Chapter IX: Front Matter (9)

In collecting the fishes and reptiles of the Ohio, the Mississippi, and the Lakes, the managers will likewise need all the aid which their fellow-citizens may feel disposed to give them. Although not a very interesting department of zoology, no object of the Society offers so great a prospect of novelty as that which embraces these animals. The managers, therefore, flatter themselves that they will not be suffered to proceed unaided in this portion of their labours.

The obscure and neglected race of insects will not be overlooked, and any specimens sufficiently perfect to be introduced into a cabinet of entomology, will be thankfully received.

The western country, from having afforded some of the most gigantic and curious remains of land animals which have yet been discovered, seems entitled to a museum of such relics. A collection of this kind will be one of the earliest objects of the Society. Its funds will be liberally expended for the purpose; and if aided by those who may be so fortunate as to discover any of the great bones which lie buried in our alluvial or bottom lands, the managers hope, at no distant period, to repair, in some degree, the losses which have been repeatedly sustained by exportation of these interesting fossils.

The third class comprises objects of very little utility, but of extraordinary interest. Nothing, indeed, presented by the western country seems to excite in a higher degree the curiosity of strangers, than the relics and vestiges of the extinct and comparatively civilized population with which it abounds.

The managers will make every possible effort to form an extensive collection of these remains.

It is extremely unfortunate for those engaged in researches concerning the objects of this class, that so many of them have been disseminated abroad. To study them successfully, it is necessary that they should be compared, and for this purpose they must be brought together. The managers hope, therefore, that such persons as now hold, or may hereafter possess any of these antiquities, will dispose of them to the Society, instead of sending them out of the country. In this way, and in this only, can a valuable collection of these unique curiosities be formed.

The remaining class comprehends the weapons, utensils, trinkets, and other manufactures of our neighbouring Indians, of which the managers hope, in a short time, to be able to exhibit a great variety.

The curiosities of this country are the primary, but not the exclusive objects of the Society. It proposes in due time to open a gallery of paintings, and thus offer to the lovers and cultivators of the fine arts, a few of those models which are absolutely necessary to the gratification and improvement of their taste.

The managers will be happy, moreover, to receive from such of their eastern brethren as are desirous of contributing to the amelioration and advancement of a new and remote community, any of the productions of foreign countries that may be calculated to promote this object; and will, in return, cheerfully exchange any specimens of the curiosities of this country which they can spare without injury to their collection.

They will, if required, pay a reasonable price for every article which may be deemed worthy of introduction into the museum. They intend to publish, annually, a catalogue of all the more valuable donations which may be made to the museum, with the names of the donors.

ELIJAH SLACK, }
JAMES FINDLAY, }
WILLIAM STEELE, } _Managers_.
JESSE EMBREE, }
DANIEL DRAKE, }

_Cincinnati, Sept. 15, 1818._

Caleb Atwater, Esq. of Circleville, Ohio, is engaged in writing Notes on the State of Ohio, a work which is intended to embrace the most important features and interests of this new and rising State.

To this laudable effort, and to that of the Western Museum Society, whose address is published above, we cordially wish success. From the zeal, talent, and industry of the gentlemen concerned, we have every reason to expect a happy result.

We view, with much satisfaction, the efforts which have been already made, and are rapidly increasing, to bring to light the resources, and to develope the history, of the western States; and it will always give us pleasure, if through the medium of this Journal, or in any other manner, we can contribute to promote them.

ART. XXIV. _Extract of a Letter from Colonel Gibbs to the Editor._

SUNSWICK, June, 1818.

DEAR SIR,

Since I saw you, I have made only one experiment on magnetism. I determined the power of my magnet, as it had been shut up in the dark for a long time, and lying down. I then exposed it to the rays of the sun, also lying down, and remote from the iron support, and I found that it had gained 12 oz. power in 40 minutes, and 14 oz. power only in five hours.

ART. XXV. _A New Lamp, without Flame._

From the Annals of Philosophy for March, 1818. Communicated by Mr. THOMAS GILL.

This lamp is one of the results of the new discoveries in chemistry. It has been found, by Sir H. Davy, that a fine platina wire, heated red hot, and held in the vapour of ether, would continue ignited for some time; but, I believe, no practical use has been made of this fact.

If a cylindrical coil of thin platina wire be placed, part of it round the cotton wick of a spirit lamp, and part of it above the wick, and the lamp be lighted, so as to heat the wire to redness; on the flame being blown out, the vapour of the alcohol will keep the upper part of the wire _red hot_, for any length of time, according to the supply of alcohol, and with little expenditure thereof; so as to be in constant readiness to kindle German fungus, or paper prepared with nitre, and, by this means, to light a sulphur match at pleasure. This lamp affords sufficient light to show the hour of the night by a watch, and to perform many other useful services; but does not hinder the repose of persons unaccustomed to keep a light burning in their bed-room, nor does it require to be snuffed.

The proper size of the platina wire is the 1/100th part of an inch: a larger one will only yield a dull, red light, and a smaller one is difficult to use. About 12 turns of the wire will be sufficient, coiled around any cylindrical body suited to the size of the wick of the lamp; and four or five coils should be placed on the wick, and the remainder of the wire above it; and which will be the part ignited. A wick, composed of twelve threads of the ordinary sized lamp cotton yarn, with the platina wire coiled around it, will require about half an ounce of alcohol to keep it alight for eight hours.

An agreeable and slightly acid smell arises from this lamp during its ignition. It is perfectly safe, as nothing can fall from it; and its novel appearance, in a wick's keeping red hot for such a length of time, is very surprising to persons unacquainted with its nature.

