Chapter 49: , labelled Βάρωνος, asserts the necessity of keeping such (4)

[1797] That religious scruple was opposed to keeping members of the same race-unit in slavery is most probable. This _trans Tiberim_ rule is known from Gellius XX 1 § 47, referring to debt-slaves. Greeks however, even when abhorring the enslavement of Greek by Greek in principle, did not discontinue the practice. E Meyer _Kl Schr_ p 202 compares the medieval scruple in reference to brother Christians. See also his remarks p 177. For Hebrew law and custom see _Encyclopaedia Biblica_ (1903) vol IV and Hastings’ _Dictionary of the Bible_ (1902) vol IV, articles _Slavery_.

[1798] Different also from the position of a food-producer class in a great territorial state, being based on local conditions.

[1799] Illustrated with great clearness in the provisions of the Gortyn laws.

[1800] Varro _RR_ I 17 § 2 on _obaerarii_ or _obaerati_.

[1801] The relative importance of land and the means of cultivation [especially oxen] in early times, the power thus gained by chiefs granting cattle to tenants, and the connexion of these phenomena with legends of debt-slavery, are instructively discussed in Maine’s _Early history of Institutions_, lecture VI.

[1802] Mr G G Coulton kindly reminds me of an analogy observable in the history of Art. It is progressive on simple lines up to a certain point. Then it begins to ramify, and differences of taste become more acute. Hence an anarchy of taste, driving men to yearn (like Ruskin, Morris, etc.) for the old simplicity. So the peasant up to a point is useful and noble. But fresh currents of civilization alter his position. Then men yearn for the old simplicity, only defective through being essentially simple.

[1803] Mr Zimmern, _The Greek Commonwealth_ pp 265 foll, has some interesting remarks on craftsmen as wage-earners, and points out their preference for serving the state rather than private employers. The latter plan would have put them almost in the position of slaves.

[1804] When food was provided, we must reckon it as part of his wage.

[1805] A vast number of Greek records of manumission refer to such cases.

[1806] See Francotte, _L’Industrie dans la Grèce ancienne_ book II chap 5, _La concurrence servile_. I cannot follow E Meyer _Kl Schr_ pp 198-201. And the oft-cited passage of Timaeus (Athen VI 264 d), where free Phocians object to slaves taking their employment, refers solely to domestic and personal attendance.

[1807] Of this there is abundant American evidence from writers on Slavery. The hired slave sometimes got a higher wage than the hired freeman.

[1808] See Whitaker’s Almanack, and the exposure of an impudent agency for the purpose in the _Times_ 15 Sept 1914.

[1809] Compare Wendell Phillips ‘Before this there had been among us scattered and single abolitionists, earnest and able men; sometimes, like Wythe of Virginia, in high places. The Quakers and Covenanters had never intermitted their testimony against slavery. But Garrison was the first man to begin a _movement_ designed to annihilate slavery.’ Speech at G’s funeral 1879.

[1810] Prof Bury, _Idea of Progress_ p 275, points out that Guizot noted that Christianity did not in its early stages aim at any improvement of social conditions.

[1811] The conclusions reached in this paragraph are in agreement with E Meyer _Kl Schr_ pp 151-2, 155, 205, 209. But he seems to put the decline of the slave-gang system rather earlier than I venture to do.

[1812] We must bear in mind that a tenant was naturally unwilling to work for a margin of profit not to be retained by himself. Hence the tendency to find means of constraining him to do so.

[1813] _coloni_ or _quasi coloni_, cf Dig XV 3 § 16, XXXIII 8 § 23³, or XXXIII 7 §§ 12³, 18⁴, 20¹, and numerous other references.

[1814] The compulsory tenure of municipal offices is commonly cited as illustrating the pressure even on men of means. It began in the second century. See Dig L 1 § 38⁶, 2 § 1 [Ulpian], 4 § 14⁶ [Callistratus citing Hadrian], and many other passages. Notable is L 4 § 4¹ _honores qui indicuntur_ [Ulpian].

[1815] This topic is the subject of Churchill Babington’s Hulsean dissertation, Cambridge 1846. I learn that a pamphlet by Brecht, _Sklaverei und Christentum_, takes a less favourable view, but have not seen it. The survival of the colonate and its heavy burdens in the early Middle Age are treated by de Coulanges, particularly in connexion with the estates of the Church.

[1816] The slow progress of emancipation is referred to by E Meyer _Kl Schr_ p 178, of course from a very different point of view. He mentions that slavery was not completely forbidden in Prussia till 1857, and is against its abolition in German colonies. Seeley in his _Life of Stein_ points out that the armies of Frederic the Great were mainly recruited from serfs.

[1817] The Turk and his Rayahs furnishes a very striking illustration.

[1818] E Meyer, _Kl Schr_ p 188.

[1819] Since writing this section I have found in Prof Bury’s _Idea of Progress_ pp 269-70 a passage which seems to justify the objection here raised, though it occurs in a different connexion.

[1820] It is perhaps hardly necessary to refer to the great economic disturbance caused by the Black Death in fourteenth century England.

[1821] John Spargo, _Bolshevism, the enemy of political and industrial Democracy_. London, J Murray 1919. I think I may accept the author’s evidence on the points here referred to, confirmed as it is by other observers. See his remarks pp 69, 156, 275, 278, in particular. That the same sharp distinction between peasant and wage-earner is drawn by the Socialists in other countries also, and is to them a stumbling-block, is clearly to be seen in King and Okey’s _Italy today_. See appendix.

[1822] A remarkable article in the _Times_ of 10 May 1920 describes the influences tending in the opposite direction in the United States, particularly the workman’s prospect of proprietorship.

[1823] For the survival of the colonate in the West see de Coulanges pp 145-86.

[1824] See Krumbacher’s history of Byzantine Literature in Iwan Müller’s Handbuch, and Oder’s article in Pauly-Wissowa.

[1825] Varro _RR_ I 17 §§ 3, 4.

[1826] In the _Journal of Hellenic Studies_ 1910 and 1912. There the views of Zachariä are discussed.

[1827] The truth seems to be that serfage had never become so widespread in the East as in the West, as Mr Bouchier, _Syria as a Roman Province_ p 181, points out.

[1828] Vol II pp 418-421.

[1829] Sir W. Herringham, _A Physician in France_, pp 167-8 on Peasantry as a strength to the State.

INDICES

_Where the reference is less direct, the figure is given in brackets_

I GENERAL

=Agriculture, etc.=
Accommodation-labour, mutual between neighbours, 170, 333-4
Accommodation land, 190-1
Aqueducts, 293-6
asses, 107, 330, 334, 400, 422
contempt for, 12, 69, 145-7, 160, 334
Decay of, general, 337, 383, 387, 393
Decay of, in Greece, 11, 96, 104, 127, 129, 132, 300 foll.
Decay of, in Italy, 11, 14, 143-4, 147, 154 foll., 163, 174,
209-10, 250-1, 265, 271-2, 281 foll., 288, 299, 358, 365, 404
foll.
Delegation of management, 432-3
growth of distaste for, 42, [79], 88, [119], 124, 251, [278], 302
Importance and recognized value of, 3, 5, 6, 8-11, 82, 141, 200,
204-6, 212, 226, [280], 283, 400, 437, 444
improved by knowledge of foreign countries, 179, [251]
Industrializing of, 146-7, 150-1, 168-9, 203-4, 445, 447, 452
in Peloponnesus, 30, 49, 50, [69], 82, 118, 120, 122-3, 128-9
in the East, 303-5
Landed peasantry not ‘proletarian’, 457-8
Military point of view, 3, 8-11, 64-5, 74-5, 122, [128], 132, 133,
147, 152, 163, 166, 176, 213-4, 283, 395-7, 438, 440
Moral or civic point of view, 3, 11, 31, 64, 70, 83, 96, 107-8,
124, 133, 135 foll., 166, 213, [277 foll.], 281 foll., 302,
439-40, 445, 458
need of capital, 47, [67], 83, 104, 144, 154, 174, 200-1, 204,
[225], 250, 255, 320, 345, 365
problem of food-supply, 3, 9, 14, 15, [19], 29, 30, 47, 48, 62, 66,
77, 81, 87, 92, 96, 118-9, 132, 208, 211, 283, 288, 309, [326],
332, [337], 339, 347, 357-8, 375, 379, 382-4, 387-98, 403,
406-8, 411-2, 416, 427-8, 460-1
Property and proprietary rights, 436
Punic, 151, 164, [168], [179], 203-4, [282], 353
remunerative or not, 14, 41, 83, 107, 111, 154-60, 166, 169, 174,
186, [193], 201, 205, 252-3, [268], [277], 284, 306, 308-10,
318, 320-2, 351, 365, 404-5

Barbarian and Greek, 27, 28, 31-2, 34, 54-5, 78-9, [112], 113, [164]

Barbarian lords and Roman subjects, 427

Barbarians and the Roman army, 14, 210, 270, 273, 292, 339, 382, 387,
397, 413-4, 417-8

