Chapter C (2)

=Cerōma= (κήρωμα, a wax-salve). A room in which wrestlers rubbed themselves over with oil and fine sand. The room was so named from the unguent employed, which consisted of wax mixed with oil [which was also called _cerōma_].

=Cero—plastic.= The art of modelling in wax.

=Cero-strotum= or =Cestrotum=, Lat. A kind of encaustic painting upon ivory or horn, in which the lines were burnt in with the cestrum, and the furrows filled with wax.

=Certosina Work.= Florence, 15th century. Ivory inlaid into solid cypress-wood and walnut. The style is Indian in character, and consists in geometric arrangements of stars made of diamond-shaped pieces, varied with conventional flowers in pots, &c.

=Certyl.= Old English for kirtle.

=Ceruse.= A name for white lead. (See CARBONATE OF LEAD.)

=Cervelliere.= (See CEREBRERIUM.)

=Cervi= (lit. stags). Large branches of trees with the forks still left upon them, but cut down close to the stock, so that the whole presented the appearance of a stag’s antlers. _Cervi_ were employed to strengthen a palisade, so as to impede the advance of infantry, or resist attacks of cavalry.

=Cervical= (from _cervix_, a neck). A cushion or pillow for supporting the back of the head on a bed or dining-couch. (See PULVINAR.)

=Cervus.= (See STAG.)

=Ceryceum= (κηρύκειον, a herald’s staff). It is a synonym of CADUCEUS (q.v.).

=Cesticillus= (dimin. of CESTUS, q.v.). A circular pad used as a rest by persons who had to carry burdens on their heads.

=Cestra.= (See CESTROSPHENDONÈ.)

=Cestrosphendonè=, Gr. (a dart-sling.) A dart fixed to a wooden stock with three short wooden wings, discharged from a sling.

=Cestrotum.= (See CERO-STROTUM.)

=Cestrum= or =Viriculum= (κέστρον, i. e. that which pricks or pierces). A graver used in the process of encaustic painting on ivory. It was made of ivory, pointed at one end and flat at the other. (See CERO-STROTUM, RHABDION.)

=Cestus= (κεστὸς, embroidered), (1) In general any kind of band or tie; but specially the embroidered girdle of Venus. (2) A boxing gauntlet. (See CÆSTUS.)

=Cetra= (prob. a Spanish word). A small round shield in use among several barbarous nations, but never by the Romans.

=Chaable=, Old Fr. A large ballista. (See CABULUS.) Trees blown down by the wind are still called “caables” in France. (_Meyrick._)

=Chabasite= (χαβὸς, narrow, compressed). A crystal of a white colour.

=Chaconne=, Fr. (Sp. _chacona_; It. _ciacona_). A modification of the dance _chica_ (q.v.).

=Chadfarthing=, O. E. A farthing formerly paid among the Easter dues, for the purpose of hallowing the font for christenings. (_Halliwell._)

=Chafer=, O. E. (1) A beetle or May-bug. (2) A saucepan.

=Chafer-house=, O. E. An ale-house.

=Chafery=, O. E. A furnace.

=Chaffagiolo=, or =Caffagiolo=, is the place where Cosmo the Great established the first Tuscan manufactory of majolica, and where Luca della Robbia acquired his knowledge of the stanniferous enamel. Fig. 148 is a specimen of Chaffagiolo ware of the 15th century.

=Chain-moulding=, Arch. An ornament of the Norman period, sculptured in imitation of a chain.

=Chain-timbers=, Arch. Bond timbers, the thickness of a brick, introduced to tie and strengthen a wall.

=Chair.= (See SELLA.)

=Chair de Poule= (chicken’s flesh). An ornamentation of the surface of pottery with little hemispheric points; a Chinese method.

=Chaisel=, Old Fr. (1) An upper garment. (2) A kind of fine linen, of which smocks were often made.

=Chalameau=, Fr. Stem or straw-pipe. The lower notes of the clarionet are called the _chalameau_ tone, from the ancient _shawm_.

=Chalcanthum= (χάλκ-ανθον, i. e. that which is thrown off by copper). Shoemaker’s black or copperas, used for imparting a dark colour to boot-leather. (See ATRAMENTUM.)

=Chalcedony.= (See CALCEDONY.)

=Chalcidicum= (Χαλκιδικὸν, i. e. pertaining to the city of Chalcis). The exact meaning of this term is unknown. According to some, it was a portico; according to others, a kind of long hall or transept.

=Chalciœcia= (χαλκι-οίκια, brazen house). A Spartan festival in honour of Athena under that designation.

=Chalcography= (χαλκὸς, copper). Engraving on copper. _Chalcography_ was discovered in Florence, in the 15th century, and early introduced into England. Caxton’s “Golden Legend,” containing copper-plate prints, was published in 1483. The process is as follows:—A perfectly smooth plate of copper, having been highly polished, is heated in an oven, and then white wax rubbed over it until the whole surface is covered with a thin layer. A tracing is laid over the wax, with the black-lead lines downwards, which transfers the design to the wax. Then the tracing-paper is removed, and the engraver goes over the lines lightly with a fine steel point, so as just to penetrate the wax, and scratch a delicate outline upon the copper. The wax is then melted off, and the engraving finished with the _graver_, or _burin_, a steel instrument with a peculiar pyramidal point. Should the lines be cut too deeply, a smooth tool, about three inches long, called a _burnisher_, is used to soften them down, and to burnish out scratches in the copper. The _ridges_ or _burrs_ that rise on each side of the engraved lines are scraped off by a tool about six inches long, called a _scraper_, made of steel, with three sharp edges. This method has for printing purposes been generally superseded by other processes, principally _etching_.

=Chalcus= (χαλκοῦς). A Greek copper coin, somewhat less than a farthing.

=Chalice=, Chr. (deriv. from _calix_, a cup). A sacred vessel used in the celebration of the mass. There were many different kinds, called _ministeriales_, _offertorii_, _majores_, and _minores_. The _ministeriales_ served to distribute the wine; the _offertorii_ were employed by the deacons to hold the wine offered by the faithful. Lastly, they were distinguished according to their size, as large or small (_majores_ and _minores_). Vessels called _calices_ were also frequently suspended from the arches of the ciborium, and other parts of the church, as ornaments. In Christian symbolism the chalice and serpent issuing from it are an attribute of St. John the Evangelist.

=Chalon=, O. E. A coverlet. (_Chaucer._)

=Chamade=, Fr. A beat of drum or trumpet inviting the enemy to a parley.

=Chamber Music=, as opposed to concert music. Madrigals were probably the earliest specimens of chamber music.

=Chambers=, O. E. Small cannon for firing on festive occasions.

=Chamberyngs=, O. E. Bedroom furniture.

=Chameleon= (χαμαὶ, on the ground, and λέων, a lion). In Christian symbolism, the emblem of inconstancy; in Chemistry, manganate of potass is called _chameleon_ from the changes of colour which its solution undergoes. The chameleon with a dolphin on its back (Fig. 150) was the device of Pope Paul III.