P.S.--When the wire has become oxided, it will be necessary to uncoil it, and rub it bright again with fine glass-paper; which will cause it to act again with increased effect.

REMARK.

Such wire as is here described may, probably, be obtained in Philadelphia.

FOOTNOTES:

[17] In using the word "pit," instead of "mine," I have accommodated my language to the custom of the country.

[18] Since the above article was written we have received some as large as a finger.

[19] The green earth of most mineralogists. EDITOR.

[20] _Formation_--a geological phrase, of German origin.

[21] Doubtless the pea ore of the Wernerians. EDITOR.

[22] This jet of cold water being let into the cylinder itself, necessarily cooled it at every stroke; and then it was necessary to heat it again to the boiling point, before the piston would reascend, and thus a vast loss of heat occurred. EDITOR.

[23] But it is not necessary (as in the plate) to crowd the engine into the after-part of the boat, the boilers maybe placed forward, and near them, or over them, _the cylinder_, &c. The power is then communicated to the stern-wheel by a long shaft, supported on, or immediately under, the deck. This arrangement gives room for loading both behind and before the boilers and engine, and equalizes the burden. This is the actual arrangement of the Merrimack boat.

[24] It is found with very high steam that the source of supply must be above the _chamber_, or a small quantity of cold water introduced to condense the steam therein.

[25] Taken from the Philosophical Magazine, and by that work from the Annales de Chimie and de Physique, for January, 1818.

[26] A method of rendering changeable the sound of the same pipes in the organ, which had occurred to the writer, but which was not inserted above on account of the supposed difficulty of making the change sufficient in degree, he has since found to have been executed by the Rev. H. Liston, who has succeeded, by means of shaders capable of being brought before the mouths of his pipes by the action of pedals, in giving them three distinct sounds each, varying by two commas. (See the description of his Enharmonic organ, in Rees' Cyc. or Tilloch's Phil. Mag.) His scale embraces 59 intervals to the octave, and is intended to produce perfect harmony in all the keys. But as it will require the use of pedals perpetually, even on the same key, and a ready and perfect knowledge of small musical intervals, which practical musicians can seldom possess, there is no probability that it will ever be extensively adopted. Perhaps, however, four or five sounds, such as D♯, E♯, A♭, D♭, might be added to the common scale of 12 intervals by means of his mechanism, with advantage. An instrument thus furnished would require the use of pedals but seldom, and would contain chromatic degrees sufficient for the accurate performance of the great mass of organ music.

[27] These picture, as is well known, represent the assault on Quebec, and the battle of Bunker's Hill.

CONTENTS.

GEOLOGY, MINERALOGY, TOPOGRAPHY, &C.
Page

Art. I. Hints on some of the Outlines of Geological
Arrangement, with particular Reference to
the System of Werner, in a letter to the Editor,
from William Maclure, Esq. dated Paris,
22d August, 1818 209

Art. II. On the Geology, Mineralogy, Scenery, and
Curiosities of Parts of Virginia, Tennessee, and
the Alabama and Mississippi Territories, &c.
with Miscellaneous Remarks, in a letter to the
Editor. By the Rev. Elias Cornelius 214

Art. III. Notice of the Scenery, Geology, Mineralogy,
Botany, &c. of Belmont County, Ohio, by
Caleb Atwater, Esq. of Circleville 226

Art. IV. Remarks on the Structure of the Calton Hill,
near Edinburgh, Scotland; and on the Aqueous
Origin of Wacke; by J. W. Webster, M.D. of Boston 230

Art. V. Localities of Minerals 236

1. Localities by the Rev. F. C. Schaeffer _ibid._

2. Minerals of Guadaloupe and Porto Rico 237

3. Molybdena in Shutesbury, Mass. 238

---- Pettipaug, Con. 242

4. Rose Quartz in Southbury, Con. 238

Limpid Quartz in West Canada Creek, N. Y. 241

5. Plumbago in Cornwall, Con. 239

6. Coal at Zanesville, Ohio _ibid._

---- in Muskingum, Ohio _ibid._

---- in Suffield, Southington, &c. Con. 239 & 240

7. Mammoth's Tooth, from St. Francis River 239

8. Shells south of Lake Erie _ibid._

9. Minerals of the Blue Ridge, &c. _ibid._

10. Sulphat of Barytes, Southington, Con. 240

11. Scintillating Limestone, from Vermont 241

12. Beryl, in Haddam, &c. 242

13. Limpid Gypsum, near Cayuga Lake 243

14. Amianthus in the anthracite of Rhode Island _ibid._

15. Red Pyroxene Augite, near Baltimore 244

BOTANY.

Art. VI. A List of Plants found in the neighbourhood
of Connasarga River, (Cherokee Country) where
Springplace is situated; made by Mrs. Gambold, at the
request of the Rev. Elias Cornelius 245

Art. VII. Description of a new species of Asclepias.
By Dr. Eli Ives, Professor, &c. in the Medical
Institution of Yale College 252

Art. VIII. Description of a New Genus of American
Grass. Diplocea Barbata, by C. S. Rafinesque, Esq. _ibid._

Art. IX. Floral Calendar, &c. 254

ZOOLOGY.

Art. X. Notes on Herpetology, by Thomas Say, of
Philadelphia 256

PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY.

