Chapter C (4)

=Crepido=, Gr. and R. (κρηπίς). In a general sense, any kind of base or stand upon which another object rests, and by analogy the embankment of a quay, a dike, or jetty. The term is also applied to the raised causeway for foot passengers at the side of a road or street. Fig. 204 represents a _crepido_ on a high road near Pompeii, and Fig. 205 a _crepido_ in the streets of the same town.

=Crepitaculum=, R. (_crepo_, to creak). A child’s rattle, made in the form of a circle to which bells were attached. These rattles have been found in the excavations of Pompeii. Some authors apply the term to the SISTRUM of the Egyptians.

=Crepitus= (sc. _digitorum_), R. A snapping of the fingers made by pressing the tip of the thumb firmly against the tip of the middle finger.

=Crepundia=, R. A general term for playthings for children, as well as for necklaces of various ornaments, or amulets. These were in some instances of great length, and were worn by the children like shoulder-belts.

=Créquier=, Her. The wild plum-tree: the device of the Créquy family.

=Crescent=, Her. The _difference_ of the second son. The moon is a crescent when she appears as in Fig. 206. (Compare DECRESCENT, INCRESCENT.)

=Cresolite=, O. E. Crystal.

=Crespine=, Fr. A network to confine the hair of ladies; the _calantica_ of the ancients. It is found in mediæval monuments in a variety of forms.

=Cressets.= A small pan or portable fireplace, filled with combustibles, used for illuminating purposes; 16th century. Her., a beacon. (See Fig. 54.)

=Crest=, Arch, (_crista_). A running ornament, more or less incised and perforated, which is placed on the ridge of roofs. Many monuments of antiquity have been adorned with terra-cotta crests; in the Romano-Byzantine architecture examples occur which are made of stone, while in Pointed or Renaissance art they were made of lead.

=Crest=, Her. (Lat. _crista_). This word, familiar to us as the name of an ornament surmounting the helmet and the insignia of a gentleman of coat armour, signified in classic times a comb terminating in a peak in front of the casque decorated with horsehair or plumes. (See CRISTA, Fig. 252.) The earliest appearance of a crest in England is on the second seal of Richard I. Fig. 207 illustrates the manner in which the crest is worn upon the royal crown of England. Crests are not worn by ladies, excepting by the Sovereign. (See PANACHE.)

=Crest-coronet=, =Crest-wreath=, or =Orle=, Her. A coronet or wreath to support a crest. (Fig. 208 and 209.)

=Crest-tiles.= Tiles used for covering the ridge of a roof.

=Creta Lævis.= A crayon of permanent colour for chalk drawing.

=Crewel-work.= (See CRASH.)

=Crewels.= A worsted of two plies adapted for embroidery.

=Crewetts.= Small vessels used at the altar, to hold the wine and water for consecration.

=Crimson= (Arab, _cremisi_, the cochineal insect). A deep tone of red, tinged with blue.

=Crinale=, R. (_crinis_, the hair). A large convex comb worn by women and children at the back of the head.

=Crined=, Her. Having a mane or hair.

=Crinetts=, O. E. The long small black feathers on a hawk’s head. (_H._)

=Crinze=, O. E. A drinking-cup. (_H._)

=Criobolè=, Gr. (κριοβόλη). A sacrifice to Cybele, so called because the victim was a ram (κριός).

=Crista=, R. The crest of the helmet, which was attached to an elevated ridge (generally of horsehair). A fine example is given in the head of “Rome,” on the Tazza of Diruta. (Fig. 252.) (See CREST.)

=Cristatus=, R. (_crista_). Having a ridge and a crest. (Fig. 252.)

=Cristendom=, O. E. Baptism.

“And that bastard that to the ys dere,
_Crystyndome_ schalle he none have here.” (_H._)

=Cristygrey.= A kind of fur much used in the 15th century.

“Of no devyse embroudid hath hire wede,
Ne furrid with ermyn ne with _cristygrey_.”

=Crites= (κριτής). A judge in _equity_, as opposed to DIKASTES, a judge in _law_.

=Croakumshire.= An ancient name for the county of Northumberland. (_H._)

=Crobbe=, O. E. Knops of buds hung as ornaments from a roof.

=Crobylus=, Gr. and R. (κρωβύλος). A method of arranging the hair peculiar to the inhabitants of Athens. The hair, rolled up in a knot on the top of the head, was fastened with golden clasps in the shape of grasshoppers. The name applies only to men’s hair; the same fashion for women was called _Corymbus_.

