Chapter D (3)

=Fan-tracery.= In Gothic architecture, elaborate carved work spread over an arched surface, like a fan with the handle resting on a corbel or stone bracket below.

=Fanum=, R. (_fari_, to speak); Eng. =Fane=. A term synonymous with TEMPLUM (q.v.), but implying also the idea of a place which had been consecrated by the solemn formula of the augurs. The _fanum_ thus comprised not only the building itself, the temple, but also all the consecrated ground surrounding it [“_locus liberatus et effatus_.”]

=Farrago=, R. (i. e. made of _far_, spelt). Fodder for horses and cattle, consisting of the green ears of different kinds of grain.

=Farthingale= (Fr. _vertugale_) is first spoken of in 1547. It was a sort of cage made of whalebone worn under the petticoat, increasing the size of the hips. In Elizabeth’s reign it reached to a preposterous size, giving the wearer the appearance of “standing in a drum,” according to “Sir Roger de Coverley.” There were _wheel-farthingales_ and _tub-farthingales_. Farthingales were worn during the reign of Charles I., but of more moderate dimensions; and in Charles II.’s reign the fashion vanished to reappear in the hoop of the 18th century. The engraving gives an example of a moderate farthingale. (Fig. 304.)

=Fartura=, R. (_farcio_, to stuff). The act of fattening poultry; and thence applied to a kind of structure, the centre of which was filled with rubble.

=Fasces.= (See FASCIS.)

=Fascia=, R. Any strip of cloth used for a bandage; such as (1) the swathes (Gr. σπάργανον) in which newly-born children were wrapped; (2) a white band, or for women, a purple, worn as a diadem (DIADEMA); (3) (_f. pectoralis_) a bandage worn by young Roman girls to prevent excessive development of the breast; (4) (_f. cruralis_) a bandage wound closely round the leg from the ankle to the knee, &c.; these were adopted in Europe in the Middle Ages; (5) (_f. pedulis_, Gr. ποδεῖον) a sock; (6) see ZONA. (7) In _architecture_ the term _fascia_ or _facia_ is applied to three flat parallel _bands_ of stone, introduced to break the monotony of architraves, more especially of the Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite Orders.

=Fasciculus=, R. (dimin. of _fascis_). A small bundle, or number of objects tied up into small bundles.

=Fascina= (_fascinum_ = fascination). Amulets worn to avert the “evil eye.” “Nescio quis teneros oculus mihi fascinat agnos.” (_Virgil._)

=Fasciola= (dimin. of _fascia_). A small bandage. (See FASCIA.)

=Fascis=, R. A bundle; a small packet; a small faggot of wood, or fascine. In the plural _fasces_ denoted the bundle of rods, with an axe in the middle, carried by the lictors before certain of the Roman magistrates. (See Fig. 305.) _Fasces laureati_ were the fasces crowned with laurel leaves, which were carried before a victorious general; _fasces versi_, the reversed fasces, which were carried axe downwards, in token of mourning, at funerals. The fasces were carried by the lictors on their shoulders, as shown in Fig. 305; and when an inferior magistrate met a superior one, the lictors of the former lowered their fasces to him; hence the expression _submittere fasces_, to yield or confess inferiority.

=Faselus.= (See PHASELUS.)

=Fasti=, R. (_fas_, divine law). Archives or calendars engraved on stone or marble; they were of two kinds. (1) The _fasti sacri_ or _kalendares_, a kind of almanack or calendar, setting out the _dies fasti_, or lawful days on which certain kinds of business might be transacted without impiety; also the religious festivals, &c. The calendars were entirely in the keeping of the priests. (2) The _fasti annales_ or _historici_, which contained the names of the consuls and magistrates, and a short account of the most remarkable events. Some important lists of this kind of the time of Tiberius are preserved in the capitol at Rome, and called the Fasti Capitolini.

=Fastigium=, R. (_fastigo_, to raise to a point). The top of a pediment, and thence the entire pediment itself. In a building this term also signifies the _ridge_, or top of a roof whose two sides rise up to a point.

=Faun= (Lat. _Faunus_). A woodland god, frequently represented with sharp ears and with the feet of a goat.

=Fauteau=, Fr. A military engine used in the Middle Ages; it was a kind of battering-ram suspended in a tower. (See ARIES.)

=Faux=, R. Any narrow passage, lobby, corridor, or entrance to a house, in especial the passage which formed the communication between two blocks of a house. In the plural, _fauces_, like _carceres_, denoted stalls or stables for horses. (See CARCER.)

=Favissæ=, R. Pits or cellars under a temple, in which all the furniture and sacred implements which had become unfit for use were kept.

=Favour=, O. E. A love-gift; a ribbon or glove, &c., worn on the crest of the favoured knight at a tournament, &c.

=Favourite=, O. E. A lock of hair: “a sort of modish lock, dangling on the temples.” (_Ladies’ Dictionary_, 1694.)

=Favus=, R. A flagstone or tablet of marble cut into a hexagon, like the cell of a honeycomb (_favus_), whence its name. [Pavements of this pattern were called Sectilia.]

=Fax=, R. A torch. This consisted either of pieces of wood joined together and steeped in resin, or a metal tube filled with inflammable materials, such as resin, pitch, tallow, tow impregnated with wax, &c. [The early evening was hence called _prima fax_, and as marriages were celebrated at that time of day, the _torch_ was made an attribute of Hymen, and a symbol of marriage. The torch was also carried at funerals to fire the pile with.]

=Fayence.= Pottery.

=Feather.= In Christian art (German) an attribute of St. Barbara; it is generally a peacock’s feather. This refers to an old German version of her legend, which relates that when St. Barbara was scourged by her father, angels changed the rods into feathers.

=Featherings=, in Architecture, are lacelike ornaments along the edges of arcs in windows, canopies, &c.

=Feathers=, Her. The feathers borne as crests and badges are generally those of the ostrich, sometimes of the swan, the turkey, and a few other birds. Fig. 306 is a representation of an early plume of ostrich feathers, as they are carved, with an escroll in place of a coronet, in the Abbey Church of St. Albans. From the time of the accession of the House of Stuart to the crown of the United Kingdom, the coroneted plume of three ostrich feathers appears to have been regarded, as it is at this present day, as the special badge of the Princes of Wales.

=Februa=, =Februales=, R. A festival in honour of the dead instituted by Numa; it was celebrated every year on the ides of February.

=Feet.= In Christian art the feet of Our Lord, also of angels and of the Apostles, should always be represented naked, without shoes or sandals. (_Fairholt._)

=Felt= (Fr. _feutre_). A sort of coarse wool, or wool and hair. Felt hats were first made in England by Spaniards and Dutchmen, in the beginning of the reign of Henry VIII. Felt was also used for the stuffing of garments.

