Chapter XXII: Introduction (21)

_Remarks._--One of the most noteworthy of the several unique characters of this large, tropical weasel is the longitudinal, median, abdominal band. The species exhibits the minimum degree of development of certain features that become progressively less apparent as one proceeds southward from Central America. The relative uniformity of the coloration of the upper parts (reduction in intensity of black color on the muzzle and tip of the tail) and the reduction of the tympanic bullae are two cases in point. Viewed dorsally the general outline of the skull is most nearly matched by that of the skull of _Mustela frenata meridana_ from Venezuela or that of _M. f. helleri_ from Perú. However, the resemblance is not close. The tympanic bullae, although unique among American weasels, are more like those of _M. f. meridana_ from Venezuela than like those of any other kind. The great postorbital width (relatively less in _M. africana_ than in several South American subspecies of _Mustela frenata_) and small angular process of the mandible are characters, in varying degrees, also common to all South American weasels. Structurally _M. africana_ clearly is more nearly like other subspecies of _M. frenata_ from South America than it is like any species or subspecies from North America.

_Mustela africana_ is the most primitive of the American weasels. The distinctive cranial and dental characters, excepting the reduction in number of premolars, are of a primitive nature. For example, the relatively wide postorbital region, the large braincase that is inflated anteriorly, and the flattened, tympanic bullae, are points of resemblance to the holarctic _Mustela erminea_, which species is regarded as nearest the original stem form; also the mentioned characters correspond to ontogenetic stages passed through by other weasels. Mostly on these accounts, one is led to look upon _M. africana_ as a migrant from North America. It may have become isolated from its original stock, by a water barrier in the Central American region, for a length of time sufficient to permit of a degree of differentiation to develop between it and the North American weasels which prevented crossbreeding with the _frenata_ stock when that stock, at a later time, reached South America. This assumption is suggested only by evidence from the Recent specimens. No remains of true weasels (subgenus _Mustela_) have been recorded from deposits in South America older than the Recent period. The alternate possibility, that _M. africana_ intergrades with some race of _M. frenata_ in western or northern South America, has been considered and regarded as highly improbable.

Cabrera (1940:15) has made the distinctive structural characters of _Mustela africana_ basis of the generic name _Grammogale_ to include the one species _africana_. I am inclined to accord _Grammogale_ only subgeneric rank.

It is possibly significant that _Mustela africana_ is intermediate in several respects between _Lyncodon_ and typical _Mustela_. The median, longitudinal, abdominal band of the same color as the upper parts in _M. africana_ and the relative uniformity of the coloration of its upper parts might be considered as an intermediate stage between the dark, bicolored (black muzzle and tail tip and brown body) upper parts and light-colored underparts of the North American weasels on the one hand and the light, unicolored upper parts and dark-colored underparts of the Patagonian weasel (_Lyncodon_) on the other hand. The number of premolars,

2-3
---, is also intermediate between the numbers
2

3 2
- and - of the North American _Mustela_ and the Patagonian
3 2

_Lyncodon_, respectively. The American _Mustela_ and the Patagonian _Lyncodon_, respectively. The more medially, as opposed to anteriorly, directed medial cusp of P4 (characteristic of approximately half of the specimens examined), and the structure of the skull in general of _M. africana_ also seem to be morphologically intermediate between those parts of _Mustela_ and _Lyncodon_.

On the chance that _Lyncodon_ is closely enough related to _Mustela_, to be included in a group with _Mustela_ rather than in a group with _Grisonella_, it is worth noting that _Lyncodon lujanensis_ Ameghino (1889:324, 325), from the villa of Lujan and at the city of Córdoba, at each place in the Pampean [= Pleistocene] formation of Argentine (see also Cabrera, 1928:263) is the first and only fossil form of this group recorded from the whole of South America. Actually, however, _Lyncodon_ seems to me to be as nearly related to _Grisonella_, if not more so, than to _Mustela_. If _Lyncodon_ is more closely related to _Grisonella_ and _Grison_ than to _Mustela_, then the above remarked intermediacy in characters of _M. africana_ has more of interest as a tendency to parallelism than it has of phylogenetic import. Appraisal of phylogenetic relationships would require appraisal of the ancestral stem forms of the _Grison_ stock and the _Mustela_ stock. None of either is known from deposits of the Pliocene, the period of time immediately preceding the Pleistocene.