=Croc= or =Crook=. A curved mace.

=Crocea.= A cardinal’s cloak.

=Crochet.= Knitting done with linen thread, and used under the name of _nun’s lace_ from the 16th century for bordering altar-cloths, albs, &c.

=Crocket.= (1) An architectural enrichment, generally of leaves or flowers; an ornamentation peculiar to the pointed style of architecture. (Fig. 210.) (2) A large roll of hair, much worn in the time of Edward I.

“His _crocket_ kembt, and thereon set
A nouche with a chapelet.”

=Crocota=, Gr. and R. (from κρόκος, crocus). A very rich robe of saffron colour, whence its name. It was worn by Greek and Roman women as a gala dress, especially at the Dionysia.

=Cromlec’h=, Celtic (from _cromm_, curved, and _lec’h_, place). An enclosure formed by _menhirs_, or huge stones planted in the ground in a circle or semicircle. These enclosures (Fig. 211) were consecrated places used as burying-grounds. (See STANDING STONES, DOLMENS, MENHIRS, &c.)

=Cross=, Chr. (_Crux_). The symbol of the Christian religion. The ordinary or primitive type of cross has no summit. It is called _commissa_ or _patibulata_, and sometimes the _Tau_ cross, from its resemblance to the Greek letter so named (T). Fig. 121 represents a stone cross of the Romano-Byzantine period, at Carew, in England. The St. Andrew’s cross has the form of an X. The Greek cross is of four equal parts. The Latin cross has the foot longer than the summit or arms. The Maltese cross and the cross of Jerusalem are varieties of the Greek cross. The Patriarchal cross (heraldic) has two cross pieces, the triple cross has three, &c. PER CROSS, in heraldry, is the division of a shield _quarterly_ (a combination of pale and fesse). (Figs. 212 to 215.)

=Cross and Pile=, O. E. The game of “heads and tails.”

=Cross-aisled=, Arch. Having TRANSEPTS.

=Cross-bows= were brought to England by the Crusaders. They were frequently richly carved and inlaid.

=Cross-days=, O. E. The three days before Ascension Day.

=Cross-gartered.= Having the garters crossed on the leg. (_H._)

=Cross-hatching.= A term in engraving applied to lines which intersect at regular angles, to increase depth of shadow.

=Crossos=, Gr. (κρωσσός). A wide-bodied vessel narrowing towards the mouth; it is furnished with a stand and two handles or ears (δίωτοι).

=Cross-row=, O. E. The alphabet. (See CHRIST-CROSS.)

=Cross-springer=, Arch. In vaulting, the diagonal rib of a GROIN.

=Cross-vaulting=, Arch. That which is formed by the intersection of two or more simple vaults. When the vaults spring at the same level, and rise to the same height, the cross vault is termed a GROIN. The illustration (Fig. 173), the cloisters of the church of Mont St. Michel in France, shows the cross-vaulting.

=Crotalium=, Gr. and R. (from κροτέω, to rattle). A small rattle. The Greek and Roman ladies gave this name to their pendants formed of two or four pear-shaped pearls (_elenchi_), which rattled softly as the wearer moved about. (Fig. 216.)

=Crotalum= Gr. and R. (κρόταλον). Castanets made of slit cane, used by dancers in the worship of Cybele. The Middle Ages also had their _crotala_, which consisted of a metal rod, in which were inserted rings, which sounded when the instrument was shaken.

=Crow= or =Raven=. The attribute of St. Vincent.

=Crowde= or =Croud=, O. E. (1) The crypt of a church. (2) A fiddle.

=Crown.= (See CORONA. See also MURAL CROWN, NAVAL CROWN, CREST, &c.)

=Crown= (of a bell). The top of the inside of a bell, in which the ring is fixed from which the clapper is suspended. In architecture the spire of a steeple is said to _crown_ the tower, or a fleuron to crown a gable, &c.

=Crown.= An old English coin, the value of which has varied at different periods. The illustration represents the gold crown of Henry VIII., dated 1462, called a crown of the Rose, value 4_s._ 6_d._ Other crown pieces were called, from the mint-mark, crowns of the Sun.

=Croyle=, O. E. Crewel; tightly-twisted worsted.

=Crozier=, Chr. The name is often _improperly_ applied to the bishop’s crooked pastoral staff; it belongs to the staff surmounted by a cross which is borne before an archbishop. The Byzantine crozier was that of the T-shaped cross; it had sometimes curved serpents on both sides.