=Feminalia= or =Femoralia=, R. (_femur_, the thigh). Short breeches or a kind of drawers which reached from the waist to about the knee. [Worn by Augustus Cæsar, who was very susceptible to cold.]

=Fendace= (armour). The old name for the gorget.

=Fenestella=, Chr. (lit. a small window). A niche made in the wall of a church, near the altar, and containing the stone basin in which the priest poured away the water in which he had washed the chalice.

=Fenestra, Window.= _Fenestra biforis_ is a _Gemel-window_, formed by a double bay. _Fenestra_ was the name given to the hole pierced in the ears to receive the ear-rings, as also to the loop-holes made in the walls of a fortress.

=Fenestration=, Arch. A term which expresses the disposition and arrangement of all the windows in a house.

=Fengite.= Transparent alabaster used for glass in windows.

=Ferculum=, R. (_fero_, to carry). Contracted form of _fericulum_, a tray, and thence the dishes carried upon a tray; a _course_ or _remove_. In a triumphal procession the term was applied to a platform for displaying an enemy’s spoils, a rich booty, images of the gods, &c.; or the ashes of the dead in a funeral.

=Feretory=, Chr. (1) A richly ornamented shrine, often of solid gold and set with jewels, in which the relics of saints are carried in Roman Catholic processions. (2) The enclosure or chapel in which the shrine was kept.

=Feretrum= or =Pheretrum=, Gr, R., and Chr. (Lat. _capulus_). A bier; sometimes a shrine. The term was used at a period when coffins were uncommon; more properly the FERETORY, 1 (q.v.).

=Feriæ=, R. Days of festival among the Romans; they were classed as follows: (1) _Feriæ statæ_ or _stativæ_, which were held regularly on the days indicated in the calendar; these were the _immovable festivals_, such as the Agonalia, Carmentalia, Lupercalia, &c. (2) _Feriæ conceptæ_ or _conceptivæ_, which were held every year, but at uncertain intervals; these were the _movable festivals_, such as the Latinæ, Sementivæ, Paganalia, and Compitalia. (3) Lastly, there were the _feriæ imperativæ_ or _official festivals_, which were held by order of the dictators, consuls, or prætors. All _feriæ_ were _dies nefasti_, on which lawsuits, political transactions, &c. were impious, and slaves were relieved of their labour. The _feriæ Latinæ_ were the most important of all Roman festivals.

=Fermail=, Her. A buckle.

=Ferr=, Her. A horse-shoe.

=Ferrara.= A manufactory of majolica in North Italy, described by Jacquemart as “one of the most brilliant in Italy;” established by Alfonso I. with artists imported from Faenza, circa 1495. (_Jacquemart._)

=Ferrea Solea.= A horse-shoe. (See SOLEA and HIPPOSANDALIUM.)

=Ferriterium.= A prison for slaves. Synonym of ERGASTULUM (q.v.).

=Ferula=, R. The fennel; a plant with which children were beaten for slight faults, and thence a cane or stick with which slaves were chastised.

=Fesse=, Her. One of the ordinaries. A broad band of metal or colour crossing the shield horizontally.

=Fesse-point=, Her. The central point of an escutcheon.

=Fesse-wise=, =In Fesse=, Her. Disposed in a horizontal line, side by side, across the centre of a field, and over the fesse-point of a shield.

=Festoon=, Arch. Garland of flowers. (Fig., 309.) (See ENCARPA.)

=Festra=, R. An abbreviation anciently employed for FENESTRA (q.v.).

=Festuca= or =Vindicta=, R. The rod which the lictor held over the head of a slave during the ceremony of _manumissio_, by which he was given his freedom. (See MANUMISSIO.)

=Fetter-lock=, Her. A shackle, padlock; a Yorkshire badge.

=Fibrinæ= (vestes), =Fibrinæ= (lanæ). (See CASTOREÆ.)

=Fibula=, Gen. (_figo_, to fix). (1) A clasp, buckle, or brooch; any contrivance made of gold, silver, bronze, ivory, &c., used for fastening male or female attire. (2) The buckle of a head-band (_tænia_, _vitta_). Figs. 310 and 311 represent buttons and clasps belonging to the Gaulish and Merovingian periods. [The girdles of the _Franks_ and _Saxons_, found in English tombs, were usually ornamented most profusely. Not only were the buckles (_fibulæ_) of the richest workmanship, and conspicuous for size and decoration, but they are sometimes supplemented by enchased plates, or plates set with precious stones. (_Roach Smith._)] (See Figs. 105 to 113.)

=Fictile Ware=, =Keremania=, R. (_fingo_, to mould). Any object made of terra-cotta or pottery, such as tiles, bricks, vases, &c. (See POTTERY.)

=Fiddle= (A.S. _fithele_), or =Viol=, is represented in an Anglo-Saxon MS. of the 11th century, of a pear-shape, with four strings. The fiddle-bow probably originated in Hindustan, where the _Hindus_ claim that the ravanastron was invented about 5000 years ago by Ravanon, a king of Ceylon. Almost identical with this is the _Chinese_ fiddle called _urheen_, which has only two strings, and its body consists of a small block of wood, hollowed out and covered with a snake-skin. A German fiddle of the 9th century, called _lyra_, has only one string. In the Nibelungen Lied Volker is described as dexterous in playing the fiddle. Interesting representations of performers on the fiddle are painted on the roof of Peterborough Cathedral. They are attributed to the 12th century.

=Fidelia=, R. An earthenware vessel or jar used as a receptacle for cement.

=Fides= or =Fidis=, R. A general term comprising all stringed or gut instruments (from _sphidé_, catgut).

=Fidicula=, R. (dimin. of _fides_). A very fine catgut string, a _treble-string_. The plural _fidiculæ_ denotes an instrument of torture for slaves, the form of which is unknown.

=Field.= In Numismatics, the surface of a coin on which objects were engraved; in Heraldry, the entire surface of a shield or banner.

=Figure-paintings.= Paintings of the human figure.

=Filagree=, =Filigree=, or =Filigraine= (It. _filigrana_ = _filum_ and _granum_, or granular network; so called because the Italians, who first introduced this style of work, placed beads upon it. [_Ure._]). This work is of gold or silver wire plaited and soldered into delicate arabesques and flower patterns. In the 15th century the Spanish Moors “made admirable chiselled, enamelled, and gilt work, and applied filigree work on the surface, a system kept up at Salamanca and Cordova to the present day.” The Eastern nations have always been famous for filigree work.

=File=, Her. A label (from the Latin _filum_, a narrow ribbon).

=Filfot=, called also the =Gammadion=. (See FYLFOT.)

=Filigree Glass.= (See GLASS.)

