Chapter LXXXIII: Section III: , p. 42 (2)

[662] _Hogg_ v. _Scott_ (1874), L. R., 18 Eq., at p. 455; _Morris_ v. _Ashbee_ (1868), L. R., 7 Eq., 34; _Rundell_ v. _Murray_ (1821), Jac., 311; _Saunders_ v. _Smith_ (1838), 3 My. and Cr., 711; _Platt_ v. _Button_ (1815), 19 Ves., 447; _Latour_ v. _Bland_ (1818), 2 Stark, 382; _Pitman_ v. _Hine_ (1884), 1 T. L. R., 39; _Weldon_ v. _Dicks_ (1878), 10 Ch. D., 247.

[663] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 5.

[664] _Reade_ v. _Conquest_ (1861), 9 C. B. (N. S.), 755; _Tinsley_ v. _Lacy_ (1863), 1 H. and M., 747.

[665] _Reade_ v. _Conquest_ (1863), 11 C. B. (N. S.), 479. _Schlesinger_ v. _Turner_ (1890), 63 L. T., 764.

[666] _Toole_ v. _Young_ (1874), L. R., 9 Q. B., 523.

[667] _Schlesinger_ v. _Bedford_ (1890), 63 L. T., 762.

[668] _Warne_ v. _Seebohm_ (1888), 39 Ch. D., 73.

[669] See _Clark_ v. _Bishop_ (1872), 25 L. T., 908.

[670] _Macklin_ v. _Richardson_ (1770), Amb., 694.

[671] See p. 215.

[672] (1882), 21 Ch. D., 232.

[673] _Macklin_ v. _Richardson_ (1770), Amb., 694.

[674] 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 15, sec. 1; 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, secs. 15, 2.

[675] (1820), 1 Jac. and W., 481.

[676] (1864), 17 C. B. (N. S.), 418, at p. 426.

[677] (1822) 5 B. and Ald., 657.

[678] (1774), 4 Burr., 2408.

[679] (1793), 5 T. R., 245; and see _dictum_ of Cockburn, C. J., in _Toole_ v. _Young_ (1874), L. R., 9 Q. B., at p. 527.

[680] See _supra_, p. 13.

[681] _Chatterton_ v. _Cave_ (1875), L. R., 10 C. P., 572; _Hatton_ v. _Kean_ (1859), 7 C. B. (N. S.), 268.

[682] _Reade_ v. _Conquest_ (1861), 9 C. B. (N. S.), 755; _Tinsley_ v. _Lacy_ (1863), 1 H. and M., 747; _Toole_ v. _Young_ (1874), L. R., 9 Q. B., 523; _Warne_ v. _Seebohm_ (1888), 39 Ch. D., 73.

[683] (1847), 3 C. B., 871.

[684] (1848), 12 Q. B., 217.

[685] (1872), 25 L. T., 908.

[686] (1883), 11 Q. B. D., 102.

[687] (1887), 3 T. L. R., 552.

[688] [1895], 2 Q. B., 429.

[689] (1848), 12 Q. B., 217.

[690] (1874). L. R., 9 Q. B., 523.

[691] (1848), 12 Q. B., 217.

[692] [1895], 2 Q. B., 429.

[693] (1848), 12 Q. B., 217.

[694] [1895], 2 Q. B., 429.

[695] See cases under the Dramatic Licensing Acts; _Day_ v. _Simpson_ (1865), 18 C. B. (N. S.), 680.

[696] See Stephen's "Digest," Art. 13 ("Report Copyright Commission," p. lxxii.).

[697] See _supra_, p. 121.

[698] The printing and publication of a dramatic piece as a book before public representation does not destroy the performing right as suggested in Stephen's "Digest," Art. 14 ("Report Copyright Commission," p. lxxiii.); _Chappell_ v. _Boosey_(1882), 21 Ch. D., 232.

[699] See _Boucicault_ v. _Chatterton_(1876), 5 Ch. D. 267.

[700] [1893], 2 Q. B., 308; and see also _Boucicault_ v. _Chatterton_(1876), 5 Ch. D., 267.

[701] _i. e._ the statute of Victoria.

[702] _i. e._ The International Copyright Acts.

[703] (1863), 1 H. and M., 597.

[704] (1876), 5 Ch. D., 267.

[705] Ibid.

[706] _Wood_ v. _Boosey_ (1867), L. R., 2 Q. B., 340.

[707] _Leader_ v. _Purday_ (1849), 7 C. B., 4; _Lover_ v. _Davidson_ (1856), 1 C. B. (N. S.), 182.

[708] _Russell_ v. _Smith_ (1848), 12 Q. B., 217; in _Hatton_ v. _Kean_(1859), 7 C. B. (N. S.), at p. 273, the plaintiff began to argue the question whether a non-dramatic musical composition was within the Act; but counsel for the defendant intimated that he would not rely on that point.

[709] _Wall_ v. _Taylor_ (1883), 11 Q. B. D., 102.

[710] See A. L. Smith, L. J., in _Fuller_ v. _Blackpool Winter Gardens_ [1895], 2 Q. B., 429.

[711] Ibid.

[712] Ibid.

[713] Ibid.

[714] Note that the form in the schedule provides for "name of publisher and place of publication."

[715] _i. e._ of the copyright and performing right if in the same hands. If in different hands the respective proprietors should be specified.

[716] _Russell_ v. _Smith_ (1848), 12 Q. B., 217; _Lacy_ v. _Rhys_ (1864), 33 L. J., Q. B., 157; _Clark_ v. _Bishop_ (1872), 25 L. T., 908.

[717] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 11.

[718] Ibid.

[719] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 12.

[720] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 13.

[721] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 20.

[722] (1848), 12 Q. B., 217.

[723] (1872), 25 L. T., 908.

[724] (1864), 33 L. J., Q. B., 157.

[725] See _Fairlie_ v. _Boosey_ (1879), 4 A. C., 711.

[726] _Wood_ v. _Boosey_ (1868), L. R., 3 Q. B., 223.

[727] _Shepherd_ v. _Conquest_ (1856), 17 C. B., 427; see _Cumberland_ v. _Copeland_ (1861), 7 H. and N., 118; (1862), 1 H. and C., 194.

[728] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, secs. 22, 20, 13.

[729] _Supra_, p. 77.

[730] _Shepherd_ v. _Conquest_ (1856), 17 C. B., 427; _Eaton_ v. _Lake_ (1888), 20 Q. B. D., 378.

[731] _Marsh_ v. _Conquest_ (1864), 17 C. B. (N. S.), 418.

[732] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 22.

[733] 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 15, sec. 2; _Power_ v. _Walker_ (1814), 3 M. and S., 7; _Leyland_ v. _Stewart_ (1876), 4 Ch. D., 419.

[734] _Marsh_ v. _Conquest_ (1864), 17 C. B. (N. S.), 418.

[735] _Marsh_ v. _Conquest_ (1864), 17 C. B. (M. S.), 418; _Lacy_ v. _Rhys_ (1864), 4 B. and S., 873.

[736] Ibid.

[737] _Ex parte Hutchins_ (1879), L. R., 4 Q. B. D., 483.

[738] L. R., 4 Q. B. D., 483.

[739] (1834), 1 Ad. and E., 580.

[740] See p. 128.

[741] See p. 74.

[742] _Holt_ v. _Woods_ (1896), 17 New South Wales R., Eq., 36; and see p. 81.

[743] (1847), 3 C. B., 871.

[744] (1848), 12 Q. B., 217.

[745] See _Shelly_ v. _Bethell_ (1883), 12 Q. B. D., 11.

[746] (1883), 11 Q. B. D., at p. 108.

[747] (1884), 13 Q. B. D., 843.

[748] And see _Novello_ v. _Sudlow_ (1852), 12 C. B., 177.

[749] Denman, C. J., in _Russell_ v. _Smith_ (1848), 12 Q. B., 217, at p. 236.

[750] (1878), 3 A. C., 483.

[751] (1837), 8 C. and P., 68.

[752] (1837), 4 Bing., N. C, 17.

[753] (1889), 5 T. L. R., 330.

[754] _Reade_ v. _Conquest_ (1862), 11 C. B. (N. S.), 479; _Schlesinger_ v. _Turner_ (1890), 63 L. T. (N. S.), 764.

[755] _Reichardt_ v. _Sapte_ [1893], 2 Q. B., 308; and see _Walter_ v. _Lane_ [1900], A. C., 539.

[756] _Supra_, p. 104.

[757] (1878), 3 A. C., at p. 501.

[758] (1831), 5 C. and P., 33.

[759] (1849), 8 C. B., 836.

[760] (1848), 12 Q. B., 217.

[761] (1863), 3 B. and S., 556; see this case and _Russell_ v. _Briant_, _supra_, approved by Byrne, J., in _Kelly's Directories_ v. _Gavin & Lloyds_ [1901], 1 Ch., 374:

[762] (1864), 17 C. B. (N. S.), 418.

[763] (1886), 2 T. L. R., 685; but see _Cole_ v. _Gear_(1888), 4 T. L. R., 246.

[764] (1831), 5 C. and P., 33.