=Crucifix.= The representation of the Saviour on the Cross was first introduced in the time of Constantine. It has undergone considerable variation at different periods.

=Cruciform.= Shaped to form a cross. The illustration represents a specimen of ancient Egyptian porcelain, of this shape, ornamented with the lotus. (See EGYPTIAN POTTERY.)

=Crumata.= (See CRUSMATA.)

=Crumena=, R. A leather pouch for carrying money. The _balantion_ of the Greeks was worn suspended from the neck by a strap.

=Crumenal=, O. E. A purse.

=Crupezia=, Gr. (κρούω, to strike). A kind of sandal with a double sole, in the middle of which were castanets with springs. (See CROTALUM.) Greek flute-players used them in the theatre to beat time to the singing and declamation of the chorus.

=Crusca, Accademia della.= A literary academy established in Florence in the 15th century by Cosmo de’ Medici; their device, a bolting-mill, represented in Fig. 220, was symbolical of their object to cultivate the Italian language by winnowing the flour from the bran; and in allusion to it, the members called themselves by appropriate names, as Infarinato, Rimenato, Gramolato, Insaccato, &c. On the top of the shield is the Marzocco, or Lion of Florence, the emblem of the city.

=Crusilée=, =Crusily=, Her. Having the field semée of small crosses.

=Cruske=, O. E. An earthen vessel; cf. the Irish _cruishkeen_.

=Crusmata=, =Crumata=, Gr. and R. (κρούω, to strike). Castanets.

=Crustæ=, R. In the finest works of the chaser, the ornamental pattern was frequently distinct from the vessel, to which it was either fastened permanently, or so that it could be removed at pleasure, the vessel being of silver, and the ornaments of gold, which were called _crustæ_ or _emblemata_ (Dr. Smith). Of these the former were the figures embossed in low relief, and the _emblemata_ were those in high relief. (See DAMASCENING, EMBLEMATA.)

=Crustulum=, R. (dimin. of _crustum_). Anything baked; plaster mouldings; a cheap kind of decoration in bas-relief.

=Crutch.= An attribute of St. Anthony, to denote his age and feebleness.

=Crux.= The Latin equivalent for CROSS (q.v.).

=Crwth= (A.S. _crudh_, Eng. _crowd_). A Welsh instrument, a sort of violin, similar to the _rébek_ of the Bretons.

=Crypta=, =Crypt=, Chr. (κρύπτω, to bury). In ancient times the crypt was really a cloister; it formed, in fact, a long and narrow gallery surrounded by buildings, and itself surrounding a building, garden, or court. The courtyards of _villæ_ were surrounded by crypts; the ruins of Diomed’s _villa_, at Pompeii, afford a curious instance of the kind. In modern archæology the term crypt is applied to a subterranean chapel underneath a church. (Figs. 221 and 222.) Among the Romans the word meant (1) a covered portico, or arcade, called _crypto-porticus_. (2) A grotto, or more accurately a tunnel. (3) A subterranean vault used for secret worship. (4) In the catacombs, a tomb in which a number of bodies were interred together.

=Crypteia= (κρυπτεία). A systematic massacre of Helots at night, by young Spartans, who hid themselves during the day.

=Crystal.= Rock crystals are frequently found large enough to make vessels of. The Romans had crystal drinking-cups of extraordinary size and beauty. Crystal ornaments were especially chosen for ecclesiastical purposes, and for mediæval bookbinding, &c., and are frequently found in early British graves.

=Crystalotype.= A sun-picture taken and fixed on glass by the collodion process.

=Cubiculum=, R. and Chr. (_cubo_, to recline). (1) A bedroom. (2) The emperor’s pavilion or tent at the amphitheatre or circus. (3) In Christian archæology, the sepulchral chambers of the catacombs. (See CINERARIUM.)

=Cubile=, R. (_cubo_). A bed, or chamber containing a bed.

=Cubit= (Gr. πῆχυς, Lat. _cubitus_, an elbow). A measure of length among the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. In Egypt there were two cubits; the _natural cubit_, or small cubit, was equal to 18 inches (6 palms or 24 fingers); the _royal cubit_ to 21 inches (7 palms or 28 fingers). Each of the subdivisions of the cubit was consecrated to a divinity. The Greek cubit was equal to about 18¼ inches; the Roman cubit to very nearly 17½ inches.

=Cubital=, R. A bolster or cushion used by the Romans to rest the elbow on when reclining.

=Cubit-arm=, Her. A human arm couped at the elbow.