Barbarians, fertility of, 382

Barbarians, settlement of, within Roman Empire, 337-8, 340, 360, 384,
414-5, 416, 426, 431

Bee-keeping, 184, 228, 230, [266], 309

Beggars, 18, 19, 23, 25, 72, 243, 392

Book-keeping on great estates, 249-50, 258-9, [264], 335, 368

Bucolic poetry, 115-6, 218-20, 280

Capitalism and employment of labour, 2, 36, 48, 55, 57-8, 70-1, 107,
150, 151-2, 156 foll., 173, 220, 254, 302, 441, 443, 454-6

Capitalism, growth of, 13, 25, 33, 36, 47-8, 49, 58, 70, 76, 83,
[106], 129, 142-4, 212, 282, 288 foll., 314

Capitalist influence hostile to free peasantry, 151-2, 201, [212],
[297]

Capitalist profiteers, 403

cases, query, hypothetical?, 264, 304-5

Caste and gild system of later Roman Empire, 210, 212, [376-7], 383,
389-91, 396, 405, 413, 423, 451

Census, the later Imperial, 388, 390, 420-2, 431

Centralization, bureaucratic, 379-80, 381, 384

Cereal crops, 19, 47-8, 81, 104, 107, 111, [118], [121], 154, 174,
249, [253], 266-7, 283-4, 291, 303, 309, 350, 352, 375, 388,
403, 406, 412, [428-9], 461, 463

Charcoal, 42, 64

Charitable institutions, 271, 273, 296, 324

Charity, private, 403

Christianity, influence of, 410-1, 420, 422-3, 426-32, [435], 449
foll.

Citizen and alien, 32, 36, 47, 48, 66, 96-7, 301, 314, 329

Citizens as such not producers, 102

Citizens, new, incorporation of, 126-7, 149, 153, 271, 288, 389, [444]

Citizenship, 86, 92, 94, 98, 113-4, 120, 301-2, 389, 431, 444

City and country, 9, 13, 24, 31-2, 40, 43-4, 48, 49, 63, 83, 89, 90,
108-9, 115-6, 124-5, 145-6, 153, 184, [200], 217, 222, 235-6,
251, 278-9, 301-2, 306, 308, 332, 400, 409, 429

City and State, 380

Cleruchies, 39, 41-2, 51-2, 81, 83, 105-6, [120]

Clients [πελάται, _clientes_], 25, 134, [150], [167], 243, 314, 431,
433

Colonies, 26-7, 51, 67, 72, 76, 83, 87-8, 152, 174, 207, 270, [272],
273-5

Commerce and seafaring, 19, 23, 39, 114, 215, 288, 290, 309, 347,
381, 391, 403, 412

Commerce restricted, 77, 92, 96, [98], 100, 102, [142], [290]

Communistic schemes and legends, 41, 45, 89, 92, 120, 218, 232, 236,
248, [459]

Confiscation and redistribution, 67, [70], 72, [88], 89, 128, 155-6,
176-7, 178-9, 193, 200, 203, [225], 234, 236, 240

Continuity of occupation, importance of, 207-8, 252-3, 255, 344-5,
347, 355-6, 377, 383-4

Corn-dealers, 81, 403

Corn trade (Euxine), 31, [39], 81, 104-5

Cosmopolitanism, 113-4, [187], 232, 271, [288]

Country carts, 39, 400

Country houses, 51, 82, 106, 108-9, 124, 157, [164], 165-6, 201, 224,
235, 246, 310, 312, 366, 427-9

Country life idealized, desire of, 43, [115], 124-5, 200-1, 215, 217,
222, [230], 234-6, 280, [302-3], 417, 429

Craftsman as employer, 2, [48], [51], 172-3, [385], 441, 446

Crops, dealers in, 111, 171, 322, 375

Crops, hanging, sale of, 171, 265, 284, 322

Crops, variety in, movement towards, 203, 266

Cultivation etc. by contract, 140, 166, 171-3, [180], 186, 264-5

Cultivation, intensive, 231, 265, [291]

Cultivation, movements to extend or maintain, 126-7, [207-8], 211-2,
[272], [301], 337-8, 340, 349-52, 357, [383], 387, 394

Damage, responsibility for, 363, 366, 373-4

Debt, pressure of, 22, 25, 133-4, 144, 155, [209], 321, 430, 436-7

Devastation of farms in war, 31, 38, 40, 43, [84], 104, 118, 133,
136, 139, 144, 410-1, 412

Differentiation of soldier and farmer, 210, 382, 417-8

Digging, 35, 46, 116, 172, 186, 261, 282, 317

Dogs, 23, 331, 372

Domains, imperial, 207, 209, 337, 342-58, 377-8

Domestication of animals, 15, 32, 433-4

Drainage, 366

East and West, 409, 460-4

Education, 68-9, 72-3, 76, 101

Emigration of working farmers (?), 207, 256, [272], 274-5, [293],
348-9

=Estates=
abroad, 39, 51-2, 81, 83-4, 106, 207, 214, 248-9, 251, 281-2,
[291], 298, [301], 309, 319, 341, 348, 353-4, 405
and boundaries, 17, 108, 174-5, 190, 331
as ‘Peculiars’, 354, 377, 392-3
division of, 22, 190-1, 256
Great, growth of, in Italy, 126, 143-4, 147, 152-3, 154, 165, 201,
203, 205, 248, 251, 256, 263, 281-3, 297, 314, [354]
Large and small, 46, 47, 51, 88, 106-7, 119, 125, 129, 138, 141-4,
[166], 182, 196, 201, 214, 281-4, 296-7, 334
Letting to tenants, 14, 36, 39, 52, 82-3, 84, 106, 111, [125],
157-8, 160-1, 167, 177, 183, 191, 194-5, 198, 201-2, 208, 211,
216, 224, 233-5, 246-7, 252-7, 264, 277, 280, 297-9, 303,
307-8, 320-1, 325, 355, 358-9, 362 foll., 367-8, 376, 390, 433,
450, 463
Management by owner, 13, 57-8, 82, 106, [146], 167, 170-1, 224,
[250-1], 284, [319], 325
Management by owner’s steward, 13, [33], 36, 51, 57-60, 88, 106,
116, 124, 140, 153, 158-60, 168, 186, 194, 224, 251-3, 256
foll., 297 foll., 304, 321, 325, 335, 343, 353, 367-8, 461
Mixed, 82, [83], 106, 108, [155], 169, [201], 310
of _collegia_, 295
retain names of former owners, 343
Small, profits on, 160, 184, 230, 284, 306
Suburban, 109, 128, 164, 248, 294-5, 306, 312

Eugenics, 72-3, [90], 93

Evidence, lack of, from working farmer or labourer, 4, 374, [429-30],
454

Experiments, 258

Fallows and rotation of crops, 291

Familiar details, tendency of writers to omit, 16, 44, 136, 140,
213-4, 379

Farm-equipment found by landlord, 216, 255, 297-9, 320-1, 344-5,
364-5, 367

Farmer and politics, 11, 12, 36, 40-4, 49, 70, 89, 90, 302

Farmer as man of substance, 39-40, 41, 46, 104

Farmer-heroes, Roman, 135 foll., 145-6, 197, 213, 232, 281, 313, 328,
415, 418, 445

Farmer not a soldier, 74, [98], 101, 210, 313, [316], 396-8, 417

Farmer rather a seller than a buyer, 42, 167, [185]

Farmers’ capital mostly fixed, 46, 47, 104, [193]

Farmers required to be resident, 204-5, 208, 297, 383-4

Farmers resident in the city, 33, 51, 82

Farm-hands as oarsmen, 90, 95, 183

Farming, fancy, 109, 179, 282, 308-10

Farming, high or scientific, 98-9, 122, 179, [181], 201, 286

Farming means unremitting attention and toil, 22, 23, [152], 159-60,
166, [197], 218, 222, 251, 321, 451

Farm slaves barbarians, 63, 92, 94, 124, [292], [325], 337

Farm tenants and their burdens, 14, [131], [157-8], 183, 195, 197,
209, 211, 254, 377-8, 397, 415

Figs, 45, 81, 108, 266, 283, 303, [463]

Financial interests, power of, 152

Financial system and motives of later Roman Empire, 211-2, [225],
346, 348, 354-5, 375-8, 381-3, 388 foll., 394, 401, 410 foll.,
427

Fires, 249, 374, 428

Firewood, 42, 107, 111, [115], 118, 252, 309, 388, 408

Flocks and herds (grazing and breeding), 16, 19, 20, 29, 81, 88, 90,
115-6, 121, 154, 165, 171, 174, 179, 266, 278, 301, 303, 309,
[372], 388, 406, 429, 448

Floods, 108, 312, 322, 374

Flower gardens, 108-9

Food, imported, 39, 47, 48, 69, 77, 81, 104, 119, 154, 174, 184, 266,
283, 288, 309, 326, 347, 358, 403, 416

Foods, 19, 20, 24, 25, 45, 137, 283, 403

Fortified homesteads, 412-3, 429

Free craftsmen employed by farmer, 172-3, 184, [462]