[765] (1893), 9 T. L. R., 548.

[766] _Lee_ v. _Simpson_(1847), 3 C. B., 871, at p. 883.

[767] _Duck_ v. _Mayen_(1892), 8 T. L. R., 339.

[768] 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 15, sec. 2.

[769] _Supra_, p. 118.

[770] _Roberts_ v. _Bignell_(1887), 3 T. L. R., 552; _Eaton_ v. _Lake_(1888), 20 Q. B. D., 378.

[771] _Morton_ v. _Copeland_(1855), 16 C. B., 517.

[772] Ibid.

[773] _Powell_ v. _Head_(1879), 12 Ch. D., 686.

[774] (1835), 1 Y. and C. Ex., 288.

[775] (1883), 11 Q. B. D., 102.

[776] 51 & 52 Vict. c. 17, sec. 3. Wright, J., has held that a knowledge that the music contained the statutory notice reserving performing rights is not of itself sufficient evidence that the proprietor knew the performance to be unauthorised. _Moul_ v. _Coronet_, Nov. 30, 1901.

[777] Not a true "penalty," but in the nature of liquidated damages, _Adams_ v. _Batley_ (1887), 18 Q. B. D., 625; _Saunders_ v. _Will_ [1892], 2 Q. B., 18; see _Fitzbull_ v. _Brooke_ (1844), 2 D. and L., 477.

[778] See p. 86.

[779] 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 15, sec. 2, provided "double costs of suit." This was amended by 5 & 6 Vict. c. 97, sec. 2, to a "full and reasonable indemnity as to all costs, charges, and expenses." This probably means nothing more than ordinary party and party costs, _Reeve_ v. _Gibson_ [1891], 1 Q. B., 652; _Avery_ v. _Wood_ [1891], 3 Ch., 115; but it would seem that as the costs are given by statute they are not in the discretion of the Court, and must be awarded to a successful plaintiff, _Reeve_ v. _Gibson_ [1891], 1 Q. B., 652; _Hasker_ v. _Wood_ [1885], 54 L. J. Q. B., 419; Judicature Act, 1890, sec. 5. Sec. 2 of 5 & 6 Vict. c. 97 is repealed by the Public Authorities Protection Act in so far as that Act applies.

[780] 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 15, sec. 3.

[781] 51 & 52 Vict. c. 17, sec. 1; and see p. 86 as to mode of assessing.

[782] See p. 86.

[783] 51 & 52 Vict. c. 17, sec. 2; 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 15, sec. 2; 5 & 6 Vict. c. 96, sec. 2.

[784] 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 15, sec. 3.

[785] See _infra_.

[786] See p. 150. This is doubtful.

[787] See p. 150.

[788] See p. 151.

[789] See p. 152.

[790] See p. 152.

[791] See chapter on Colonial Copyright, p. 186.

[792] 2 Atk., 93.

[793] Amb., 264.

[794] 15 & 16 Vict. c. 12, sec. 14.

[795] _Per_ Best, C. J., in _Newton_ v. _Cowie_ (1827), 4 Bing., at p. 246.

[796] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 1.

[797] _Stannard_ v. _Lee_ (1871), L. R., 6 Ch., 346; 24 L. T. (N. S.), 459.

[798] 24 L. T. (N. S.), at p. 460.

[799] 19 W. R., at p. 617.

[800] (1871), 24 L. T. (N. S.), 570.

[801] (1871), L. R., 6 Ch., 346.

[802] _Bogue_ v. _Houlston_ (1852), 5 De G. and Sm., 267; _Maple_ v. _Junior Army and Navy Stores_ (1882), 21 Ch. D., 369; _Comyns_ v. _Hyde_ (1895), 43 W. R., 266; _Hildesheimer_ v. _Dunn_ (1891), 64 L. T. (N. S.), 452.

[803] _Page_ v. _Townsend_ (1832), 5 Sim., 395.

[804] Ibid.

[805] 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 8 (1); and see 7 & 8 Vict. c. 12, sec. 19.

[806] 7 Geo. II. c. 38.

[807] See p. 36.

[808] See p. 169.

[809] 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. 59, sec. 2; _Page_ v. _Townsend_ (1832), 5 Sim., 395.

[810] 7 Vict. c. 12, sec. 19; 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 8 (1).

[811] 8 Geo. II. c. 13.

[812] _Newton_ v. _Cowie_ (1827), 4 Bing., 234; _Brooks_ v. _Cock_ (1835), 3 Ad. and E., 138.

[813] _Thompson_ v. _Symonds_ (1792), 5 T. R., 41; _Harrison_ v. _Hogg_ (1794), 2 Ves., 322; _Newton_ v. _Cowie_ (1827), 4 Bing., 234; _Brooks_ v. _Cock_ (1835), 3 Ad. and E., 138; _Mackmurdo_ v. _Smith_ (1798), 7 T. R., 518.

[814] _Blackwell_ v. _Harper_ (1740), 2 Atk., 93; and see _Roworth_ v. _Wilkes_ (1807), 1 Camp., 94.

[815] (1792), 5 T. R., 41.

[816] _Blackwell_ v. _Harper_ (1740), 2 Atk., 93; _Graves_ v. _Ashford_ (1867), L. R., 2 C. P., 410.

[817] _Newton_ v. _Cowie_ (1827), 4 Bing., 234; _Thompson_ v. _Symonds_ (1792), 5 T. R., 41.

[818] Ibid.

[819] _Rock_ v. _Lazarus_ (1872), L. R., 15 Eq., 104.

[820] _Graves_ v. _Ashford_ (1867), L. R., 2 C. P., 410.

[821] _Baschet_ v. _London Illustrated Standard_ [1900], 1 Ch., 73; _Fores_ v. _Johnes_ (1802), 4 Esp., 97.

[822] 7 Geo. III. c. 38, sec. 7.

[823] _Donaldson_ v. _Beckett_ (1774), 2 Bro. P. C., 129.

[824] _Prince Albert_ v. _Strange_ (1849), 1 M'N. and G., 25; _West_ v. _Francis_ (1822), 5 B. and Ald., 737.

[825] 8 Geo. II. c. 13; 7 Geo. III. c. 38.

[826] _Stannard_ v. _Harrison_ (1871), 24 L. T. (N. S.), 570.

[827] See as to books, p. 73.

[828] _Thompson_ v. _Symonds_ (1792), 5 T. R., 41.

[829] 8 Geo. II. c. 13; 17 Geo. III. c. 57.

[830] _Thompson_ v. _Symonds_ (1792), 5 T. R., 41.

[831] 8 Geo. II. c. 13; 17 Geo. III. c. 57.

[832] See Assignment of Books, p. 77.

[833] Cf. _Cooper_ v. _Stephens_ [1895], 1 Ch., 567, a decision under the Copyright Act, 1842.

[834] _Marshall_ v. _Petty_ (1900), 17 T. L. R., 501; 8 Geo. II. c. 13, sec. 2.

[835] See as to books, p. 74.

[836] 8 Geo. II. c. 13; 17 Geo. III. c. 57. The above summary is the result of a careful comparison of these two Acts. As Sir James Stephen says in his "Digest": "They are inexpressibly puzzling and very cumbrous.... The sense escapes in a cloud of words." It is submitted, however, that there are more important distinctions between the two Acts than those noticed in the "Digest," and the above is an attempt to make them as clear as possible.

[837] 8 Geo. II. c. 13.

[838] Ibid.

[839] 17 Geo. III. c. 57.

[840] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, secs. 8 and 9.

[841] Ibid.

[842] 17 Geo. III. c. 57.

[843] 17 Geo. III. c. 57; but see _Martin_ v. _Wright_ (1833), 6 Sim., 297, contra.

[844] 17 Geo. III. c. 57.

[845] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, secs. 8 and 9.

[846] Ibid.

[847] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 8.

[848] _Gambart_ v. _Sumner_ (1859), 8 W. R., 27; 5 H. and N., 5; _West_ v. _Francis_ (1822), 5 B. and Ald., 737.

[849] 8 Geo. II. c. 13.

[850] 7 Geo. III. c. 38.

[851] _Graves_ v. _Mercer_ (1868), 16 W. R., 790.

[852] 8 Geo. II. c. 13; 7 Geo. III. c. 38.

[853] _Avery_ v. _Wood_ [1891], 3 Ch., 115.

[854] _Hasker_ v. _Wood_ (1885), 54 L. J., Q. B., 419; _Reeve_ v. _Gibson_ [1891], 1 Q. B., 652.

[855] But see _Martin_ v. _Wright_ (1833), 6 Sim., 297.

[856] 8 Geo. II. c. 13.

[857] 8 Geo. II. c. 13; 17 Geo. III. c. 57.

[858] _West_ v. _Francis_ (1822), 5 B. and Ald., 737; _Moore_ v. _Clarke_ (1842), 9 M. and W., 692.

[859] _West_ v. _Francis_ (1822), 5 B. and Ald., 737.

[860] _Graves_ v. _Ashford_ (1867), L. R., 2 C. P., 410; _Gambart_ v. _Ball_ (1863), 14 C. B. (N. S.), 306.