=Cubitoria=, =-æ= (sc. _vestimenta_, _vestes_). (See CŒNATORIA.)

=Cucullus=, R. Literally, a piece of paper rolled into the shape of a funnel, used at Rome by apothecaries and other tradespeople for wrapping up certain kinds of goods; and hence, by analogy, the hood affixed to certain garments, such as the _lacerna_, _pænula_, _sagum_, &c. (See COWL.)

=Cucuma=, R. A term applied to various earthenware or metal vessels, when they were used to heat water or any other liquid.

=Cucurbita=, R. A pumpkin or gourd, and thence a cupping-glass.

=Cudo=, =Cudon=, R. A skull-cap made of soft leather or furs.

=Cuerpo= (Span.). Body clothing, i. e. a jacket.

=Cufic= (characters), Arab. The Cufic is the most ancient form of Arabian writing, and bears a great resemblance to the Syriac writing called _estranghelo_; it appears to have originated in the city of Cufa or Coufa, whence the name.

=Cuirass.= (See CINGULUM, LORICA, PECTORALE, THORAX.)

=Cuir-boulli=, Fr. Boiled leather, frequently mentioned by mediæval writers. It has lately been revived under the name of _impressed leather_, and brought to a high state of perfection. (_Fairholt._) Hence:—

=Cuirbouly=, O. E. Tanned leather.

=Cuisses=, Fr. Armour for the thighs, introduced about the middle of the 14th century. In early examples they consisted of one, two, or three pieces of plate overlapping; later on they were formed of one piece only, and finally were finished with a back piece, enclosing the whole of the thigh in armour.

=Cuitikins=, =Cutikins=, Scotch. Guêtres, gaiters.

=Cuker=, O. E. Part of a woman’s horned head-dress, “furred with a cat’s skin.”

=Culcita=, R. A mattress of horsehair, wool, wadding, or feathers.

=Culettes=, Fr. Plates of armour protecting the back, from the waist to the saddle.

=Culeus= or =Culleus=, R. The largest liquid measure of capacity used by the Romans, containing 20 amphoræ, or about 119 gallons. The same name was also applied to a very large sack, of skin or leather, used for oil or wine. It was in the _culei_ that parricides were sewed up.

=Culigna=, R. A vessel for holding wine. It was a kind of amphora of a broader form, its width exceeding its height.

=Culina=, R. A kitchen.

=Cullis=, Arch. Same as COULISSE (q.v.).

=Culme=, O. E. The summit.

=Cultellus=, R. (dimin. of CULTER, q.v.). A knife. _Cultellus ligneus_, a wedge of wood.

=Culter= or =Culta=, R. A knife. _Culter coquinaris_ was a kitchen-knife; _culter venatorius_, a hunting-knife; _culter tonsorius_, a razor; _culter vinitorius_, or _falx vinitoria_, a vine-dresser’s pruning knife. The term denoted as well (1) the knife with which the officiating priest cut the victim’s throat; (2) a knife for carving, also called _cultellus_; (3) the _coulter_ of a plough fixed in front of the plough-share.

=Culullus=, R. (_culeus_, q.v.). Generally, any drinking-vessel, and more particularly any earthenware vessel used by priests and vestals at sacrifices.

=Culver=, A.S. A dove.

=Culver-house.= A pigeon-house.

=Cumera=, R. A kind of large box or basket employed by country people for keeping their seed-wheat in.

=Cumerum=, R. A bridal basket containing the presents of the bride and bridegroom; it was carried by a _camillus_ in the bridal procession.

=Cumpi-coptra=, Peruv. One of the divisions in the royal arsenals of the ancient Peruvians. It contained llama-wool, and textures of alpaca, embroidered in the college of the Virgins of the Sun (PASUA-HUASI), (q.v.).

=Cunabula=, R. Literally, a child’s cradle, and thence a bird’s nest, a beehive, a native city; any place, in short, in which a living thing is born. A synonym for this term is CUNÆ. Bibliologists call early specimens of printing by this name, or INCUNABULA (q.v.).

=Cuneiform= (characters). Oriental characters formed by a single symbol, which is in the shape of a wedge (_cuneus_). This kind of writing has been in use among many nations; more particularly the ancient Persians, Persepolitans, Babylonians, and Ninevites. Fig. 224 represents the first cuneiform characters which found their way to Europe.

