Chapter C (1)

=Caaba=, Arabic (lit. square house). The sacred mosque at Mecca. The temple is an almost cubical edifice, whence its name. It is a favourite subject of representation upon Mussulman works of art.

=Caballaria=, =Cavalherium=, =hevallerie= (Gr. κλῆρος ἱππικὸς), Med. A meadow set apart for military exercises.

=Caballerius=, Med. Lat. A cavalier, or knight.

=Cabeiri= were the personification of the element of fire. The precise nature attributed to them is unknown. There were two principal branches of their worship, the Pelasgian and the Phœnician. It is probable that this religion originated in Asia Minor, and penetrated to the island of Samothrace, in remote antiquity; it was very popular throughout Greece in the Pelasgic period. The principal temples were at Samothrace, Lemnos, Imbros, Anthedon, and other places.

=Cabeiria=, Gr. (καβείρια). Annual festivals in honour of the Cabeiri. (See THRONISMUS.)

=Cabinet Pictures.= Small, highly-finished pictures, suited for a small room.

=Cabling=, or =Cable-moulding=. A moulding in Roman architecture, made in imitation of a thick rope or cable.

=Cabossed=, Her. Said of the head of an animal represented full-face, so as to show the face only. (Fig. 123.)

=Cabulus=, Med. Latin (Old French, _chaable_). A machine for hurling stones; a large BALLISTA.

=Caccabus=, Gr. and R. (κάκκαβος or κακκάβη). A sort of pot or vessel for cooking any kind of food. It was made of bronze, silver, or earthenware, and assumed a variety of forms; but the one in ordinary use resembled an egg with an opening at the top which closed by a lid. The _caccabus_ rested upon a trivet (_tripus_).

=Cadafalsus=, =Cadafaudus=. (See CAGASUPTUS.)

=Cadas=, O. E. An inferior silken stuff used for wadding; 13th century.

=Cadency=, Her. Figures and devices, by which different members and branches of a family are distinguished.

=Cadet=, Her. Junior.

=Cadlys-drain=, Welsh. Chevaux-de-frise.

=Cadmium Yellow= is the sulphide of cadmium, the finest and most permanent of all the yellow pigments in use.

=Cadpen=, Welsh. A chief of battle; captain.

=Cadrelli=, Med. Lat. Cross-bow quarrels. (See CARREAUX.)

=Cādūceus= or =Caduceum=. A wand of laurel or olive, given by Apollo to Mercury in exchange for the lyre invented by the latter. Mercury, it is said, seeing two snakes struggling together, separated them with his wand, whereupon the snakes immediately twined themselves round it. This was the origin of the caduceus, as we know it; it was always an attribute of Mercury, who thence obtained his name of _Caducifer_, or caduceus-bearer. The caduceus was an emblem of peace.

=Cadurcum=, R. This term is applied to two distinct things: (1) the fine linen coverlets, and (2) the earthenware vases, manufactured by the Cadurci, or Gauls inhabiting the district now called Cahors.

=Cadus=, Gr. and R. (from χανδάνω, to contain), (1) A large earthenware jar, used for the same purposes as the amphora; especially to hold wine. An ordinary _cadus_ was about three feet high, and broad enough in the mouth to allow of the contents being baled out. (2) The ballot-urn in which the Athenian juries recorded their votes with pebbles, at a trial.

=Cælatura= (_cælum_, a chisel). A general term for working in metal by raised work or intaglio, such as engraving, carving, chasing, riveting, soldering, smelting, &c. Greek, the _toreutic_ art. Similar work on wood, ivory, marble, glass, or precious stones was called SCULPTURA.

=Cæmenticius=, =Cæmenticia= (structura). A kind of masonry formed of rough stones. There were two methods of construction to which this name applied. The first, called _cæmenticia structura incerta_, consisted in embedding stones of more or less irregular shape in mortar, so as to give them any architectural form, and then covering the whole over with cement. The second, called _cæmenticia structura antiqua_, consisted in laying rough stones one on the top of the other, without mortar, the interstices being filled by drippings or smaller stones.

=Cæmentum.= Unhewn stones employed in the erection of walls or buildings of any kind.

=Caer=, British (Lat. _castrum_; Saxon, _chester_). A camp or fortress.

=Cæsaries= (akin to Sanscrit _keça_, hair, or to _cæsius_, bluish-grey). This term is almost synonymous with COMA (q.v.), but there is also implied in it an idea of beauty and profusion, not attaching to _coma_, which is the expression as well for an ordinary head of hair.