[861] _Dicks_ v. _Brooks_ (1880), 15 Ch. D., 22; _Gambart_ v. _Ball_ (1863), 14 C. B. (N. S.), 306.

[862] _Newton_ v. _Cowie_ (1827), 4 Bing. at p. 246; _De Berenger_ v. _Wheble_ (1819), 2 Stark., 548.

[863] _Dicks_ v. _Brooks_ (1880), 15 Ch. D., 22; _Gambart_ v. _Ball_ (1863), 14 C. B. (N. S.), 306.

[864] (1807), 1 Camp., at p. 98.

[865] (1833), 6 Sim., 297.

[866] No such statement could now be accepted as sound. See p. 112.

[867] (1880), 15 Ch. D., 22.

[868] 15 Ch. D., at p. 34.

[869] 15 Ch. D., at p. 37.

[870] See as to literary copyright, p. 112.

[871] _Murray_ v. _Heath_ (1831), 1 B. and Ad., 804.

[872] 8 Geo. II. c. 13; 17 Geo. III. c. 57.

[873] 8 Geo. II. c. 13.

[874] Cf. _Cooper_ v. _Stephens_ [1895], 1 Ch., 567, which is under 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, but on a claim for damages an injunction only would seem to be analogous; _Marshall_ v. _Petty_ (1900), 17 T. L. R., 501.

[875] See _infra_.

[876] See p. 162.

[877] See p. 162. This is doubtful.

[878] See p. 162.

[879] See p. 163.

[880] See p. 163.

[881] See chapter on Colonial Copyright, p. 186.

[882] 54 Geo. III. c. 56, sec. 1.

[883] _Caproni_ v. _Alberti_ (1892), 40 W. R., 235.

[884] _Britain_ v. _Hanks_, Wright, J., April 15, 1902.

[885] 54 Geo. III. c. 56, sec. 1.

[886] 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 8 (1).

[887] 7 & 8 Vict. c. 12, sec. 19.

[888] 10 Ir. R. Ch., at p. 516, per Brady, L. Ch. I.

[889] _Turner_ v. _Robinson_ (1860), 10 Ir. R. Ch., 121, 510.

[890] See _supra_, p. 42.

[891] 54 Geo. III. c. 56.

[892] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45.

[893] 54 Geo. III. c. 56, sec. 1.

[894] As to work done by partner of a firm, see _Britain_ v. _Hanks_, April 15, 1902.

[895] See p. 151.

[896] 38 Geo. III. c. 71.

[897] Viz., 38 Geo. III. c. 71, and 54 Geo. III. c. 56.

[898] _Britain_ v. _Hanks_, April 15, 1902.

[899] See p. 46.

[900] See p. 174.

[901] See p. 152.

[902] 54 Geo. III. c. 56, secs. 1 and 2.

[903] Ibid.

[904] 54 Geo. III. c. 56, sec. 6; cf. _Carnan_ v. _Bowles_ (1786), 2 Bro. C. C., 8o; _Rundell_ v. _Murray_ (1821), Jac., 311.

[905] 54 Geo. III. c. 56, sec. 4; cf. 8 Anne c. 19, sec. 1, and _Davidson_ v. _Bohn_ (1848), 6 C. B., 456; _Power_ v. _Walker_ (1814), 3 M. and S., 7; _Jefferys_ v. _Boosey_ (1854), 4 H. L. Cas., 815.

[906] 54 Geo. III. c. 56, sec. 4.

[907] Ibid.

[908] The Sculpture Act gives "double costs," but 5 & 6 Vict. c. 97, sec. 2, substitutes "a full and reasonable indemnity." See p. 144, _note_ 4. This probably means costs in the ordinary sense; but the plaintiff is entitled to them as of right and not as a matter of discretion under the Rules of the Supreme Court.

[909] 54 Geo. III. c. 56, sec. 3.

[910] See _infra_.

[911] See p. 168.

[912] See p. 170.

[913] See p. 171.

[914] See p. 174.

[915] See p. 174.

[916] See chapter on Colonial Copyright, p. 186.

[917] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 1.

[918] _Hanfstaengl_ v. _Empire Palace_ [1894], 2 Ch., 1.

[919] _Graves'_ case (1869), L. R., 4 Q. B., 715.

[920] See the cases as to new editions of books.

[921] _Kenrick_ v. _Lawrence_ (1890), 25 Q. B. D., 99.

[922] _Farina_ v. _Silverlock_ (1858), 4 K. and J., 650. This case is hardly an authority, as it was decided when published paintings and drawings were unprotected; but it is submitted that even under the Act of 1862 a label of this kind would not be protected.

[923] (1860), 10 Ir. Ch., 121, 510.

[924] (1860), 10 Ir. Ch., 121.

[925] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 1; see _Geissendorfer_ v. _Mendelssohn_ (1896), 13 T. L. R., 91.

[926] See _Nottage_ v. _Jackson_ (1883), 11 Q. B. D., 627.

[927] _Petty_ v. _Taylor_ [1897], 1 Ch., 465.

[928] Ibid.

[929] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 4.

[930] _Tuck & Sons_ v. _Priester_ (1887), 19 Q. B. D., 629; _Pollard_ v. _Photo. Co._ (1888), 40 Ch. D., 345.

[931] _Turner_ v. _Robinson_ (1860), 10 Ir. Ch., 121, 510; _Prince Albert_ v. _Strange_ (1849), 1 M'N. and G., at p. 42; _West_ v. _Francis_ (1822), 5 B. and Ald., 737.

[932] _Tuck & Sons_ v. _Priester_ (1887), 19 Q. B. D., 629; _Tuck_ v. _Continental_ (1887), 3 T. L. R., 826.

[933] Ibid.

[934] _London Printing_ v. _Cox_ [1891], 3 Ch., 291; _Dupuy_ v. _Dilkes_ (1879), W. N., 145; 48 L. J. Ch., 682.

[935] _London Printing_ v. _Cox_ [1891], 3 Ch., 291.

[936] _Dupuy_ v. _Dilkes_ (1879), W. N., 145; 48 L. J. Ch., 682.

[937] _Graves'_ case (1869), L. R., 4 Q. B., 715.

[938] _Ex parte Walker_ (1869), 17 W. R., 1018; 10 B. and S., 680.

[939] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 4.

[940] _Ex parte Beal_ (1868), L. R., 3 Q. B., 387; 9 B. and G., 395.

[941] Blackburn, J., 9 B. and S., at p. 398. The headnote in _ex parte Walker_ (1869), 10 B. and S., 680, "That the description 'A Piper and a Pair of Nut-crackers' was sufficient for the purpose of sec. 6," is erroneous, the point being left undecided.

[942] _Baschet_ v. _London Illustrated Standard_ [1900], 1 Ch., 73; _Fores_ v. _Johnes_ (1802), 4 Esp., 97; see _Du Bost_ v. _Beresford_ (1810), 2 Camp., 511.

[943] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 1.

[944] Ibid.

[945] 7 Vict. c. 12, sec. 19.

[946] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 1.

[947] _Nottage_ v. _Jackson_ (1883), 11 Q. B. D., 627; _Wooderson_ v. _Tuck_ (1887), 4. T. L. R., 57; _Melville_ v. _Mirror of Life_ [1895], 2 Ch., 531; _Kenrick_ v. _Lawrence_ [1890], 25 Q. B. D., 99.

[948] _Nottage_ v. _Jackson_ (1883), 11 Q. B. D., 627; _Kenrick_ v. _Lawrence_ [1890], 25 Q. B. D., 99.

[949] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 1; _Kenrick_ v. _Lawrence_ (1890), 25 Q. B. D., 99; _Levi_ v. _Champion_ (1887), 3 T. L. R., 286.

[950] _Wooderson_ v. _Tuck_ (1887), 4 T. L. R., 57.

[951] _Melville_ v. _Mirror of Life_ [1895], 2 Ch., 531; _Ellis_ v. _Marshall_ (1895), 11 T. L. R., 522; _Ellis_ v. _Ogden_(1894), 11 T. L. R., 50.

[952] _Melville_ v. _Mirror of Life_ [1895] 2 Ch., 531; _Ellis_ v. _Marshall_ (1895), 11 T. L. R., 522.

[953] _Ellis_ v. _Ogden_ (1894), 11 T. L. R., 50.

[954] _Melville_ v. _Mirror of Life_ [1895], 2 Ch., 531; _Ellis_ v. _Ogden_ (1894), 11 T. L. R., 50.

[955] _Petty_ v. _Taylor_ [1897], 1 Ch., 465.

[956] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 3.

[957] _Troitzsch_ v. _Rees_ (1887), 3 T. L. R., 773; and see _Graves'_ case (1869), L. R., 4 Q. B., 715.

[958] See p. 172 as to registration.

[959] _London Printing and Publishing Alliance_ v. _Cox_ [1891], 3 Ch., 291.

[960] See assignment of literary copyright, p. 78.

[961] See as to partial assignment of literary copyright, p. 80.

[962] (1880), 13 Ch. D., 872.

[963] _Tuck_ v. _Canton_ (1882), 51 L. J., Q. B., 363.

[964] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 2.

[965] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 6.