=Fillet=, Her. A diminutive of a chief.

=Fillets=, Gen. Strips of linen employed for various purposes. The victims which were conducted by priests to sacrifice were adorned with sacred fillets. Among the Egyptians fillets were employed to swathe mummies, the strips being repeatedly wound by the embalmers round the corpse, till it reassumed the appearance it had presented before being dried. (See DIADEM, FASCIA.) In Architecture, a small round or rectangular moulding which separates two others which are larger and more prominent; the fillet also separates the flutings of columns. (See TÆNIA.)

=Fimbria=, R. The border or fringe of a cloth or garment. [These were more common among the Egyptians and Assyrians than the Greeks and Romans, and are mentioned in the Bible.]

=Fimbriated=, Her. Bordered; the border (which is narrow) lying in the same plane with the object bordered. (Fig. 313.)

=Finial.= In Gothic architecture, an ornament of carved work representing foliage, on the apex of a spire or pinnacle. (See CROCKET.) (Fig. 314.)

=Fir-cone= upon a stem was the form of vases special to the majolica manufactory of Deruba; “a form,” says Jacquemart, “quite special to that manufactory, and directly imitated from the extreme East and from Asia Minor.”

=Fire.= Flames of fire placed near St. Anthony signify his spiritual aid as patron saint against fire in all shapes, in the next world and in this. _Tongues of fire_ are, of course, depicted on the heads of the Apostles, in representations of the Day of Pentecost.

=Fire-dog.= (See ANDIRON.)

=Fire-lock.= The musket fired by flint and steel, invented in France about the year 1630. (See MATCH-LOCK.)

=Fire-stommer=, O. E. A poker.

=Fiscus=, R. A wicker-work basket used for gardening purposes, especially for gathering in the olive and grape crops. The Romans also made use of this basket for transporting sums of money; hence _fiscus_ came to mean a moneychest, and was the name given to that part of the revenue which was applied to the civil list of the emperors [opposed to _ærarium_, the property of the senate]; but at last the word was used to signify generally the property of the state.

=Fish.= In Christian art, the symbol of water and the rite of baptism. (See ACROSTIC and VESICA PISCIS.)

=Fistuca=, R. A pavior’s ram or beetle; a wooden bar or pile used to consolidate floorings, masonry, and pavements.

=Fistula=, R. (1) A water-pipe of lead or earthenware. (2) A writing-pen made of reed, and thence a Pan’s pipe. (3) A rolling-pin for making pastry. (4) A probe. (5) A machine for bruising corn, which was called _fistula farraria_.

=Fitch.= The best of paint-brushes are made of the hair of the _fitch_ or polecat. They are black, elastic, and firm though soft. They are made flat or round, and are used also for varnishing.

=Fitchée=, Her. Pointed at the base.

=Flabelliform=, Arch. (_flabellum_). Fan-shaped. The term is usually applied to an ornament composed of leaves and palms, which is of frequent occurrence on Romano-Byzantine monuments.

=Flabellum=, Gen. (_flo_, to blow). A fan. (See FAN.)

=Flagellum=, Gen. (_flagrum_). A whip or scourge made with thongs of leather, especially thongs of the ox’s hide, or twisted or knotted cords, &c., used in antiquity for punishing slaves or culprits. It was a terrible weapon, and the lash was often knotted with bones, or heavy metal _hooks_ to tear the flesh (_scorpio_). Gladiators used to fight in the arena with _flagella_.

=Flagon=. A vessel with a long neck covered at top, and a spout. The flagons of the 15th and 16th centuries are the best in design and ornamentation.

=Flail.= A weapon like a flail, of wood and iron armed with spikes, _temp._ Henry VIII.

=Flake-white.= So called from its form, in commerce, of _flakes_ or scales. As a pigment it possesses great body, and enters largely into numerous compound tints. (_Fairholt._) (See CARBONATE OF LEAD.)

=Flamboyant= (style), Mod. The style of French architecture peculiar to the 15th century, so called because the mullions and tracery of the windows in the monuments belonging to that period are curved and twisted like the waving of flames. This style was contemporary with that called “the perpendicular” in England.

=Flamen=, R. A priest devoted to the service of any one god; e. g. _Flamen Martialis_, the priest of Mars. Their characteristic dress was the APEX, the LÆNA, and a laurel wreath.

=Flaming Heart=, in Christian symbolism, expresses fervent piety and love.

=Flammeolum= (dimin. of _flammeum_). A term denoting a texture much finer than that of the _flammeum_.

=Flammeum=, R. A bridal veil worn by the bride on the day of her marriage; it was of light gauze, and in colour of a vivid and brilliant yellow, like a flame; whence its name. It covered the lady from head to foot, and was removed by the bridegroom on their arrival home after the ceremony.

=Flammula=, R. A small flame; a small banner borne by light cavalry regiments; it was of a vivid and brilliant yellow colour, like the bridal _flammeum_; whence its name. (Modern ORIFLAMME, q.v.)

=Flanches=, =Flasques=, Her. Subordinaries.

=Flat-heads=, =Projecting-heads=, Mod. An ornament peculiar to the Romano-Byzantine period, which decorates archivolts. Fig. 315 gives an example of flat-heads; Fig. 316 of projecting-heads.

=Flaying-knife.= An attribute of St. Bartholomew, signifying the manner of his martyrdom. In Croyland Abbey it was anciently the custom to present all members of the community with small flaying-knives on St. Bartholomew’s Day (Aug. 24).

=Flemish Lace.= Flanders and Italy dispute the invention of pillow lace. It is certain, however, that lace of home manufacture was worn in the 15th century in the Low Countries, and from that time to the present lace-making has formed a source of national wealth to Belgium. The engraving shows a fine specimen of old Flemish lace composed of six different designs joined together, commonly known as “Trolle Kant.” A similar lace is made in some of our own counties, and called “Trolly.” (Fig. 317.)

=Fleur-de-lis= (Fr.), the royal insignia of France, was first adopted by Louis VII. (about A. D. 1137) _semée_, or scattered over the field. This shield is blazoned as “France Ancient.” On the occasion of his marriage, in 1234, St. Louis instituted the order of the “Cosse de Genest” (Fig. 318), and, as an emblem of his humility, took for his badge the broom-flower with the motto _Exaltat humiles_. The collar of the order was composed of broom-flowers enamelled, intermixed with fleurs-de-lis. In the reign of Charles VI. four collars of the order of the Cosse de Genest were sent as presents to King Richard II. and his uncles the Dukes of Lancaster, Gloucester, and York. The fleur-de-lis entered the English insignia in 1275 with the marriage of Edmund with Blanche of Artois, and was erased on January 1, 1801.