=Chamfer=, Arch. (1) The angle of obliquity (of the sides of a steeple, &c.). (2) A hollow channel or gutter, such as the fluting of a column.

=Chamfron=, O. E. (Med. Lat. _chamfrenum_; Fr. _champ-frein_). A frontal of leather or steel to a horse’s bridle. (Fig. 151.)

=Chamlet=, O. E. (See CAMLET.)

=Chammer=, O. E. (Fr. _chamarre_). A gown worn by persons of rank, _temp._ Henry VIII.

=Champ=, Arch. A flat surface.

=Champ-levé.= A form of enamelling in which the pattern is cut out of the metal to be ornamented.

=Chamulcus=, R. and Gr. A heavy dray for the transport of building materials, such as blocks of marble, columns, obelisks, &c.

=Chance=, O. E. The game of hazard.

=Chancel=, Chr. (from _cancelli_, a lattice). A term anciently used to denote the _choir_. It derived its name from the _cancelli_ or stone screen by which it was enclosed.

=Chandaras= (Sanscrit, _chanda-rasa_, lit. moonjuice). An ancient name for _copal_.

=Chandeleuse=, Fr. Candlemas Day.

=Chandi= (from _chand_, the moon). Indian name for silver.

=Chand-tara= (lit. moon and stars) is the name of an Indian brocade, figured all over with representations of the heavenly bodies.

=Changeable Silk=, O. E., was woven of two colours, so that one of them showed itself unmixed and quite distinct on one side, and the second appeared equally clear on the other; mentioned A. D. 1327, 1543, &c.

=Changes.= The altered melodies produced by varying the sounds of a peal of bells.

=Chante-pleure=, Fr. A water pot, made of earthenware, about a foot high, the orifice at the top the size of a pea, and the bottom full of small holes. Immersed in water, it quickly fills. If the opening at the top be then closed with the thumb, the vessel may be carried, and the water distributed as required. The widow of Louis I., Duke of Orleans, adopted this as her device, after the murder of her husband, in 1407.

=Chantlate=, Arch. A piece of wood under the eaves of a roof, by which two or three rows of overhanging slates or tiles are supported.

=Chantry=, Chr. (Fr. _chanter_, to sing). A chapel to which is attached a revenue as provision for a priest, whose duty it is to sing masses for the repose of the founder’s soul.

=Chape=, O. E. (Spanish _chapa_, a thin plate of metal). (1) The transverse guard of a sword. (2) A metal plate at the end of a scabbard. (3) A catch by which a thing is held in its place.

=Chapeau=, Her. Also called a _cap of dignity, of maintenance, or of estate_. An early symbol of high dignity.

=Chapeau Chinois=, Fr. A set of small bells arranged in the form of a Chinese hat.

=Chapel= or =Chapelle de Fer=. Iron helmet of knights of the 12th century. The diminutive is _chapeline_.

=Chaperon=, Fr. A hood or small cap for the head.

=Chapiter=, Arch. The upper part of a capital.

=Chaplet=, Arch. (Fr. _chapelet_). (1) A small cylindrical moulding, carved into beads and the like. (See Fig. 154.) (2) _Chaplets of flowers_, which were worn in England, by both sexes, on festive occasions, during the Middle Ages, and chaplets of jewels in earlier times. (3) Chr. It was anciently the custom to crown the newly baptized with a chaplet or garland of flowers. (4) Chr. A succession of prayers recited in a certain order, regulated by beads, &c. (5) In Heraldry. A garland or wreath. (See CRANCELIN.)

=Chapter=, Chr. (Lat. _capitulum_). The body of the clergy of a cathedral, united under the bishop.

=Chapter-house=, Chr. A place of assemblage for a CHAPTER of the clergy. That of Westminster contains some fine wall paintings of the middle of the 14th century.

=Chaptrel=, Arch. The capital of a column supporting an arch; an impost.

=Character=, Gr. and R. Generally, any sign or mark impressed, painted, or engraved on any object. In a more restricted sense, it denotes the instrument of iron or bronze with which such marks were made. In Art, the expression means a faithful adherence to the peculiarities of objects represented.

=Charbokull=, O. E. A carbuncle.

=Charcoal Blacks= are made of ivory, bones, vine-twigs, smoke of resin, &c., burned in a crucible excluded from the air. The best charcoal _crayons_ are made of box and willow; the former produces a dense hard crayon, the latter a soft friable one. (_Fairholt._) (See BLUE BLACK.)

=Chare Thursday=, O. E. Maundy Thursday.

=Charge=, Her. Any heraldic figure or device.

=Charisia=, Gr. (Χάριτες, the Graces). Nocturnal festivals held in honour of the Graces, at which cakes and honey were distributed to those present.

=Charisteria=, Gr. (χάρις, gratitude). Festivals celebrated yearly at Athens, in remembrance of the Athenian general Thrasybulus, the saviour of his country.

=Charistia.= (See CARISTIA.)

=Charistion.= An instrument of Archimedes for weighing. Whether it bore most resemblance to the balance (_libra_), or the steelyard (_statera_), is uncertain, as its form is entirely unknown.

=Charles’s Wain= (Anglo-Saxon, _carles-waen_, the churl’s waggon). The seven stars forming the constellation generally called the Great Bear.

=Charnel=, O. E. Apex of the basinet.

=Charnel-house.= A small building attached to a cemetery, for a receptacle for the human bones disinterred when fresh graves were dug.

=Charta=, Gr. and R. Writing-paper in use among the ancients. There were eight different kinds, which were classed as follows in the order of their quality: (1) _Charta Augustana_ or _Claudiana_; (2) _Liviana_; (3) _hieratica_; (4) _amphitheatrica_; (5) _Saitica_; (6) _leneotica_; (7) _fanniana_; (8) _dentata_. The last was so called from being polished by means of the tooth (_dens_) of some animal, or a piece of ivory. There was also a _charta emporetica_ or packing-paper, and lastly a _charta bibula_. It is uncertain whether this last was blotting-paper, or a kind of transparent paper which had been steeped in oil or some other fatty substance.

=Charter-room= or =Charter-house=. A place in which the charters of a particular family or house were preserved.

=Chartophylax=, Chr. A man who had charge of the charters of a church.

=Chasing=. (See CÆLATURA.)

=Chasse=, Chr., Fr. A reliquary in the form of a box with a ridged top.

=Chastelain=, O. E. The lord of a castle.

=Chastons=, O. E. Breeches of mail; 13th to 16th century.

=Chasuble= (Lat. _casula_, a cottage). Part of ancient ecclesiastical costume common to all the Roman Catholic clergy, from the priest to the Archbishop. It was originally made of wool, and in one piece throughout, without sleeves, and without slit or opening in front, and perfectly circular; but the shape varied with the material; and from the 6th century downwards we hear of chasubles of brilliant colour and costly materials, such as silk or thickly-embroidered cloth of gold, and oval in form, hanging no longer in graceful folds as in the 11th century. The engraving (Fig. 155) shows a chasuble of the year 1387. (Compare PÆNULA, PLANETA.)