=Cuneus=, R. (1) A wedge of wood, iron, or any other metal. (2) In a theatre or amphitheatre, a set of tiers comprised within two staircases (_scalæ_), so called from its wedge-like form. (3) A body of soldiers drawn up in the form of a wedge to break through the enemy’s line. The common soldiers called the formation _caput porcinum_, a pig’s head.

=Cuniculus=, R. (_cuneus_). An underground passage to a fortified place.

=Cupa=, R. A barrel or hogshead. _Vinum de cupâ_ was wine which had not been drawn off in amphoræ; it was wine from the cask, new wine. The cupa was sometimes made of earthenware like the dolium. It was used for many purposes besides that of a wine-vat. (See CUPELLA.)

=Cupel.= A melting-pot for gold.

=Cupella=, R. and Chr. (dimin. of CUPA, q.v.). In Christian archæology, a tomb. The word occurs on a catacomb marble, inscribed with grotesque Latin: “I, Secunda, erected this _cupella_ to my two children,” &c. [The cupa was sometimes used by the Romans as a sarcophagus.] (See CINERARIUM.)

=Cupola=, It. A concave roof, circular or polygonal.

=Cups.= (See COPPA.)

=Curb Roof=, Arch. A Mansard roof; a roof with a double set of rafters on each side, of peculiar construction.

=Curch=, Gael. A kerchief.

=Curfew.= (See COUVRE-FEU, Fig. 202.)

=Curia=, =Curiæ=, R. (1) A building in which the people met together to offer sacrifices and take part in the festivities on certain days of festival. (2) The _senatorial curiæ_ were buildings in which the senate usually assembled. (3) The _Salian curia_ was a place situated on the Palatine Hill, which formed the place of assembly for the _Salian_ priests who guarded the _anciles_ or sacred shields. (4) _Curia calabra_ was a small temple founded, almost simultaneously with the building of Rome, on the Palatine; it formed the observatory for the petty pontiffs whose duty it was to watch the appearance of the new moon. In Christian archæology the _Roman curia_ denotes the pontifical tribunals collectively.

=Curliewurlies=, Scotch. Fantastical circular ornaments.

=Currach=, Scotch. A coracle or small skiff; a boat of wicker-work covered with hides.

=Currus=, =Chariot= (Gr. ἅρμα). A two-wheeled car or carriage in use among nearly all the nations of antiquity. There were racing-chariots, riding-chariots, and triumphal chariots. Some of these were profusely decorated with ivory (_currus eburnei_). War-chariots armed with scythes or sharp blades were called _falcati_. (See COVINUS.) The illustration (Fig. 225), a device of Philip II. of Spain, represents Apollo driving the chariot of the Sun.

=Cursores.= “Runners” before their masters’ carriages; messengers generally.

=Curtail Dog=, O. E. A dog belonging to a person not qualified to hunt game, which, by the forest laws, must have its tail cropped.

=Curtail Step=, Arch. The first step of a stair, when its outer end is finished in the form of a scroll; when it has a circular end, it is called a round-ended step.

=Cushat=, Scotch. A wood-pigeon.

=Cushion-capital=, Arch. (1) A capital resembling a cushion pressed by a weight. (2) A cube rounded off at its lower angles; the capital most prevalent in the Norman style.

=Cusp.= In Astrology, the “entrance” of a “house.”

=Cuspis=, R. A point, more particularly the point of a lance, or javelin, since these were not barbed. Fig. 226 represents a javelin-head which gives a complete idea of the character of the point called _cuspis_; Fig. 227 shows a flint lance; and Figs. 228 to 230 the lance-headed _cuspides_ affixed to the top of the Roman ensigns. (See SPICULUM.)

=Cusps.= The foliations of architectural tracery, such as are formed by the points of a trefoil.

=Custodia.= The shrine or receptacle for the host in Spanish churches.

=Cutlass=, =Coutel-hache=, or =Coutel-axe=, O. E. This weapon was introduced at the end of the 15th century.

=Cut-work.= Also called “opus consutum;” _Ital._ “di commesso.” Open-work embroidery came into universal use in England in the 16th century. In the reign of Richard II., however, we are told,—

“Cut werke was greate both in court and townes,
Bothe in mene’s hoddies, and also in their gownes.”

(See APPLIQUÉ.)

=Cyanogen.= A gaseous compound of carbon and nitrogen, necessary to the formation of _Prussian blue_.