None of the skulls of _Mustela africana_ seen or figured has the nasomaxillary sutures entirely obliterated and the specimens would, judged on this character alone and by analogy with North American species, be regarded as young and subadult. However, the sutures close at what seems to be a later age than in _M. frenata_ and _M. erminea_. The condition of the mammae in the type specimen of _M. stolzmanni_ and in the specimen from Moyobamba, indicate that they have borne young. North American weasels old enough to bear young lack visible traces of the nasomaxillary sutures. I have examined no skulls of _africana_ with greatly worn teeth and hence cannot say if the sutures are obliterated in advanced age.

If available data be correct, this species is unique within the genus in that the two sexes are of approximately the same actual size and of the same relative proportions in the body and in the skull. There was no difference between individuals said to be of different sexes from Pará, described and figured by Goeldi (1904:61-62, pls. 1, 2). The undoubted female, type specimen of _Mustela africana stolzmanni_, is as large as the undoubted male, no. 37475, of the same species, but of a different subspecies, from Pará, Brazil. All the specimens of _M. a. africana_ that I have handled are labeled male and those of _M. a. stolzmanni_ female. More material may show that the female is smaller than the male, as is the case in all near relatives of _M. africana_.

Little has been recorded concerning the habits of this species. Tate (1931:254) states that a live individual which he saw in a cage at Pará had been captured "swimming in the salt water of the estuary about half a mile away from the shore." On the label of the specimen from Moyobamba, there appears: "caught in Willow tree."

_Subspecies examined._--All described forms, of which there are two.

=Mustela africana africana= Desmarest

Tropical Weasel

Plates 28, 29, 30 and 41

_Mustela africana_ Desmarest, Nouv. Diction. d'Hist. Nat., 19:376,
1818; Cabrera, Bol. Real Soc. Españ. de Hist. Nat., 13:429,
November, 1913; Cabrera, Bol. Real Soc. Españ. de Hist. Nat.,
14:175, pl. 1, March, 1914.

_Putorius (Mustela) brasiliensis paraensis_, Goeldi, Zool. Jahrb.
abt. f. systematik, geogr. u., Biol., 10:556, pl. 21, September
15, 1897, type from Pará, Brazil, near Pará, Ward of Marco da
Legoa, Brazil; Goeldi, Bol. do Mus. Paraense, 3:195 [translation
of orig. descr.], August, 1901.

_Putorius paraensis_, Goeldi, Bol. do Museu Goeldi, 4:61, pls. 1,
2, 1904.

_Mustela affinis paraensis_, Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 28:143, July 10, 1914.

_Mustela paraensis_, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 35:105,
April 28, 1916; Tate, Journ. Mamm., 12:253, August 24, 1931.

_Mustela stolzmanni paraensis_, Hall, Carnegie Instit. Washington
Publ. 473:111, November 20, 1936; Hall, Physis, 16:167, pl. 1,
figs. 1-4, 1939.

_Type._--Male, adult or subadult, mounted; no. 848, Paris Museum;
from the "Cabinet de Lisbonne 1808," originally from South America
as determined from the characters of the animal; probably came
from Brazil, and for the present assumed to be from Pará.

On August 25, 1937, the skull was in the mounted skin and the
specimen was in the position shown in the figure published by
Cabrera (1914, pl. 1). Except for the loss of the distal part of
the tail, and fading because of exposure to light, the specimen
was in good condition. See also under remarks.

_Range._--Known from the south side of the Amazon River, near its
mouth at Pará and Cametá, Río Tocantins, in the Tropical Life-zone
of Brazil. See figure 29 on page 221.

_Characters for ready recognition._--Differs from _Mustela
frenata_, the only other geographically adjacent species of the
genus, in presence of median, longitudinal, abdominal stripe of
same color as upper parts and naked foot-soles, in absence of p2
and in reduced size of tympanic bullae (see pls. 29 and 30) and
from _Mustela africana stolzmanni_ by lighter color of upper parts
which although near Chestnut-Brown are in adults 10' _l_ (darker
in yg. M. C. Z., no. 30802), instead of 11' _n_ as in _M. a.
stolzmanni_.