Freedmen (German), 292

Freedmen (Greek), 80, 82, 85, [123]

Freedmen (Roman), 127, [160], 168-9, 183, 188, 192-3, 196-7, 201,
213, 234, 236, 243, 244, 264, 271, 284, [288], 290-1, 300, 312,
314-5, 318, [334], 379, [429]

Freedom, its local value, 21, 137

Fruit-trees and orchards, 19, 20, 25, 127-8, 139, [178], 230, 344,
350, 421

Goats, 47, 84, 183

Granaries, 107, [198], 249, 267, 288, 411-2, 429

Greeks enslave Greeks, 27, 31, 55, 73, 112, 435

Herdsmen and shepherds, etc., 16-7, 33, 35, 63, 84, 109, 115-6, 154,
162, 179, 218-20, 301, 304, 310, 315, 448

Highwaymen and brigands, 154, 160, 179, 191-2, 233, 323, 329, 342,
372, 375, 392, 405

Home or Manor Farm on estates, [161], [201], 216-7, 235, 246, 254-6,
257, 298, 319, 342, 353, 355

Horses, 33, 57-8, 120-1, 418-9

Hunting, fishing, bird-catching, etc., 185, 307, 309, 319, 405

Imperial jealousy of great private estates, 207, 301, 353, 387,
392-3, 394-5

Imperial taxation, crushing effect of, 301, [303], 336, 357, 381-4,
387 foll., 393, 410 foll., 421-2, 424, 427

Improvement by fire, 223

Internal maladies of Roman Empire, 409 foll., 413

Irrigation, 16, 246, 293

Italian agriculture, pictures of, discussed, 178-9, [182-3], 200-1,
214-8, 235, 251-3, 288, 404-6, [419]

Italian agriculture, protection of, 157, [272]

Italian land and taxation, 205, 212, [291], 358, 365, 388, 406

Italian land, encouragement to invest in, 274, 289, 291, 297, 319

Italian slaves in Italy, 137, 149, [160]

Jealousy of wealth, 41, 44, 66, 70, 72, [76], 87, [109]

Jurists as Ministers, 336

=Land, etc.=
as investment, 106, 144, 159, 165, 169, 190, 201, 225, 289 foll.,
319-20, 365-6, 405
as security, 143, 288-90, 296, 324, 326-7, [430]
bought by capitalist speculators, 47, 57, 106, 142-4, 153, 191,
[199], 238, [284], 353
buying or selling of, 23, [47], 57, 84, 88, 106, 108-9, [119],
[135-6], 143-4, 154, 167, 175, 190-1, 193, [200], 234-5, 238-9,
251, 282, 284, 288 foll., 295, 305, 315, 318-20, 405, 428
grabbing and monopoly, 67, 88, 120, 142-4, 165, 174, 190, 248-9,
251, 282, 313-4, 438
holding peasantry and military duty, 10, 14, 42, 89, 90, 132-4,
138, 141-2, 148-9, 152-3, 175 foll., 198, 204, 213, 230, 313,
[418], 438, 440
hunger, 8, 52, 54, 87, 106, 128, 133, 135, 145, 174, [437]
lots, κλῆροι, 20, 21, 22, 26, 39, 51-2, 67, 76-7, 88-9, 91, 94,
120, 128, 133, 174, 177, 210, 441
lots, sale of, forbidden, 88, [91], 175-6
lots, small in early times, 135-6, 243, 281-3, 313
lots, tradition of primitive equality, 75, 89, [91]
mortgages on, etc., 25, [82], 88, 106-7, 109, 155, 288-90, 327,
[430]
neglect of poorer soils, 351
owners, large, and war, 38, 39, 41
owning and citizenship, 8, 14, 25, 31, 32, 36, 44, 57, 66-7, 70,
77, 86, 94, 96, 97, 105-6, 127, 138, 148, 191, [313], 437, 440,
444
owning and residence, 51-2, 94, 106, 108-9, 124-5, 153, 165-6, 168,
250-1, 256
owning, prestige of, 13, 14, 39, 58, 106, 154-5, 157, 201, 205,
235, 297, 358, 365-6, 438 foll.
precarious tenure of, 20, 134, 167
proud capitalists, 14, [47], 155, [169], 201, 235, 249-50, 282-3,
290-1, 314, 332, 358
public, 68, 94, 134-5, 143, [154], 165, 174-5, 177, 195, 197-8
question of improvements, [166], 174, [176], 233-4, 252, [301],
365-7
regarded as property of the state, 204, [277], 303, [377]
rent of, in money or kind, fixed or by quota, 26, 77, 252, 292,
297, 303, 321, 332, 343-4, 346-7, 356, 365, 371, 376, [394],
428, 433
systems, foreign, 204-5, 210-1, 291-2
tenure, questions of, 237-8, 272, [286]
the classes concerned with it, 432-3
value dependent on presence of labour, 60, [84], 122, 142, 144,
[154], 170, 201, 256, [319], 320, 383, 393-5, 396
various qualities, importance of, 25, [36], 41-2, 47, [63-4], 82-3,
[108-9], 121, 139, 180, 186, 231, [239], [267], 365

Landed peasantry, attempts to revive, 174-5, 186, 198, [200], 210,
226, 231, 239, [251], 273, [315], [351]

=Landlord=
as tax-collector, 393-4
can force tenant to cultivate properly, 253-4, 351, 363, 433
distrains on defaulting tenants, 298, 320-1, 378
duty to his tenant, 404
duty to support his tenant’s interests, 404
encroach on tenants’ rights, 246-7, [393]
great, and politics, 153, 155, 157, 159, 160, 165, 207
great, as protectors, 392, 393, 424
great private, and imperial policy, 281-2, 301, 352-4, 366, [383],
392-3, 394-5
mad finance of, 154-5, 157, 289
rights of, 363-4, 367, 394
selfishness of, 294-6, 375, 405, 407
the enterprising, glorified, 12, 58, [178-9], 284
the town-bred man, 108, 200, [234]

=Laws=
Agrarian of 111 B.C., 143, 175
Claudian, 142, [165], [169]
Codes, Theodosian and Justinian. See under list of passages cited
Digest. See under list of passages cited
Imperial by-laws, 343 foll., 346, 349, 352, 354
Imperial rescripts and constitutions, 346-7, [352], 360-1, 372,
376, 378, 386-7, 431
Julian (of Caesar), 177, 288
Jurists separately cited, 293, 333, 351
Law appealed to, [329], 331, 402
Law as evidence, 131, 361-2, 399
Licinian, 131, 141, 174
municipal charters, 354
of Gortyn, 436
on manumission, 333
Sempronian (of Gracchi), 175
Servilian (of Rullus), 177, 198
Twelve Tables, 283

Leases, perpetual, 359, 376

Leisure for citizens, 77-8, 93-4, 97, 102, [188], 454

Lime, 172, 388, 408

Limitation of scope, 6, 132

Literary evidence, nature and value of, 5, 6, 30, 131, 136 foll.,
142-4, 145-8, 160, 187-8, 199-201, 213-7, 218 foll., 267-9,
281, 286-7, 300 foll., 303 foll., 305 foll., 317 foll., 325,
328, 399, 402, 409, 415, 417, 420, 422-3, 426 foll., 454

Loans by the state to landlords, 225, 273, 326

Local conditions, importance of, 255, 267, 282, 319-20, 372, 388

Local custom, recognition of, [345], 364-5, 367

Local government, questions of, 379-80

Luxury and extravagance, 381

Luxury, its effect on farming, 179, 246, 266, [306, 308-10], 365-6

Malarious lands, 180, 182, 253, [462]

Manufacture of articles on the farm, 185, [219], [227], 262

Manufactures, 53, [83], 381, 441

Manuring, 44, 174, 266, 284

Market gardens, 184, 231, 265, 295-6, 306, 330, 332

Markets, urban, 306, 308-9

Master’s eye, importance of, 57-9, 116, 166, 170-1, 194, 243, [251],
252-3, 266, 282

Metics, 49, 71, [86], 97, 98

Migration, power of, the mark of freedom, 386, 444, 451

=Military=
Class control [and plunder] farmers, 26-8, 68, 91-2, [94], 101,
[103], [104], 436
Colonies and settlement of discharged soldiers on land, 10, 11, 29,
155-6, 176-7, 179, 210, 214-5, 219, [223], 234, 236, 238, 240,
251, 274-5, 293
Gymnastics and military service, 100-1, 128, 316
License and outrages, 104, 160, 219, [313, 315], 330, 342, 374,
378, 405, 422-3
Mercenary soldiers, 10, 50, 53-4, 64-5, 71, 95, 103-4, 112-3, 116,
119, 125, 132, 292, 339
Professionalism, growth of, 13, [54], 69, [74], 95, 100, 153, 177,
186, 210, 313, 316, 417
Service unpopular and evaded, 41, 71, 103, 324, 326
Substitutes, 324, 396
Systems, 9-11, 27, [97-8], 101, 122, 128, 132-3, 138-9, 152-3,
175-7, 186, 209-10, [225], 323-4, 339, [341], 396-7, 407,
413-4, 417, [423], 438
Tenure of barbarian colonists, 273, 339-40, 415
Veterans, retired, as local magnates, 400, 402

Milk and cheese, 265, 309

Mining and quarrying, 51, 59, 108, [192], 443, 446-7

Money-values, difficulty in ascertaining, 375, 387-8

Moral causes of Imperial decline, 423-6

Mules, 24, 33, 400, 422

Municipal estates, 207, 255, 359, 375-7, 400

Municipalities and benefactors, 271, 324, 381, [408]

Municipalities as taxation-centres, 380-1, 390, 392, 401, [408], 421,
425

Municipalities, jealousy between, 380, 401 408-9

Municipalities, local senators and magistrates of, 217, 293, 376,
390, 400-1

Municipal jurisdictions, 354, 380, 399 foll.