[966] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, secs. 6, 8, 9, 11.

[967] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 6. These penalties are not a civil debt, but in the nature of a fine for a criminal offence; _ex parte Graves_ (1868), L. R., 3 Ch., 642.

[968] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 6.

[969] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 9.

[970] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 11.

[971] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 9.

[972] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 8.

[973] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 11.

[974] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 9.

[975] Ibid.

[976] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 10.

[977] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 11.

[978] (1898), 14 T. L. R.

[979] [1900], 1 Ch., 73.

[980] _Tuck_ v. _Priester_ (1887), 14 Q. B. D., 629.

[981] Ibid.

[982] Ibid.

[983] _Ex parte Beal_ (1868), L. R., 3 Q. B., 387; _Hildesheimer_ v. _Faulkner_ [1901], 2 Ch., 552.

[984] (1868), 9 B. and S., 395.

[985] 9 B. and S., at p. 402.

[986] _Ellis_ v. _Marshall_ (1895),64 L. J., Q. B., 757; _Baschet_ v. _London Illustrated_ [1900], 1 Ch., 73; _Nicholls_ v. _Parker_ (1901), 17 T. L. R., 482; _Green_ v. _Irish Independent_ [1899], 1 I. R., 386.

[987] [1901], 2 Ch., 552.

[988] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 6.

[989] _Tuck_ v. _Priester_ (1887), 19 Q. B. D., 629; _Murray_ v. _Heath_ (1831), 1 B. and Ad., 804; _Mayall_ v. _Higbey_ (1862), 1 H. and C, 148.

[990] _Pollard_ v. _Photo. Co._ (1888), 4 Ch. D., 345.

[991] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 7.

[992] This offence does not constitute forgery, because a forgery must be a document, and a picture is not a document; _Reg_ v. _Closs_ (1857), 6 W. R., 109.

[993] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 7.

[994] 16 Jac. 1., c. 16, sec. 3.

[995] _Lucas_ v. _Williams_ [1892], 2 Q. B., 113.

[996] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 2.

[997] _Ex parte Beal_ (1868), 3 Q. B., 387.

[998] _Bolton_ v. _Aldin_ (1895), 65 L. J., Q. B., 120.

[999] But see _Hanfstaengl_ v. _Baines_ [1895], A. C., 20; _Hanfstaengl_ v. _Empire Palace_ [1894], 2 Ch., 1; [1894], 3 Ch., 109.

[1000] _Graves'_ case (1869), L. R., 4 Q. B., 715; cf. the case of the photograph of an engraving, _Gambart_ v. _Ball_ (1863), 14 C. B. (N. S.), 306; _Graves_ v. _Ashford_ (1867), L. R., 2 C. P., 410.

[1001] [1894], 2 Ch. 1.

[1002] [1895], A. C., 20.

[1003] (1896), 12 T. L. R., 491.

[1004] (1842), 9 M. & W., 692.

[1005] (1897), 45 W. R., 476; see also _West_ v. _Francis_ (1822), 5 B. and Ald., 737; _London Stereo_ v. _Kelly_ (1888), 5 T. L. R., 169; _Bolton_ v. _London Exhibitions_ (1898), 14 T. L. R., 550.

[1006] _Hanfstaengl_ v. _Baines_ [1895], A. C., 20; _ex parte Beal_ (1868), L. R., 3 Q. B., 387; _Turner_ v. _Robinson_ (1860), 10 Ir. Ch., 121, 510.

[1007] _Ex parte Beal_ (1868), L. R., 3 Q. B., 387.

[1008] _Brooks_ v. _Religious Tract Society_ (1897), 45 W. R., 476; _West_ v. _Francis_ (1822), 5 B. and Ald., 737.

[1009] _Hanfstaengl_ v. _Empire Palace_ [1894], 3 Ch., 109.

[1010] 25 & 26 Vict., sec. 3.

[1011] 25 & 26 Vict., sec. 6.

[1012] _London Printing and Pub. All._ v. _Cox_ [1891], 3 Ch., 291.

[1013] _Nicholls_ v. _Parker_ (1901), 17 T. L. R., 482; and see _Guggenheim_ v. _Leng_ (1896), 12 T. L. R., 491.

[1014] 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 8 (4).

[1015] The following colonies have local legislation: India, Ceylon, Canada, the Australian Colonies, New Zealand, Cape of Good Hope, Natal, Hong Kong, Tasmania, Newfoundland.

[1016] Australian Colonies, Tasmania, Cape of Good Hope, Natal, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Ceylon. The period of protection in foreign telegrams varies from 24 to 120 hours in the respective colonies.

[1017] 10 & 11 Vict. c. 95, usually known as the Foreign Reprints Act.

[1018] The following are the colonies now under the provisions of the Foreign Reprints Act, 1847. The dates are of the respective Orders in Council. Bermuda, February 13, 1849; Bahamas, May 21, 1849; Newfoundland, July 30, 1849; St. Christopher, November 6, 1849; Antigua, June 19, 1850; St. Lucia, November 13, 1850; British Guiana, October 23, 1851; Mauritius, April 1, 1853; Grenada, December 29, 1853; Nevis, March 10, 1855; Cape of Good Hope, March 10, 1855; Natal, May 16, 1857; Jamaica, April 23, 1859; Trinidad, March 17, 1875; Barbados, August 15, 1890; St. Vincent, August 26, 1881.

[1019] 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 8.

[1020] The following colonies have provided a system of registration: Canada, New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia, Queensland, South Australia, Natal, Cape of Good Hope.

[1021] Printed as a schedule to 38 & 39 Vict. c. 53.

[1022] 39 & 40 Vict. c. 36, sec. 152.

[1023] 38 & 39 Vict. c. 53.

[1024] 10 & 11 Vict. c. 95.

[1025] 57 & 58 Vict. (Canada), c. 33.

[1026] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 17.

[1027] _Morang_ v. _Publishers_ (1900), 32 Ont. Rep., 393.

[1028] 63 & 64 Vict. (Canada), c. 25, known as the Fisher Act.

[1029] (1876), 1 Tupp. App. Rep., 436.

[1030] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 17; 39 & 40 Vict. c. 36, sec. 152.

[1031] 38 & 39 Vict. c. 53, sec. 4.

[1032] The type need not be set in Canada; _Frowde_ v. _Parish_ (1896), 27 Ont. Rep., 526.

[1033] 38 & 39 Vict. c. 53, schedule, sec. 15.

[1034] _Anglo-Canadian_ v. _Suckling_ (1889), 17 Ont. Rep., 239.

[1035] 63 & 64 Vict. (Canada), c. 25.

[1036] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 17.

[1037] See p. 146, _supra_.

[1038] See p. 167, _supra_.

[1039] See p. 161, _supra_.

[1040] _Graves_ v. _Gorrie_ (1900), 32 Ont. Rep., 266.

[1041] See p. 194, _infra_.

[1042] _Morocco Bound Syndicate_ v. _Harris_ [1895], 1 Ch., 534.

[1043] 7 & 8 Vict. c. 12, sec. 19; _Boucicault_ v. _Delafield_ (1863), 1 H. and M., 597.

[1044] 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 11.

[1045] See p. 129.

[1046] Berne Convention, Arts. 2, 14; 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 2 (3); Order in Council, Nov. 28, 1887, sec. 3.

[1047] _Hanfstaengl_ v. _Empire Palace_ [1894], 3 Ch., 109.

[1048] Additional Act of Paris, Art. I. 1; Berne Convention, Art. 13.

[1049] _Hanfstaengl_ v. _Empire Palace_, _ubi supra._

[1050] Additional Act of Paris, Art. I. 1.

[1051] Berne Convention, Art. 13.

[1052] Additional Act of Paris, I. 1.

[1053] Berne Convention, Art. 6; 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 5 (3).

[1054] Additional Act of Paris, II. 1.

[1055] _i. e._ works delineating the steps in a dance or ballet. Berne Convention, Final Protocol (2).

[1056] 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 6.

[1057] See also Berne Convention, Final Protocol (4); Order in Council, Nov. 28, 1887, sec. 3; Additional Act of Paris, Art. II. 2.

[1058] _Lauri_ v. _Renad_ [1892], 3 Ch., 402.

[1059] _Hanfstaengl_ v. _Holloway_ [1893], 2 Q. B., 1.

[1060] [1892], 3 Ch., 402.

[1061] Berne Convention, Art. 2; 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 2 (3).

[1062] 7 & 8 Vict. c. 12, sec. 6; 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 4; Order in Council, Nov. 28, 1887; _Hanfstaengl_ v. _American Tobacco Co._ [1895], 1 Q. B., 347.

[1063] Berne Convention, Art. 9.

[1064] 8 Geo. II. c. 13.

[1065] 54 Geo. III. c. 56.

[1066] 7 & 8 Vict. c. 12, sec. 6.

[1067] 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 4.

[1068] November 28, 1887.

[1069] [1891], 2 Ch., 371.

[1070] 7 & 8 Vict. c. 12, sec. 6.

[1071] Berne Convention, Art. 1.

[1072] 7 & 8 Vict. c. 12, secs. 3, 4, 5.

[1073] [1893], 2 Q. B., 1.