_Description._--_Size._--This is a relatively large weasel. Goeldi
(1897:559) gives the total length of the type specimen of his _P.
b. paraensis_, a female, as 520 mm. (495 in the flesh) and, by
computation from his figures, the length of the tail as 200 (205
in the flesh). These measurements probably include the hairs on
the tip of the tail as probably also do the measurements given of
two other specimens (see Goeldi, 1904:62). One of these specimens,
a female, measured: Total length, 520; length of tail, 200. The
other specimen, a male, measured: Total length, 510; length of
tail, 200. The skin of no. 37475, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., a male,
has the following measurements written on the attached label:
Total length, 548; length of tail, 234; length of hind foot, 56.
The hairs project 20 mm. beyond the tip of the last vertebra of
the tail and probably are included in the measurements of total
length and length of tail. Collectors' measurements of a young
male from Cametá, and a subadult labeled as male, from Pará
Murutucu, are respectively as follows: 500, 430; 210, 190; 50 and
54.

_Externals._--Foot-soles naked, except for a few scattered hairs
on ventral sides of interdigital membranes; length of claws,
measured on concave sides, not more than one and one-fifth times
depth of claws measured at bases; carpal vibrissae not extending
beyond apical pad of first digit (not beyond hypothenar pad except
in one young specimen); longest facial vibrissae not extending to
posterior margin of ear; superior genal tuft not found, hairiness
of foot-soles as shown in figure 22.

_Color._--Upper parts near (10 l) Chestnut-Brown and relatively
uniform since tip of tail and muzzle are only slightly darker than
remainder; underparts with longitudinal stripe of same color as
upper parts extending along median line of belly from throat or
breast posteriorly to within 40 to 50 millimeters of anus.
Underparts otherwise near (20" _a_) Olive-Ocher (lips and chin
whiter in one young specimen). Color of underparts extends
distally on median sides of forelegs to bare foot-soles and on
median side of hind legs two-thirds of distance from knee to
ankle. Upper lips broadly edged with whitish, which color passes
posteriorly below and not touching eye to ventral margin of concha
of ear. An inverted, basally broad, V-shaped extension passes
upward 4 millimeters, just posterior to the eye.

_Skull and teeth._--See measurements (plates 28-30). Male: (based
on 3 adult and subadult topotypes and figures and descriptions
published by Goeldi, 1897 and 1904.) Weight, 7.0 grams; basilar
length, 45.8 (44.6-47.8); skull broad and deep; braincase large,
rounded, and much inflated anteriorly; distance from postorbital
process to anterior, nasal notch approximately equal to breadth
across exoccipital condyles; palatal region wide; tympanic bullae
less inflated than in any other species; mastoid bone, laterally,
concave; length of upper tooth-rows in adults and subadults less
than breadth of palate measured between two outer margins of
fourth upper premolars; alveolar distance between C1 and P4 less
than length of P4; teeth heavy; medial lobe of M1 only slightly
larger than lateral lobe; deuterocone of P4 heavy and often
inclined mesially; p2 absent (P2 present above on both sides in
only one of seven specimens seen or described); lower jaw heavy;
masseteric fossa not extending anteriorly to posterior fourth of
talonid of m1; paraconid of m1 low and base of cleft between it
and protoconid relatively low on tooth.

Female: No skull examined but from figures published by Goeldi
(1904, pl. 2), apparently as described in the male.

_Remarks._--Desmarest in 1818 gave a remarkably good description of this animal which he named as a new species, _Mustela africana_, but mistakenly indicated that the single specimen known to him came originally from Africa. Until 1913 the name was applied, wrongly, to weasels of northern Africa or to those of the Azores Islands and St. Thomas Island. In that year Cabrera (1913:429) identified the species with the one later named _Putorius (Mustela) brasiliensis paraensis_ by Goeldi (1897:556, pl. 21) from Pará, Brazil. Despite Cabrera's clear identification in 1913, and his later mention of the correct application of the name _Mustela africana_, it was not correctly employed by other authors, including myself who even as late as 1936 (p. 111) instead used Goeldi's name. In 1937 Mr. Cabrera called my attention to his published account of _Mustela africana_ and so permitted me to examine the type specimen in the Paris Museum, whither I was bound when I received Mr. Cabrera's letter. My own examination of the specimen fully confirmed the conclusions published by Cabrera (1913:429).

As a matter of historical interest, however, it is worth noting that Cabrera (1913) originally supposed the type specimen to have been taken as booty of war from Portugal by the French and that Cabrera later, at the request of P. Trouessart, pointed out (1914:176) that the specimen had been acquired in exchange ("a cambio") since according to Dr. Trouessart the Museum register showed that offer had been made to Portugal to return this and other specimens but that Portugal had replied that it had nothing to reclaim. Dr. P. Rode in August, 1937, at the Paris Museum, gave it to me as his opinion that the specimen had been an outright gift from the "Cabinet de Lisbonne" to E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire on his trip to Portugal in 1808 when he was given also from the same cabinet several primates, all from Brazil. Of the labels attached to the pedestal on which the specimen is mounted, that of most ancient appearance is glued to the bottom of the stand and bears in a hand apparently written before Trouessart's entries on the same label, the information "Du Cabinet de Lisbonne 1808" and "J. H. S. 1809."