=Fleurettée=, Her. Terminating in, or bordered with fleurs-de-lis, like the cross in Fig. 318.

=Fleuron.= A small full-blown rose placed in the centre of the abacus of the capital in certain orders of architecture.

=Flexed=, Her. Bowed, bent.

=Flighted=, Her. Feathered, as arrows are.

=Flo=, O. E. An arrow.

“Robin bent his joly bowe,
Therein he set a _flo_.”
(_Wright’s Songs and Carols._)

=Floralia=, or =Florales Ludi=. A Roman festival in honour of Flora, said to have been instituted B.C. 238, to invoke the protection of the goddess upon the spring blossoms.

=Florentine Fresco.= A peculiar method of fresco-painting, by which the lime is kept moistened during the process.

=Florentine Lake.= (See CARMINATED LAKES.)

=Florentine Mosaic.= Inlaid-work in coloured stones, and precious stones combined into beautiful patterns.

=Florid= (style), Arch. This term, now disused, has been replaced by that of FLAMBOYANT style (q.v.).

=Florimontana.= A literary society established at Annecy in 1606. They took for their device an orange tree, with the motto, “_Flores, fructusque perennes_.”

=Fluor-spar= or =Derbyshire-spar=. A mineral rock very common in Derbyshire, where it is made into ornaments, &c., with the lathe.

=Flute=, Gen. Said to have been invented by Apollo or Mercury. The simplest form of flute was made with an oat-stalk (_avena_) or a hollow reed (_calamus_); in the course of time it was made of ivory, bone, or the shin-bones of animals; whence its Latin name of TIBIA (q.v.). The Greek flute (_aulos_) was held like a flageolet, and a vibrating reed was inserted into the mouthpiece. The single flute was called _monaulos_; the double one _diaulos_. A specimen of the last in the British Museum was found in a tomb at Athens. It is made of cedar, and the tubes, which are fifteen inches in length, have each a separate mouthpiece and six finger-holes, five of which are at the upper side, and one underneath. The flutes of the _Etruscans_ were often of ivory; those used in religious ceremonies were of box-wood, ass’s bone, bronze, and silver. The _Persian_ flute called “_nay_,” and the “_surnay_” a kind of oboe, are still popular in the East. In _Mexico_, the young man sacrificed to the god was taught to play the flute, and as he went to his death he broke a flute on each of the steps of the temple. The practice of making flutes of the bones of their enemies was common with many Indian tribes in America.

=Flutings= or =Flutes=, Arch. Small semicircular indents or grooves cut perpendicularly, by way of ornament, in the shafts of columns and pilasters. Flutings may be either decorated or plain. When filled with a bead moulding, they are said to be _cabled_. Fig. 319 represents flutings decorated with leaves twined round a reed.

=Fly=, Her. The length and also the side of a flag furthest from the mast.

=Fo=, Chinese. (See DOG OF FO.) The “Hand of Fo” is a fragrant fruit, a kind of _cédrat_, generally styled the Chinese hand-plant, used to perfume apartments.

=Focale=, R. (_fauces_, the throat). A square piece of cloth which was wrapped round the neck, and covered the ears.

=Foculus=, R. (dimin. of _focus_). A portable fireplace; a brazier or chafing-dish. (Fig. 320.)

=Focus=, R. The hearth or fireplace of a house, consecrated to the Lares or household gods.

=Foil=, in Architecture. (See TREFOIL, QUATREFOIL, &c.)

=Foliage=, Gen. Nearly every style of architecture has made use of foliage for purposes of ornamentation. In antiquity, the leaves of the acanthus, palm, laurel, olive, ivy, &c., were thus employed; the Romano-Byzantine, Byzantine, and Pointed styles utilized for the same purpose the vine, oak, cinquefoil, parsley, mahonia, mullein, thistle, &c. Foliage has been applied to the decoration of capitals, archivolts, bands, cornices, and friezes; and it has also been used to form CROCKETS (q.v.), crownings, pinnacles, &c. Architectural work thus enriched is said to be FOLIATED, and the ornament itself is called FOLIATION.

=Folliculus=, R. A leather cap encircling the hole by which an oar protruded from a ship. The term is a diminutive of FOLLIS (q.v.).

=Follis=, R. A small ball of leather inflated with air, which also went by the name of _folliculus_; used for a plaything.

=Fong-hoang=, Chinese. A fabulous bird which is immortal, lives in the highest regions of the air, and only approaches men to announce to them happy events and prosperous reigns. It is easily recognized (on pottery, &c.) by its carunculated head, its neck surrounded by silky feathers, and its tail partaking of the Argus pheasant and the peacock. (_Jacquemart._)

=Fons=, =Fountain=, Gen. In antiquity, natural springs and fountains were objects of religious worship. Fig. 323 represents a Pompeian fountain known as the Fountain of Abundance.

=Font=, Chr. The vessel which contains the consecrated water used in the administration of baptism, by sprinkling or aspersion (Fig. 324), introduced in lieu of the original mode of immersion (Fig. 325). (Compare PISCINA.)

=Fontange=, Fr. “A modish head-dress,” deriving its name from Mademoiselle de Fontange, a lady of the court of Louis XIV., who invented it. (Fig. 326.)

=Font-cloth=, O. E. (1) The hanging with which the font was ornamented. (2) The CHRISMALE (q.v.).

=Fools.= In Church architecture and decoration, grotesque figures of men with fool’s cap and bells are frequently seen under the seats of choir-stalls and _miserere_ seats. (See the article OBSCŒNA.)

=Foolscap.= A fool’s cap was the device of the Italian society called the Granelleschi, formed at Venice in 1740 to oppose the corruption of the Italian language. A sheet of foolscap paper is 17 in. by 13½ in.

=Forceps.= Tongs or pincers, the attributes of some of the martyrs. (See FORFEX.)

=Foreshortening.= The art of representing objects on a plane surface as they appear to the eye in perspective.

=Forfex=, R. (1) Large scissors or shears used to cut hair or shear animals. (2) A clip, in the form of shears, for raising weights. (Fig. 327.) Fig. 328 represents a shears described by Vitruvius, which was used to raise stones.

=Fori=, R. This term, which is the plural of _forus_, denotes (1) the flooring of a ship; (2) the flooring of a bridge; (3) the standing-places on a temporary platform; (4) the shelves forming the divisions or different stories of a beehive; (5) the narrow parallel furrows drawn in a garden by means of the hoe.

=Foricula.= A little door. Dimin. of FORIS (q.v.).

=Foris=, R. The door as distinguished from the frame in which it hung. In the plural, _fores_ denotes a folding-door with two leaves, as, for instance, _fores carceris_, the door of the stalls in a circus.