=Chatai=, Hindoo. Mats, a common manufacture all over India. Those of Midnapore, near Calcutta, are remarkable for their fineness and classical design of the mosaic, like patterns of stained glass.

=Chat-faux=, Med. A wooden shed—modern scaffold. (See CAGASUPTUS.)

=Chatrang= (Sanscrit _chatur-anga_, the four _angas_ or soldiers; or _chaturaji_, the four kings). The Persian name for a very ancient game of the “Four Kings,” supposed to be the origin of the four suits of playing-cards. (_Rev. E. S. Taylor_, “_History of Playing-cards_.”)

=Chatzozerah=, Heb. A Jewish trumpet mentioned by Moses, used chiefly for religious and warlike occasions.

=Chauffault=, Old Fr. A tower of wood.

=Chausses=, O. E. (1) Pantaloons of mail used by the Danes. (2) Tight pantaloons worn by the Normans and mediæval English.

=Chaussetrap.= (See CALTRAPS.)

=Chaussons=, O. E. Breeches of mail (or of cloth).

=Chavarina=, Med. Lat. A carbine.

=Checkere=, O. E. A chess-board.

=Checkstone=, O. E. A game played by children with small round pebbles.

=Checky=, Her. (See CHEQUÉE.)

=Cheese=, Chr. St. Augustine says that a sect called the Artotyrites offered bread and _cheese_ in the Eucharist, saying “that the first oblations which were offered by men, in the infancy of the world, were of the fruits of the earth and of sheep.” (_Aug. de Hæres._ c. xlviii.)

=Chef-d’œuvre=, Fr. A work of the highest excellence.

=Chekelatoun.= (See CICLATOUN.)

=Chekere=, O. E. Chess (q.v.).

=Chele= (χηλὴ, prob, from a root χα- meaning cloven). This term is applied to a great variety of objects; it signifies a cloven foot, a hooked claw, or anything presenting a notched or serrated appearance. Thus a breakwater, the irregular projections of which bore some resemblance to the teeth of an immense saw, was also called _chêlê_. There were, besides, various engines and machines which went under this name.

=Chelidoniacus=, sc. _gladius_ (from the Greek χελιδὼν, a swallow). A broad-bladed sword with a double point like a swallow’s tail.

=Chelidonize=, Gr. (lit. to twitter like a swallow). Singing the “Swallow Song” (χελιδόνισμα), a popular song sung by the Rhodian boys in the month Boedromion, on the return of the swallows, and made into an opportunity for begging. A similar song is still popular in Greece. (_Fauriel_, “_Chants de la Grèce_.”) (See CORONIZE.)

=Cheliform= (χηλὴ, a claw). In the form of a claw.

=Chelonium= (a tortoise-shell, from χελώνη, a tortoise), (1) A kind of cramp or collar placed at the extremities of the uprights of certain machines. (2) A part of a catapult, also called _pulvinus_. (See CATAPULTA.)

=Chelys= (χέλυς, a tortoise). (1) The lyre of Mercury, formed of strings stretched across a tortoise-shell. (2) In the 16th and 17th centuries, a bass-viol and division-viol were each called _chelys_. (See also TESTUDO.)

=Chemise de Chartres=, Fr. A kind of armour mentioned among the habiliments proper for knights who should engage in single combat. (_Meyrick._)

=Chenbele.= (See CEMBEL [hastilude].)

=Cheng=, Chinese. A musical instrument, consisting of a box or bowl, into which a series of tubes of different length and pitch are inserted; the tubes have holes in them to be played upon with the fingers.

=Chêniscus= (χὴν, a goose). An ornament placed at the bow, and sometimes the stern of ships. In shape it resembled the neck of a swan or goose.

=Chequée=, =Checky=, Her. Having the field divided into contiguous rows of small squares; alternately of a metal (or fur) and a colour.

=Chequers=, O. E. (See CHECKSTONE.)

=Cherub=, pl. =Cherubim=, Heb. According to the classification of Dionysius, the first _hierarchy_ of Angels consists of three _choirs_ called SERAPHIM, CHERUBIM, and THRONES, and, receiving their glory immediately from Deity, transmit it to the second hierarchy. The first hierarchy are as councillors; the second as governors; the third as ministers. The SERAPHIM are absorbed in perpetual love and worship round the throne; the CHERUBIM know and worship; the THRONES sustain the throne. The SERAPHIM and CHERUBIM are in general represented as _heads_ merely with two or four or six wings, and of a bright red or blue colour, &c. (Cf. _Mrs. Jameson’s Legendary Art_.) (See ANGELS, SERAPHIM. DOMINIONS, &c.)

=Cherubic Hymn=, Chr. A hymn sung in the Greek Church before the great entrance (see ENTRANCE); so called from its first words, οἱ τὰ χερουβὶμ μυστικῶς εἰκονίζοντες, κ.τ.λ.

=Chesible=, for CHASUBLE (q.v.).

=Chesnut Brown.= A brown lake pigment prepared from the horse chesnut; very durable for oils and water-colour painting.

=Chess.= Writers immediately after the Conquest speak of the Saxons as playing at chess, which, they say, they learned from the Danes. The game of chess is very prominent in the romances of the Middle Ages. The Scandinavian navigators introduced some remarkable elaborately carved chessmen, of walrus ivory, from Iceland, in the 12th century. The castles are replaced by warriors on foot, called _hrokr_, from the Saracen _roc_, Persian _rokh_, our _rook_. In the Saracen game the _vizier_ represented our queen, and the _elephant_ our bishop, the _roc_, or hero, as aforesaid, our rook. Beautifully carved chessmen in the costumes of the 13th and 14th century exist in England. They were all very large, a king being four inches in height and seven in circumference. The _chess-boards_ were of corresponding size, and made of all materials, including the precious metals, crystal, sapphires, and topazes. The pieces varied in form: the mediæval rook had a head like a _fleur-de-lis_, the knight was represented by a small upright column with the upper part bent on one side. The _aufin_ or bishop was of the same shape, but the bent end was cleft to indicate a mitre. The figures of the 16th century much more nearly resemble those now in vogue.

=Chesse=, O. E. (Fr. _chasse_). A border, a circlet.

=Chest of Viols=, O. E. A set of instruments complete for a “consort” of viols, i. e. two trebles, two tenors, and two basses.

=Chester=, O. E. A person who places corpses in their coffins.

=Chests= and =Coffers=, in Norman times, were adorned with elaborate carving and richly inlaid. They were still the general depositories for clothes and treasures. _Cupboards_ (armoires) were introduced by the Normans, and filled with household utensils.

=Chevalet=, Fr. The _bridge_ of a violin or other stringed instrument.

=Cheval-traps.= (See CALTRAPS.)

=Chevaucheurs.= Anglo-Norman horsemen, or running messengers.

=Chevaux-de-frize.= An arrangement of iron spikes for the defence of a battlement against assault.

=Cheveril=, O. E. Kid leather, proverbially _elastic_; hence, a _cheveril conscience_ (that will stretch).

=Chevesaile=, Old Fr. A necklace.

=Chevetaine=, Old Fr. A captain; hence the mediæval _cheuptanus_.