The opened mouth of the mounted specimen permits one to determine that P2 is absent on each side above. The stuffed scrotal pouch and hair projecting downward about the preputial opening clearly show the animal to have been a male. The least faded portions of the mounted specimen, its sides, are of the same reddish color as characterizes adults from Pará and not of the darker chocolate color of specimens of _M. stolzmanni_ from Perú. The specimen is indistinguishable from topotypes of _P. paraensis_ of Goeldi and his name will have to fall as a synonym of _Mustela africana_ Desmarest.

Goeldi gave an extended description, with figures of the skull, head, and entire animal, when he named _paraensis_. As his account shows, he was unaware that Taczanowski had described a similar weasel from the headwaters of the Amazon, or for that matter that any weasel excepting _Mustela affinis_ Gray, had been found in South America. Goeldi's later account of additional specimens (1904:61, pls. 1, 2) gives much useful information about the animal. Photographs of several specimens and photographs and detailed measurements of several skulls are presented by him.

Pará, and Cametá, Brazil, places from which _Mustela africana africana_ is known, are nearly 2000 miles from the localities in eastern Perú and eastern Ecuador from which _M. a. stolzmanni_ is known, and no specimens, from intermediate localities, are available to show actual intergradation of the two. However, the similarity in structure of the two weasels is so great as to indicate close affinity. Furthermore, it is understood that environmental conditions at and between the two localities are similar. These considerations, in the light of our knowledge of actual intergradation of geographic races of weasels in other places, cause me to treat, with a feeling of assurance, _M. africana_ [= _P. paraensis_ Goeldi] and _M. stolzmanni_ Taczanowski as subspecies of a single species. M. Rodolpho Legueira Rodríguez writes me, under date of June 16, 1928, that the type specimen of _Putorius (Mustela) brasiliensis paraensis_ Goeldi is stuffed and preserved in a "vitrine" at the Museum Goeldi (Museum Paraense) De Historia Natural e Ethnographia, Pará, Brazil.

The one young specimen seen, that from Cametá, is darker colored than any of the four older specimens examined. It is almost exactly the Chestnut Brown of Ridgway (1912) and therefore approaches closely in color the adult specimens of _M. a. stolzmanni_. This same tendency to greater richness of color in young than in adults is seen also in _Mustela frenata_.

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 5, all from eastern Brazil,
as follows: Pará, 2 (1[2], 1[7]); Pará Murutucu, 1[7]; Río
Tocantins, Cametá, 1[75]; type specimen, 1[84].

=Mustela africana stolzmanni= Taczanowski

Tropical Weasel

Plates 39 and 40

_Mustela stolzmanni_ Taczanowski, Proc. Zoöl. Soc. London,
1881:835, November 15, 1881; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
35:105, April 28, 1916.

_Mustela stolzmanni stolzmanni_, Hall, Carnegie Instit. Washington
Publ. 473:111, November 20, 1936; Hall, Physis, 16:167, pl. 1,
figs. 5, 6, 1939.

_Type._--Female, adult, mounted skin, with skull separate; no.
563, Mus. Polonais d'Hist. Nat. (Warsaw, Poland); Yurimaguas,
Perú; 1880; obtained by J. Stolzmann.

The skull (plate 40), mounted with the skin but removed by me for
study, consists of the premaxillae, maxillae, two halves of the
lower jaw and dentition. Of these parts, right m2, left coronoid
process, right P4 and M1 and adjacent part of maxilla are lost.
The skin is well mounted, in a good state of preservation and
shows no fading due to exposure to light. Inguinal mammae are
distinctly shown on the skin and prove that the specimen is a
female. Except for a few scattered hairs on the lower throat, a
spot six by eight millimeters on the medial side of the region of
the olecranon of the left foreleg and another of similar size in
the left axilla, the underparts are, excepting the ventral
longitudinal, abdominal stripe, unmarked by color of the upper
parts.

_Range._--Known from the Tropical Life-zone of eastern Ecuador and
Perú from Jatun Yacu south to Valle del Perené. See figure 29 on
page 221.