Art. XI. Outline of a Theory of Meteors. By Wm. G.
Reynolds, M.D. Middletown Point, New-Jersey 266

Art. XII. Observations upon the prevailing Currents of
Air in the State of Ohio and the Regions of
the West, by Caleb Atwater, Esq. of Circleville,
Ohio; in Letters addressed to His Excellency
De Witt Clinton, LL.D. Governor
of the State of New-York, and President of
the Literary and Philosophical Society 276

Art. XIII. On a singular Disruption of the Ground,
apparently by Frost, in Letters from Edward
Hitchcock, A. M. late Principal of Deerfield Academy 286

Art. XIV. On a New Form of the Electrical Battery,
by J. F. Dana, M. D. Chemical Assistant in
Harvard University, and Lecturer on Chemistry
and Pharmacy in Dartmouth College 292

Art. XV. Chemical Examination of the Berries of the
Myrica Cerifera, or Wax Myrtle, by J. F.
Dana, M. D. Chemical Assistant in Harvard
University, and Lecturer on Chemistry and
Pharmacy in Dartmouth College 294

Art. XVI. Analysis of Wacke, by Dr. J. W. Webster, of
Boston 296

AGRICULTURE AND ECONOMICS.

Art. XVII. On the Comparative Quantity of Nutritious
Matter which may be obtained from an Acre
of Land when cultivated with Potatoes or
Wheat, by Dr. Eli Ives, Professor of Materia
Medica and Botany in Yale College 297

MISCELLANEOUS.

Art. XVIII. Biographical Notice of the late Archibald
Bruce, M. D. Professor of Materia Medica
and Mineralogy in the Medical Institution of
the State of New-York, and Queen's College,
New-Jersey; and Member of various Learned
Societies in America and Europe 299

INTELLIGENCE.

Art. XIX. 1. Dr. J. W. Webster's Lectures 304

2. Dr. Webster's Cabinet 305

3. Supposed identity of Copal and Amber 306

4. The Necronite.--(A supposed new mineral.) _ibid._

5. Preservation of dead Bodies 307

6. Matches kindling without fire 308

7. Cleaveland's Mineralogy _ibid._

8. A new Alkali 309

9. Ignited Platinum Wire _ibid._

10. Red Rain _ibid._

11. Gnephalium 310

12. Augite _ibid._

13. A New Vegetable Alkali _ibid._

14. New Minerals _ibid._

15. New Metal _ibid._

16. Pure Alumine _ibid._

17. Collections of American Minerals _ibid._

18. C. S. Rafinesque, Esq. 311

19. Medical College of Ohio _ibid._

20. Notes on Ohio _ibid._

21. Discovery of American Tungsten and Tellurium 312

22. Mr. Sheldon's application of Chesnut Wood
to the arts of Tanning and dying _ibid._

23. Additional note concerning the Tungsten and
Tellurium 316

THE

_AMERICAN_

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, &c.

_GEOLOGY, MINERALOGY, TOPOGRAPHY, &c._

ART. I. _Hints on some of the Outlines of Geological Arrangement, with particular Reference to the System of Werner, in a letter to the Editor, from_ WILLIAM MACLURE, _Esq. dated Paris, 22d August, 1818_.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

Some years since, during Mr. Maclure's geological survey of the United States, the editor had the pleasure of passing a few days, in company with that gentleman, in exploring the geology of the vicinity of New-Haven. Near that town, junctions, on an extensive scale, between widely different formations, are to be observed. A radius of ten miles, with New-Haven for a centre, will describe a circle within which the geological student may find (with the exception of formations, unquestionably volcanic) most of the important rocks of the globe, and a radius of even six or seven miles will include the greater number of these. At, and near the terminations of the primitive ranges, there are rocks which appear to have, in a high degree, the characters of the transition class. Among them is the beautiful green marble of the Milford Hills, seven miles from New-Haven. Mr. Maclure visited that district, and even suggested the first hint which afterward led to the discovery of the marble. Doubts being entertained concerning some of the geological relations of those rocks, a letter was addressed to Mr. Maclure (then in Philadelphia) on the subject. His answer is subjoined.

In giving it to the public, the editor takes a liberty which he hopes the respectable author will pardon, because his production, although evidently never intended for the public eye, contains statements and opinions of no small importance to the young geologist, especially of this country.

Geology, at the present day, means not a merely theoretical and usually a visionary and baseless speculation, concerning the origin of the globe; but, on the contrary, the _result of actual examination into the nature, structure, and arrangement of the materials of which it is composed_. It is therefore obvious, that the opinions of those men, who, with competent talent and science, have, with a direct reference to this subject, explored many countries, and visited different continents, are entitled to pre-eminent respect. SAUSSURE, by his scientific journeys among the Alps, (although a limited district) has given deserved celebrity to his own name, and, if it were possible, has thrown an additional charm of attraction over those romantic and sublime regions. Dolomieu has made us familiar with the productions and phenomena of volcanoes, those awful and mysterious laboratories of subterranean fire. Humboldt has surveyed the sublimest peaks of both continents, and examined the structure of the globe amidst the valleys of Mexico and the snows of Chimborazo and Pinchinca; and Werner, with opportunities much more limited, (confined indeed to his native country, Saxony) but with astonishing sagacity and perseverance, deduced from what he saw, a classification of the rocks of our globe, which, although not perfect, has done immense service to the science of Geology. In this distinguished group (to which other important names might be added) Mr. Maclure has unquestionably a right to be placed. Few men have seen so much of the structure of our globe, and few have done so much with such small pretensions. His work on American Geology is noticed with becoming respect even in Edinburgh,[28] that focus of geological science. His opinions on some of the more obscure and doubtful parts of the Wernerian geology are worthy of peculiar consideration; for they are founded on a course of observations vastly more extensive than Werner ever had it in his power to make. The name of Werner will always be venerated as long as geological science shall be cultivated, for geology owes more to him than to any other man; but his pupils should not now demand that implicit and unqualified adoption of ALL his opinions, which will allow no other question to be raised, than what Werner taught or believed.