[1074] [1895], 1 Q. B., 347.

[1075] [1891], 2 Ch., 371.

[1076] [1895], 1 Q. B., 347.

[1077] [1891], 2 Ch., 371.

[1078] (1854), 10 Ex., 203; and see _Cassell_ v. _Stiff_ (1856), 2 K. and J., 279.

[1079] Scrutton on "Copyright," 3rd ed., p. 213.

[1080] Additional Act of Paris, 1896, Art. II.

[1081] Berne Convention, Art. 11.

[1082] Ibid.

[1083] 49 & 50 Vict. sec. 7.

[1084] Additional Act of Paris, Art. I. 1; Order in Council, November 28, 1887, sec. 3; 7 & 8 Vict. c. 12, secs, 2, 3, 4; 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 9.

[1085] Berne Convention, Art. 2; Order in Council, November 28, 1887, sec. 3; 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 2 (3).

[1086] See also Revenue Act, 1887.

[1087] _Pitt Pitts_ v. _George_ [1896], 2 Ch., 866.

[1088] [1900], 1 Ch., 73.

[1089] 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 9.

[1090] See _Cassell_ v. _Stiff_ (1856), 2 K. and J., 279.

[1091] _Per_ A. L. Smith, J., in _Moul_ v. _Groenings_ [1891], 2 Q. B., 443.

[1092] _Per_ A. L. Smith, J., in _Moul_ v. _Groenings_ [1891], 2 Q. B., 443.

[1093] _Schauer_ v. _Field_ [1893], 1 Ch., 35; _Hanfstaengl_ v. _Holloway_ [1893], 2 Q. B., 1.

[1094] _Schauer_ v. _Field_ [1893], 1 Ch., 35.

[1095] _Per_ A. L. Smith, J., in _Moul_ v. _Groenings_ [1891], 2 Q. B., 443; but see _Hanfstaengl_ v. _Holloway_ [1893], 2 Q. B., 1.

[1096] 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 5 (1); Additional Act of Paris, Art. I. 3.

[1097] Berne Convention, Art. 5; _cf._ 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 2.

[1098] Berne Convention, Art. 5.

[1099] _Wood_ v. _Chart_ (1870), 10 Eq., 193; _Lauri_ v. _Renad_ [1892], 3 Ch., Kekewich, J., at p. 414.

[1100] _Per_ Sir W. M. James, V. C., in _Wood_ v. _Chart_.

[1101] 15 Vict. c. 12, sec. 7; 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 5 (4); Additional Act of Paris, Art. I. 4.

[1102] Additional Act of Paris, II. 1.

[1103] Berne Convention, Art. 9.

[1104] 15 Vict. c. 12, sec. 6; 38 and 39 Vict. c. 12, sec. 1; Order in Council, Nov. 28, 1887, sec. 6.

[1105] _Donaldson_ v. _Becket_ (1774), 2 Bro. P. C., 129; and see _Millar_ v. _Taylor_ (1769), 4 Burr., 2303; _Tonson_ v. _Collins_ (1760), 1 W. Black., 301, 321.

[1106] See _Cox_ v. _Land and Water_ (1869), L. R., 9 Eq., 324; _Reade_ v. _Conquest_ (1861), 9 C. B. (N. S.), 755; _Jefferys_ v. _Boosey_ (1854), 4 H. L. C., 815.

[1107] _Beckford_ v. _Hood_ (1798), 7 T. R., 620.

[1108] _Platt_ v. _Walter_ (1867), 17 L. T. (N. S.), 157.

[1109] See cases cited in arguments in _Tonson_ v. _Collins_ (1760), 1 W. Black., 301, 321; _Donaldson_ v. _Beckett_ (1774), 2 Bro. P. C., p. 138; _Millar_ v. _Taylor_ (1769), 4 Burr., 2303; Lord St. Leonards in _Jefferys_ v. _Boosey_ (1854), 4 H. L. C., at p. 979.

[1110] _Maxwell_ v. _Hogg_ (1867), L. R., 2 Ch., 307.

[1111] _Kelly_ v. _Hutton_ (1868), L. R., 3 Ch., 703.

[1112] _Dicks_ v. _Yates_ (1881), 18 Ch. D., 76.

[1113] _Licensed Victuallers_ v. _Bingham_ (1888), 38 Ch. D., 139.

[1114] _Kelly_ v. _Byles_ (1879), 40 L. T. (N. S.), 623.

[1115] _Mack_ v. _Petter_ (1872), L. R., 14 Eq., 431.

[1116] _Weldon_ v. _Dicks_ (1878), 10 Ch. D., 247.

[1117] _Dicks_ v. _Yates_ (1881), 18 Ch. D., 76.

[1118] 18 Ch. D., at p. 89.

[1119] _Borthwick_ v. _The Evening Post_ (1888), 37 Ch. D., 449; _Bradbury_ v. _Beeton_ (1869), 39 L. J. Ch., 57; _Clement_ v. _Maddick_ (1859), 1 Giff., 98.

[1120] _Kelly_ v. _Hutton_ (1868), L. R., 3 Ch., 703; _Ward_ v. _Beeton_ (1874), L. R., 19 Eq., 207.

[1121] _Bradbury_ v. _Dickens_ (1859), 27 Beav., 53.

[1122] (1885), 54 L. J. Ch., 1059.

[1123] _Maxwell_ v. _Hogg_ (1867), L. R., 2 Ch., 307; _Licensed Victuallers_ v. _Bingham_ (1888), 38 Ch. D.; _Correspondent News_ v. _Saunders_ (1865), 11 Jur. (N. S.), 540.

[1124] _Maxwell_ v. _Hogg_ (1867), L. R., 2 Ch., 307.

[1125] _Schove_ v. _Schmincké_ (1886), 33 Ch. D., 546.

[1126] _Talbot_ v. _Judges_ (1887), 3 T. L. R., 398.

[1127] _Maxwell_ v. _Hogg_ (1867), L. R., 2 Ch., 307.

[1128] _Prowett_ v. _Mortimer_ (1856), 2 Jur. (N. S.), 414.

[1129] _Borthwick_ v. _Evening Post_ (1888), 37 Ch. D., 449; _Clement_ v. _Maddick_ (1859), 1 Giff., 98.

[1130] _Bradbury_ v. _Beeton_ (1869), 39 L. J. Ch., 57.

[1131] (1803), 8 Ves., 215.

[1132] (1824), 3 Sh., 215.

[1133] (1855), 2 K. and J., 117.

[1134] (1855), 2 K. and J., 123.

[1135] (1856), 2 Jur. (N. S.), 414.

[1136] (1859), 1 Giff., 98.

[1137] (1859), 5 Jur. (N. S.), 947.

[1138] (1870), W. N., 268.

[1139] (1873), W. N., 93.

[1140] (1878), 8 Ch. D., 606.

[1141] (1846), 2 Phillips, 154.

[1142] (1857), 3 K. and J., 708.

[1143] (1869), 39 L. J. Ch., 57.

[1144] (1879), 40 L. T. (N. S.), 623.

[1145] (1881), 18 Ch. D., 76.

[1146] (1882), 46 L. T. (N. S.), 897.

[1147] (1885), 54 L. J. Ch., 1059.

[1148] (1888), 37 Ch. D., 449.

[1149] _Hogg_ v. _Kirby_ (1803), 8 Ves., 215.

[1150] _Seeley_ v. _Fisher_ (1841), 11 Sim., 581.

[1151] _Carr_ v. _Hood_ (1808), 1 Camp., 354 _n._

[1152] _Martin_ v. _Wright_ (1833), 6 Sim., 297.

[1153] _Dicks_ v. _Brooks_ (1880), 15 Ch. D., 22; _Ward_ v. _Beeton_ (1874), L. R., 19 Eq., 207; _Seeley_ v. _Fisher_ (1841), 11 Sim., 581.

[1154] _Archbold_ v. _Sweet_ (1832), 5 C. and P., 219.

[1155] (1853), 1 W. R., 345, 11 Hare, 118.

[1156] _Clark_ v. _Freeman_ (1848), 11 Beav., 112.

[1157] (1832), 5 C. and P., 219.

[1158] _The Law Times_, September 28, 1889.

[1159] (1892), 8 T. L. R., 773.

[1160] _Byron_ v. _Johnston_ (1816), 2 Meriv., 29.

[1161] (1820), 1 Jac. and W., 394.

[1162] (1849), 2 De G. and Sm., 652.

[1163] (1874), 43 L. J. Ch., 661.

[1164] _Lamb_ v. _Evans_ [1893], 1 Ch., 218.

[1165] [1892], 2 Ch., 518.

[1166] (1895), 11 T. L. R., 515.

[1167] [1895], 2 Q. B., 315.

[1168] (1894), 11 T. L. R., 4.

[1169] See _Jefferys_ v. _Boosey_ (1854), 4 H. L. C., 815, _per_ Lord Brougham.

[1170] (1843), 2 Hare, 383, at p. 393.

[1171] (1825), 3 L. J. (O. S.) Ch., 209.

[1172] (1849), 2 De G. and Sm., 652.