=Chevron.= (1) Arch. One of the mouldings frequently used in Norman architecture, usually called _zigzag_ (q.v.). (2) A badge on the coatsleeve of a non-commissioned officer. (3) Her. One of the ordinaries; the lower half of a SALTIRE (q.v.).

=Chevronel=, Her. A diminutive of the CHEVRON, of half the size.

=Chevroter=, Fr. A musical term: “to skip, quiver, to sing with uncertain tone, after the manner of goats,” _alla vibrato_.

=Chiaroscuro=, It. (_chiaro_, light, and _oscuro_, dark). Light and shade.

=Chiave= of Pavia. One of the Italian literary academies, composed entirely of noble and illustrious persons, who wore a golden key suspended round the neck, and had for a motto, _Clauditur et aperitur liberis_, and the text from Rev. iii. 7.

=Chica.= A dance popular in Spanish South America, of a _jig_-like character; the origin of the _Fandango_. (See CHACONNE.)

=Chief=, Her. One of the ordinaries; the _chief_ bounded by a horizontal line contains the uppermost third of the field of a shield. _In chief_, arranged horizontally across the upper part of the field.

=Childermas=, O. E. Innocents’ Day.

=Chilled= (Fr. _chancissure_). Said of a moisture on the varnish of a picture by which the defect of cloudiness called _Blooming_ is caused.

=Chimæra=, Gr. A monster described by Homer, with a lion’s head, a goat’s body, and a dragon’s tail. In Christian art it is a symbol of cunning. (See also DOG OF FO.)

=Chime.= (1) To play bells by swinging the _hammers_, opposed to _ringing_ by swinging the _bells_. (2) A chime of bells is a CARILLON.

=Chimere=, Chr. The outer dress of a Protestant bishop. It is made of black satin, without sleeves.

=Chimneys= (Gr. χιμήνη, winter), carried up in the massive walls of the castles, were first introduced into England by the Normans. The fire was still piled up in the middle of the hall, but fireplaces were built against the side walls in the more private apartments—the original of the well-known mediæval fireplace and “chymené.” Leland, in his account of Bolton Castle, which was “finiched or Kynge Richard the 2 dyed,” notices the _chimneys_: “One thynge I muche notyd in the hawle of Bolton, how chimeneys were conveyed by tunnells made on the syds of the walls, betwyxt the lights in the hawle, and by this means, and by no covers, is the smoke of the harthe in the hawle wonder strangely conveyed.”

=Chin-band=, =Chin-cloth=. A muffler of lace worn by ladies, _temp._ Charles I.

=China.= (See POTTERY.)

=China= (or =Chinese=) =Ink=. (See INDIAN INK.)

=Chinese Paper.= A fine absorbent paper of a yellowish tint, used for proofs of engravings, &c. Japanese paper is now frequently preferred.

=Chinese White.= OXIDE OF ZINC (q.v.). It is more _constant_ than white lead.

=Chinny-mumps.= A Yorkshire music made by rapping the chin with the knuckles.

=Chints= or =Chintz= (Hindoo, _chhint_, spotted cotton cloth). Cotton cloth printed in more than two colours.

=Chiramaxium=, Gr. and R. (χειρ-αμάξιον, i. e. hand-cart). An invalid’s chair mounted upon two wheels, and drawn or pushed by slaves.

=Chiridota=, Gr. and R. (from adj. χειριδωτὸς, i. e. lit. having sleeves). Tunics with long sleeves, worn in especial by the Asiatic races and by the CELTS. The early Britons, before the Roman invasion, wore close coats checkered with various colours in divisions, open before and with _long close sleeves to the wrist_.

=Chirimia=, Sp. (from _chirimoya_, a pear). An oboe.

=Chirography=. The art of writing with hands.

=Chirology=. The art of talking with the hands.

=Chiromancy= (μάντις, a soothsayer). Divination from the lines of the palms of the hands.

=Chironomia=, Gr. and R. (χειρο-νομία, i. e. measured motion of the hands). The mimetic art. By this term is expressed not only the art of speaking with gestures and by means of the hands, but also the action of speaking combined with gesticulation. This art dates from a high antiquity. It was originally part of the art of dancing,—clapping the hands in rhythm; also a gymnastic exercise, for pugilists and others.

=Chiroplast.= An instrument for teaching fingering of musical instruments, invented by Logier in 1810.

=Chirothecæ= (Gr. χειροθήκη; Lat. _gantus_). Gloves were unknown to the early Greeks and Romans, but in use among the ancient Persians. In Christian archæology they are first met with in the 12th century. (See GLOVES.)

=Chisleu=, Heb. The ninth month of the Jewish year. It begins with the new moon of our December.

=Chiton= (χιτών). The Greek tunic. (Fig. 157.)

=Chitte=, O. E. A sheet.

=Chivachirs= (Chevaucheurs). Old Fr. Running messengers.

=Chlaina= (Lat. _læna_). A kind of cloak, of ample size, worn by the Greeks in campaigning. In time of peace it served as a bed coverlet. The diminutive χλανίδιον appears to have been a woman’s mantle.

=Chlamyda.= (See CHLAMYS.)

=Chlamys=, Gr. A short light mantle, which was worn by Greek youths (not by Romans) until they arrived at manhood. It was the regular equestrian costume, and was of an oblong square shape. (Fig. 159.) The chlamys is seen in representations of men hunting or fighting with beasts, as a shield wrapped round the left arm, the right poising the spear. (Fig. 158.) In Botany, the floral envelope.

=Chœnix= (χοῖνιξ). A Greek measure of capacity, variously valued from a pint and half to two quarts.

=Choir=, =Quire=, or =Quere=, Arch. The part of the church for the singers and _clerks_, i. e. the space between the NAVE (for the people), and the BEMA, or presbytery, for the celebrating clergy. But in mediæval writings the term includes the BEMA. (See CHANCEL.)

=Choir Wall= or =Choir Screen= (Fr. _clôture_). The wall or screen between the side aisles and the choir.

=Choosing-stick= (a Somersetshire provincialism). A divining-rod.

=Chopines=, It. Clogs or high shoes, of Asiatic origin, introduced from Venice in the 16th century.

=Choragic Monuments.= Small pedestals or shrines erected by the winner of a choral contest to display the _tripod_ which was his prize. At Athens there was a street lined with such monuments, called the “Street of the Tripods.” The Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, still existing in Athens, is one of the most valuable remains of Greek architecture.

=Choragium=, Gr. and R. (χορηγὸς, or chorus-leader). A large space in a theatre, situated behind the stage. It was here that the “properties” were kept and the rehearsals of the chorus took place. The term is also used to denote the furniture, costumes, decorations, and, in a word, all the accessories required in the production of a piece.

=Chordaulodion.= A self-acting musical instrument invented by Kauffmann of Dresden in 1812.

=Chorea=, Gr. and R. (χορὸς, q.v.). A choral dance, in which the dancers took each other by the hand and danced to the sound of their own voices.