With these explanatory remarks, the following extract of Mr. Maclure's letter is now subjoined:

DEAR SIR,

Your letter of the 26th June came just as I was embarking for Europe. The information it requires concerning the primitive trap and flint slate, the transition and secondary rocks, &c. &c. is difficult to give without the aid of specimens, and frequently requires the examination of the relative position of the strata before any correct idea can be formed. I will, however, endeavour to give you the little my experience has brought me acquainted with.

Following the nomenclature of Werner, I have given a list of his rocks; but in describing them there are many of his names which I do not use; because I never met with them. Primitive trap is one instance--I do not use trap as a substantive, except in describing that kind of trap which Werner calls the newest flætz trap, the nearest to which is your trap,[29] which covers the oldest red sandstone.

The primitive flint slate is in the same predicament. I have always found it on the borders of the transition, between it and the secondary.

Primitive gypsum I have not found.

What Werner calls primitive trap may perhaps be compact hornblende, or perhaps the newest flætz trap, when it happens to cover the primitive; for, this species of trap, like the currents of lava, covers indiscriminately all classes of rocks, and is one reason why I consider it as the remains of ancient lava.

Transition trap is a rock that I have not met with, and may perhaps be a part of the flætz trap that happened to cover the transition, without any immediate connexion, but like a current of lava, overlying all the classes of rocks it meets with. This misapplication of names naturally arises from the system of neptunian origin, on which the nomenclature of Werner is founded.

Greywake and greywake slate are aggregates of rounded particles of rocks, evidently the detritus of more ancient formations, and differ from the aggregates of pudding and sandstone of the secondary class, in the following properties, viz.

The aggregates of transition are harder and much more compact, than the secondary; they are also cemented by argil, taking a slaty form.

This cement is in much greater quantity, in proportion to the particles cemented, and has the appearance as if the cement at the time of formation, had a consistence sufficient to prevent the particles from touching each other.

They have, in common with all the transition rocks, a regular and uniform dip from the horizon, from 10 to 40 degrees; and sometimes more. This is perhaps the strongest mark of distinction which separates them from the secondary, which are horizontal, or follow the inequalities of the surface on which they were deposited.

The transition are distinguished from the primitive in being aggregates of rounded particles, having little or no crystallization, and containing, or alternating with strata, which contain organic matter.

The oldest red sandstone, with all its accompanying strata, I should incline to put into the transition, as having many of the properties of that class, and occupying the same relative situation in the stratification of the globe. It is at a constant dip (although small) from the horizon; the cement is in greater quantities in proportion to the particles cemented than in any of the secondary aggregates, &c. &c.

The character of the secondary is a horizontal position, that perhaps does not admit of the same facility of examining the relative situation of its stratification. The compact limestone is, probably, with reason, considered as the lowest of the secondary formation, and always under the coal formation, but it appears to me that the secondary is deposited in basins alongside of one another, and that each basin has a different order of superposition, according to the nature of the agents employed in the deposition; that it is a partial, and by no means a general deposition. The secondary aggregates of sandstone and puddings have been evidently beds of sand or gravel, and of course, in that state would be called alluvial, but when cemented together by the infiltration of water, carrying along with it lime, iron, or any other body capable of agglutinating the particles together, become rocks, and may alternate in all proportions.

I am therefore inclined to think, that in geology the best mode for the greatest part of the secondary would be to give the relative position of the strata of each valley or basin; and I am rather of opinion that they would all differ from one another.

The French and English basin having chalk for the lowest stratum, which has occupied the geologists of both countries for these 10 or 15 years, is perhaps the best known; yet they do not know the relative position of the chalk and coals, because coals have not been found in the same basin with chalk: coals occupy basins filled with different kinds of rocks, and have no resemblance to the rocks found covering the chalk.

ART. II. _On the Geology, Mineralogy, Scenery, and Curiosities of Parts of Virginia, Tennessee, and the Alabama and Mississippi Territories, &c. with Miscellaneous Remarks, in a letter to the Editor._ By the REV. ELIAS CORNELIUS.

_To Benjamin Silliman, Professor, &c._

SIR,

Having recently returned from a tour of considerable extent in the United States, I avail myself with pleasure of the first leisure moment, to communicate, agreeably to your request, some facts, relative to the Mineralogy and Geology of that part of the country through which I passed.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

Before doing this, you will permit me to premise, that in consequence of my limited acquaintance with these branches of Natural Science, and the still more limited time, which other and important concerns allowed me to devote to the subject, I can do little more than give a general description. What my eye could catch, as I travelled from one country and wilderness to another, preserving occasionally a few of the most interesting specimens, was all I could do. The specimens you have received. The narrative I am about to give, is drawn principally from the notes which were taken on the journey, and will be confined to a simple _statement of such facts_ as were either observed by myself, or derived from good authority. Their application to preconceived theories, I leave to those who have more leisure and disposition for speculation than myself.

A description of a few natural and artificial curiosities which came under particular notice, will not, I trust, be thought an improper digression. The whole is committed to your disposal; and if it shall add but one mite to the treasury of American Natural History, I shall be gratified, and rejoice to have made even this small remuneration for your unwearied efforts, to impart to one, formerly your pupil, a love for Natural Science.