=Cæstus=, =Cestus=. A boxing gauntlet. It consisted of a series of leather thongs, armed with lead or metal bosses, and was fitted to the hands and wrists.

=Cætra.= (See CETRA.)

=Cagasuptus=, Med. Lat. A CHAT-FAUX, or wooden shed, under which the soldiers carried on the operations of attack. (_Meyrick._)

=Cailloutage=, Fr. Fine earthenware; pipe-clay; a kind of hard paste; opaque pottery. “Fine earthenware is most frequently decorated by the ‘muffle;’ the oldest specimens, those made in France in the 16th century, are ornamented by incrustation.” (_Jacquemart._)

=Cairelli=, Med. Lat. (See CADRELLI.)

=Cairn.= A heap of stones raised over a grave, to which friends as they pass add a stone. The custom still prevails in Scotland and Ireland.

=Caisson=, Arch. A sunken panel in a ceiling or soffit. (See COFFER.)

=Calamarius= (_calamus_, q.v.). A case for carrying writing-reeds (_calami_). Another name for this case was _theca calamaria_.

=Calamister= and =Calamistrum=. A curling-iron, so named because the interior was partly hollow like a reed (_calamus_), or perhaps because in very early times a reed heated in the ashes was employed for the purpose; hence, CALAMISTRATUS, an effeminate man, or discourse. (Compare CINIFLO.)

=Calamus= (κάλαμος, a reed or cane). A haulm, reed, or cane. The term was applied to a variety of objects made out of reeds, such as a Pan’s pipe, a shepherd’s flute (_tibia_), a fishing-rod (_piscatio_), a rod tipped with lime, for fowling, &c. (See ARUNDO.) It was specially used, however, to denote a reed cut into proper shape, and used as a pen for writing.

=Calantica.= (See CALAUTICA.)

=Calash= (Fr. _calèche_). A hood made like that of the carriage called in France _calèche_, whence its name. It is said to have been introduced into England in 1765 by the Duchess of Bedford, and was used by ladies to protect their heads when dressed for the opera or other entertainments.

=Calathiscus= (καλαθίσκος). A small wicker basket.

=Calathus= (κάλαθος, a basket; Lat. _qualus_ or _quasillus_). A basket made of rushes or osiers plaited, employed for many purposes, but above all as a woman’s work basket. The _calathus_ was the emblem of the γυναικεῖον or women’s apartments, and of the housewife who devoted herself to domestic duties. The same term denoted earthenware or metal vases of various shapes; among others a drinking-cup.

=Calautica= or =Calvatica=, R. (Gr. κρήδεμνον, from κρὰς and δέω; fastened to the head). A head-dress worn by women; the Greek MITRA (q.v.).

=Calcar= (_calx_, the heel). A spur. It was also called _calcis aculeus_ (lit. heel-goad), a term specially applied to the spur of a cock. The latter, however, was just as often called _calcar_. In mediæval Latin _calcaria aurea_ are the golden, or gilt, spurs which were a distinctive mark of knighthood; _calcaria argentea_, the silver spurs worn only by esquires. _Calcaria amputari_, to hack off the spurs, when a knight was degraded:—

“Li esperons li soit copé parmi
Prés del talon au branc acier forbi.”
(_Roman de Garin MS._)

=Calcatorium= (_calco_, to tread under foot). A raised platform of masonry, set up in the cellar where the wine was kept (_cella vinaria_), and raised above the level of the cellar-floor, to a height of three or four steps. On either side of this platform were ranged the casks (_dolia_) or large earthenware vessels in which the wine was made. The _calcatorium_ served as a receptacle for the grapes when crushed (whence its name), and as a convenient place from whence to superintend the making of the wine.

=Calceamen.= Synonym of CALCEUS (q.v.), a term far more frequently employed.

=Calceamentum.= A general term denoting any description of boot and shoe. (Each will be found separately noticed in its place.)

=Calcedony= or =Chalcedony= (from the town _Chalcedon_). A kind of agate, of a milky colour, diversified with yellow, bluish, or green tints. The Babylonians have left us a large number of chalcedony cylinders, covered with inscriptions. (See also AGATE, CAMEOS.)