=Chorus=, Gr. and R. (χορὸς, i. e. prop. a circle). (1) A choir of singers in a dramatic entertainment. (2) A band of dancers who went through their movements to the sound of their own singing. (3) A round choral dance; in this last signification _chorea_ may equally well be used.

=Chorus= or =Choron=, O. E. An instrument somewhat resembling a bagpipe; the name was also applied to certain stringed instruments. The word _choron_ originally designated a horn. (Hebrew, _Keren_.)

=Chous=, Gr. and R. (χόος, contr. χοῦς, i. e. that from which one pours). An amphora, forming a measure of exact capacity. Another name for it was CONGIUS (q.v.). It held twelve COTYLÆ (q.v.).

=Choutara=, Hindoo. A kind of guitar with four wire strings.

=Chrism=, Chr. (from χρίω, to smear). A composition of balsam and oil of olives used by Christians of various denominations at the administration of the sacraments.

=Chrismal=, =Chrismatory=, Chr. (1) The vessel made to contain the consecrated oil. (See LABARUM.) (2) A vessel for the reservation of the consecrated Host. (3) A cloth used to cover relics. (4) Old English _chrisom_, a white linen cloth put upon the child’s head in baptism. (See FONT-CLOTH.)

=Chrismarium=, Chr. (See CHRISMAL, 1.)

=Chrisom.= O. E. (1) See CHRISMAL, 4. (2) A child that dies within a month after birth.

=Christ-cross=, O. E. (1) The Alphabet; so named from a school lesson beginning “Christe Crosse me spede in alle my worke.” (2) The mark made for his signature by a person who cannot write.

=Christemporeia=, Chr. Literally, the selling of Christ, simony.

=Christian Horses=, O. E. Bearers of sedan chairs.

=Christmas-boxes.= So called from the old practice of collecting them in boxes.

=Chromatic Scale= (χρῶμα, colour). In Music, the scale that proceeds by semi-tones; so called from the practice of printing the intermediate notes in various colours.

=Chromatics.= The science of colours.

=Chromatrope.= An optical instrument for assisting the invention of combinations of colours.

=Chrome, Chromium.= An important mineral, the green oxide of which furnishes the _Chrome Green_.

=Chrome Green.= A dark green pigment prepared from oxide of chromium; mixed with Prussian blue and chrome yellow it is called _Green Cinnabar_.

=Chrome Ochre.= Oxide of chromium of a fine yellowish green.

=Chrome Red.= A chromate of lead; a durable pigment used in oil painting. (See RED LEAD.)

=Chrome Yellow.= A chromate of lead, which makes a bad pigment for oil painting. It is very poisonous and not durable; when mixed with white lead it turns to a dirty grey. As a water-colour pigment it is less objectionable.

=Chromite.= Chromate of iron; a mineral consisting of protoxide of iron and oxide of chromium, used in the preparation of various pigments.

=Chronogram= (χρόνος, time). An inscription which includes in it the date of an event.

=Chryselephantine Statues= of ivory and gold. The most celebrated were that of _Minerva_, by Pheidias, which stood in the Acropolis at Athens, and was 40 English feet in height; and that of Zeus, 45 feet high, likewise by Pheidias, in the temple of Olympia. A reproduction of this statue was shown in the Paris Exhibition of 1855.

=Chrysendeta=, R. (χρυσένδετα, i. e. set or inlaid with gold). A very costly description of plate-service employed by wealthy Romans. Of its precise character nothing unfortunately is known, but to judge from the epigrams of certain authors, it must have been chased and embossed.

=Chrysoberyl= (βήρυλλος, a beryl). A gem of a yellowish green colour; a species of _corundum_ (q.v.).

=Chryso-clavus= (Lat. _golden nail-head_). All rich purple silks, woven or embroidered with the _clavus_ in gold, were so named. They were used for altar frontals, and the _clavi_ were sometimes made so large that a subject was embroidered upon them; they were then called _sigillata_ or _sealed_. (See CLAVUS.)

=Chrysocolla= or =Gold Green= (χρυσόκολλος, inlaid or soldered with gold). (1) Native verdigris. Its principal use was for the preparation of a solder for gold. (See SANTERNA.) (2) The Greek term for _Green Verditer_ and _Armenian Green_ (Latin, _Armenium_); a pigment obtained from _malachite_ and green carbonate of copper. It was also called _pea green_ or _grass-green_.

=Chthonia=, Gr. and R. (χθὼν, the earth). Festivals held every spring at Argos in honour of Ceres, at which four aged women sacrificed heifers.

=Church=, in Christian art, is the attribute of a founder thereof, who is frequently represented holding it in his hand. The most ancient symbol of the Church is the _ark of Noah_, subsequently a _ship_, often covered with the waves, &c., very frequent in the catacombs. On tombs it is held to imply that the dead expired in full communion with the Church.

=Churcheard=, =Church-haw=, =Church-litten=. Old English provincialisms for a churchyard or burial-ground.

=Church-stile=, O. E. A pulpit.

=Chymbe=, O. E. A cymbal:—

“As a _chymbe_ or a brazen belle,
That nouther can undirstonde my telle.”

=Chymol=, =Gemell=, O. E. A hinge, still called the eastern counties a “gimmer.”

=Chytra=, Gr. and R. (from χέω, to pour). A common kind of pot, of Greek origin, made with red clay. It was used for cooking.

=Chytria=, Gr. An Athenian festival, which derived its name from the χύτρα, or common pot in which were cooked the vegetables or other provisions offered to Bacchus and Mercury in memory of the dead.

=Chytropus=, =Chytropous=, Gr. (χυτρό-πους, lit. a pot-foot). A _chytra_ with three or four feet.

=Cibilla=. (See CILLIBA.)

=Ciborium=, Gr., R., and Chr. (κιβώριον, the pod of the καλοκασία, or Egyptian bean). (1) A drinking-vessel so called because it resembled the Egyptian bean in shape. (2) In Christian archæology a kind of baldachino or canopy, supported by a varying number of columns, which forms the covering of the high altar in a church. Called also the _Tabernacle_, _Sacrament house_, _God’s house_, or _holyroof_. (See SEVEREY.) (3) Ciborium also signifies a vessel in which the consecrated wafer is “reserved.”

=Ciclatoun= or =Siklatoun=. The Persian name, adopted in England, for a textile of real gold thread; 12th century.

=Ciconia=, R. (lit. a stork). (1) A sign made in dumb show by bending the forefinger into the form of a stork’s neck. (2) An instrument, in shape like an inverted T, employed by farmers to make sure that trenches dug by the spade were of uniform depth. (3) _Ciconia composita_ was the name given to a more elaborate instrument of the same kind invented by Columella.

=Cicuta=, R. (i. e. lit. the hemlock). A term used by analogy to denote anything made out of the hemlock plant, especially the _Pan’s pipes_.

=Cidaris=, Gen. (κίδαρις or κίταρις, a Persian tiara). A sort of diadem or royal bonnet worn by Eastern princes. It was tall, straight and stiff in shape, and was ornamented with pearls or precious stones. The same name was also applied to the bonnet worn at ceremonies by the high priest of the Jews. (See TIARA.)