[1173] [1897], 2 Ch., 48. _Exchange Telegraph_ v. _Gregory_ [1896], 1 Q. B., 147.

[1174] _Abernethy_ v. _Hutchinson_ (1825), 3 L. J. (O. S.), Ch., 209; _Prince Albert_ v. _Strange_ (1849), 1 M'N. and G., at p. 45.

[1175] _Bridgman_ v. _Green_ (1755), 2 Ves. Sen., 627, Wilmot's cases, 58.

[1176] _Morison_ v. _Moat_ (1851), 9 Hare, 241.

[1177] _Barfield_ v. _Nicholson_ (1824), 2 Sim. and Stu., 1.

[1178] _Tuck & Sons_ v. _Priester_ (1887), 19 Q. B. D., 629; _Pollard_ v. _Photo. Co._ (1888), 40 Ch. D., 345.

[1179] (1887), 12 A. C., at p. 337.

[1180] (1774), 2 Bro. P. C., 129; 4 Burr., 2408; _Millar_ v. _Taylor_ (1769), 4 Burr., 2303; _Forrester_ v. _Walker_ (1741), 4 Burr., 2331; _Duke of Queensberry_ v. _Shebbeare_ (1758), 2 Ed., Cha. Cas., 329; 4 Burr., 2330; _Webb_ v. _Rose_ (1732), Amb. 694; _Pope_ v. _Curl_ (1741), 2 Atk., 342.

[1181] (1849), 1 M'N. and G., 25.

[1182] _Millar_ v. _Taylor_, Yates, J., 4 Burr, at p. 2379; and see _Tonson_ v. _Walker_ (1752), 3 Swanst., 672; _Prince Albert_ v. _Strange_ (1849), 2 De G. and Sm., 652, at p. 691, 3.

[1183] 2 De G. and Sm., p. 693.

[1184] 2 De G. and Sm., at p. 697.

[1185] (1769), 4 Burr., 2303, at p. 2379.

[1186] _Jefferys_ v. _Boosey_ (1854), 4 H. L. C., 815; _Caird_ v. _Sime_ (1887), 12 A. C., at p. 343.

[1187] _Abernethy_ v. _Hutchinson_ (1825), 3 L. J. (O. S.), Ch., 209. See p. 37, _supra_.

[1188] (1770), Amb., 694.

[1189] (1825), 3 L. J. (O. S.), Ch., 209.

[1190] (1884), 26 Ch. D., 374.

[1191] (1887), 12 A. C., 326.

[1192] See _Pope_ v. _Curl_ (1741), 2 Atk., 342.

[1193] 12 A. C., at p. 338.

[1194] _Prince Albert_ v. _Strange_ (1849), 1 M'N. and G., 25; and see _Mayall_ v. _Higbey_ (1862), 1 H. and C., 148.

[1195] _Southey_ v. _Sherwood_ (1817), 2 Mer., 435.

[1196] _Southey_ v. _Sherwood_ (1817), 2 Mer., 435; and see cases as to publication of private letters, p. 225.

[1197] _Prince Albert_ v. _Strange_ (1849), 2 De G. and Sm., at p. 697.

[1198] _Southey_ v. _Sherwood_ (1817), 2 Mer., 435.

[1199] _Prince Albert_ v. _Strange_ (1849), 2 De G. and Sm., at p. 688.

[1200] (1825), 3 L. J. (O. S.). Ch., 209.

[1201] (1884), 26 Ch. D., 374.

[1202] (1825), 3 L. J. (O. S.), Ch., 209.

[1203] See p. 57, _supra_.

[1204] _Perceval_ v. _Phipps_ (1813), 2 V. and B., 19.

[1205] _Pope_ v. _Curl_ (1741), 2 Atk., 342; _Thompson_ v. _Stanhope_ (1774), Amb., 737; _Granard_ v. _Dunkin_ (1809), 1 Ball and B., 207; _Gee_ v. _Pritchard_ (1818), 2 Swanst., 402; _Palin_ v. _Gathercole_ (1844), 1 Coll., 565.

[1206] _Gee_ v. _Pritchard_ (1818), 2 Swanst., 402.

[1207] _Howard_ v. _Gunn_ (1863), 32 Beav., 462.

[1208] _Oliver_ v. _Oliver_ (1861), 11 C. B. (N. S.), 139.

[1209] _Gee_ v. _Pritchard_ (1818), 2 Swanst., 402.

[1210] _Lytton_ v. _Devey_ (1884), 52 L. T. (N. S.), 121.

[1211] _Gee_ v. _Pritchard_ (1818), 2 Swanst., 402.

[1212] _Thompson_ v. _Stanhope_ (1774), Amb., 737; _Lytton_ v. _Devey_ (1884), 52 L. T. (N. S.), 121.

[1213] _Perceval_ v. _Phipps_ (1813), 2 V. and B., 19.

[1214] _Perceval_ v. _Phipps_ (1813), 2 V. and B., 19; _Gee_ v. _Pritchard_ (1818), 2 Swan., 402; _Palin_ v. _Gathercole_ (1844), 1 Coll., 565; _Lytton_ v. _Devey_ (1884), 52 L. T. (N. S.), 121.

[1215] _Hole_ v. _Bradbury_ (1879), 12 Ch. D., 886; _Stevens_ v. _Beaming_ (1855), 1 K. and J., 168; _Reade_ v. _Bentley_ (1857), 3 K. and J., 271.

[1216] _Hole_ v. _Bradbury_ (1879), 12 Ch. D., 886.

[1217] _Griffith_ v. _Tower Publishing_ [1897], 1 Ch., 21.

[1218] _Gibson_ v. _Carruthers_ (1841), 8 M. and W., 321, at pp. 343, 4.

[1219] _Gale_ v. _Leckie_ (1817), 2 Stark, N. P., 107.

[1220] _Gibson_ v. _Carruthers_ (1841), 8 M. and W., 321, at pp. 343, 4.

[1221] _Marshall_ v. _Broadhurst_ (1831), 1 Tyr., 348, at p. 349.

[1222] _Clarke_ v. _Price_ (1819), 2 Wills, C. C., 157; and see _Whitwood_ v. _Hardman_ [1891], 2 Ch., 416.

[1223] _Gale_ v. _Leckie_ (1817), 2 Stark, 107.

[1224] _Morris_ v. _Colman_ (1812), 18 Ves., 437; _Stiff_ v. _Cassell_ (1856), 2 Jur. (N. S.), 348.

[1225] _Thombleson_ v. _Black_ (1837), 1 Jur., 198.

[1226] _Paton_ v. _Duncan_ (1828), 3 C. and P., 336.

[1227] _Planché_ v. _Colburn_ (1831), 5 C. and P., 58.

[1228] _Warne_ v. _Routledge_ (1874), L. R., 18 Eq., 497.

[1229] Ibid.

[1230] _Reade_ v. _Bentley_ (1857), 3 K. and J., 271.

[1231] _Morris_ v. _Colman_ (1812), 18 Ves., 437; _Stiff_ v. _Cassell_ (1856), 2 Jur. (N. S.), 348.

[1232] _Anstruther_ v. _Bentley_ (1866), 14 W. R., 630.

[1233] _Ward_ v. _Beeton_ (1874), L. R., 19 Eq., 207.

[1234] _Rooney_ v. _Kelly_ (1861), 14 Ir. C. L. R., 158, at p. 178.

[1235] _Barfield_ v. _Nicholson_ (1824), 2 Sim. and Stu., 2; see _Brooke_ v. _Chitty_ (1831), 2 Coop. Cas., 216; _Blackie_ v. _Aikman_ (1827), 5 S., 719.

[1236] See _Hogg_ v. _Kirby_ (1803), 8 Ves., 215, at p. 222.

[1237] _Reade_ v. _Bentley_ (1857), 3 K. and J., 271.

[1238] Ibid.

[1239] See _Constable_ v. _Brewster_ (1824), 3 S., 215; _Kelly_ v. _Hutton_ (1868), L. R., 3 Ch., 703; _Platt_ v. _Walter_ (1867), 17 L. T. (N. S.), 157.

[1240] _Johnson_ v. _Egan_ (1880), 24 Sol. J., 572.

[1241] _Shackell_ v. _Rosier_ (1836), 2 Bing., N. C., 634.

[1242] _Sweet_ v. _Lee_ (1841), 3 Man. and Gr., 452; see _Mavor_ v. _Pyne_ (1825), 3 Bing., 285; _Boydell_ v. _Drummond_ (1809), 11 East., 142.

[1243] 54 & 55 Vict. c. 39.

[1244] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 13.

[1245] _Blake_ v. _Nicholson_ (1814), 3 M. and S., 167.

[1246] _Bleaden_ v. _Hancock_ (1829), 4 C. and P., 152.

[1247] 2 & 3 Vict. c. 12, sec. 2; and Newspapers, Printers, and Reading Rooms Repeal Act, 1869; 32 & 33 Vict. c. 24.

[1248] _Bensley_ v. _Bignold_ (1822), 5 B. and Ald., 335; _Marchant_ v. _Evans_ (1818), 2 Moore, 14; see _Houston_ v. _Mills_ (1834), 1 M. and Rob., 325.