=Calceolus= (dimin. of CALCEUS, q.v). A small shoe or ankle-boot worn by women. There were three kinds: the first had a slit over the instep, which was laced up when the boot was on. A second shape had a very wide opening, and could be fastened above the ankle by a string passed through a hem round the top. In the third description there was neither cord, lace, nor slit. The shoe was always low in the heel, and was worn like a slipper.

=Calceus= (_calx_, the heel). A shoe or boot made sufficiently high to completely cover the foot. The Romans put off their shoes at table; hence _calceos poscere_ meant “to rise from table.”

=Calculus= (dimin. of _calx_, a small stone or counter). A pebble, or small stone worn by friction to present the appearance of a pebble. _Calculi_ were used in antiquity for recording votes (for which purpose they were thrown into the urn), for reckoning, and for mosaic paving (hence the English word “calculation”).

=Caldarium= (_calidus_, warm). The apartment in a set of Roman baths which was used as a kind of sweating-room. This chamber, which is constructed nearly always on the same plan in the different baths which have been discovered, included a LACONICUM, a LABRUM, a SUDATORIUM, and an ALVEUS. (See these words.) Fig. 56 (on p. 32) represents a portion of the _caldarium_ of Pompeii, restored.

=Caldas Porcelain= is from the Portuguese factory of that name, specialized for faiences in relief; the greater number are covered with a black coating; the others with the customary enamels of the country, violet, yellow, and green.

=Caldron=, for domestic use of the 14th century, is depicted as a tripod with a globular body, and broad mouth and two handles.

=Calibre= (or =Caliper=) =Compasses=. Compasses made with arched legs.

=Caliga.= A military boot worn by Roman soldiers and officers of inferior rank. The _caliga_ consisted of a strong sole, studded with heavy pointed nails, and bound on by a network of leather thongs, which covered the heel and the foot as high as the ankle.

=Caliptra.= (See CALYPTRA.)

=Caliver.= A harquebus of a standard “calibre,” introduced during the reign of Queen Elizabeth.

=Calix.= A cup-shaped vase, used as a drinking-goblet. It was of circular shape, had two handles, and was mounted on a tolerably high stand. The term also denotes a water-meter, or copper tube of a specified diameter, which was attached like a kind of branch-pipe to a main one.

=Calliculæ.= A kind of very thin metal disk, more or less ornamented, worn by rich Christians, and especially priests, as an ornament for the dress. _Calliculæ_ were also made of purple-coloured cloth. Many of the pictures in the catacombs represent persons wearing _calliculæ_ on their _colobia_ and other garments. (See COLOBIUM.)

=Callisteia= (καλλιστεῖα). A Lesbian festival of women, in which a prize was awarded to the most beautiful.

=Callot.= A plain coif or skull-cap (English).

=Calones= (κᾶλα, wood). (1) Roman slaves who carried wood for the soldiers. (2) Farm servants.

=Calote=, Fr. A species of sabre-proof skull-cap worn in the French cavalry.

=Calotype.= A process of printing by photography, called also _Talbotype_.

=Calpis=, Gr. A water-jar with three handles, two at the shoulders and one at the neck.

=Calthrops.= (See CALTRAPS.)

=Caltraps= (for _cheval_-traps). Spikes of metal thrown on the ground to resist a charge of cavalry. In Christian art, attributes of St. Themistocles.

=Calvary=, Chr. An arrangement of small chapels or shrines in which the incidents of the progress to the scene of the crucifixion are represented. To each such “station” appropriate prayers and meditations are allotted.

=Calvatica.= (See CALAUTICA.)

=Calyptra= (from καλύπτω, to hide). A veil worn by young Greek and Roman women over the face. It is also called _caliptra_, but this term is less used.

=Camail= (for cap-mail). A tippet of mail attached to the helmet. In mediæval Latin called _camale_, _camallus_, _camelaucum_, _calamaucus_, _calamaucum_.

=Camara.= (See CAMERA.)

=Camayeu.= Monochrome painting, i. e. in shades of one colour, or in conventional colours not copied from nature.

=Camber=, Arch. A curve or arch.

=Camboge= or =Gamboge=. A gum-resin, forming a yellow water-colour. The best gamboge is from Siam, and the kingdom of Camboja (whence its name). It should be brittle, inodorous, of conchoidal fracture, orange-coloured or reddish yellow, smooth and somewhat glistening. Its powder is bright yellow. An artificial gamboge, of little value, is manufactured with turmeric and other materials.