_Characters for ready recognition._--Differs from _Mustela
frenata_, the only other geographically adjacent species of the
genus, in presence of median, longitudinal, abdominal stripe of
same color as upper parts and naked foot soles, in absence of p2
and in reduced size of tympanic bullae (see pls. 28, 29, 30, 39
and 40) and from _Mustela africana africana_ by darker color of
upper parts which, although near Chestnut Brown, are 11' _n_
instead of 10' _l_ as in _M. a. africana_.

_Description._--_Size._--Male: unknown.

Female: Taczanowski (1881:836) gives, among others, the following
measurements of the type specimen: Total length, 523, length of
body, 260; length of tail without hair, 190 (with hair 224);
length of hind foot, 54. Whether or not the measurements were
taken from the animal when in the flesh I do not know. Allowing
for shrinkage of hind feet and changes due to the posture of the
now mounted specimen, I get from it essentially the same
measurements. Collectors' measurements of a subadult from
Moyobamba and a young female from Valle del Perené, are
respectively, as follows: 469, 415; 184, 160; 57, 52. My own
measurements of the dry hind feet on the skins are respectively,
48 and 49.

_Externals._--As described in _M. a. africana_ except that the
length of the concave sides of the claws are approximately one and
one-fourth times the depth; thus the claws are relatively longer
than in _M. a. africana_.

_Color._--As described in _M. a. africana_ with the following
noted exceptions: Upper parts near (11' _n_) Chestnut-Brown; area
of lighter ventral coloration on the throat and sides of head less
strongly tinged with yellow; pelage more dense, finer and softer
than in _M. a. africana_.

_Skull and teeth._--Male: Skull unknown.

Female: See measurements and plate 39 and 40. As described in male
of _Mustela africana africana_ except that: Weight, 4.7 grams. As
contrasted with _M. a. africana_, the dentition of the lower jaw
is lighter; the transverse diameter of m2 is 1.2 mm. in the type
and also in the specimen from Moyobamba as against 1.5 to 1.7 in
three male topotypes of _M. a. africana_.

_Remarks._--After the Polish naturalist, Stolzmann, in the course of his explorations in Perú, obtained the single specimen which was made the type, no other naturalist, so far as known, visited the type locality until thirty-two years later when Wilfred H. Osgood and M. P. Anderson spent more than a month collecting at Yurimaguas (see Osgood, 1914:147), but secured no topotypes of this little-known weasel. C. O. Schunke took the second specimen in the Valle del Perené in April, 1921; L. Rutter on January 25, 1924, took the third specimen, and W. Clark-MacIntyre took the fourth specimen on the Jatun Yacu. This obscure place name is shown on the map (fig. 4, page 827) published by Brown (1941) and is the stream flowing from the west to the town of Napo. Napo is situated at approximately 1° 2' S and 77° 49' W.

In the female from Moyobamba there are only 3 pairs of mammae. One pair is inguinal and two pairs are on the posterior part of the abdomen.

Taczanowski (1881:836) relates that this species was taken in the forest to which it appears to be restricted since the inhabitants of the village did not know of the animal. He points out also that the previously known Peruvian species [_M. f. macrura_ and _M. f. agilis_] live in the treeless territory of eight to eleven thousand feet altitude whereas _M. stolzmanni_ was found in the humid forest of the great plain of the Maynas at an elevation of 500 feet or less above sea level. The frontal sinuses of the specimens seen reveal no malformation as a result of infestation by parasites.

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 4, as follows:

=Ecuador=: R. Tatun [= Jatun] = Yacu, 1, Mus. Comp. Zoöl.

=Perú=: Yurimaguas, 1 in Mus. Polonais d'Hist. Naturelle, Warsaw;
Moyobamba, 2700 ft. [6° S, 77° W], 1 in Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist.;
Valle del Perené, 1200 meters, 1 in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

EXPLANATION OF CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS APPEARS ON PAGE 417

. 62854 Mus. Vert. Zoöl. × 1-2/5.]

EXPLANATION OF CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS

Basilar length (of Hensel).--From the anteriormost border of the
foramen magnum to a line connecting the posterior margins of the
alveoli of the first upper incisors. F to F' on fig. 31.

Condylobasal length.--Least distance from a line connecting the
posteriormost parts of the exoccipital condyles to a line
connecting the anteriormost projections of the premaxillary
bones.

Length of tooth-rows.--Least distance between a line connecting
posterior borders of upper molars and a line connecting anterior
faces of middle upper incisors. G to G' on fig. 31.