[1249] _Gillett_ v. _Mawman_ (1808), 1 Taunt., 140.

[1250] _Gillett_ v. _Mawman_ (1808), 1 Taunt., 140; _Mawman_ v. _Gillett_ (1809), 2 Taunt., 325.

[1251] _Poplett_ v. _Stockdale_ (1825), Ry. and M., 337.

[1252] _Clay_ v. _Yates_ (1856), 1 H. and N., 73.

[1253] See p. 247.

[1254] See pp. 250-264.

[1255] See p. 266.

[1256] _Bullinger_ v. _MacKay_ (1879), 15 Blatchf., 550; _Clayton_ v. _Stone_ (1828), 2 Paine, 382; _Brightley_ v. _Littleton_ (1888), 37 Fed. Rep., 103.

[1257] _Clayton_ v. _Stone_ (1828), 2 Paine, 382; _Baker_ v. _Selden_ (1879), 101 U. S. Rep., 99; _Wheaton_ v. _Peters_ (1834), 8 Pet., 591.

[1258] (1828), 2 Paine, 382.

[1259] (1888), 37 Fed. Rep., 103.

[1260] (1896), 75 Fed. Rep., 703.

[1261] [1893], 1 Ch., 218 (headings in trades directory).

[1262] [1894], A. C., 335 (circular tours in time-tables).

[1263] (1897), 53 U. S. App., 461.

[1264] [1900], A. C., 539.

[1265] (1897), 53 U. S. App., 461.

[1266] (1882), 21 Ch. D., 369.

[1267] (1879), 101 U. S. Rep., 99.

[1268] (1872), L. R., 14 Eq., 407.

[1269] (1883), 21 Ch. D., 369.

[1270] (1828), 2 Paine, 382.

[1271] (1897), 53 U. S. App., 461.

[1272] (1828), 2 Paine, 382.

[1273] (1879), 101 U. S. Rep., 99.

[1274] _Bullinger_ v. _MacKay_ (1879), 15 Blatchf., 550.

[1275] _Chils_ v. _Gronland_ (1890), 41 Fed. Rep., 145.

[1276] (1896), 75 Fed. Rep., 703.

[1277] (1828), 2 Paine, 382.

[1278] _Mott_ v. _Clow_ (1897), 53 U. S. App., 461.

[1279] _Egbert_ v. _Greenberg_ (1900), 100 Fed. Rep., 447.

[1280] _American Trotting_ v. _Gocher_ (1895), 70 Fed. Rep., 237.

[1281] (1888), 37 Fed. Rep., 103.

[1282] (1893), 57 Fed. Rep., 979.

[1283] _Mutual Advertising Co._ v. _Refo_ (1896), 76 Fed. Rep., 961.

[1284] 76 Fed. Rep., at p. 963.

[1285] _Aronson_ v. _Fleckenstein_ (1886), 28 Fed. Rep., 75; _Daly_ v. _Webster_ (1892), 1 U. S. App., 573; _Henderson_ v. _Tompkins_ (1894), 60 Fed. Rep., 758.

[1286] (1894), 60 Fed. Rep., 758.

[1287] _Callaghan_ v. _Myers_ (1888), 128 U. S. Rep., 617; _Wheaton_ v. _Peters_ (1834), 8 Pet., 591; _Little_ v. _Hall_ (1855), 18 How., 165; _Gould_ v. _Banks_ (1832), 8 Wend., 562; _Heine_ v. _Appleton_ (1853), 4 Blatchf., 125; _Cowen_ v. _Banks_ (1862), 24 How. Pr., 72.

[1288] _Callaghan_ v. _Myers_ (1888), 128 U. S. Rep., 617.

[1289] _Connecticut_ v. _Gould_ (1888), 34 Fed. Rep., 319; _Gray_ v. _Russell_ (1839), 1 Story, 11; _West_ v. _Lawyers_ (1896), 51 U. S. App., 216, 64 Fed. Rep., 360.

[1290] _Wheaton_ v. _Peters_ (1834), 8 Pet., 591; _Nash_ v. _Lathrop_ (1886), 142 Mass., 29.

[1291] _Banks_ v. _Manchester_ (1888), 128 U. S. Rep., 244; _Chase_ v. _Sanborn_ (1874), 4 Cliff., 306.

[1292] _Davidson_ v. _Wheelock_ (1886), 27 Fed. Rep., 61; _Banks_ v. _M'Divitt_ (1875), 13 Blatchf., 163; _Howell_ v. _Miller_ (1898), 91 Fed. Rep., 129.

[1293] Ibid.

[1294] Ibid.

[1295] _Emerson_ v. _Davis_ (1845), 3 Story, 768; _Lawrence_ v. _Dana_ (1869), 4 Cliff., 1; _Black_ v. _Allen_ (1893), 56 Fed. Rep. 764.

[1296] _Brightley_ v. _Littleton_ (1888), 37 Fed. Rep., 103; _Gray_ v. _Russell_ (1839), 1 Story, 11; _Lawrence_ v. _Dana_ (1869), 4 Cliff., at p. 79; _Mead_ v. _West_ (1896), 80 Fed. Rep., 380.

[1297] _Emerson_ v. _Davis_ (1845), 3 Story, 768.

[1298] _Emerson_ v. _Davis_ (1845), 3 Story, at p. 780; _Shook_ v. _Rankin_ (1875), 6 Biss., 477.

[1299] _Aronson_ v. _Fleckenstein_ (1886), 28 Fed. Rep., 75.

[1300] _Boucicault_ v. _Fox_ (1862), 5 Blatchf., 87, at p. 100.

[1301] _Jollie_ v. _Jacques_ (1850), 1 Blatchf., 618. See _Reed_ v. _Carusi_ (1845), 8 L. R., 411; 72 Fed. Cas., No. 11,642.

[1302] (1883), 14 Fed. Rep., 849.

[1303] (1886), 27 Fed. Rep., 861.

[1304] _Lawrence_ v. _Dana_ (1869), 4 Cliff., 1; _Gray_ v. _Russell_ (1839), 1 Story, 11.

[1305] _Snow_ v. _Laird_ (1900), 98 Fed. Rep., 813.

[1306] _Clayton_ v. _Stone_ (1828), 2 Paine, 382; _Brightley_ v. _Littleton_ (1888), 37 Fed. Rep., 103; _Mott_ v. _Clow_ (1897), 53 U. S. App., 461.

[1307] _Clayton_ v. _Stone_ (1828), 2 Paine, 382; _Drury_ v. _Ewing_ (1862), 1 Bond, 541.

[1308] (1897), 53 U. S. App., 449.

[1309] (1879), 101 U. S. Rep., 99.

[1310] 101 U. S. Rep., at p. 105.

[1311] (1862), 1 Bond, 541.

[1312] _Coffeen_ v. _Brunton_ (1849), 4 M'Lean, 516; _Scoville_ v. _Toland_ (1848), 6 West Law, J., 84.

[1313] Rev. St., sec. 4952.

[1314] _Greene_ v. _Bishop_ (1858), 1 Cliff., 186; _Gray_ v. _Russell_ (1839), 1 Story, 11; _Emerson_ v. _Davis_ (1845), 3 Story, 768.

[1315] _Gray_ v. _Russell_ (1839), 1 Story, 11; _Bullinger_ v. _MacKay_ (1879), 15 Blatchf., 550; _Brightley_ v. _Littleton_ (1888), 37 Fed. Rep., 103; _Johnson_ v. _Donaldson_ (1880), 3 Fed. Rep., 22.

[1316] (1841), 2 Story, 100.

[1317] _Isaacs_ v. _Daly_ (1875), 39 N. Y., 511; _Osgood_ v. _Allen_ (1872), 1 Holmes, 185; _Corbett_ v. _Purday_ (1897), 80 Fed. Rep., 901; _Jollie_ v. _Jacques_ (1850), 1 Blatchf., 618.

[1318] _Osgood_ v. _Allen_ (1872), 1 Holmes, 185; see _Roberts_ v. _Myers_ (1860), 13 L. R. (Mass.), 398; _Black_ v. _Allen_ (1893), 56 Fed. Rep., 764.

[1319] _Isaacs_ v. _Daly_ (1875), 39 N. Y., 511.

[1320] Rev. St., secs. 4937-4947.

[1321] _Wood_ v. _Abbott_ (1866), 5 Blatchf., 325.

[1322] _Schreiber_ v. _Thornton_ (1883), 17 Fed. Rep., 603; _Burrow-Giles_ v. _Sarony_ (1884), 111 U. S. Rep., 53; _Falk_ v. _Gast_ (1891), 48 Fed. Rep., 262; _Falk_ v. _Brett_ (1891), 48 Fed. Rep., 678; _Bolles_ v. _Outing_ (1899), 175 U. S. Rep., 262; 77 Fed. Rep., 966.

[1323] _Bolles_ v. _Outing_ (1899), 175 U. S. Rep., 262; 77 Fed. Rep., 966.

[1324] _Falk_ v. _Gast_ (1891), 48 Fed. Rep., 262; _Falk_ v. _Brett_ (1891), 48 Fed. Rep., 678; _Falk_ v. _Donaldson_ (1893), 57 Fed. Rep., 32.