=Forks= were not in general use earlier than the 14th century. One of the earliest occasions on which a fork is mentioned informs us that John, Duke of Brittany in 1306, had one “to pick up soppys.”

=Forlon.= A Spanish carriage with four seats.

=Forma=, R. (_fero_, to produce). A mould, form, or model; a mould for making bricks or other objects in clay, such as (1) antefixa, masks, &c.; (2) a shoemaker’s last; (3) the waterway of a subterranean aqueduct. _Diminutive_, =Formella=, R. A small shape or mould used especially by the Romans to give an artificial form to the fish which was served as one of the courses at dinner.

=Fornacalia=, R. A festival of bakers in honour of the goddess _Fornax_ (oven-goddess). It took place in February, the day being given out by the _curio maximus_, who announced, in tablets which were placed in the forum, the part which each _curia_ had to take in the festival. Those persons who did not know to which curia they belonged, performed the rites on the last day, called _Stultorum feriæ_ (the feasts of fools).

=Fornacula= (dimin. of FORNAX, q.v.). (1) A small furnace for smelting metals. (2) A small furnace for a bath-room.

=Fornax=, R. A furnace; an oven; a kiln for baking pottery: _fornax calcaria_, a lime-kiln; _fornax æraria_, a blast-furnace for smelting metals; _fornax balnei_, a hypocaust or bathfurnace; this was also called FORNACULA (q.v.). FORNAX is also the name of the goddess of _ovens_.

=Fornix=, R. A term having the same meaning as ARCUS (q.v.). It also denotes (1) a triumphal arch (_arcus triumphalis_); (2) a vault or vaulted room; (3) a vaulted gate.

=Forril.= A kind of parchment, specially prepared for bookbinding.

=Forulus=, R. (dimin. of _forus_, a shelf). A cupboard, cabinet, or dwarf bookcase.

=Forum=, R. A large open space used by the Romans as a market; it answered to the Greek AGORA (q.v.). Fig. 329 represents the _forum civile_ of Pompeii, unquestionably one of the most complete examples bequeathed to us by antiquity. _A_ is the principal entrance; _B_, a Corinthian temple; _C_, the public prison (_carcer publicus_); _D_ is supposed to have been a horreum, or public granary; _E_, the temple of Venus, the guardian goddess of the city; _F_, the basilica; _G_, _H_, _I_, the curiæ, which were a kind of civil and commercial tribunals; _K_ is a rectangular building which probably served the purpose of a shop for money-changers; _L_, a portico terminating in an absis; _M_, the temple of Mercury or Quirinus; _N_, a building with a large semicircular tribune, which probably formed the residence of the AUGUSTALES.

=Forus.= A synonym of FORUM (q.v.). _Forus aleatorius_ was the term applied to a dice-table.

=Fossil Ivory.= The tusks of the mammoth—the extinct _elephas primigenius_—found in great quantity in Siberia, are the material of which nearly all the ivory-turner’s work in Russia is made. The ivory has not undergone any petrifying change like other fossils, and is as well adapted for use as that procured from living species.

=Fote= (or =Foot=) =Mantel=. An outer garment of the petticoat kind, bound round the hips (of a woman on horseback) “to keep her gown or surcoat clean.” (_Strutt._)

“A _fote-mantel_ about hir hips large.” (_Chaucer._)

=Fountain=, Her. A circular figure or ROUNDLE that is _barry wavy_ arg. is so blazoned.

=Fourchée=, Her. Divided into two parts; said of a lion with a double tail.

=Fraces=, R. A kind of fuel made of the tan obtained from the residuum of oil-presses; it was thus the pulp of olives.

=Frænum=, =Frenum=, R. A horse’s bridle, including the bit and the reins. [The bit was called _orea_ or Greek στόμιον.]

=Framea=, R. (1) A German spear, the iron head of which was short but very sharp; it was employed by them as a pike. (2) A weapon used by the Franks.

=Francisca.= A kind of battle-axe used by the Franks.

=Frankfort Black.= A German pigment prepared like _blue black_ (q.v.).

=French Ultramarine.= (See GUIMET’S ULTRAMARINE.)

=Fresco-Painting= (i. e. _al fresco_, upon fresh or wet ground), generally employed for large pictures on walls and ceilings, is executed with mineral and earthy pigments upon a freshly-laid ground of stucco. It was known to the ancients, and must be distinguished from DISTEMPER PAINTING (q.v.) on plaster, which is a different process. “_Buon_ (or genuine) _fresco_,” painted on the fresh surface of plaster, is distinguished from “_fresco secco_,” or a process of painting on dry plaster commonly practised in Italy and Munich. It is argued that the latter was the process used at Pompeii, and generally by the ancients, because (1) lime is found in nearly all the colours, and (2) the nature of the joinings in the work indicates that each compartment does not contain only one day’s work, as it must in _buon fresco_.

=Fret=, Arch. An angular, interlaced architectural ornament of the Greek and Romano-Byzantine period, also known as _broken batoon_ and _Vitruvian scroll_, and presenting some analogy with _chevron_ or zigzag. There are _crenelated_ or _rectangular frets_, _triangular_, _nebulated_, _undulated frets_, &c.

=Fret=, O. E. A _caul_ of gold or silver wire.

“A _fret_ of golde she had next her hair.” (_Chaucer._)

=Fret= or =Frette=, Her. One of the subordinaries. The illustration is one of the badges of the Arundel family: a chapeau or and gules, surmounted by a _fret_ or, and an acorn leaved vert.

=Frieze=, Arch. That part of the entablature which is included between the architrave and the cornice. (See Fig. 184.) Another name for it is ZOOPHORUS (q.v.). It was generally richly sculptured. The finest frieze ever found is that of the Parthenon, the ornamentation of which may be studied in the Elgin-marble room at the British Museum. (See Fig. 282.)

=Frieze=, =Frize=. A coarse woollen cloth, first mentioned 1399.

“Cloth of gold, do not despize
To match thyself with cloth of frize.
Cloth of frize, be not too bold,
Though thou be matched with cloth of gold.”

=Frigidarium=, R. (_frigidus_, cold). (1) A cool apartment in a bathing establishment. (2) A cool place used as a larder.

=Frisquet.= In wood-engraving, a piece of paper laid over the proof-paper in the act of printing, to keep clean the parts not intended to be exposed to the ink.

=Fritillus=, R. A dice-box of a cylindrical form, called also _turricula_ or _pyrgus_ (Greek φιμός).

=Frog.= An ancient emblem of silence and secrecy, from a legend quoted by Ælian that the frogs of Syriapha never croak in their own marshes. Hence it was adopted by Mæcenas, the friend of Augustus, for his device. (Fig. 336.)