_The Author's Route._

My route was in a line nearly direct from Boston to New-Orleans; passing through the principal cities to Washington; thence, diagonally, through Virginia, East Tennessee, and the northwestern angle of Georgia; in a western course through the north division of the Territory of Alabama, to the northeastern boundary of the State of Mississippi; and thence in a line nearly southwest to Natchez. From this last place I descended the river Mississippi to New-Orleans. On my return I frequently varied from this course, and had increased opportunities for surveying the country. In both instances I passed through the countries belonging to the Cherokee, Chickesaw, and Choctaw tribes of Indians, and travelled among them, in all, about one thousand miles.

_Geology of Virginia._

As others have described more minutely and accurately than I can, the country north of Virginia, I shall begin with a few remarks on the geological character of that State. It is there that the traveller, in passing from the Atlantic to the interior, crosses successively the most important formations of the earth, from the most recent alluvial to the oldest primitive. For a considerable distance from the coast, the country is alluvial. It then assumes an older secondary formation[30]--and sandstone and puddingstone are frequent. This is the character of the District of Columbia, and indeed of a great part of the valley of the Potomac.

_Sandstone of the Capitol, &c._

In this valley, and adjacent to the river, is found the _sandstone_ of which the President's house, and the Capitol are constructed. It is composed of fine silicious grains, is easily wrought, and from its colour, has the appearance at a small distance of white marble.

_Beautiful Breccia._

It is also in the valley of this river, and not far from its famous passage through the Blue Ridge, that immense quarries of beautiful Breccia have been opened. This rock was first brought into use by Mr. Latrobe, for some years employed by the government as principal architect. It is composed of pebbles, and fragments of silicious and calcareous stones of almost every size, from a grain, to several inches in diameter, strongly and perfectly cemented. Some are angular, others rounded. Their colours are very various, and often bright. Red, white, brown, gray, and green, are alternately conspicuous, with every intermediate shade. Owing to the silicious stones which are frequently imbedded through the mass, it is wrought with much difficulty; but when finished, shows a fine polish, and is unquestionably one of the most beautifully variegated marbles, that ever ornamented any place. It would be difficult to conceive of any thing more grand than the hall of the Representatives, in the Capitol, supported as it is by twenty or thirty pillars formed of the solid rock, and placed in an amphitheatrical range; each pillar about three feet in diameter, and twenty in height. Some idea of the labour which is employed in working the marble may be formed from the fact, that the expense of each pillar is estimated at five thousand dollars. The specimens in your possession, are good examples of its general structure, but convey no adequate idea of its beauty.

_Petrifaction of Wood._

It will be proper to notice in this place, a petrifaction of wood which is found on the road from Washington to Fredericksburgh, 16 miles from the latter, and four miles north of the court-house in Stafford county. It is remarkable for its size, rather than for any singularity in the composition. It was found by digging away the earth on the side of the road, and appears to have been the trunk of a considerable tree. It is firmly fixed in the ground, and penetrates it obliquely; how far has not yet been ascertained. At the time I saw it about two feet had been exposed. The diameter is about eight inches. Its colour is white, sometimes resembling that of wood. The fibres are well preserved, and so is the general structure. It is much to be desired, that some one would clear it from its bed, and give it entire to one of our mineralogical cabinets.

_Geological Features._

Next to the alluvial and secondary formations, as you pass to the west and northwest, are to be found ranges of granite and shistose, and other primitive rocks; interspersed with these may be seen sandstone, clay, slate, quartz, and limestone. Granite ranges were particularly seen in the neighbourhood of Fredericksburgh, crossing the Rappahannock; and in Orange and Albemarle counties, extending nearly to the Blue Ridge. Great quantities of quartz and quartz rock, sometimes covering with their fragments the sides of hills, are frequent. Another, and more interesting rock in the same connexion, is found in Albemarle county. For some time I doubted to what class to refer it. But from its resemblance to the rocks of the east and west mountains near New-Haven, I ventured to call it trap or whinstone. It becomes more abundant as you approach the Blue Ridge, and the granite disappears. On the sides and summit of the mountain, its appearance is more decidedly that of greenstone. In crossing the southwest mountain, the range to which Monticello belongs, and distant from the Blue Ridge about 25 miles, I observed the same rock. Whether this opinion is just, you will be able to decide from the specimens which have been forwarded.