Breadth of rostrum.--Least distance from lateral base of hamular
process of lacrimal bone to corresponding point on opposite side
of skull. B to B' on fig. 31.

Interorbital breadth.--Least distance across top of skull between
orbits (eye sockets). O to O' on fig. 31.

Orbitonasal length.--Distance on anterior part of skull from
posterior margin of base of postorbital process of frontal bone
to posteriormost part of anterior border of nasal bone on same
side of skull. A to A' on fig. 31.

Mastoid breadth.--Greatest distance across mastoid bones
perpendicular to long axis of skull. E to E' on fig. 31.

Zygomatic breadth.--Greatest distance across zygomatic arches of
cranium perpendicular to long axis of skull. D to D' on fig. 31.

Tympanic bulla:

Length.--From posterior face to most anterior part of anterior
border. H to H' on fig. 31.

Breadth.--From bottom of pit immediately posterior to external
auditory meatus to medial face of bulla at right angle with
longitudinal axis of skull. J to J' on fig. 31.

Depth.--Least distance from ventral face of basioccipital,
excluding median ridge, to line touching ventralmost points of
the two bullae. L to L' on fig. 31.

m1, Length.--Greatest length which rarely or never is alveolar length.

P4.--

Lateral.--Length from posterior margin of tooth to anteriormost
part of the protocone (anterolateral cusp).

Medial.--Length from the posterior margin of tooth to
anteriormost part of the deuterocone (anterointernal cusp).

M1.--

Breadth.--Distance from medial edge of crown to lateral margin of
crown, approximately at a right angle with longitudinal axis of
the skull.

Length.--Greatest diameter, anteroposteriorly, of the inner lobe
or inner half of the tooth.

Depth of skull at anterior margin of basioccipital.--Measured from
anterior end of ventral face of basioccipital, excluding median
ridge, vertically to dorsal face of parietal excluding sagittal
crest. K to K' on fig. 31.

Depth of skull at posterior borders of Ms1.--Measured from ventral
face of palatine bones at posterior edge of upper molars to
dorsal face of frontals in plane of postorbital processes of
frontals. S to S' on fig. 31.

TABLE OF CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS

=================================================================================

Key:

A Basilar length (of Hensel) B Length of tooth rows C Breadth of rostrum

Catalog Sex and Collection Number age Locality A B C ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Mustela frenata average} {45.1 16.6 13.7 maximum} [M] ad. 10 Adirondacks, New York {47.0 17.4 14.6 minimum} {43.2 15.9 13.0

average} {44.7 16.3 13.7 maximum} [M] ad. 10 Massachusetts {47.0 16.8 14.9 minimum} {43.3 15.9 13.1

average} {44.0 16.3 13.2 maximum} [M] ad. 10 Liberty Hill, Connecticut {46.0 17.4 14.4 minimum} {41.5 15.2 12.1

average} {44.4 16.5 13.3 maximum} [M] ad. 10 Beaver Dam, Wisconsin {46.1 17.7 14.1 minimum} {40.6 15.6 12.3

average} {43.0 15.6 13.0 maximum} [M] ad. 10 Washtenaw Co., Michigan {45.4 16.5 13.4 minimum} {39.7 14.7 11.6

average} {37.5 13.4 10.7 maximum} [F] ad. 8 Adirondacks, New York {39.8 14.5 11.2 minimum} {36.4 12.8 9.8

average} {36.5 13.4 10.5 maximum} [F] ad. 5 Massachusetts {38.1 14.0 11.0 minimum} {35.2 13.0 10.0

average} {37.3 13.5 10.8 maximum} [F] ad. 6 Maryland {37.9 14.1 11.2 minimum} {36.8 13.0 10.4

average} {37.2 13.4 10.6 maximum} [F] ad. 5 Beaver Dam, Wisconsin {37.6 13.7 11.3 minimum} {37.0 12.9 10.0

average} {36.5 13.1 10.5 maximum} [F] ad. 9 Washtenaw Co., Michigan {37.5 13.7 11.0 minimum} {35.9 12.8 9.8

Mustela frenata A. N. S. P. 4137 [M] ad. Washington Co., Maine 45.8 16.5 13.3 M. C. Z. 7267 [M] ad. Moose Head Lake, Maine 44.9 16.6 14.5 M. C. Z. 5501 [M] ad. Bucksport, Maine 46.9 17.1 14.4 M. C. Z. 9142 [M] ad. Bucksport, Maine 45.0 16.1 14.0 av 45.7 16.6 14.1