=Frontale=, Gen. (_frons_, the forehead). (1) A frontlet or head-band worn by Greek women, and to be seen principally on the statues of goddesses. (2) A plate or band of metal placed across the forehead of horses (Fig. 337) as a protection for the frontal bone. The Medes, Persians, Greeks, and Romans made use of the _frontale_ for their cavalry horses. For the ecclesiastical =Frontal=, Mediæval, see ANTEPENDIUM. Henry III. gave a FRONTAL to the high altar at Westminster Abbey, upon which, besides carbuncles in golden settings, and several large pieces of enamel, were as many as 866 smaller pieces of enamel.

=Frontispiece.= In Architecture, the façade or face of a building. The engraved title-page of a book was originally called the frontispiece.

=Frote=, O. E. To rub; to stir.

=Frountere=, O. E. FRONTAL (q.v.).

=Fucus=, Gr. Cosmetic paint, much used by the Greek and Roman ladies. They stained their eyebrows black with a preparation of sulphuret of antimony called _stimmi_, or of soot, _asbolos_. The Roman ladies, in addition to rouge and white for the complexion, used to trace out the veins on their temples with a blue paint, and they wore the patches of Queen Anne’s time (_splenia_). “From beef without mustard, a servant which overvalues himself, _and a woman which painteth_,—good Lord deliver us!” (_Stubbes._)

=Fuller’s Bat= or =Club=. Attribute of St. James the Less, who was killed with such an implement.

=Fullonica=, =Fullonum=, R. (_fullo_, a fuller). A fuller’s establishment. An example of one, in perfect preservation, is preserved at Pompeii. The _fullones_ acted as laundrymen to Greek and Roman families, washing linen as well as woollen clothes by treading in tubs (using urine for soap, which was unknown to them); hence _saltus fullonicus_, a fuller’s dance.

=Fulmen.= The thunderbolt of Jove. (See also ILLAPA.) It is generally represented as a double cone of flame, with lightnings on each side, or frequently with wings.

=Fumarium=, R. (_fumus_, smoke). A chamber in the upper part of a Roman house, into which the smoke from the fires was conducted. The smoke-room was used for drying wood and ripening wine. The “Rauchkammer” or smoke attic is still a common institution in good houses in Germany.

=Funale=, R. (_funis_, a rope). A link or torch made of various materials.

=Funalis= or =Funarius= (sc. _equus_). The tracehorse, so called because its traces, instead of being of leather, were of rope (_funis_).

=Funarius.= (See FUNALIS.)

=Funda, Sling=, Gen. The sling has been employed by most of the peoples of antiquity as a weapon of warfare for hurling stones, chiefly flints or leaden bullets (_glandes_). The slings of the Egyptians were made of leather thongs or plaited cord. The _funaitores_, or slingers, of the Greek and Roman armies carried each a provision of stones in the folds (_sinus_) of his pallium, a shield on his left arm, and brandished his sling in the right hand. The most celebrated slingers were the inhabitants of the Balearic Islands, which took their ancient name from this circumstance.

=Fundibalus=, =Fundibalum=, R. (βάλλω, to throw). A machine for hurling stones; a kind of _balista_ (q.v.). (Fig. 338.)

=Fundula=, R. A blind alley or _cul-de-sac_. Fig. 339 represents one of the kind at Pompeii.

=Fundulus=, R. The piston of a hydraulic machine.

=Funeral Ceremonies.= 1. Greek. The expressions τὰ δίκαια, νομιζόμενα, or προσήκοντα, the just and lawful rites, are expressive of the Greek idea that the proper burial of the dead was a most sacred duty to them. The first act was to place in the mouth of the corpse an _obolus_, with which the spirit would pay the ferryman in Hades. This coin was then called _danaké_. The body was then washed and anointed, the head crowned with flowers, and the handsomest robes put on. All this was done by the women of the family. By the side of the bed upon which the corpse was then laid (πρόθεσις) were placed painted earthen vessels (_lecuthoi_; see LECYTHUS), which were afterwards buried with the corpse. (These vases are frequently disinterred in modern excavations.) A honeycake (_melittouta_) to throw to the dog Cerberus was laid on the bed. Before the door a vessel of water (_ostracon_ or _ardalion_) was set, to be used, like the holy water of Catholic times, by persons _leaving_ the house, for purification. On the third day after death, the _ecphora_, or carrying out for burial, took place in the morning before sunrise. The men walked before the corpse, and the women behind. Hired mourners (_threnodoi_) accompanied the procession, playing mournful tunes on the flute. The bodies were either buried or burned, until cremation gave way to a Christian prejudice. The body was placed for burning on the top of a _pyre_ (Gr. πῦρ, fire); and, in remote ages, animals, prisoners, or slaves were burned with it. Oils and perfumes were thrown into the flames. Finally, the smouldering ashes were quenched with wine, and relatives and friends collected what remained of the bones. The bones were then washed with wine and oil, and placed in urns, often golden.

2. Roman. _Funera justa_ conveys the same idea as the Greek _dicaia_ of the right and title of the dead to a proper observance. With the Romans, the washing, anointing, &c. of the body was done by slaves (_pollinctores_) of the undertakers, who were called _libitinarii_, because they dwelt near the temple of Venus Libitina, in which all things requisite for funerals were sold and a mortuary register was kept. The coin having been duly placed in the mouth, the body was laid out in the vestibule dressed, of ordinary citizens in a white toga, and of magistrates in their official robes, and the couch was strewn with flowers, and a branch of _cypress_ was placed at the door of the house. All funerals were, in ancient times, performed at night, but afterwards only those of the poor. At a great funeral the corpse was carried out on the eighth day, preceded by musicians (_cornicines_, &c.) and mourning women (_præficæ_), who chanted a funeral hymn (_nænia_); players and buffoons (_histriones_, _scurræ_) followed, and a procession of the freed slaves wearing the cap of liberty (_pileati_). Images of the deceased and of his ancestors were borne before the corpse, which was carried on a litter (_feretrum_). The common bier of the poor was called _sandapila_, and its bearers _vespillones_, because they bore it forth in the evening (_vespere_). The couches of the rich were of ivory, richly ornamented with gold and purple. The relations walked behind in mourning, sons with the head veiled, and daughters with dishevelled hair. At the forum a funeral oration (_laudatio_) was delivered, and thence the procession went to the place of burial or cremation. Those who were buried (as all were subsequently to the 4th century A. D.) were placed in a coffin (_arca_ or _loculus_), often of stone. The Assian stone, from Assos in Troas, was said to consume all the body, with the exception of the teeth, in forty days, whence it was called sarcophagus (q.v.). For cremation the pyre, or _rogus_, was built like an altar, and the corpse in its splendid couch being placed on the top, the nearest relation, with averted face, fired a corner of the pile. Perfumes were forbidden by the Twelve Tables. Sometimes animals were slaughtered, and in ancient times, captives and slaves, but afterwards gladiators were hired to fight round the blazing pile. (Compare BUSTUM.) When the pyre was burnt down, the embers were soaked with wine, and the bones and ashes collected into urns. (See URNA.) The solemnities continued for nine days after the funeral, at the end of which time a sacrifice was performed called the _novemdiale_. Men wore _black_ for mourning, and women white; but at all banquets given in honour of the dead the guests were clothed in white.