=Cilery=, Arch. Drapery or foliage carved on the heads of columns.

=Cilibantum=, R. (See CILLIBA.) A stand or table with three legs.

=Cilicium=, R. (1) A coarse cloth made of goat’s hair, and manufactured in Cilicia. It was much used in the army and navy: in the former for making the soldiers’ tents; in the latter for clothes for the sailors or for sails. (2) During the time of mourning, or when suffering under any calamity, the Jews put on a kind of _cilicium_ made of coarse canvas. (3) A cloth mattress stuffed with sea-weed or cow-hair, which was placed outside the walls of besieged cities to deaden the blows of the battering-ram or of projectiles. (4) In Christian archæology the _cilicium_ or hair-shirt is a sleeveless jacket made with a material of horsehair and coarse hemp. The Dominicans, Franciscans, and certain Carthusians wear the _cilicium_ to mortify the flesh.

=Cilliba=, Gr. and R. (κίλλος, an ass) A trestle, and by analogy a dining-table supported by trestles. This form of table, which was commonly used by the early Romans, was replaced later on by the circular table.

=Cimbal.= An old name for the DULCIMER (q.v.).

=Cimeter=, =Cymetar=, =Scimeter=, &c. A short curved sword used by the Persians or Turks, mentioned by Meyrick as adopted by the Hussars, _temp._ Elizabeth.

=Cincinnus=, R. A long ringlet or corkscrew curl of hair produced with the curling-irons. (See HAIR.)

=Cincticulus=, R. (dimin. of CINCTUS, q.v.). A kind of short petticoat worn by youths.

=Cinctorium=, R. (from _cinctus_, a girdle). (1) A sword-belt worn round the waist, and thus distinguished from the BALTEUS or baldric, which passed over the shoulder. The _balteus_ was worn by private soldiers, while the _cinctorium_ was the distinctive badge of an officer. (2) The dagger, so called because it was suspended from or put into the girdle.

=Cincture=, Arch. The fillet, at each end of the shaft of a classical column (q.v.).

=Cinctus=, R. (from _cingo_, i. e. a girding). A short petticoat (or kilt) worn by men; also in the same sense as _cingula_ and cingulum, a _girdle_. _Cinctus gabinus_ was a particular manner of arranging the toga, by throwing one end over the head, and fastening the other round the waist like a girdle. As an adjective, _cinctus_ was applied to any individual of either sex who wore any kind of belt or girdle. (See DISCINCTUS.)

=Cinerarium=, R. (i. e. a place of ashes). A niche in a tomb, sufficiently roomy to hold an urn of large size, or a sarcophagus. The following was the disposition of one, or in many cases, three sides in a Roman tomb: in the centre of the wall was a large niche (_cinerarium medianum_) for a sarcophagus, and on each side of this two small niches (_columbaria_), and above each of the latter was a much larger recess for large urns. (See also COLUMBARIUM, CUBICULUM, CUPELLA.)

=Cinerarius.= A hair-dresser (who heated his tongs in the _cinders_).

=Cingulum=, R. A girdle or other fastening round the waist. In modern archæology, _cingulo militari decorare_ signifies to create a knight, from the practice of investing him with the military girdle; and _cingulum militare auferre_ is to degrade a knight. (See DISCINCTUS.)

=Ciniflo=, R. A synonym for CINERARIUS (q.v.).

=Cinnabar.= Sulphide of mercury; an ancient red pigment used for sacred and imperial purposes. (See CHROME GREEN, DRAGON’S BLOOD, VERMILION.)

=Cinnamon-stone.= A variety of lime-garnet of a clear cinnamon-brown tint.

=Cinque-cento= (literally, 500). The Italian art of the 16th century.

=Cinque-foil=, Arch. (Fr. _cinque_ and _feuille_, a leaf). An ornamental foliation or feathering of the lanceolated style, consisting of five projecting points or cusps. (Fig. 161.)

=Cinta=, Med. Lat. (Fr. _enceinte_). The outside wall of a fortress.

=Cinyra.= An old term for a harp.

=Cippus=, R. (1) A short stone pillar of cylindrical form, employed to mark the boundaries between adjoining estates or nations. (2) A pillar of cylindrical or rectangular form, and sometimes perfectly plain, sometimes richly ornamented, erected for a tomb-stone. (Fig. 162.) In some instances the cippus enclosed a cavity in which the urn containing the ashes of the dead person might be placed. A _cippus_ was placed at the corner of a cemetery, and the measurements of the burying-ground were recorded upon it. In Med. Lat. the word is used for the keep of the castle.

=Circenses Ludi=, R. Games in the circus. (See CONSUALIA.)

=Circinate.= Curled in the manner of the Ionic volute, or like the fronds of young ferns rolled inwards from the summit to the base.

=Circinus=, R. A compass; an instrument employed, as now, by architects, sculptors, masons, and various other trades. The Romans were also acquainted with reduction compasses.

=Circle.= The emblem of Heaven and eternity.

=Circumlitio.= An ancient Greek varnish, with which the statues of the Greeks were tinted. (_Eastlake._)

=Circumpotatio=, R. (from _circum_ and _poto_, i. e. a drinking-around). A funeral feast in which the guests passed round the wine from hand to hand. It took place at the tomb of the person in whose memory it was held, and on the anniversary of his death.

=Circumvallation.= A fortification made round a blockaded place by a besieging army.

=Circus=, Gr. and R. (i. e. a circle). A flat open space near a city, round which were raised scaffoldings for the accommodation of the spectators. This was the form of the earliest circuses; but as civilization advanced, they were regularly constructed of stone. The arena was in the form of a vast rectangle terminating at one extremity in a semicircle, and surrounded by tiers of seats for the spectators. At the end fronting the semicircular part was a rectangular pile of buildings, underneath which were the _carceres_ or stalls for the horses, and down the centre of the circus ran a long low wall called the _spina_, adorned with statues, obelisks, &c. This _spina_ formed a barrier by which the circus was divided into two distinct parts, and at each end of it was a _meta_ or goal, round which the chariots turned. (See META and OVUM.) The Romans constructed circuses in England, wherever they had a large encampment. The ruins exist at Dorchester, Silchester, Richborough, and other places.

=Cirrus=, R. (1) A lock of hair; a ringlet curling naturally, and so distinguished from the _cincinnus_, a curl produced by means of the curling-iron. (2) A tuft; the forelock of a horse when tied up above its ears. (3) A tuft of flowers forming a bunch or head, such as _phlox_, _calceolaria_, &c. (4) Light _curled_ clouds in the sky, portending wind, are hence called _cirri_.

=Ciselure=, Fr. Chasing. (See CÆLATURA.)

=Cissibium= or =Cissybium=, Gr. and R. (κισσύβιον, i. e. made or wreathed with ivy). A drinking-vessel, so called because the handle was made of ivy-wood, or more probably because it had an ivy-wreath carved upon it.

=Cissoid= (lit. ivy-shaped). A celebrated curve, applied in the trisection of an angle, invented by Diocles the geometer.