=Cambresian Faience.= The “poterie blance” of Cambrai is mentioned in a MS. of the 16th century. It was an enamelled faience.

=Camella.= An earthenware or wooden vessel employed in certain religious ceremonies. It probably served for making libations of milk.

=Cameo= (Ital. _cammeo_). A precious stone engraved in relief; it is thus opposed to the INTAGLIO (q.v.), which is cut into the stone. Cameos are generally carved from stones having several layers. They were employed in the decoration of furniture, vases, clasps, girdles, and to make bracelets, rings, &c. Cameos were largely made by the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans; by the two latter generally of sardonyx and onyx. (See INTAGLIO, SHELL CAMEO, &c.)

=Cameo-glass.= (See GLASS.)

=Camera=, more rarely =Camara=. The vault or vaulted ceiling of an apartment. _Camera vitrea_, a vaulted ceiling, the surface of which was lined with plates of glass. The term was also used to denote a chariot with an arched cover formed by hoops; an underground passage; a pirate-vessel with a decked cabin; and, in short, any chamber having an arched roof, as for instance the interior of a tomb.

=Camera Lucida.= An optical instrument for reflecting the outlines of objects from a prism, so that they can be traced upon paper by a person unacquainted with the art of drawing.

=Camera Obscura.= A darkened room in which the coloured reflections of surrounding objects are thrown upon a white ground.

=Camfuri=, =Camphio=, Med. Lat. A decreed duel: from the German “kampf,” battle; and the Danish “vug,” manslaughter. (_Meyrick._)

=Camies=, O. E. A light thin material, probably of silken texture.

=Caminus.= Literally, a smelting furnace, and then an oven for baking bread; also, a hearth or fireplace. Fig. 126 represents a baker’s oven at Pompeii.

=Camisado=, O. E. A sudden attack on a small party; a Spanish term.

“To give camisadoes on troupes that are lodged a farre off.” (_Briefe
Discourse of Warre._)

=Camisia= (a Gallic word, whence prob. Ital. _camicia_). A light linen tunic worn next the skin (_tunica intima_).

=Camlet= or =Chamlet=, O. E. Originally a tissue of goat’s and camel’s hair interwoven. In Elizabeth’s reign the name was given to a cloth of mixed wool and silk, first manufactured in Montgomeryshire, on the banks of the river Camlet.

=Cammaka.= A cloth of which church vestments were made, _temp._ Edward III.

=Camoca=, O. E., 14th century. A textile probably of fine camel’s hair and silk, and of Asiatic workmanship, much used for church vestments, dress, and hangings.

=Campagus= or =Compagus=. A kind of sandal. It was worn especially by the Roman patricians.

=Campana=, It. A bell; hence, CAMPANOLOGY, the science or study of bells.

=Campanile.= A belfry.

=Camp-ceiling.= Where all the sides are equally inclined to meet the horizontal part in the centre (as in an attic).

=Campestre=, R. (from _campester_, i. e. pertaining to the Field of Mars). A short kilt worn by gladiators and soldiers when going through violent exercises in public. The kilt fitted close to the body, and reached two-thirds down the thigh.

=Campio Regis=, Engl. The king’s champion, who on the day of the coronation challenges any one who disputes the title to the crown.

=Campus Martius= (i. e. Field of Mars). At Rome, as in the provinces, this term had the same meaning which it bears in some countries at the present day; i. e. a ground on which soldiers went through their exercises. In ancient times, however, the Field of Mars, or simply the Field, served also as a place of assembly for the _comitia_.

=Canaba=, Gr. and R. A Low Latin name for the slight structures common in country places, such as we should now call sheds or hovels. Those who lived in them were called _canabenses_. Fig. 127 is from a terra-cotta vase found near the lake Albano.

=Canaliculus= (dimin. of CANALIS, q.v.). A small channel or groove; or a fluting carved on the face of a triglyph. (Fig. 128.)

=Canalis= (akin to Sanscrit root KHAN, to dig). An artificial channel or conduit for water. The term _canalis_ is also given to the fillet or flat surface lying between the abacus and echinus of an Ionic capital. It terminates in the eye of the volute, which it follows in such a way as to give it the proper contour.

=Canathron= (Gr. κάναθρον). A carriage, of which the upper part was made of basket-work.

=Canberia=, Med. Lat. (Fr. _jambières_). Armour for the legs.

