of the Committee of Seven, and meeting the requirements of the College Entrance Examination Board, and of the New York State Education Department. It contains the same general features, the same pedagogic apparatus, and the same topical method of treatment. The text is continuous, the sectional headings being placed in the margin. The maps and illustrations are worthy of special mention.

The book is a model of good historical exposition, unusually clear in expression, logical and coherent in arrangement, and accurate in statement. The essential facts in the development of the British Empire are vividly described, and the relation of cause and effect is clearly brought out.

The treatment begins with a brief survey of the whole course of English history, deducing therefrom three general movements: (1) the fusing of several races into the English people; (2) the solution by that people of two great problems: free and democratic home government, and practical, enlightened government of foreign dependencies; and (3) the extreme development of two great fields of industry, commerce and manufacture. The narrative follows the chronological order, and is full of matter which is as interesting as it is significant, ending with a masterly summary of England's contribution to civilization.

NINETEENTH CENTURY ENGLISH PROSE

Critical Essays

Edited with Introductions and Notes by THOMAS H. DICKINSON, Ph.D., and FREDERICK W. ROE, A.M., Assistant Professors of English, University of Wisconsin.

$1.00

This book for college classes presents a series of ten selected essays, which are intended to trace the development of English criticism in the nineteenth century. The choice of material has been influenced by something more than mere style. An underlying coherence in content, typical of the thought of the era in question, may be traced throughout. With but few exceptions the selections are given in their entirety.

The essays cover a definite period, and exhibit the individuality of each author's method of criticism. In each case they are those most typical of the author's critical principles, and at the same time representative of the critical tendencies of his age. The subject-matter provides interesting material for intensive study and class room discussion, and each essay is an example of excellent, though varying, style.

They represent not only the authors who write, but the authors who are treated. The essays provide the best things that have been said by England's critics on Swift, on Scott, on Macaulay, and on Emerson.

The introductions and notes provide the necessary biographical matter, suggestive points for the use of the teacher in stimulating discussion of the form or content of the essays, and such aids as will eliminate those matters of detail that might prove stumbling blocks to the student. Though the essays are in chronological order, they may be treated at random according to the purposes of the teacher.