=Cissotomiæ=, Gr. (κισσο-τόμοι, sc. ἡμέραι, i. e. the days of ivy-cutting). A festival held in Greece, in honour of Hebe, goddess of youth, and a youth called Cissos, who, when dancing with Bacchus, had fallen down and been changed into ivy. Accordingly at this festival youths and girls danced with their heads wreathed with ivy.

=Cista=, =Cistella=, =Sitella=, R. (κίστη, a chest). (1) A large wicker-work basket in which the voters deposited their voting-tablets at the comitia. It was of a cylindrical shape, and about four or five feet high. (2) A smaller basket into which the judges cast the tablets recording their sentence. (3) A wicker-work basket in which children carried about their playthings. (4) The cist which was carried in procession at the Eleusinian festival, and which might be either a wicker basket or a box of metal. It was filled with corn, rice, sesame, salt, and pomegranates. Richly ornamented chests or boxes, with bronze mirrors in them, found among Etruscan ruins, are called _cistæ mysticæ_. The _sitella_, or _situla_, was a different vessel; viz. a _bucket_ of water, into which the lots (_sortes_) were thrown. The situla had a narrow neck, so that only one lot could come to the surface when it was shaken. It was also called _Urna_ or _Orca_.

=Cistella=, R. A dulcimer; _lit._ a little box. (See CISTA.)

=Cistellula=, R. (dimin. of CISTA, q.v.). A very small _cista_.

=Cistophorus=, Egyp., Gr., and R. (κιστοφόρος, i. e. bearing a _cista_ or _cistus_). A silver coin, current in Asia, and worth about four drachmæ. It was so called from bearing the impression of a _cista_ (chest), or, more probably, of the shrub _cistus_. [Value four francs of French money.]

=Cistula=, R. Dimin. of CISTA (q.v.).

=Citadel= (It. _cittadella_, a little town). A fortress within a city.

=Cithara=, =Cither=, Gr. and R. (κιθάρα). A stringed instrument of great antiquity, resembling our modern guitar. It was played with a _plectrum_. The name was afterwards applied to many stringed instruments of varied form, power of sound, and compass. The mediæval _Rotta_ was called _C. teutonica_; the harp was called _C. Anglica_.

=Cithara Bijuga.= A guitar with a double neck.

=Citole=, O. E. A kind of guitar.

“A _citole_ in hir right hand had sche.” (_Chaucer._)

=Cittern.= A stringed instrument, like a guitar, strung with wire instead of gut. The _cittern_ was at one time a part of the furniture of every barber’s shop, and customers played on it while waiting for their turns. (Niche 1 of Exeter Gallery. See CLARION.)

=Civery=, Arch. (See SEVEREY.) A bay or compartment of a vaulted ceiling.

=Civic Crown=, Her. A wreath of oak leaves and acorns. (See CORONA.)

=Ckuicui=, Peruvian. One of the divisions of the temple of the Sun (_Inti_), so named as being dedicated to the rainbow (_Ckuichi_). (See INTI.)

=Clabulare.= (See CLAVULARE.)

=Clack= or =Clap-dish=, O. E. A box with a movable lid used and rattled by beggars to attract attention:—

“His tongue moves like a beggar’s _clapdish_.”

=Cladeuteria.= A Greek festival held in honour of Bacchus, at the time when the pruning of the vines took place.

=Claire-voie= (Anglicè, =Clerestory=), Arch. (i. e. clear-storey). A row of large windows, forming the upper storey of the nave of a church, rising clear above the adjoining parts of the building.

=Clan= (Gaelic, _klann_, children). A tribe of persons of one common family, united under a chieftain.

=Clap-bene=, O. E. _Bene_ signifies a prayer, and children were invited by this phrase to _clap_ their hands together, as their only means of expressing their prayers.

=Clap-dish.= (See CLACKDISH.)

=Clappe= or =Clapper=, O. E. A wooden rattle used to summon people to church on the last three days of Passion Week, when the bells were not rung.

=Clarenceux=, Her. The title of one of the three kings of arms at Heralds’ College. The others are called GARTER and NORROY.

=Clarichord=, O. E. A stringed instrument, in the form of a spinet, of mediæval times. At the marriage of James of Scotland with the Princess Margaret, A. D. 1503, “the king began before hyr to play of the _clarychordes_, and after of the lute. And upon the said clarychorde Sir Edward Stanley played a ballad, and sange therewith.” (_Wharton_, “_History of English Poetry_.”) It is identical with the _clavichord_, the origin of the spinet, harpsichord, and pianoforte.

=Clarion=, O. E. A small trumpet, with a shrill sound. (Represented in the third niche of the “Minstrels’ Gallery” of Exeter Cathedral, of which there is a cast in the South Kensington Museum.)

=Classic Orders of Architecture.= The _Grecian_: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian;—and the _Roman_: Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite orders (q.v.) are generally thus distinguished.

=Clathrate.= Latticed like a grating (_clathri_).

=Clathri=, R. A grating or trellis formed of wooden or metal bars; _clathri_ were employed to form the imposts over hypæthral doors, and to light the stables (_carceres_) under the circus, &c. Fig. 167 represents one of the bronze doors of the Pantheon at Rome with the grating above.

=Claude Glass.= A dark convex glass for studying the effect of a landscape in reverse. Its name is supposed to be derived from the similarity of the effects it gives, to those of a picture by Claude Lorrain.

=Clausula=, R. The handle of any instrument whatsoever, when made in such a way that the hand can be inserted into it, as for instance with a ring or sword-hilt. The STRIGILIS (q.v.) had a handle of this description. _Clausula_ is thus to be distinguished from _capulus_ (a straight handle), and _ansa_ (a handle affixed to another object).

=Clava=, R. (1) A stout knotty stick, growing much thicker towards one end. (2) A very heavy club with which young recruits went through their exercises. (3) A club like that of Hercules, or a mace or war-club with an iron head, and studded with nails or (more commonly) sharp spikes.

=Clavate.= Club-shaped; tapering down from the top.

=Clavesignati=, Med. Lat. The Papal troops were so called, who had the keys of St. Peter on their standards and uniforms.

=Claviary.= In Music, an index of keys.

=Clavichord.= A stringed instrument in the form of a spinet. (Fig. 168.) (See CLARICHORD.)

=Clavicula.= Dimin. of CLAVIS (q.v.).

=Clavier.= Of a musical instrument, the key-board.

=Clavis=, R. A key. The _clavis clausa_ was a small key without a neck or lever; _clavis laconica_, a key of Egyptian invention, having three teeth; _clavis adultera_, a false key; _clavis trochi_, a curved stick made of iron and having a hook at the end, which was used by Greek and Roman boys for trundling their hoops.

=Clavius.= A walled plain in the moon, more than a hundred miles in diameter.

=Clavulare= or =Clabulare=, R. A large open cart used for carrying provisions, especially _dolia_ (casks) filled with wine. The body of the carriage was formed by a wooden trellis-work (_clavulæ_)—whence its name—and was of a semi-cylindrical shape, adapted to accommodate wine barrels.