=Funeral Urns= of Indian pottery are found of extremely ancient date. That represented in Fig. 340 is a covered jar, of primitive make, with an inscription in ancient characters; its date is probably from 260 to 240 B.C. (_Jacquemart._)

=Fur.= _Strutt_ says that “the furs of sables, beavers, foxes, cats, and lambs were used in England before the Conquest; to which were afterwards added those of ermines, squirrels, martens, rabbits, goats, and many other animals.” In the Middle Ages the more precious furs, as ermine and sable, were reserved for kings, knights, and the principal nobility of both sexes. Inferior ranks used “vair” and “gris,” or gray; while citizens, burgesses, and priests wore the common squirrel and lamb-skins. The peasants wore cat-skins, badger-skins, &c. In after times were added the skins of badgers, bears, beavers, deer, fitches, foxes, foynes (or martens), grays, hares, otters, sables, squirrels, weasels, wolves, &c. The mantles of our kings and peers, and the furred robes of municipal officers are the remains of this fashion, which in the 13th century was almost universal.

=Fur=, Her. The _furs_ are of comparatively rare appearance in heraldry, and do not appear in the best ages. _Vair_ and _ermine_ are common. In Fig. 341 is an example of the treatment of ermine from the monument of Edward III.

=Furbelow=, O. E. An ornament on the petticoat of a woman’s dress, described as a “puckered flounce,” to display which it became the fashion to roll back the skirts of the gown. “The Old Mode and the New, or the Country Miss with her Furbelow,” is the title of an old play, _temp._ William and Mary.

=Furca=, R. A fork with two teeth (_bidens_), or two prongs; a hay-fork: _furca carnarii_, a fork used for taking down the meat hung up in the _carnarium_. The term _furca_ was further applied to a kind of fork by aid of which a foot-traveller carried his baggage, but the more usual name for this kind of fork was _ærumna_ (q.v.). Also, a wooden fork placed for punishment across the shoulders of slaves and criminals, to the prongs of which the hands were tied. Reversed it formed a cross upon which criminals were executed, either by scourging or by crucifixion with nailing. The patibulum was a similar instrument of punishment formed like the letter H.

=Furgon=, O. E. (Fr. _fourgon_). A fork for putting faggots and sticks on to the fire.

=Furnus=, R. (1) A baker’s oven. (2) A baker’s shop. (See FORNAX.)

=Fuschan in Appules=, O. E. Fustian of Naples. (See FUSTIAN.)

=Fuscina=, R. (1) A fork with three prongs used for spearing fish. (2) The trident of the _retiarius_. Originally it was called _tridens_, and used as a goad to drive horses. Neptune always carries one.

=Fuscinula= (dimin. of _Fuscina_, q.v.). A carving-fork.

=Fusée=, Fr. A gun with a wide bore, like a blunderbuss.

=Fusiform= (_fusus_, a spindle). In the form of a spindle.

=Fusil=, Fr. The steel for striking fire from a flint; an ancient device of the Dukes of Burgundy, the motto inculcating the worthlessness of latent virtues never brought into action.

=Fusi-yama.= The sacred mountain of the Japanese, often depicted on their porcelain.

=Fustian.= “A species of cotton cloth much used by the Normans, particularly by the clergy, and appropriated to their chasubles.” (_Strutt._) It was originally woven at Fustat, on the Nile, with a warp of linen thread, and a woof of thick cotton, so twilled and cut that it showed on one side a thick but low pile. In the 14th century Chaucer says of his knight,—

“Of fustian he wered a gepon.”

In the 15th century Naples was celebrated for fustian. An old English account of this date has “Fuschan in Appules” (for Fustian from Naples).

=Fustibalum=, R. A pole about four feet long, furnished with a sling (_funda_) in the middle. It was wielded by both hands, and was used to hurl huge stones to a distance.

=Fusus= (Gr. ἄτρακτος). A spindle. It was generally made of wood; but some nations, as for instance the Egyptians, had spindles of pottery.

=Fygury=, O. E. An old name for silks _diapered_ with _figures_ of flowers and fruit. A cope in the York fabric rolls is described “una capa de sateyn fygury.”

=Fylfot= or _Filfot_. This mysterious ornament exactly resembles the Hindu _arani_ of remote antiquity, i. e. the instrument of wood by which fire was obtained by friction; which is the symbol of _Agni_. This symbol has never been lost, and occurs sixty times on an ancient Celtic funereal urn; also on monumental brasses and church embroidery of the Middle Ages. It is generally called the GAMMADION.

G.

=Gabardine= or =Gallebardine=, It. “A rough Irish mantle, or horseman’s coat; a long cassock.” It was, and is, a favourite outer garment of the Jews.

=Gabion=, Fortification. A basket filled with earth, used in the construction of earthworks for defensive purposes.

=Gable=, Arch. (German _Giebel_, point). The triangular end of a house from the eaves to the top.

=Gablet.= Diminutive of gable—applied to furniture and niches.

=Gadlyngs=, O. E. Spikes on the knuckles of gauntlets, like the modern “knuckle-dusters.”

=Gæsum=, R. A weapon of Celtic origin. It was a strong, heavy javelin with a very long barbed iron head, used rather as a missile than a spear.

=Gage=, Med. A glove or cap thrown to the ground as a challenge to combat.

=Galages=, O. E. (modern, _goloshes_). Clogs fastened with _latchets_.

=Galaxia=, Gr. (Γαλάξια). Festivals in honour of Apollo, who was surnamed _Galaxios_; they were so called because the principal offering consisted of a barley cake cooked with milk (γάλα).

=Galaxy= (Gr. γάλα, milk). In Astronomy, the Milky Way. It passes between Sagittarius and Gemini, dividing the sphere into two parts.

=Galbanum=, R. (_galbus_, yellow). A yellow garment worn by women; men who adopted this kind of dress were looked upon as foppish and effeminate.

=Galbe=, Fr. The general contour or outline of any member of architecture; in especial, the shaft of a column. (See CONTRACTURA.) It also denotes the lines of a vessel, console, baluster, &c.

=Galea=, R. A helmet; especially one of skin or leather, in contradistinction to CASSIS, which denoted a metal helmet.

=Galeated.= In Heraldry, wearing a helmet.