_Blue Ridge._

I have repeatedly named the Blue Ridge. It is the first of those long and parallel ranges of mountains, called the Alleghany; and constitutes one of the most prominent features in the geology of the United States. Its height I cannot determine with accuracy. Probably it would not average more than one thousand feet. Its base may extend in diameter from one to two miles; and yet such is the influence it has on the climate, that vegetation on the eastern, is usually two weeks earlier than on the western side. And what is remarkable, this difference obtains, on the former side at least, until you arrive within a few hundred yards of the summit. I crossed the mountain in two places, distant from each other one hundred miles, but observed nothing essentially different in their mineralogy. At one of them called the _Rockfish-Gap_, on the road from Charlotteville to Staunton, I spent a few hours, and brought away specimens of all the varieties of minerals which I could find. These have been submitted to your inspection. Among them, you will, I think, see greenstone, epidote, and slate more or less allied to the first. These are the most common rocks, and excepting the second, are usually stratified. The epidote is generally associated with quartz, and sometimes is imbedded in it. In some instances it has a porphyritic appearance, and is very beautiful. In others, it is coated with small filaments of a greenish asbestos. Other minerals were found, whose nature I could not so easily determine. I regret exceedingly, that I cannot furnish you with a more complete description of this interesting mountain. That its character is peculiar, or different from the country on either side of it, must be obvious to the most superficial observer. Its principal rock does indeed bear a resemblance to the trap or whinstone of Albemarle county, and yet I think you will say it is not the same. One fact of importance cannot be mistaken; this mountain constitutes the great dividing line between the granite and limestone countries. For you no sooner reach its western base, than the greenstone and epidote disappear; and _limestone_ pervades the country for hundreds of miles in every direction. In all the distance from this mountain to New-Orleans, I did not find a single specimen of granite, or greenstone. This may appear singular, since Mr. Maclure and Professor Cleaveland have a granite range on their maps, immediately west of the Blue Ridge; and even that mountain is on those maps, in some parts of it, covered with the granitic tinge. This may be true. I can answer for only two points of it, and for that part of the country beyond, lying near the main road to Tennessee. In this route I descended almost the whole length of the great valley included between the Blue Ridge on the east, and the north mountain on the west. But in no instance did I meet with specimens of granite; nor west of the Blue Ridge with any prevailing rock but limestone. I know of no reason why the Blue Ridge should not be regarded as the first great dividing line between the granite and limestone countries. The change in the geological formation is so sudden and striking, that it would be difficult for the most careless traveller with his eyes open, not to observe it. The face of nature, he cannot but perceive, wears a different aspect; the air is more cool and lively; even the water which he drinks possesses new properties perceptible to his taste. The inhabitants no longer speak of their "sandstone water;" but every where he hears of "limestone water." Indeed for 800 miles in the direction which I travelled, he tastes no other water. Every spring and every rivulet, is strongly impregnated with carbonate of lime. The vessels in which it is prepared for culinary use, soon become lined with a white calcareous crust. Nor is its taste the only inconvenience experienced by the traveller unaccustomed to it. It often injures the health of a stranger, and covers the surface of the body with cutaneous eruptions.

_Limestone country in inclined Strata._

The geological observer has now entered upon a very interesting field. Its great extent, and its wonderful uniformity, give new facilities to investigation. Two divisions of it seem to have been made in nature.

The _first_ is that which includes the limestone lying in INCLINED STRATA. This division extends from the Blue Ridge, to the Cumberland mountain in East Tennessee, a distance in the direction of my route of 500 miles. Of course it includes all the ranges, five in number, of the Alleghany mountains. The strata lie in a course northeast and southwest, the same as the general course of the mountains. The angle which they make with the horizon is very variable, from 25° to 45°. The colour of the rock varies from blue, and pale blue, to gray, or grayish white, frequently it presents a dull earthy appearance. The fracture is more or less conchoidal. Sometimes the rock assumes a different character, and the fracture is _uneven_, and the texture firm. This last is distinguished from the former, not only by the fracture, but by the colour. It is usually spoken of by the inhabitants as the _gray limestone_, the colour of the other being usually of a bluish cast. It differs from that also by being less brittle, and possessing the quality denominated by stonecutters, "_tough_." In consequence of this, and its enduring heat better, it is more frequently used in building than the other. This variety of limestone is not uncommon. Its colour is not always _gray_, sometimes it is a reddish brown, and sometimes white. Immense quantities of it, possessing either a grayish or reddish brown colour, are found in the vicinity of Knoxville, East Tennessee. One range of it is crossed by every road, passing to the south and east of Knoxville. Its appearance is that of some variegated marbles; white veins penetrate it, and wind through it in every direction. Whether any part of it has a texture sufficiently fine and firm to be wrought to advantage, is yet to be determined. To the eye of a superficial observer, there are many indications that it has. A specimen of very fine white marble, resembling the Italian white, was shown me in Augusta county, Virginia, which was found 15 miles from Staunton, where there is said to be a considerable quantity of it.

_Limestone country in Horizontal Strata._

The _second_ great division of the limestone country extends, on the route which I took, two hundred miles from the Cumberland mountain, and others associated with it southwest, as far as the Dividing Ridge, which separates the waters flowing into the Tennessee from those which proceed direct to the gulf of Mexico. The grand circumstance which distinguishes the limestone of this division from that already described, is this, ITS STRATA ARE HORIZONTAL. Frequently immense piles may be seen forming bold precipices, but _always_ in horizontal layers, differing in thickness, from a few inches to many feet. How far this arrangement extends to the west and north, I have not yet been able to learn. Travellers always speak of the limestone rocks in West Tennessee and Kentucky as _flat_, from which circumstance I conclude that the Cumberland mountain forms for a considerable distance at least, the eastern boundary. I have observed but three other particulars in which the strata of the _horizontal_ differ from those of the _inclined_ limestone.

1. Its colour is not so strongly marked with the bluish tinge.

2. It is not so commonly penetrated with white veins of a semicrystallized carbonate of lime; nor is it so frequently associated with the _uneven_ fractured species.

3. Petrifactions are oftener found in it.

I will here take the liberty to suggest, whether in our maps of geology, some notice should not be taken of this very important division in the limestone country. Such a division exists _in fact_; nature has made it; and if geology depends on nature for its only legitimate inductions, there can be no reason why a feature so prominent as this, should be overlooked. I shall not undertake to account for their difference: but would not every geological theorist consider them as distinct formations?[31]

_Cumberland Mountain._

The Cumberland mountain, which forms a part of this dividing line, is itself a singular formation. It belongs to the class called "Table mountains." Its width varies from a few miles, to more than fifty. Its height is not perceptibly different from that of the Blue Ridge. It forms a circuit, in a shape somewhat resembling a half moon. Winding to the southwest, it keeps a course north of the Tennessee river, in some places nearly parallel with it; passes a few miles to the southeast of Huntsville in the Alabama Territory, and not long after terminates. At one part, over which I crossed, the mountain is eighteen miles wide. This is about 150 miles southwest of Knoxville, a little north of the 35th degree of N. Lat. I had not ascended the mountain more than halfway, before I found sandstone begin to intermingle with limestone strata. As I drew near the summit, the limestone disappeared entirely, and sandstone prevailed in abundance, with no other mineral associated until I reached the western descent, where I met bold precipices of horizontal limestone, reaching from the base to the summit. I examined several sandstone rocks while crossing the mountain, found them usually imbedded in the earth, generally with flat surfaces, of a fine grain, and strong texture. The colour is usually a reddish brown, or grayish red. The specimen which you have received is a good example. I crossed this mountain in the vicinity of Huntsville, not less than one hundred miles southwest of the place above-mentioned, and found it not wider than mountains commonly are. Its height had also become less, and horizontal limestone in regular strata prevailed in every part.