Municipal offices shirked, 377, 381, 392, [401], 425

Music, 98, 123

Nationalization of aliens, [437], 444

New Hellenism, 112-4, 164, 275-6

Official favours and corruption, 357, 389-91, 403-7, 409, 410-1,
413-4, 421-2, 425

Old age, state-relief in, 80

Olives and oil, 19, 24, 42, 46, 47-8, 81, 84, 104, 108, 171-2, 174,
266, 283-4, 303, 350, 352, 406, 428, [463]

Oriental and other foreign influences, 6, 7, 204-8, 210-1, 314

Oriental Greeks, 113, 153, 271, 379

Oxen, 16, 22, 24, 44, 47, 99, 172, 180, [197], 214, 228-9, 231, 243,
249, 253, 261, 282, 284, 286, 331, 364, 398, 433-4, 438

Patrons of villages, 212, 400-1, 425

Payment in kind, not in debased currency, 211, [359-60], 384, 388

Peasant-farmer, hard life of, 25, 35-6, [47], 83, 90, 213, 222,
[234], 235, [313], [418]

Peasant-farmer, retirement of, 237

Penal servitude, 326

Pigs, 372, 388

Pitch-works, 192

Plantation system, 162, 165, 201, 203, 239, 297, 443

Ploughing, 16, 19, 22-4, 33, 116, [185], 218, 261, 278, 284, 334

Police, rural, no regular force, 189, 311, 323, 372, 448

Poor freemen, their trials, 63, 125, 199, 302

Populations, forced transfer of, 113

Post, Imperial [_cursus publicus_], 378, 391, 397

Poultry, 262-3, 309

Poverty and discontent, 33-4, 38, 41, 66, 70, [199]

Poverty, dread of, a stimulus, 22, 23, 25, 29, 36, [45], 46, 47-8

Poverty in Greece, 29, 53, 54, 302, 329

Poverty no reproach, 23, 111, [135 foll.], 302

Private property in land, growth of, 143-4, 174-5, 203, 205, 313,
436-8

Property, private, forbidden, 73, 75

Provincial land, tenure of, 293, 303, 351, [358]

Public opinion, no force of, in Roman Empire, 357, 389

Reaping, 16, 22-4, 108-10, 180, 278

Reaping machine, 398

Reclamation encouraged by temporary exemption from rent or taxes,
337, 344, 349-50

Religion, 18, 19, 23, 44-5, 120, 170, 258, 260, 314, [404], 434, 444,
448

Remission of dues to relieve distress, 390-1

Rent, arrears of, [161], 209, 256, 298, 320-1, 365, 404

Repetitions unavoidable, 5

Representative government unknown, 66, [89]

Restoration of exiles, effects of, 119, 122, 128

Rich and poor, 90, 94, 112, 120, 129, 205, 271, 273, 295, 302, 306,
329, 331-2, 391, 400, 403-4, 410, 424-5

Rights of way, watercourses, etc., 108, [258], 294-5, 373

Roads, 267, 295, 391, 429

Roads, public, work on, 173, 378, 391

Roman Empire a machine, 381-2, 384, 425, [427], 451

Roman Empire, stagnation in, 398, 451

Roman power of assimilation, failing, 270-1, 338, 340

Roman subjects prefer Barbarian rule, 423-4

Rural disputes and affrays, 188-91, 315, 372-4, [405]