[1325] _Bolles_ v. _Outing_ (1899), 175 U. S. Rep., 262; 77 Fed. Rep., 966.

[1326] _Snow_ v. _Laird_ (1900), 98 Fed. Rep., 813.

[1327] _Binns_ v. _Woodruff_ (1821), 4 Wash. C. Ct., 48; _Ehret_ v. _Pierce_ (1880), 18 Blatchf. 302.

[1328] _Mott_ v. _Clow_ (1897), 53 U. S. App., 461.

[1329] _Collender_ v. _Griffith_ (1878), 11 Blatchf., 212.

[1330] _Ehret_ v. _Pierce_ (1880), 18 Blatchf., 302.

[1331] _Courier_ v. _Donaldson_ (1900), 104 Fed. Rep., 993; _Bleistein_ v. _Donaldson_ (1899), 98 Fed. Rep., 608.

[1332] _Yuengling_ v. _Schile_ (1882), 12 Fed. Rep., 97.

[1333] _Richardson_ v. _Miller_ (1877), 3 L. and Eq. Rep. (Am.), 614.

[1334] (1888), 35 Fed. Rep., 210.

[1335] _Coffeen_ v. _Brunton_ (1849), 4 M'L., 516; _Higgins_ v. _Keuffel_ (1891), 140 U. S. Rep., 428.

[1336] _Schumacher_ v. _Schwencke_ (1885), 23 Blatchf., 373; 25 Fed. Rep., 466.

[1337] _Rosenbach_ v. _Dreyfuss_ (1880), 2 Fed. Rep., 217.

[1338] _Yuengling_ v. _Schile_ (1882), 12 Fed. Rep., 97, 102.

[1339] See _Yuengling_ v. _Schile_ (1882), 12 Fed. Rep., at p. 102.

[1340] _Boucicault_ v. _Wood_ (1867), 2 Biss., 34.

[1341] Act of March 3, 1891, sec. 3, amending Revised Statutes, sec. 4956.

[1342] Ibid.

[1343] Act of March 3, 1891, amending Revised Statutes, sec. 4959.

[1344] Act of March 3, 1891, sec. 11.

[1345] _Jollie_ v. _Jacques_ (1850), 1 Blatchf., 618; _Struve_ v. _Schwedler_ (1857), 4 Blatchf., 23; _Wheaton_ v. _Peters_ (1834), 8 Pet., 591; _Chase_ v. _Sanborne_ (1874), 4 Cliff., 306; _Merrell_ v. _Tice_ (1881), 104 U. S. Rep., 557; _Baker_ v. _Taylor_ (1848), 2 Blatchf., 82; _Carte_ v. _Evans_ (1886), 27 Fed. Rep., 861; _Thompson_ v. _Hubbard_ (1888), 131 U. S. Rep., 123; _Callaghan_ v. _Myers_ (1888), 128 U. S. Rep., 617; _Parkinson_ v. _Lascelle_ (1875), 3 Sawyer, 330; _Boucicault_ v. _Hart_ (1875), 13 Blatchf., 47; _Lawrence_ v. _Dana_ (1869), 4 Cliff., 1; _Ewer_ v. _Coxe_ (1824), 4 Wash. C. Ct., 487.

[1346] _Wheaton_ v. _Peters_ (1834), 8 Pet., 591; _Merrell_ v. _Tice_ (1881), 104 U. S. Rep., 557; _Banks_ v. _Manchester_ (1888), 128 U. S., 244; _West_ v. _Lawyers_ (1896), 64 Fed. Rep., 360.

[1347] _Osgood_ v. _Aloe_ (1897), 83 Fed. Rep., 470.

[1348] _Chicago_ v. _Butler_ (1884), 19 Fed. Rep., 758; _Parkinson_ v. _Lascelle_ (1875), 3 Sawyer, 330; _Merrell_ v. _Tice_ (1881), 104 U. S., Rep., 557.

[1349] _Osgood_ v. _Aloe_ (1897), 83 Fed. Rep., 470.

[1350] _Chase_ v. _Sanborne_ (1874), 4 Cliff., 306.

[1351] _Chapman_ v. _Ferry_ (1883), 18 Fed. Rep., 539.

[1352] _Jewellers'_ v. _Jewellers'_ (1898), 84 Hun., 12; 155 N. Y., 241; see _Scribner_ v. _Allen_ (1892), 49 Fed. Rep., 854; _Boucicault_ v. _Hart_ (1875), 13 Blatchf., 47.

[1353] _Falk_ v. _Gast_ (1891), 48 Fed. Rep., 262.

[1354] (1882), 20 Blatchf., 381.

[1355] _Carte_ v. _Evans_ (1886), 27 Fed. Rep., 681.

[1356] (1893), 56 Fed. Rep., 764.

[1357] (1889), 39 Fed. Rep., 265.

[1358] (1892), 1 U. S. App., 573.

[1359] _Black_ v. _Allen_ (1893), 56 Fed. Rep., 764.

[1360] _Bennett_ v. _Carr_ (1899), 96 Fed. Rep., 213.

[1361] _Belford_ v. _Scribner_ (1892), 144 U. S. Rep., 488; _Chapman_ v. _Ferry_ (1883), 18 Fed. Rep., 539; _Falk_ v. _Donaldson_ (1893), 57 Fed. Rep., 32.

[1362] _Osgood_ v. _Aloe_ (1897), 72 Off. Gaz., 418.

[1363] _Callaghan_ v. _Myers_ (1888), 128 U. S. Rep., at p. 655; _Belford_ v. _Scribner_ (1892), 144 U. S. Rep., 488; _Merrell_ v. _Tice_ (1881), 104 U. S. Rep., 557; _Blume_ v. _Spear_ (1887), 30 Fed. Rep., 629.

[1364] _Black_ v. _Allen_ (1893), 56 Fed. Rep., 764.

[1365] Ibid.

[1366] Act of March 3, 1891, sec. 3, amending Revised Statutes, sec. 4956.

[1367] _Littleton_ v. _Oliver_ (1894), 62 Fed. Rep., 597.

[1368] Ibid.

[1369] Act of June 18, 1874, sec. 1. This section supersedes the Revised Statutes, sec. 4962.

[1370] Ibid.

[1371] Act of August 1, 1882.

[1372] Act of June 18, 1874, sec. 1.

[1373] _Jackson_ v. _Walkie_ (1886), 29 Fed. Rep., 15.

[1374] _Falk_ v. _Schumacher_ (1891), 48 Fed. Rep., 222.

[1375] _Hefel_ v. _Whitely_ (1893), 54 Fed. Rep., 179; and see _Garland_ v. _Gemmill_ (1887), 14 S. C. R., 321.

[1376] _Osgood_ v. _Aloe_ (1897), 83 Fed. Rep., 470.

[1377] _Scribner_ v. _Allen & Co._ (1892), 49 Fed. Rep., 854; _Werckmeister_ v. _Springer_ (1894), 63 Fed. Rep., 808.

[1378] _The Illustrated American_ v. _New York Press_ (1892), cited in argument, 1 U. S. Rep., 594.

[1379] _Burrow-Giles_ v. _Sarony_ (1884), 111 U. S. Rep., 53.

[1380] _Bolles_ v. _Outing_ (1899), 77 Fed. Rep., 966; 175 U. S. Rep., 262.

[1381] Ibid.

[1382] _Werckmeister_ v. _Springer_ (1894), 63 Fed. Rep., 808.

[1383] (1901), 107 Fed. Rep., 708.

[1384] (1848), 2 Blatchf., 82.

[1385] (1888), 128 U. S. Rep., 617.

[1386] (1888), 35 Fed. Rep., 210.

[1387] _Snow_ v. _Mast_ (1895), 65 Fed. Rep., 995; _Bolles_ v. _Outing_ (1899), 175 U. S. Rep., 262.

[1388] (1869), 4 Cliff. 1, at p. 61.

[1389] Ibid.

[1390] (1875), 13 Blatchf., 163.

[1391] Act of June 18, 1874, sec. 1; _Thompson_ v. _Hubbard_ (1888), 131 U. S. Rep., 123.

[1392] _Thompson_ v. _Hubbard_ (1888), 131 U. S. Rep., 123.

[1393] _Falk_ v. _Gast_ (1891), 48 Fed. Rep., 262; _Falk_ v. _Gast_ (1893), 54 Fed. Rep., 890.

[1394] _Springer_ v. _Falk_ (1894), 20 U. S. App., 296.

[1395] _Dewight_ v. _Appleton_ (1842), 1 N. Y. Leg. Obs., 195.

[1396] Act of March 3, 1891, sec. 11.

[1397] _Pierce_ v. _Werckmeister_ (1896), 72 Fed. Rep. 57.

[1398] _Black_ v. _Allen_ (1890), 42 Fed. Rep., 168.

[1399] _Pulte_ v. _Derby_ (1852), 5 M'L., 328; M'Lean, J., at p. 332.

[1400] See _Boucicault_ v. _Wood_ (1867), 2 Biss., 34.

[1401] (1875), 13 Blatchf., 47.