=Cancelli= (from _cancer_, a lattice). A trellis, iron grating, or generally an ornamental barrier separating one place from another. In some amphitheatres the PODIUM (q.v.) had _cancelli_ at the top. In a court of law the judges and clerks were divided from the place set apart for the public by _cancelli_ (hence “_chancel_”).

=Candela.= A torch, made of rope, coated with tallow, resin, or pitch. It was carried in funeral processions (hence “_candle_”).

=Candelabrum.= A candlestick, candelabrum, or generally any kind of stand by which a light can be supported. There were many different kinds. The same term is also used to denote the tall pedestal of a portable lamp (Fig. 129). (See CANDLEBEAM.)

=Candellieri=, It. A style of grotesque ornamentation, characteristic of the Urbino majolica ware.

=Candlebeam=, O. E. A chandelier of the Middle Ages with “_bellys of laton_” (or brass cups) slung by a pulley from the ceiling.

=Candles.= The A.S. poets called the sun “rodores candel,” the candle of the firmament, “woruld candel,” “heofon candel,” &c. Originally, no doubt, the candle was a mere mass of fat plastered round a wick (candel-weoc) and stuck upon a “candel-sticca,” or upright stick; when the candlestick had several branches, it was called a candle-_tree_. There were iron, bone, silver-gilt, and ornamented candlesticks. Through the Middle Ages candles were stuck on a spike, not in a socket, and a chandelier of the 16th century shows the same arrangement.

=Candys= (κάνδυς). A Persian cloak of woollen cloth, generally purple in colour.

=Canephoria.= Greek festivals of Diana; _or_ an incident of another feast, called _pratelia_, in which virgins about to marry presented baskets (_canea_) to Minerva. The name, CANEPHORUS, or “basket-bearer,” was common to the virgins who attended processions of Ceres, Minerva, and Bacchus, with the consecrated cakes, incense, and other sacrificial accessories, in the flat baskets called _canea_.

=Canette.= A conic-shaped German drinking-mug, resembling the modern “schoppen,” of which highly ornamented examples in white stone-ware have been produced by the potters of Cologne and other parts of Germany. (Fig. 131.)

=Caniple=, O. E. A small knife or dagger.

=Canis= (akin to Sanscrit ÇVAN, Gr. κύων). A dog. This term has numerous diminutives: _catulus_, _catellus_, _canicula_. However ancient any civilization, the dog is always met with as the companion of man, and in each nation it follows a particular type. Thus a distinct difference is perceptible in the dogs of the Etruscans, Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, Indians, and Gauls. The Egyptians had terriers and greyhounds, wolf-dogs, and others for hunting or watchdogs. All these breeds are met with on the bas-reliefs of Egyptian monuments. The Egyptian name for a dog, _wou_, _wouwou_, is evidently onomatopoietic or imitative. (See also DOG.)

=Canistrum=, =Canister=, or =Caneum= (κάνιστρον, from κάνη, a reed). A wide shallow basket for carrying the instruments of sacrifice and offerings for the gods. It was generally carried on the head by young girls, who were called _Canephoræ_ (κανηφόραι, i. e. basket-bearers), q.v.

=Canon= (κανὼν, from κάνη, i. e. anything straight like a reed). A fixed rule or standard which is supposed to have served, in antiquity, as a basis or model in forming statues, the various members of which bore a definite proportion one to the other. The Greeks had some such _canon_. The δορυφόρος (spearman) of Polycletus was, it is said, looked upon as affording a standard for the proportions of the human body. The Egyptians are also supposed to have had a canon, in which the middle finger formed the unit of measurement.

=Canopea= or =Canopic Vases=. An Egyptian vase, made of clay, and so named from its being manufactured at Canopus, a town of Lower Egypt, the present Aboukir. The same name was given to funereal urns made in the shape of the god _Canopus_, who is described by Russin as _pedibus exiguis, attracto collo, ventre tumido in modum hydriæ, cum dorso æqualiter tereti_ (i. e. having small feet, a short neck, a belly as round and swelling as a water-jar, and a back to match). Canopean vases were made of earthenware, alabaster, and limestone. They were placed at the four corners of tombs or sarcophagi containing mummies. In them were deposited the viscera of the dead, which were placed under the protection of the four genii, symbolized each by the head of some animal which served at the same time for the lid of the canopea.

=Cant=, Arch. (1) To truncate. (2) To turn anything over on its angle.