Although this mountain forms a part of the dividing line which has been mentioned, it does not exclusively so: for the Rackoon mountain, which crosses the Tennessee river, at the place so well known by the name of "the Suck," and the Look-Out mountain, which terminates abruptly about 6 miles to the left of "the Suck," form an acute angle with the Cumberland, and are composed of horizontal strata of limestone. Thus it would appear the line which divides the two kingdoms of this rock, is nearly north and south, inclining perhaps a few points to the east and west.

_Scenery_.

And here I cannot forbear pausing a moment to call your attention to the grand and picturesque scenery which opens to the view of the admiring spectator. The country is still possessed by the aborigines, and the hand of civilization has done but little to soften the wild aspect of nature. The Tennessee River, having concentrated into one mass, the numerous streams it has received in its course of three or four hundred miles, glides through an extended valley with a rapid and overwhelming current, half a mile in width. At this place, a group of mountains stand ready to dispute its progress. First, the "Look-Out," an independent range, commencing thirty miles below, presents, opposite the River's course, its bold and rocky termination of two thousand feet. Around its brow is a pallisade of naked rocks, from seventy to one hundred feet. The River flows upon its base, and instantly twines to the right. Passing on for six miles further it turns again, and is met by the side of the Rackoon mountain. Collecting its strength into a channel of seventy yards, it severs the mountain, and rushes tumultuously through the rocky defile, wafting the trembling navigator at the rate of a mile in two or three minutes. This passage is called "The Suck." The summit of the Look-Out mountain overlooks the whole country. And to those who can be delighted with the view of an interminable forest, penetrated by the windings of a bold river, interspersed with hundreds of verdant prairies, and broken by many ridges and mountains, furnishes in the month of May, a landscape, which yields to few others in extent, variety or beauty. Even the aborigines have not been insensible to its charms; for in the name which they have given to the Look-Out mountain we have a laconic, but very striking description of the scenery. This name in the Cherokee language, without the aspirated sounds, is "O-tullēē-ton-tannâ-tâ-kunnâ-ēē;" literally, "mountains looking at each other."

I have already remarked that the limestone of this mountain lies in horizontal strata: one mile east from its base it is inclined. Like the Cumberland, it contains immense rocks of sandstone, but of a coarser grain, verging occasionally into pudding stone. I was told by a white man, a professed millwright, that among these sandstone rocks, he knew of many which were suitable for millstones. At the missionary establishment, called "Brainerd," eight miles east of the mountain, I saw one of them which was used for this purpose to much advantage. It is composed of fine and large grains of silicious stones, nearly white, and resembling pebbles of white quartz: the texture is firm.

_Silicious Minerals, &c._

I will now notice an important fact, applicable to the whole extent of limestone country, which has come under my observation. It is its association with a description of minerals, all of which appear to be _silicious_. To describe them minutely, would require several pages. From the time I entered the limestone country till I left it this association was observed. The minerals included in it differ much in their external character. Their size varies from that of rocks to the smallest fragments. Usually they lie loose upon the earth, in angular forms, having the appearance of a stone that has been broken in pieces by the hammer. Sometimes they cover the sides of hills and mountains in such abundance as to prevent or impede vegetation. When the disintegration is minute, they are serviceable rather than otherwise; and the farmer talks of his "good black," or "white gravel land." It renders this service, I presume, not by decomposition, but by preventing the soil and its manure from being washed away. Indeed the different varieties of it are generally scattered over the surface, in pieces so small, that for convenience sake, the whole may be denominated a _silicious gravel_.

Sometimes the mineral is imbedded in limestone, in the form of nodules, thus indicating their original connexion with it.

The varieties, so far as I have observed, are quartz, hornstone, flint, jasper, and semi-opal; and several, which to me are non-descripts. _Quartz_ is the most abundant. It is found of different colours; compact, and porous or cellular; of every size; simple and associated with other silicious stones; massive and crystallized. In Augusta and Rockbridge counties in Virginia, beautiful crystals of quartz, of a singular form, are found. They are six-sided prisms, with double acuminations, that is, with six-sided pyramids, mounted on the opposite ends of the prism. A specimen of two such crystals united, you have received. It was found near Lexington. A curious variety of the quartz gravel-stone occurs on both sides of Elk River, a few miles above its junction with the Tennessee, in the Alabama territory. As you travel to the west from Huntsville, it appears first in the neighbourhood of Fort Hampton, two miles east of Elk River, and may be seen for ten miles west of that river. The mineral is remarkable for containing a curious petrifaction. Its first appearance is that of a solid screw. On examination, however, you find it is not spiral; but consists of parallel concentric layers. Their diameter varies in different specimens, from that of a pin to half an inch. They stand in the centre of a hollow cylinder, extending its whole length, and occupying about one-third of its dimensions. The stone is sometimes perfectly filled with these forms. The petrifaction I could not have named, had you not pronounced it the "Entrochite."