Self-help, duty of, 23

Sheep, 109, 309

=Slavery, Labour, Serfdom, etc.=
Abolitionism, a modern movement, 34, 84, 445 foll.
Apprenticeship, 79
Competition of slave labour with free, [48], [59], 71, 85, 124,
[131], 157, 302, 441, [443]
Eunuchs, 28, 310
Handicraftsmen, 16, 18, 23, 25, 28, 35, 62, 68, [73], 88, 144, 184,
[193], 199, 245, 437-8, 441
Handicraftsmen, free, their difficulties, 302
Harbouring runaways, 375, [394], 404
Hired labourers not αὐτουργοί, 12, 13
Itinerant labourers, jobbing gangs of, 14, [110], 173, 222, 256,
327, 443
Journeyman contrasted with independent craftsman, 2, 35, [48], 452,
455
Labour, attempts to entice it from neighbours, 394
Labour despised, 19, 22, 28, 59, 64, 78, 80, 85, 188, 193, 245,
287, 359, [438], 440, 442, 444-5, 452
Labour, division of, 12, 15, 99
Labourer goes with the land, 94, [131], [211], 319-20, [360-1],
368, [393-5]
Labourer, status of, often uncertain, 3, 33, 110-1, 117, 128, 193,
218-21, 222, 227-8, 256, 442-3
Labour for daily bread, 55-6, 58, 62, 111, [175], 199, 204, 313,
327, 441
Labour, for self or for another, 12-15, 25, 144, 148, 299, [327],
370, 399, [436], 438-44, 445, 458
Labour glorified, 231, 277-80
Labour good for the labourer, 56, 58, 64, 277-80, 316-7
Labour in discharge of debt, 161, 180, 182, 263, 437
Labour not degrading, 16, 19, 23, [64], 111, 149, 246, 277-9
Labour, personal, of working farmer, (see αὐτουργία), 23-4, 25, 30,
36, 44, 45, 58, 86, 123, 128, 136, 148-9, [165], 180, [184],
197, 208, 213-4, [216], 226, 230-1, 234, [243], [255], 283,
304, [325], 332, 345, 347, 353, [371], 395, 439 foll., [463]
Labour question fundamental, 211-2, 237, 239-40, 268, 287, [344],
394 foll., 458
Labour, rustic, as a punishment, 124-5, 145-6, [167], 248, 444
Labour, rustic, as healthy exercise, 236, 277-80, 316-7, 440
Labour-services of tenants due without wage, 161, [201-2], [209],
211, 254, [256], 257, [265], 298, 342, 344-6, 348, 351, 353-4,
359, 383-4
Later serf-colonate a result of gradual change, 211-2, 254-6, 257,
333, 356, 359, 361, 378 foll., [386], 393-4, 424-5, 436, 450
Manual labour and direction, 12, 13, 20, 23-4, 35, 57-60, 124-5,
158, 176, 181, 258, 299, 316, 319, 371, 395, 445, 455, 458
Occasional labour, 15, 53, 85, 108, 111, 157, 161, 166, 180 foll.,
186, 201, [254], 265, 342, 344-5, 346, 348, 359, 434, 443, 455
Odd jobs, porterage, etc., 46, 327
Overseers, etc., 51, [57], 59, 60, 88, 97, 165, 181, 261, 321, 404,
443, 447, 462
Quasi-slavery of free workers, 99, 144, 188, 441 foll.
Self-disposal, 441, 443-4, 451, 453, 456
Serfage and slavery confused, 84, 86, 292
Serfage distinct from slavery or caste-system, 26-7, [131], 360-1,
436
Serf-colonate failing, 460, [463], 464
Serf-cultivators, 26-8, 30, 37, 50, 60, 69, 75, 77, 82, 84, 87, 92,
127, [131], 292, 361, 431, 436
Serfdom is practically slavery, 425, [431]
Serf employed in war, 37, 75, 95
Slave artisans and craftsmen, 51, 55, 57, 184, 441, 446
Slave as fellow-man, 34, 56, 62, 113, 245, [260], 323, 328, 445
Slave brigands, 154, 189-92, 392, 448
Slave-gangs, not to be homogeneous, 77, 94, 162, 181-2
Slave-gangs, special foremen of, 158, 185, 260
Slave insurrections, 162, 175, 177, 181, 191, 198, 448
Slave-labour always available, 157, 174-5, 239, [285-6], 446, 455
Slave-labour, excess of, attempt to lessen, [131]
Slave-labour, specializing of, on estates, 203, 261, 265, 461
Slave-labour untrustworthy and wasteful, 97, 111, 157, 180 foll.,
186, 253, 283, 285, 319, 355, [398], 417, 419, 445, 455
Slave not a person, 44, [57], 77, 401
Slave not enrolled in army, 175, [186], 323-4, [396]
Slave philosophers, 327
Slave-qualities, 34, 56, 180-1, 259
Slavery, absolute power of master, 18, 56-7, 158-9, 167, 244, 446
Slavery and labour in general, 2, 3, 15, 16, 34, [46], 48, 78,
110-2, 135-8, 161, 170, 180-2, 186, 216, 222, 230-1, 239, 281,
285, 299, 304, 316, [383], 385, 395, 429, 433-5, 440 foll.,
444-5, 455
Slavery, attempts to justify, 79, 439
Slavery, domestic, 8, 26, 30, [39], 61, [80], 97, [109], [123],
124, 137, 221, 231, 244, 249-50, 285, 309-10, 311, 318, 429,
431, 441-2, 446
Slavery from gambling debt, 291
Slavery, growth of humaner views on, 61-2, [79], 167, 182, 185,
[221], [229], 242-3, 244-5, [260-1], [285], 310-1, 317, 323,
326-8, 438, 445
Slavery ignored, 237-40
Slavery, industrial, 8, 51, 53, 55, [80], 123, [137], 335, 441
Slavery, its economic success or failure, 156 foll., 283, 285, 323,
370, [434], 442, 445
Slavery justified, 34, 78-9, 100, 439, 442
Slavery, kidnapping, 20, 53, 55, 79, 122, 160, 243, 263, [323],
326, [329]
Slavery, legends of none in early times, 15, 30, 62, 123, 439, [452]
Slavery of debtor to creditor, 25, [134], 263, 269, 436-7, [438],
442
Slavery, origin of, 15, 17, 78, 236-7, 434, 446
Slavery originally on small scale and domestic in character, 137,
149, [228], [231], 243, 245, 285, 434-5, 446
Slavery, query, assumed, 16, 17, 20, 30, 32, 37, 44, 48, 68, 74-5,
84, 136, 213-4, 220, 304, 368, 445
Slavery, question of manumission, 21, 38, 58, 62, 79, 80, 84, 97,
122, 123-4, 129, 149, 158, [168], 182, 196, [218], 219, 260,
263, [288], 311-2, 318, 326, 333-4, 368, 369, 371, 431, 442-3,
446-7
Slavery recognized as basis of social and economic system, 45, 56,
60, 77-8, 99, 100, 102, [141-2], 192, 239, 256, 285-6, 310
Slavery, rustic, 8, 9, 20, 23-4, 25, [30], 37, [39], 44-5, 46-7,
50-2, 57-9, 63-4, [68], 77, 79, 80, 84, 87, 97, 106-110, 116-7,
122, 124, [129], 135-8, 144 foll., 151-4, 158, 160-2, 165
foll., 170 foll., 174 foll., 180 foll., 184 foll., 203, [208],
214, 216-7, 222, 227-33, 237, 240, 242-3, 258-63, 281, 285,
299, 310-1, 315, 321, 325, 333-4, 337, 340, 341-2, 345, 353,
355, 363-4, 369, 387, 394, 404, 414, 429, 435, 443-4, 455,
461-2, 464
Slavery, secondary (slaves of slaves), 18, [259]
Slavery, the relation questioned, 33-5, 56, 113, 244, [302], [335],
446
Slavery unknown among the gods, 35
Slavery, was it the basis of ‘classical’ civilization?, 7, 8, 15,
453, 455
Slaves acquire property, [see _peculium_], 38, 58, 80, 167-8,
181-2, 219, 250, 263, 318, 369, 442
Slaves and freemen work side by side, 48, 63, 135-8, [140], 149,
171-3, 180 foll., 444-5
Slaves as gladiators, 162, 189, 328
Slaves as informers, danger from, 84, 244, [334]
Slaves as oarsmen, 53, 90, 95, 122, 326
Slaves as property, 17, 18, [55], 56-7, 77, 82, 122, 155, 167, 172,
182, 189, [221], 311, 315, 369-70, 442-3
Slaves as war-booty, 10, 17, 27, 37, 53, 55, 120, 122, 129, 136,
153, 176, 236-7, 310, 325, 337, 387
Slaves a worry to masters, 97, 124, 285
Slaves brought on the stage, 34, 62, 113
Slaves, care of their health, 77, 161, 185, 262, 442, 462
Slaves, condition of, 17, 18, 20, 21, 56-7, 311, 324, 370-1
Slaves, contractors’ gangs of, 108, 110, 166, 214
Slaves, cruel punishment of, 196, 244, 249, 443
Slaves, deliberate breeding of, 161, [169], 181, [249], 257, 260,
262, 311-2
Slaves employed in business and professions, 97, 192, 305, 446
Slaves employed in hunting, 405
Slaves, female, 17, 18, 24, 45, 57, 168, 181, 221, 231, 257-8, 260,
262, 307, 318, 364, 431
Slaves, food, lodging and dress of, 20, 23-4, 25, 45, [57], 116,
154, 157, 171-2, 181, [193], 258, 260, 309, [441]
Slaves, good health of, 317, 440
Slaves, home-born [οἰκογενεῖς, _vernae_], 129, 169, 181, 235, 262,
311-2, 430-1
Slaves let out for service at a rent, 38, 39, 61, 64, 80, 110,
[117], 170, 193, 247, 256, 370-1, 442-3
Slaves liable for masters’ safety, 244, 323
Slaves, loyalty of, 18, 20, 34, 61, 240
Slaves, masters responsible for their vices, 56-8, 61, 77, 245
Slaves, moral qualities needed in, 56-8, [61], 77, [97], [181-2],
196, 259-61, 323
Slaves, names of, 45, 63-4, 137, 213, 285
Slaves not αὐτουργοί, 12, 13, 439
Slaves of _publicani_, 151, 188, 192
Slaves, old age of, 80, 97, 158, 167, 182, 263, 326, 443, 447
Slaves, public, 68, 86, 91, [400], 446
Slaves, punishment of, interrupted by war, 45
Slaves, restriction on sale of, 394
Slaves, rewards of, better than punishments, 181-2, [185]
Slaves, runaway, 50-1, 158, 192, 375, 404, 435, [447]
Slaves serving in war, 10, 122, 129, 142, [162], 183, [323-4], 396,
407
Slaves, supply of, reduced, or rise in price of, 41, 117, 141-2,
160-1, 162, [204], 208, 210, 257, 298, 310, 340, 344, 351,
[354], [375], 387, 450
Slaves, torture of, 110, 421
Slaves, training of, 57, 169, 181-2, [258], 260
Slaves unruly, 38, 78, 181, [260], [310]
Slave-tenant or _métayer_ a quasi-partner, 298-9, [466]
Slave-tenants, 257, 299, [307], 367-8, 369, 371, [393], [404], 450
Slave-trade, 17, 18, 20, 25, 53, 55, 57, 61, 79, 87, 112, 122, 137,
153-4, [169], 176, 210, 236, [242], 256, [259], 291-2, 310,
325-6, 327, 329, 414, 435, 446
Unskilled labour (‘hands’), 39, 99, 170, 172, [180-1], 188, 193,
227, 261, 442 foll.
Wage-earning, 3, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 29, 34,
35, 44, 46, [53], 58-9, 61-4, 78-9, [88], 109-10, 117, 125,
140, 144-5, 150, 157-8, [160], 170-3, 175-6, 180, 182, 186,
188, 193, 199, 200-1, 216, 222, 235, 256, 287, 304-5, [313],
327, [344], [359], 370, 385, 434, 441 foll., 452, 456-9
Wage-labour for special work, 46, [110], 111, 125, 157, 171-3, 180,
182, 186, [202], 266
Wage, legal right to, 304

Small cultivating owners in Roman Empire, 341, 346, 390

Small holdings of state tenants, 177, 198

Small landholders persecuted by big neighbours, 144, 242, 248, 251,
283, 315, 330-1, 372, 467

Soldiers as practical farmers, 184, 340

Soldiers driven to farm-work, 53, [90], 147-8

Specialization in politics, 69, 72-5, 92-3, 98, 102

Squatters on waste land, 230, 272, 300 foll., [337], 349-52, 357, 428

State-contracts, 83, 142, 151-2, 187, 192, 366, 376

State-pay for public duties, 34, 38, 46, 47, 83, 87, 88, [120], 441

Steward a slave, 59, 97, [116], 124, 140, 153, 158-9, 166, 170-1,
186, 195-6, 216-7, 224, 242, 257-9, 264, [368], 443

Steward (_vilicus_) as tenant of a farm, 299, [307], 367-8

Steward directing free workers or overseeing tenants, [see
_procurator_], 173, 216, 264

Steward, the interest of, 153-4, 158-9, 166, 254, 443, 447

Stoicism and Stoics, 187, 193, 242, 244-6, 275 foll., 310, 442, 449

Tax-farming system superseded, 206

Tenancies, beneficial, 143, 376

Tenancies, large, not common, 298, 343-4

Tenancy a contract-relation regulated by law, 208-9, 246-7, 252-7,
297-9, 321, 345, 362 foll., 433

Tenant, claims of, 363-4, 374, [466]