=Galeola=, R. A very deep vessel in the shape of a helmet. It was used for holding pure wine, and was a kind of ACRATOPHORUM (q.v.).

=Galerus=, =Galerum=, R. A peasant’s cap made of fur, and thence a wig. It was a round leather cap, ending in a point, originally peculiar to the priesthood.

=Galgal=, Celt. A Celtic or megalithic monument, more commonly called TUMULUS.

=Galiot=, =Galliot= (dimin. of _galère_). A ship moved by both sails and oars.

=Gall= (A.S. _gealla_). In an animal, a bitter yellowish green fluid secreted by the gall-bladder. Ox-gall, clarified by boiling with animal charcoal and filtering, is used in water-colour and in ivory painting to make the colours spread more evenly upon the paper, ivory, &c.: mixed with gum-arabic it thickens, and fixes the colours. A coating of it _sets_ black-lead or crayon drawings. This word is also applied to anything exceedingly bitter, especially to the bitter potion which it was customary among the Jews to give to persons suffering death under sentence of the law, for the purpose of rendering them less sensible to pain. ὄξος μετὰ χολῆς, “vinegar to drink mingled with gall.” (Matt. xxvii. 34.)

=Galle= (Tours de), Celt. A name applied to certain ancient monuments in France, built by the Gauls.

=Galleon= (Sp. _galeon_). A large Spanish ship, formerly used in trading to America as a war vessel.

=Gallery=, Gen. A covered place much longer than it is wide. In Christian archæology it is a kind of tribune situated above the side aisles, and having bays over the nave; it is also called TRIFORIUM (q.v.).

=Galley= (Icelandic _galleyda_). A one-decked vessel, navigated with sails and oars, in Heraldry called a LYMPHAD (q.v.). The prow of a galley (Fig. 344), one of the devices adopted by Cardinal Richelieu, may still be seen among the architectural decorations of his palace.

=Galloon= (Sp. _galon_). A narrow kind of lace made of silk woven with cotton, gold, or silver; or of silk only.

=Gallow-balk=, O. E. (See GALOWS.)

=Gally-gascoynes=, O. E. Broad loose breeches; 16th century.

“His galligaskins were of corduroy,
And garters he had none.”
(_The Weary Knife-grinder._)

=Galows=, O. E. An iron bar fastened inside an open chimney, from which the _reeking-hook_ was hung, for suspending pots and vessels over the fire.

=Galvanography.= (See ELECTROGRAPHY, ELECTROTYPE.)

=Gamashes.= “High boots, buskins, or startups.” (_Holme_, 1688.)

=Gambeson= (Saxon _wambe_, the belly). A quilted tunic, stuffed with wool. It answered the purpose of defensive armour, and was subsequently called a _pourpoint_.

=Gamboge.= A gum-resin of a forest tree called Garcinia Cambogia, generally imported in cylindrical rolls. It forms a beautiful yellow pigment, used for water-colour; it is used to stain wood in imitation of box, and the tincture enters into the composition of the gold-coloured varnish for lacquering brass; it also gives a beautiful and durable stain to marble. (_E. B._)

=Gamelion.= The seventh month of the ancient Athenian year, corresponding to our January. It was so called because it was a favourite season for marriages (γάμη).

=Gammut.= (See GAMUT.)

=Gamut.= The musical scale; so called from the first tone, UT (our DO), of the model scale of Guido, which was represented by the Greek _gamma_.

=Ganoid= (γάνος, brightness). A name applied to an order of fishes, having angular scales, composed of bony plates, covered with a strong shining enamel.

=Gantlet.= (See GAUNTLET.)

=Garb=, Her. A sheaf of wheat, or of any other grain to be specified.

=Garde de Bras.= An additional protection for the left arm, to the elbow-piece of which it was fastened by straps and a screw. It was used only for jousting, and first appears at the end of the 15th cent. The example shown is of the 16th cent., from the Meyrick collection. (Fig. 345.)

=Gargoulette.= An Arab vase, or water-cooler, with one handle, furnished with a spout adapted for drinking through. The piece in the illustration is from the Arabian potteries of Maghreb in Africa. This pottery is described by M. Jacquemart as “covered with a pinkish grey enamel of rose colour, and heightened by a polychrome decoration in zones, generally consisting of bands of scrolls, flowers, denticulations, rosettes, &c.; where citron, yellow, manganese brown, green, and blue form the most charming harmony.”

=Gargoyle=, Mod. The projecting extremity of a gutter. In antiquity terra-cotta masks were used for the purpose. (Fig. 347.) During the Gothic period any kind of representation was employed. Fig. 348 shows an upright gargoyle from the church of St. Remy at Dieppe.

=Garland=, Arch. A term employed by some authors as synonymous with foliage; but it denotes rather heavy festoons tied with fillets, and consisting of leaves, fruits, and flowers, as shown in Figs. 287 and 309, taken from the temple of Vesta at Tivoli. (See ENCARPA, FESTOONS.)

=Garnet.= This gem, on account of its brilliant colour and hardness, is much used in jewellery, and although an abundant supply renders it of little value, the gem nevertheless possesses every quality necessary for ornamental purposes. It occurs in many colours—red, brown, yellow, white, green, black; the streak is white; the diaphaneity varies from transparent to sub-translucent, or nearly opaque, and it has a subconchoidal or uneven fracture. The varieties used in jewellery are called _carbuncle_, _cinnamon-stone_ (or _essonite_), _almandine_, and _pyrope_ or Bohemian garnet. _Garnets_ are not much used for engraving, being of splintery, bad grain under the tool. (_A. Billing_, _Science of Gems_, &c.; _H. Emanuel_, _Diamonds and Precious Stones_.)

=Garnished=, Her. Adorned in a becoming manner.

=Garter, Order of the=, instituted by Edward III. in 1350, consists of the Sovereign and twenty-five knights companions, of whom the Prince of Wales always is one. Knights of the Garter place K.G. after their names; and these letters take precedence of all other titles, those of royalty alone excepted. The stalls of the knights are in the choir of St. George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle, where their garter-plates are fixed and their banners are displayed. The insignia are the garter itself, the badge of the order; the collar, and the Lesser George or jewel. (Fig. 349.) It was this jewel that Charles I., immediately before he suffered, delivered to Archbishop Juxon, with the word “Remember!” The ribbon of the order is dark blue; it passes over the left shoulder, and the Lesser George hangs from it under the right arm.

=Garter King of Arms=, Her. The chief of the official heralds of England, and officer of arms of the Order of the Garter.

=Gastrum=, R. An earthenware vessel with a round _belly_; whence its name.

=Gaulus=, R. A vessel used for drinking and other purposes. The same term was also applied to a broad-built ship employed by the Phœnicians and by pirates.