=Cantabrarii=, Med. Lat. Standard-bearers: from CANTABRUM, a kind of standard used by the Roman emperors. (Consult _Meyrick_.)

=Canted Column=, Arch. A column polygonal in section.

=Cantellus=, Med. Lat. (Fr. _chanteau_ and _cantel_; Lat. _quantillus_). (1) A cut with a weapon, or the portion cut away. (2) Heraldic for the fourth part of a shield, since called a canton. (3) The hind part of a saddle.

=Canteriolus= (dimin. of _canterius_, a prop). A painter’s easel. The term, which is of doubtful Latinity, corresponds to the Greek ὀκρίβας.

=Canterius=, R. This term has numerous meanings; it serves to denote a gelding, a prop, the rafters forming part of the wood-work of a roof, and a surgical contrivance, of which the form is unknown, but which was used for suspending horses whose legs chanced to be broken, in such a way as to allow the bone to set.

=Cantharus= (κάνθαρος, a kind of beetle). A two-handled vase or drinking-cup, of Greek invention. It was particularly consecrated to Bacchus, and accordingly, in representations of the festivals of that god, it figures constantly in the hands of satyrs and other personages. (Fig. 132.)

=Cantherius.= (See CANTERIUS.)

=Canthus= (κανθὸς, the felloe of a wheel). A hoop of iron or bronze forming the _tire_ of a wheel. The Greeks called this tire ἐπίσωτρον (i. e. that which is fastened to the felloe).

=Canticum.= An interlude of music in a Roman play.

=Cantilevers= or =Cantalivers=, Arch. Blocks framed into a wall under the eaves, projecting so as to carry a moulding. (See MODILLION.)

=Cant-moulding=, Arch. Any moulding with a bevelled face.

=Canum.= A Greek basket, more generally called CANISTRUM (q.v.).

=Canvas= prepared for painting is kept stretched upon frames of various sizes: e. g. _kit-cat_, 28 or 29 inches by 36; _three-quarters_, 25 by 30; _half-length_, 40 by 50; _bishop’s half-length_, 44 or 45 by 56; _bishop’s whole length_, 58 by 94.

=Cap-a-pie= (Fr.). In full armour, from _head to foot_.

=Caparison=. The complete trappings of a war-horse.

=Capellina=, Med. Lat. The chapeline or small CHAPEL DE FER.

=Capellum=, Med. Lat. A scabbard (_not_ the hilt of a sword).

=Capellus ferreus.= (See CHAPEL DE FER.)

=Capillamentum=, R. A wig of false hair, in which the hair was long and abundant. (See COMA.)

=Capillus= (from _caput_, the head). Hair; the hair of the head in general. (See COMA.)

=Capis=, R. A kind of earthenware jug, with a handle. Vessels of this kind were used in sacrifices, and the _capis_ is often found represented on medals. Other names for it were _capedo_, _capeduncula_, and _capula_.

=Capisterium= (deriv. from σκάφη or σκάφος, i. e. that which is scooped out). A vessel resembling the _alveus_, or wooden trough, and which was employed for cleansing the ears of corn after they had been threshed and winnowed.

=Capistrum= (from _capio_, i. e. that which takes or holds). (1) A halter or head-stall. (2) A rope employed for suspending the end of the beam in a wine-press. (3) A muzzle made to prevent young animals from sucking after they have been weaned. (4) A broad leather band or cheek-piece worn by flute-players. It had an opening for the mouth to blow through.

=Capita aut Navia= (lit. _heads or ships_; of coins having the head of _Janus_ on one side and a ship on the reverse). A game of “heads or tails” played by the Romans and Greeks.

=Capital= (_caput_, a head). A strip of cloth worn round the head, in primitive times, by Roman women, to keep in their hair. Later on it was worn only by women attached to the service of religion. (See CAPITULUM.)

=Capitellum.= (See CAPITULUM.)

=Capitium.= An article of female dress; a kind of corset or bodice.

=Capitolium= (i. e. the place of the _caput_; because a human head was supposed to have been discovered in digging the foundations). The Capitol, or enclosure containing the temple raised in honour of Jupiter. The first Capitol of Rome was built on the _Mons Capitolinus_ or _Capitolium_. The chief cities of Italy possessed each its _Capitolium_.

=Capital.= A term which denotes the member of architecture crowning the top of a column, pillar, or pilaster. Figs. 133 and 134 represent cushion capitals of the Romano-Byzantine epoch. Orders of Architecture are known by their Capitals. (See COMPOSITE, CORINTHIAN, DORIC, IONIC, and TUSCAN.)