Tenants find sureties, 345, 363

Tenants, good, hard to find, 208-9, 252-6, 298-9, 320-1, 367, 369, 450

Tenants-in-chief as rent and tax collectors, 343, 355

Tenants-in-chief, holding of the state [Middlemen], 195, 207-8, 209,
211-2, 343-53, 356, 358-9

Tenants-in-chief oppress sub-tenants, 346, 348, 354-7, 359, 384

Tenants-in-chief subletting to small farmers, 195, 197, 208-9, 211-2,
[340], [342], 343 foll., 353, 355, 376-7, [405]

Tenants, interest of Imperial government in their welfare, 394,
397-8, 400

Tenant’s property pledged to landlord, 363, 368

Tenant, the town-bred man, 254

Threshing, 16, 24, 278

Tillage by Mattock, 214, 284, 313, [316]

Tillage, the appliances of, 180, 197, 303

Timber, 39, 96, 118, 227, 320

Tombs on estates, [41], 109, 312

Transport as an element of cost, 391

Transport by road or river, 267, 322

Upkeep, importance of, 262, 365

Veterinary treatment, 228, 418

Village communities, 134, 291, 437-8 [463]

Vines, 19, 24, [43], 47-8, 81, 104, 107-8, 111, 121, 139, [157], 172,
174, 185-6, 261, 266, 283-4, 303, 308, 320-2, 352, 406, 416,
421, 428, [463]

Voluntary action, its limits in ancient world, 440-4

War and peace, 67, 89, [91], 95, 100, 102

Wayfarers, nuisance from, 267

Weather-wisdom, 31-2

Wine, use of, 19, 42, 283, 388

II LIST OF WORDS AND PHRASES

A. GREEK

ἀγορά, 101

ἄγροικος, 63, 117

ἀγρονόμοι, 79

ἄκληρος, 20, [66]

ἀνδράποδα, 17, 56, 60, 138

ἀνδράποδα μισθοφοροῦντα, 39, 110

ἀντίδοσις, 106

ἀπαρχή, 77

ἀπελεύθεροι, 97

ἄποροι, 463

ἀποφορά, 61, 64, 370

ἀρετή, 86, 89, [91, 98]

ἀστικός, 108

αὐτουργία consistent with slaveowning, 13, 23, [40], 44, 50, 58-9,
84, [88], 123, 136-7, 165, [225], 345, 439-40

αὐτουργοὶ and αὐτουργία, 12, 13, [17], 23, 24, 35-6, [42], 49, 50,
58, 60, 62, 67, 82, 94, 102-3, 107, 123, 128, 197, 277, 302,
[371], 439 foll., [459]

ἀφορμή, 302

βάναυσοι, 73-4, 91, 98, 99, 101

βάρβαροι, 31

βασιλεύς, 400

βασιλικοὶ γεωργοί, 204, [207], 347, [378]

γαμόρος, 27, 32, [76]

γαπόνος, 36, 37

γεωργεῖν, 47, [88], 106

γεωργοί, a special class, 29, 68, 74, 101, [204], [347, 378], 395, 401

γεωργός, γεωργεῖν, etc., 33, 37, 39, 84, 90, 121, 445, 462

γῆ κληρουχική, 210

γῆ πεφυτευμένη, 104

γράμματα, 400

δασμολογεῖν, 83

δεσπότης, 337, 341, 401

δεσποτική, 97

δημιοεργοί, 18, 75

δημόσιοι, 68

δμῶες, 17, 18, 20, 23

δουλεία, 240

[τὸ] δοῦλον, 34

δοῦλος, 17, [79], 110

ἔθνος, 122

ἐνεργός, 225

ἐπικαρπία, 225

ἐπιμέλεια, 58

ἐπιστάτης, 59, [172]

ἐπίτροπος, 57, 59, 60, 461

ἔργα, 16

ἐργασία, 461-2

ἐργάτης, 35, 107, 116, 121, 125, 128, 304, 461

ἔργον, 19, 22-3

ἔριθοι, 10, 23, 116

ἔρις, 22

ἐσχατιά, 106

εὐπορία, 92, 102

θῆτες, θητεύειν, 16, 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 29, 35, 85, 98, 110, 144, 147

θρέμματα, 122

ἰδία, 211

[τὸ] ἴσον, 66, [95]

κατασκευή, 122, 240

κατοικεῖν, 108

κοινόν, 66

κοινωνοί, 463

μισθός, 16, 23, 34, 64, 75, 95, 110, [304]

μισθωτοί, 46, 78, 85, [109], 110, 117, 125

νόμος, 402

ξύλα, 107

οἰκέται, 30, 39, 64, 110, 341

οἰκεύς, οἰκῆες, 17, 21, 30

οἰκογενεῖς, 129

οἰκοδεσπότης, 304

οἰκονόμος, 461

ὀπώρα, 108, 111

ὄρη, 111

ὅροι, 107

παραμονά, 123

πάροικοι, 347, 378

πενέστης, 37, 116

περίοικοι, 94

πρόκλησις, 110

σκαφεύς, 35, [116]

στάσις, 66

στρατιώτας, 116

συνοικία, 108

σώματα, 122, 396

τεμένη, 111

τεχνῖται, 68, 98

τροφή, 75, 95, 304

φελλεύς, 47, 83

φιάλη, 237

φύσις, 34-5

χορηγία, 86, [93]

χρηματιστική, 98

χωρία, 463

B. LATIN

_abigei_, 372

_actor_, 258, 263, 299, 300, 319, 324, 367-8

_adaeratio_, 396

_addicere_, 424

_adscribere_, _adscripticii_, 425

_adsidui_, 10, 152, 253

_advenae_, 425

_aedificare_, 214

_agellus_, 215-6, 219, 243, 318, 334, 425

_aggeres publici_, 429

_agrestes_, 199, 200, 230

_agricola_, 227, 230, 284, 398, 445

_agri fiscales_, 347

_agri rudes_, 349

_agri vectigales_, 376

_alimenta_, 296 foll., 324

_alligati_, [see _compediti_]

_annonariae regiones_, 388

_annona urbis_, 388, [402-3], 427

_aquarii_, 294

_arare_, _arator_, 195, 197-8, 214, 219, 227, 248, 308, 312

_aridi fructus_, _partes aridae_, 350

_artes_, 188, 193

_artifex_, 245

_asinarius_, 172, 227

_atriensis_, 246, 250, 319

_attributi_, 380

_auctoritas principalis_, 376

_bubulcus_, 172

_burgus_, 429

_calcarius_, 172

_canon_, 350-1, [356], 428

_capita_, 395, 421

_capitatio_, 386, 395, 411, [421], 424, [431]

_capitulum_, 410

_capulator_, 172

_casa_, 312

_castella_, 413

_censitores_, 421

_civilis pars_, 418

_classes, decuriae_, 261

_colere_, 184, 230, 253, 267, 364

_coloni Caesaris_, 208-9, [293?], 347, 355, 357, 377-8

_coloni indigenae_, 252, [347], 396

_colonia partiaria_, 211, 321, 332, 343, 347, [350], 356, [463]

_colonia_, place to which _colonus_ belongs, 258

_colonia_ [settlement], official sense, 133, [141], 152

_colonus_ as serf-labourer, 383-4, 392, 394, 401, 416, 424-5, 429, 431

_colonus_ as sub-tenant, 195, 209, 343-52, 355-6, 359, 376-7

_colonus_ becoming bound to the soil, [161], 201, 210-2, 257, 274,
333, 344-52, 356, 358-9, 383-4, 386-99, [404], 415-6, 450

_colonus_, cultivator, 133, 167, 183, 195, 215, 230, [233], 249, 267,
286, [293], [364], 445

_colonus_, free but dependent, 161, 183, [195], 209, 254, [264],
307-8, 312, 340, 358-9, 404

_colonus imaginarius_, 367

_colonus_ may sublet farm, 364

_colonus_, mean economic and social position of, 195, 235-6, 243,
246-7, 255, 307-8, 364

_colonus_, member of a _colonia_, 293

_colonus originalis_, 431

_colonus_, tenant farmer [free in law and fact], 139, 157-8, 183-4,
194-5, 202, [208], 210, 215-6, 221, 224, 233-5, 243, 246,
252-5, [267], 286, [292], 295, 315, 325, 332, 362-3, 364,
366-7, 371-3

_colonus_, veteran allottee, 155-6, [215], 223, 249, [293?]