=Cyathus=, Gr. and R. A vase or ladle with one handle, used for taking wine from the crater (κρατὴρ), in order to fill the cups (_pocula_, _calices_) of the guests, at feasts and banquets. The term was also used to denote a small measure containing the twelfth part of the _sextarius_, or ·0825 of a pint. The cyathus was used in medicine to measure drugs with accuracy. [It is often represented, on vases, in the hands of Bacchus, in place of his proper goblet the Cantharus.]

=Cybistic= (dance), R. (κυβιστάω, to tumble). A part of the military exercises in which the performer threw himself at intervals on his hands, so as to rebound on his feet.

=Cyclas=, R. (κυκλὰς, circular). A long and loose piece of drapery, of a very fine texture; it was hemmed with purple or gold embroidery. The _cyclas_ formed part of a woman’s costume, but it was also worn by men of an effeminate or dissolute character; hence—

=Cyclas=, O. E. The name of a long sleeveless gown worn by knights over their armour (from _ciclatoun_, q.v., of which it was made).

=Cyclopean= (masonry, monuments), Gr. and R. (κυκλώπειον). Ancient structures, also known as _Pelasgian_, as being the work of Pelasgians who had learned in the school of Phœnician workmen called Cyclopes. These ancient structures are formed of enormous irregularly-shaped stones (Fig. 231), placed one above the other without cement or mortar. Remains of them are found in Asia Minor, Greece, and Italy; they consist chiefly of the walls of acropoles.

=Cylix=, Gr. and R. A vase also known as a _calix_ or _cup_. It was a wide flat drinking-cup, very shallow, of a circular form, with two handles, and mounted on a tolerably tall foot. Fig. 232 shows a silver cylix or Gaulish cup, found in the ruins of Alisia.

=Cyma=, =Cymatium= (Eng. =Ogee=, Gr. κυμάτιον). An architectural moulding, named from the Greek κῦμα (wave or billow), the moulding consisting of an undulation. A cyma, the outline of which is convex at the top and concave below, is called _cyma reversa_; when it is hollow in the upper part, it is called a _cyma recta_. (Fig. 233.)

=Cymatile=, R. (κῦμα). A Roman female dress, of a changing sea-green colour, like the waves.

=Cymba=, R. (κύμβος, a hollow). (1) A small boat. (2) A vase of metal or clay in the form of a small boat. (See CYMBIUM.)

=Cymbals=, O. E. A contrivance of a number of metal plates, or bells, suspended on cords.

=Cymbalum=, R. (from κύμβος). The cymbals; a musical instrument made of two disks of bronze or brass. (See CROTALUM, FLAGELLUM.)

=Cymbe=, Gr. An ointment-pot, similar in shape to the _Ampulla_ (q.v.).

=Cymbium=, R. (κυμβίον). A boat-shaped drinking-cup with two handles. (See CYMBA.)

=Cynocephalus=, Egyp. An ape with a dog’s head; a sacred animal, representing Anubis in the Egyptian mythology.

=Cynophontis= (sc. ἑορτὴ), Gr. (derived from the Greek κύων, dog, and φόνος, slaughter). Festivals held at Argos during the dog-days, when dogs found straying in the city were killed.

=Cynopolites=, Egyp. (κυνοπολίτης). A nome of Upper Egypt.

=Cypress.= In Persian art, this tree is the frequently-occurring emblem of the religion of Zoroaster, and of the soul aspiring to Heaven. In Christian and modern symbolism it is the emblem of mourning. The device of _cypress_ and _myrtle_ assumed by Marc Antonio Colonna on the occasion of the defence of Ravenna is emblematic of “_death_ or _victory_.” The wood of the cypress-tree was much used for statuary by the ancients. Carved chests of cypress were especially used, in the Middle Ages, for keeping clothes and tapestry; its aromatic properties were considered a specific against moth. (Fig. 234.)

=Cyprus.= Thin stuff of which women’s veils were made.

=Cyprus= or =Verona Green=. A pigment mentioned by Pliny as _Appian Green_: it is prepared from green earths found at Cyprus or Verona, which are coloured by oxide of copper. (See APPIANUM.)

=Cysts= or =Cists=, Etrus. (κίστη, a chest). Offerings dedicated by women in the temple of Venus, of cylindrical caskets of enchased bronze. The handles of these caskets represent small figures, and the feet the claws of animals. Those which have been found in Etruscan tombs, chiefly at Præneste, are in many cases decorated with _a graffito_ designs.

=Cyzicenæ=, Gr. (κυζικηναί). Large and richly-decorated apartments, built for the first time at Cyzicus, which had their principal fronts to the north, and were situated in a garden.