_Hornstone_, next to quartz, is the most abundant of the silicious minerals associated with limestone. It is very often seen imbedded in rounded masses, both in the inclined and horizontal strata.

_Flint_ is more rare. Several fine specimens were observed on the western declivity of the Look-Out Mountain, but in no instances in large masses or quantities.

_Semi-Opal_ was found in one instance on the dividing ridge, which constitutes the southwestern boundary of the limestone strata.

Of the non-descripts you have several specimens. One variety strikes fire with steel, is a milk-white colour, adheres slightly to the tongue, and has no degree of translucency on its edges. As Mr. Kain has furnished you with an interesting detail of particular minerals found in East Tennessee and Western Virginia, I need not recapitulate what he has so well said.

(_To be continued._)

ART. III. _Notice of the Scenery, Geology, Mineralogy, Botany, &c. of Belmont County, Ohio, by_ CALEB ATWATER, _Esq. of Circleville_.

Belmont county is bounded on the north by Jefferson and Harrison, on the west by Guernsey, and south by Monroe county, and on the east by the Ohio river. It is 27 miles in length, and 21 in breadth, containing 535 square miles. Its name, _Belmont_, or beautiful mountain, indicates its situation, for it contains within its boundaries a fine body of land, rising gradually as you are travelling from the Ohio to the west, until you arrive at about the middle of it, where, from the elevation on which you stand, the eye in an eastern direction, beholds one of the most charming prospects in the state. Looking towards the east, in a pleasant morning, you behold a beautiful country of hill and dale spread out before you, divided into convenient and well-cultivated farms, intersected by glittering streams, meandering through them towards the Ohio. You hear the lowing of numerous herds around you, the shrill matin of the songsters of the forest, and the busy hum of the industrious husbandman; you see here and there a clump of trees interspersed among the cultivated parts of the country; you see the comfortable dwelling-house, the substantial barn, and hear the rumbling noise of the mill; and when you reflect that those who dwell here are industrious and enterprising, virtuous, free, and happy, you behold with pleasure, and listen with delight, while reflecting on the objects around you.

_Geology and Mineralogy._

On the surface is seen a rich vegetable mould, made by the decay and putrefaction of vegetable substances. Along the Ohio, a wide intervale of the richest alluvion is found, which produces as luxuriant a growth of vegetation as any in the world. On the banks of the creeks which pass through this country the alluvial soil is not so wide as that on the river, but equally rich and productive. On the hills (and there are many of them) there are two kinds of soil, the silicious and the argillaceous, the first is formed from the decomposition of the rocks which once covered the surface, the latter from the slate which lay under them. Where these rocks are decomposed, and the country is hilly, it will readily be believed that the two kinds of soil are frequently blended together. In some places we see the best of clay for bricks; whilst in other places, and those in the vicinity of the former, we find the best of sand to mould them in when manufactured. Hard limestone of the very best quality is found in detached fragments in the sides of hills, and in strata, in abundance, along the beds of streams.

The ruins of the sandstone formation are here seen scattered about in fragments, or decomposed and intimately blended with those of other formations.

Fossil coal is every where found under the hills, of the very best quality, and in sufficient quantity not only for the fuel of the present, but many future generations, and is so easily obtained that the expense of fuel is a mere trifle. The oxide of iron, or iron ore variously combined, is recognized in many places, and water combined with muriate of soda, or common salt, is as common. Salines or licks are found in many places, where animals also, both wild and domesticated, resort in great numbers to drink the waters. These are frequently near some little water-course. Several sulphur and chalybeate springs are known to exist in this county, and some which throw out considerable quantities of petroleum.

In a country where iron and fossil coal exist, it is no wonder that copperas should be found. There are places where copperas exudes in a state sufficiently pure in quality, and in quantities sufficient for several families, who collect and use it in dying. The same may be said of alum, which is collected in the same way for similar purposes.

_Botany._

Though this county is very rich in the mineral, yet it is not less so in the vegetable kingdom, as may be seen by a reference to the subjoined catalogue, although numbers of trees, shrubs, and plants, are purposely omitted, which are known to exist here.

_Family._ _Species._ _Classical name._ _Remarks._

Oak, White, Quercus Alba, Abundant.
---- Black, ---- Nigra, Do.
---- Meadow, ---- Aquatica, Along the
streams.
---- Chesnut, ---- Prunus, Scarce.
Maple, Sugar, Acer Saccharinum, Abundant.
---- White, ---- Alba.
Poplar or White, Liriodendron, Abundant.
Tulip,
---- Yellow.
Walnut, Black, Juglans Nigra.
---- White, ---- Alba.
---- Shellbark Hickory, ---- Albaovata.
---- Pignut, ---- Minima.
---- Bitternut, and
probably several
other species.
Beach, Two species, Fagus.
---- Chesnut, ---- Americana.
Ash, White, Fraxinus Alba.
---- Blue, ---- Purpurea.
---- Black, ---- Nigra.
---- Swamp, ---- Aquatica.
Elm, Two or three Ulmus.
species,
Buckeye, Common, Æsculusflava Lutea?
---- Sweet, ---- Maxima?
Locust, Four species, Robinia Pseud
Acacia, &c.
Persimmon, Diospyros Virginica.
Linn or Bass Tilia Europea.
Wood,

Cucumber, Cucuminis
Sylvestris.
Dog Wood, or Two species.
American
Box,
Sycamore, Two species, Platanus
Occidentalis, &c.
Plum, Several species.
Thorn, do. do.