_colonus_, yeoman farmer, 230

_compediti alligati vincti_, 166, 172, [218], 220, 227, 248, [252],
260-3, 300, 320, 334-5

_compositio_, 431

_conductor_, 264-5, 343, 345-51, 355-7, 359, 364, 366, 377, 405

_conductum_, 247

_conquisita_, 411

_contubernalis_, _contubernium_, 258, 300

_corpora_, 396

_cultores_, free, 141, [198], 320

_cura domini_, 252

_curia_, _curiales_, 390, 392, 401-2, 425

_cursus publicus_, [378], 391

_custodes_, 171-2, 311, [321]

_decem primi_, 421

_decretae provinciae_, 408

_decreta oppida_, 408

_decuma_, δεκάτη, 195, 197, 204

_dediticii_, 389, 424

_dispensator_, 196

_divisio_, ascertainment of shares, 350

_domestici_ = _familia_, 185

_domestici fidei_, 428

_dominium_, 247, 376, 393

_dominus_, 166, 171, 184, 215-6, 219, 229, 239, 247, 252, 260, 264,
292, 311, 343, 350, 356, 363, 366, 368, 397, 416, 419, 430, 431

_dotes_, 299

_emphyteusis_, 350, 359, 376

_emptor_, 171

_epistates_, [59], 172

_ergastulum_, 141, 145-6, 160, 185, 192, 233, 242, 260, 262-3, 285,
334

_exceptio iurisiurandi_, 364

_faber_, 172, 184, 319

_faber ferrarius_, 173

_factores_, 171

_familia_, 137, 155, 170-3, 188, 194, 245, 253, 258, 261, 334

_famulus_, _famula_, 220-1, 227, 230-1, 249

_fide dominica_, 299, 311

_fideiussores_, 363

_fiscalis raeda_, 422

_fiscus_, 377-8

_forma perpetua_, 347

_fossor_, [see σκαφεύς], 186, 227, 248-9, 317

_fructus_, 247, 321, 363, 366, 404

_frui licere_, 363

_frui possidere_, 351

_frumentationes_, 326

_fugitivi_, 191-2

_fullones_, 184

_fundi fiscales_, 377

_fundus_, 343, [352], [356], 360, 366, 368, 412

_genitale solum_, 393

_gens_ as landholder, 134

_gravia loca_, 180, 253

_heredium_, 231

_holitor_, 295

_honores qui indicuntur_, 377

_hortulanus_, 295, 332

_hortus_, _horti_, 231, 249, 283, 295, 312

_ianitor_, 311

_immunitas_, 377

_impatientia_, 419

_imperium_, 148, 247

_impotentia_, 295

_incolae_, 360

_indictiones_, 382-3, 393, 410-1

_indigenae_, 425

_indulgentiae_, 410

_ingenuus_, 243, 287, 312, 317, 396

_inquilini_, 339-40, 346, 360, [378], 395, 424, 430-2

_inquilinus_ or _colonus_, 431-2

_instruere_, _instrumentum_, 216, 243, 255, 297-9, 311, 320-1, 344-5,
364-5, 367-8, 371

_interdicta_, 189-91, 373

_iugatio_, 395

_iugerum_, 135, 139, 143, 167, 172, 184, 186, 230, 275, 281-2, 284,
313

_iuris alieni_, 386, [424], 425

_ius commercii_, 389

_iusta_, fair task, 259, 261

_latifundia_, 143, 154, 160, 167-8, 185, 198, 201, 203, 205, [222],
224, 236, 247, 249, 281, 283, 297, [314], 315, 354-5, 358, 369

_latrones_, 372

_legata_, 368

_leguli_, 171

_lex_ = charter, by-law, 343, 354

_lex_ = contract, agreement, 233

_lex Manciana_, 343, 352-3

_liberalis_, 245, 331

_locator_, 364

_lustrum_, 321, 364, [376]

_magister pecoris_, 172, 219, 228

_magistri_, 228, 259, 260, 267

_manceps_, 327, 376

_mancipia_, 260, 262, 285, 320, 369

_matrimonium_, 431

_mediastinus_, 217, 261

_medici_, 184, [228], [256]

_mercator_, 215

_mercennarius_, 125, 139-40, 159, 173, 176, 180, 182, 186, 188, 193,
235, 247, 256, 371, [463]

_merces_, 370-1

_messores_, 188, 227, 417

_militares viri_, 402

_militaris impressio_, 405

_militia_, 418

_monitor_, 261

_munera_, 377, 397

_navicularii_, 391

_nexus_, 263, 269

_nudo consensu_, 364

_nutrix_, [see τροφός], 431

_obaerarii_ [_obaerati_], 180, 182, 216, 263, 269, 437

_obnoxii_, 404

_offensiones domesticae_, 181

_opera_, _operae_, [170], 180, [186], 188, 193, 211, 229-30, 235,
254, 256, 265, 267, 269, 282, 286, 327, 333, [340], 344-6,
347-8, 351, 354, 370-1, [462]

_operarius_, 125, 170, 172-3, 180, 185, 193, 197, 243, 261

_opifex_, 144, 175, 193, 199, 245

_opilio_, 172, 219, 262

_opus_ [meaning of], 161, 252-4

_opus exigere_, _facere_, _operis exactor_, etc., 258-9, 261, 265, 321

_ordo [decurionum]_, 293, 376, 387

_originarius_, _originalis_, 431

_origo_, domicile, 211, 386, 396, 425, 430-1

_paganus_, 313, 411, 423

_palare_, verb, 282

_palatium_, 347

_partes agrariae_, 346, [350]

_partes aridae_, 350

_partiario_, _partiarius_, 166, 172, 343, 347

_pastinatio_, 264, 284

_pastores_, 162, 165-6, 171-2, 179, 183, 188, 191, 219, 227-8, [262]

_pater_, _patres_, 215-7

_patrocinia vicorum_, 400-1, 425

_patronus_, 430-1

_peculium_, 158, 167-8, 180-2, 219, 263, 299, 369

_pensiones_, 161, 252

_peregrini dediticii_, 389

_persona plebeia )( colonaria_, 431

_pervasio_, _pervasor_, 424

_pignora_, 320

_pistor_, 246

_plebs_, _plebeius_, 341-2

_politio_, _politores_, 172-3, 186

_poma_, 350

_possessio_, 189, 191, 194, 349-50, 372-3, 376, 405, 424

_possessiones_, 143, [154], 165, 174-5, 247-8

_possessores_, 233, 295, 350, 392-3, 397, 427

_postliminium_, 332

_potentes_, 392

_praedia_, 289, 319, 320-1, 360

_praedia Caesaris_, 207, [353-4], 377

_praediola_, 194, 216

_praefectus annonae_, 403, 427

_prospectus urbi_, 402-3, 426

_praetorium_, 366

_precario_, 167

_procurator_, 190, 194-5, 264, 319, 354-5, 368

_procurators_, imperial, 341, 343, 345-52, 354-5, 377

_proprius_, 425

_provisa_, _provisiones_, 411

_publica adflictio_, 424

_publica_, _publicani_, 151-2, 179, 188, 192, 206, 318, 376

_pulchritudo iungendi_, 251, [319]

_quasi colonus_, 299, 311, 368-9, 450

_quasi societatis iure_, 356, [363]

_quinquennium_, see _lustrum_

_ratio_ = imperial account, 346, 350

_rationes_, 368, 404

_reconductio_, 345, 364

_reditus )( census_, 406

_relationes_, 402-3

_reliqua_, 298-9, 320-1, 343, 347, 365, 368, [404]

_remissio_, 252, 320-1, 365

_rustica mancipia_, 369, [435]

_rusticatio_, 250

_rusticus_, 230, 347

_salictarius_, 172

_saltuarii_, 250

_salius_, 165, [179], 191, 214, 222, 235, 314, 343-52, [356], 360

_scriptura_, 179, [192], [343]

_secretum_, 408

_sederi_, _sessor_, 418

_sermo_, 349, 352

_servitia_, slaves, 141, 239, 285, 287

_servitium_, 229, 249, 262

_servitutes_, 373-4

_servus_, _serva_, 219, 221, 229, 247, 249, 252, 285, 334, [340],
368, 371, 404

_servus terrae_, 426

_sollemnia )( incrementa_, 411

_sordidus_, 245, 312, [397]

_stipendiarii?_, 345

_strictores_, 171

_subsiciva_, 272

_subulcus_, 172, 219

_suburbicariae regiones_, 388, [403]

_suffragium_, 428

_sui_ (or _mei_) = slaves, 184, 321, 323

_summa [consummatio]_ of labour, 172, [186], 267

_superexactiones_, 397

_superindictiones_, 382, 411

_supprimere_, _suppressi_, 233, 243, 263

_temo_, _temonaria functio_, etc., 396, 410, 414

_territorium_, 428

_Teutonicus vomer_, 416

_tirocinia_, 413-4

_topiarii_, 319

_trans Tiberim_, 435

_tributa_, 350-1, 378, 382, 410, [424]

_tributarii_, 415, 431

_tributarium iugum_, 427

_trientabula_, 143, 152

_usus_, 247, 363

_usus fructus_, 370

_vagus_, _vagi_, 229, 396

_valetudinarium_, 161, 262

_vectigal_, 376

_veterani, milites_, 293

_vicarii_, 324

_vilica_, 170, 172, 251, 262, 306-8

_vilicus_, 124, 140, 153, 158-60, 166, 170, 172, 185-6, 190, 194-6,
215-7, [219], 224, [234], 242, 246, 251, 257-9, 262-4, 282,
299, 306-8, 311, 316, 335, 343, 345, 355, 364, 367, 404, [419],
461