=Clavus=, R. A nail. In Christian archæology, a purple hem or band applied as an ornament to a dress, which was then called _vestis clavata_. (See CHRYSO-CLAVUS.)

=Claymore= (Gaelic, _claidheamb_, a sword, and _mor_, great). The highland broadsword.

=Clechée=, Her. (See UNDÉE.) A variety of the heraldic cross.

=Clef= or =Cliff=, Music. A figure indicating the pitch to be adopted for the key-note of a piece of music; an invention of the 13th century.

=Clepsydra=, Gen. (κλεψ-ύδρα, i. e. a stealing-away of water). A water-clock, and by analogy an hour-glass or _sand_-clock. The _clepsydra_ was used as an hour-glass in the courts of justice at Athens, to measure out the time allowed to each orator.

=Clerestory.= (See CLAIRE-VOIE.)

=Cleystaffe=, O. E. A pastoral staff.

=Clibanus=, R. (1) A basket used for baking bread; the bread itself, when thus baked, being called _clibanicius_. (2) Med. Lat. A short hauberk, which the later Greeks called κλίβανον, because it covered the breast. (_Meyrick._) (3) Med. Lat. A tower.

=Clicket=, O. E. A key.

“With his _clicket_
Damian hath opened this wicket.” (_Chaucer._)

=Cliff.= (See CLEF.)

=Clipeolum.= Dimin. of CLIPEUS (q.v.).

=Clipeus= and =Clipeum=, R. (akin to καλύπτω, to cover or conceal). A large broad shield of circular shape and concave on the inside. It was of great weight, and formed part of the special equipment of the cavalry. The original _clipeus Argolicus_ was circular, and often likened to the sun: in Roman sculpture it is often oval. The outer rim was termed _antyx_; the _boss_ in the centre, _omphalos_, or _umbo_; a leather strap for the arm, _telamon_. It was replaced, subsequently, by the SCUTUM (q.v.). Fig. 169 is an ornamented bronze _clipeus_, thought to be Gaulish. This term also serves to denote (1) a shield of metal or marble which was employed as an ornament (Fig. 170 represents an ornamental shield, such as was placed on the frieze of a building, and especially in the metopes of the Doric entablature); and (2) an apparatus employed in the _laconicum_ (q.v.) to regulate the temperature. In the illustration to _Caldarium_ a slave may be seen pulling the chains of the _clipeus_.

=Cloaca=, R. (from _cluo_, i. e. the cleanser). A subterranean sewer or canal constructed of masonry. The _Cloaca Maxima_, or Main Sewer of Rome, was constructed by the elder Tarquin to drain a marsh lying at the foot of the Palatine and Capitoline Hills. Fig. 171 represents one of its mouths. It was formed of three tiers of arches, the innermost being fourteen feet in diameter.

=Clocks=, O. E., “are the gores of a ruff, the laying in of the cloth to make it round, the plaites;” also ornaments on stockings and on hoods.

=Clog-almanacks.= The Anglo-Saxons calculated by the phases of the moon, set down on square pieces of wood, a foot or two long. These _clogs_ are still common in Staffordshire. (Cf. _Plott’s History of Staffordshire_; _Gough’s Camden’s Britannia_, ii. 379.)

=Cloish=, or =Closh=, O. E. A kind of ninepins played with a ball. (_Strutt_, p. 202.) Cf. CLUB-KAYLES.

=Cloisonné.= A form of enamelling by incrustation, in which the pattern is raised by strips of metal or wire welded on.

=Cloister=, Chr. (from Lat. _claustrum_, q.v.). A kind of court or quadrangle surrounded by a covered way, and having much analogy to the _atrium_ of a Roman house. The cloister was an essential appendage to an abbey. One of its sides was usually bounded by the church, with which it easily communicated. The walls of the cloisters were often adorned with frescoes, and the court was occasionally planted with trees, the centre being occupied by a fountain. A monastery was often called a _cloister_. The sides of the cloister were anciently termed the PANES of it, and the walks its alleys or deambulatories. (Fig. 173.)

=Cloister Garth.= The quadrangular space enclosed by the cloisters. The _cloister garth_ at Chichester is still called the _Paradise_, and that at Chester the _Sprise_ garden. (See PARADISE, SPRISE.)

=Close=, Her. With closed wings.

=Close-gauntlets.= Gauntlets with immovable fingers.

=Closet=, Her. A diminution of the BAR, one half its width.

=Cloths of Estate.= Costly embroidered hangings for the canopy of a throne.

=Clouée=, Her. Fastened with nails, and showing the nail-heads.

=Clouts.= Old name for kerchiefs.

=Clown=, in pantomime. _Harlequin_ is Mercury, the _Clown_ Momus, and the painted face and wide mouth taken from the ancient masks; _Pantaloon_ is Charon, and _Columbine_ Psyche. (_Clarke’s Travels_, viii. 104–7.)

=Club=, Gr. and R. (Gr. φάλαγξ). This weapon being used in close fight gave its name to the compact body of troops so called. The Scythians united it with the mace, both being spiked. _Ducange_ mentions the _vulgastus_, a crooked club; the _plumbata_, loaded with lead, the _spontonus_ with iron. In the army of Charles I. rustics untrained were called clubmen. (See CLAVA.)

=Club-kayles=, O. E. Skittles played with a club, instead of a ball. (See CLOISH.)

=Clubs=, at cards, are the ancient _trèfles_, the trefoil or clover-plant. (See TREFLE.)

=Cluden=, Gr. and R. A sword, the blade of which was contrived to recede into the handle. It was used for theatrical representations.

=Clunaculum=, R. (1) A dagger so called because it was worn at the back; “_quia ad clunes pendet_,” as Festus says. (2) The sacrificial knife with which the victim was ripped up. The dagger represented in Fig. 174, taken from the arch of Carpentras, was probably a Gaulish _clunaculum_.

=Clustered Column=, Arch. A pier formed of a congeries of columns or shafts clustered together, either attached or detached. It is also called a COMPOUND PIER. Fig. 172 is a specimen from Wells Cathedral.

=Clypeate.= Shaped like a shield.

=Cnopstara.= A weapon used by the Caledonians; a ball filled with pieces of metal swung at the heads of their lances, to frighten cavalry.

=Coa Vestis=, or simply =Coa= (i. e. the Coan robe). A very fine robe [made of silk, spun in _Cos_], of such light texture as to be almost transparent. It was worn by _hetairai_ and singing and dancing girls, &c.

=Coactilis=, sc. _lana_ (from _cogo_, i. e. that which is forced together). A kind of felted cloth made of wool closely pressed together. It formed a texture analogous to our felt. Another name for it was _coactus_.

=Coal= as an ancient pigment was used both in water-colours and in oil; it furnishes a brownish tint. “The shadows of flesh are well rendered by pit-coal, which should not be burnt.” (_De Mayerne._)

=Coassatio= (from _coasso_, to join planks together). A general term for planks joined together, such as the flooring of a room, the top of a table, the deck of a ship, the roadway of a wooden bridge, &c. (See CONSTRATUM.)