_villa_, 125, [136-8], 141, 165, 214, 216, 224, 231, 235, 246, 255,
282, 298, 309, 311, 322, 343, 347, 366, 372, [412]

_vincti_, [see _compediti_]

_vinitor_, 219, 265

_vir bonus_, umpire, 367

_viritim_, _viritanus_, 133, 274

_vis_ and _vis armata_, [189-91], 373

_voluptaria praedia_, 366

III LIST OF PASSAGES CITED

=Aelian=, _var hist_ V p 14, =282=

=Aeschines=
_Timarchus_ 13, =106=; 14, =109=; 4, =111=;
_Embassy_ 59, =112=

=Aeschylus=
_Agam_ 733, =30=;
_Eumen_ 186-90, =31=; 890-1, =32=;
_Persae_ 186-7, 255, 337, 391, 423, 434, 475, 798, 844, =31=;
_Prom_ 454-8, 708, =31=;
_Suppl_ 612-4, =32=;
_fragments_ =32=

=Agrimensores= [_gromatici_, ed Lachmann], I 35, =205=, =358=; 53-4,
=272=, =341=, =354=; 133, =272=; 203, =349=; 164, =354=

=Ammianus=, XVI 5 §§ 14, 15, =410=; XVII 3, =411=; XVIII 1, =411=;
XVIII 2 § 2, =412=; XIX 11 § 3, =391=; XIX 11 § 7, =396=,
=413=; XX 4 § 1, =415=; XXVII 4 § 18, =405=; XXVIII 6 § 8,
=413=; XXVIII 5 § 15, =415=; XXIX 6 § 6, =412=; XXIX 5 §§
10-13, =412=; XXIX 5 § 25, =412=; XXX 5 § 6, =411=; XXX 10 § 4,
=412=; XXX 2 § 10, =413=; XXXI 4 §§ 4, 5, =413=; XXXI 6 § 5,
=414=; XXXI 10 § 17, =414=; XXXI 9 § 4, =415=

=Andocides= (by pages)
_de reditu_ 22, =81=;
_de mysteriis_ 12, =82=;
_de pace_ 25, 28, =84=

=Antiphon=, fragm =82=

=Appian=, _civ_, I 8 § 2, =131=; I 7 § 5, =144=, =248=; I 116 § 2,
=162=; I 29 § 2, =275=

=Apuleius=
_apolog_ 24, =328=; 17, 23, =332=; 17, =333=; 23, =334=; 47, =334=;
93, =334=; 87, =335=;
_metam_ IV 9, =329=; IV 3, =332=; IV 30, =332=; V 17, =332=; VI 31,
=329=; VII 4, 9, =329=; VII 15, =332=; VIII 22, =258=, =335=;
VIII 24, =329=; VIII 17, =331=; VIII 17, 29, 31, =332=; VIII
26, =332=; IX 12, =2=; IX 31-2, =295=, =332=; IX 39, 42, =330=;
IX 35-8, =330=; IX 2, =331=; IX 39-42, =332=

=Aristophanes=
_Acharnenses_ 32-4, 180, 211, 557 foll, 626 foll, =42=; 248-50,
259, 266, =44=; 1018-36, =47=;
_Aves_ 1152, 1431-2, =46=; 712, =48=;
_Ecclesiazusae_ 243, =40=; 197-8, 591-2, =41=, =46=; 651, =45=;
605, =48=;
_Equites_ 792-4, =40=; 316-7, =42=;
_Lysistrata_ 1173-4, =43=; 1203-14, =45=;
_Nubes_ 202-3, =41=; 43 foll, =42=, =45=; 138, =45=; 71-2, =47=;
_Pax_ 632-6, =40=; 570, 1185-6, =42=; 190, 509-11, 551-70, 1127
foll, 1318-24, =43=; 1140 foll, 1248-9, =45=; 552, 1318, =47=;
_Plutus_ 510-626, =41=, =46=; 223-4, 903, =42=; 26-7, 253, 517-20,
525-6, =45=;
_Ranae_ 164-77, =46=;
_Vespae_ 442-52, =45=; 712, 959, =46=, =111=;
fragments =43=, =46=

=Aristotle=
Ἀθην πολ 16, 24, =11=, =25=, =86=, =89=; 11, 12, =25=, =89=; 4,
=91=;
_de mundo_ 6 §§ 4, 7, 13, =102=;
_Economics_ I 5 § 1, 6 § 5, =87=, =97=; I 5 § 3, =95=, =304=; I 5 §
5, =97=; I 6 § 9, =97=; I 5 § 6, =162=;
_Ethics_ II 1 § 4, =93=; VIII 11 § 6, =99=; X 5 § 8, =95=; X 10 §
13, =101=;
_Politics_ [cited in old order of books], I 7 § 5, =87=; I 7, =97=;
I 8 §§ 3 foll, =98=; I 9, =98=; I 10, 11, =98=; I 11 § 1, =98=;
I 11 §§ 3-5, =99=; I 2 § 5, 5 §§ 8, 9, =99=; I 13 § 13, =99=;
I 5, 6, =100=; I 11, =284=; I 2 § 5, =433=; II 6 § 13, =65=,
=67=; II 7 § 1, =65=; II 7 § 6, =65=; II 12 § 10, =65=, =67=;
II 7, 8, =65=, =67=; II 7 § 7, =67=, =91=; II 7 §§ 3-7, =67=;
II 7 §§ 14, 15, =67=; II 8 §§ 2, 3, =67=; II 7 §§ 8, 9, =68=;
II 6 § 15, =91=; II 7 § 12, =91=; II 6 § 17, =95=; II 9 §§
21-2, =95=; II 9 § 34, =95=; II 3 § 4, =97=, =124=; II 5 §§ 4,
8, =97=; II 5 § 28, =99=; II 5 § 19, =101=; II 10 § 16, =101=;
II 6 § 6, =102=; III 13 § 2, =66=; III 15 § 13, =89=; III 5
§ 2, =97=; III 5 §§ 4-6, =98=; IV 4 §§ 15, 18, =89=; IV 6 §
2, =89=; IV 15 § 6, =92=; IV 8 § 5, 9 § 4, =94=; IV 9 §§ 7-9,
=95=; V 6 §§ 12, 13, =95=; VI 4 §§ 8-10, =88=; VI 4 §§ 1, 2,
13, 14, =89=, =90=; VI 4 § 11, =90=; VI 5 §§ 8-10, =92=; VI 8
§ 3, =99=; VI 2 § 3, 4 § 20, =101=; VII 6 §§ 7, 8, =54=, =90=,
=100=; VII 4 § 6, =86=, =96=; VII 8 §§ 7-9, =86=, =102=; VII 9,
=89=; VII 16 §§ 12, 13, =90=, =93=; VII 8, 9, 10, =94=; VII 9
§ 5, =95=; VII 14, 15, =95=; VII 2 §§ 3-7, =97=; VII 10 § 14,
=97=; VII 6 §§ 1-5, =99=; VII 15 §§ 1-6, =100=; VII 12 §§ 3-6,
=101=; VII 10 § 13, =162=; VIII 4, =95=, =100=, =101=; VIII 6
§§ 3-8, =98=; VIII 3 § 7, =100=;
_Rhetoric_ I 13 § 2, =35=; I 9 § 27, =99=; I 12 § 25, =102=; II 4 §
9, =102=; III 8 § 1, =97=

=Arrian=, _Indica_ 10 §§ 8, 9, =123=, =210=

=Athenaeus=, 149 _d_, =50=; 263, 267 _e_-270 _a_, =62=; 272 _a_, 264
_c_, =123=; 276 _b_, =245=; 264 _d_, =442=

=Attic Comedy=, 61-5, =121=

=Augustin=, _de civitate Dei_ X 1, =393=

=Caesar=
_bell Afr_ 32, 35, 56, =275=; 9, 40, 65, =412=;
_bell civ_ I 34, 56, =14=, =183=, =254=;
_bell Gall_ IV 1, VI 22, =291=

=Calpurnius=, IV 118, =249=; IV 25-6, =265=

=Cato=
_de agri cultura_ 5 § 4, =140=, =173=; 2 § 7, =158=, =167=; 5 § 2,
=159=; 3 § 1, =166=; 4, =166=, =170=;
_praef_ =166=, =167=; 16, 136-7, 146, =166=; 147, =166=; 56-7,
=166=, =172=, =186=; 10 § 1, 11 § 1, =167=, =172=; 1 § 4,
=167=; 1 § 3, =170=; 2 § 1, =170=; 5, 83, 143, =170=; 13 § 1,
=171=; 64 § 1, =171=; 66, =171=; 144-5, =171=; 146, =171=; 149
§ 2, =171=; 150, =172=; 66-7, =172=; 16, 38, =172=; 5 § 6,
=172=; 14, =172=; 7 § 2, 21 § 5, =173=; 2 §§ 2, 4, =173=; 136,
=173=;
_Remains_ (ed Jordan) p 77, =164=; 43, =165=, =169=

=Catullus=, XXIII 1, =221=