=Capo di Monte=, Naples. A manufactory of faience, established by Charles III.

=Cappagh Browns, Light= and =Dark=. Rich brown pigments, made of a bituminous earth from Ireland. Called also _Mineral_ or _Manganese Brown_.

=Capreolus=, R. (lit. a wild goat or roebuck). A fork for digging, with two prongs converging together like the horns of a roebuck. The term is also used for a strut or brace. The tie-beams and king-posts in the frame of a roof are often connected by _capreoli_.

=Capriccio=, It. Caprice in art.

=Capricornus.= The zodiacal sign of September employed by Augustus Cæsar in commemoration of his victory at Actium on the day when the sun enters that sign. The same device was used by Cosmo de’ Medici, and by the Emperor Rodolph II. of Germany, with the motto, “Fulget Cæsaris Astrum.” (Fig. 135.)

=Caprimulgus=, Lat. A goat-milker, a common device on antique gems and bas-reliefs, representing a man or a faun milking a goat.

=Capronæ=, R. (from _caput_ and _pronus_, i. e. that which hangs down the forehead). The forelock of a horse, and by analogy, a lock of curling hair falling down over the centre of the forehead, in a man or woman.

=Capsa= or =Scrinium=, R. A box or case of cylindrical form, used for several purposes, but more particularly for the transport of rolls or volumes (_volumina_). The _capsæ_ were generally provided with straps and locks, the former serving as a handle.

=Capsella= and =Capsula=, R. (dimin. of CAPSA, q.v.). A case or casket for jewels, &c.

=Capuchon.= A hood with neck-piece and mantle. The engraving (Fig. 136) is a portrait of Cimabue.

=Capula.= Dimin. of CAPIS (q.v.).

=Capularis=, R. The straight handle or hilt of any kind of instrument or weapon, in contradistinction to _ansa_, which signifies a curved haft or handle. The term _capularis_ was applied indifferently to the handle of a sword, a sceptre, &c.

=Car=, =Chariot=, or =Carriage=. (See CARRUS and CURRUS.)

=Carabaga=, Med. Lat. Also CALABRA. A kind of catapult or balista.

=Carabine.= (See CARBINE.)

=Carabus= (κάραβος). A small boat made of wicker-work; a kind of shallop covered with raw hides. It was either propelled by itself or attached to the stern of a larger vessel. Similar to the coracle.

=Caracalla= (a Celtic word). A military garment introduced from Gaul into Rome by the Emperor Antonine, who obtained thus his surname of _Caracalla_.

=Caracole=, Arch. A spiral staircase.

=Carbassus= or =Carbassum= (κάρπασος, fine Spanish flax). This term was used indifferently to denote all textures made of the fine Spanish flax. Thus any kind of linen garment, the sails of a ship, the awning of a theatre or amphitheatre, all came under the term of _carbassus_.

=Carbatinæ= (καρβάτιναι). A rough kind of boot in common use, made of a single piece of leather, and worn by peasants.

=Carbine=, or =Carabine=, or =Caraben=. A short gun with a wheel lock and a wide bore, introduced in the 16th century.

=Carbonate of Lead=, or _white lead_, is the principal white pigment. It is prepared by exposing sheets of lead to the action of acetic and carbonic acids. It is called also _Ceruse_, _Flake-white_, _Krems_ (or _Vienna_) _white_, _Nottingham white_. It is also known, under different modifications of colour, as _Venice_, or as _Hamburg_, or as _Dutch white_. It is a pigment very liable to injury from exposure to certain gases. (See OXIDE OF ZINC.)

=Carbonates of Copper= yield blue and green pigments, known from the earliest times, and under many names, as _Mountain_ blue and green, blue and green _Ash_, or _Saunders’_ (for _cendres’_) blue and green. These names are also applied to the manufactured imitations of the native carbonates of copper. Powdered _Malachite_ is a form of the native green carbonate. The colours called _Emerald Green_ and _Paul Veronese Green_ are artificial.

=Carbuncle= (Lat. _carbunculus_). A gem of a deep red colour. A jewel shining in the dark. (_Milton._)

=Carcaissum=, Med. Lat. (Fr. _carquois_; It. _carcasso_; Mod. Gr. γαρκάσιον). A quiver.

=Carcamousse=, Med. A battering-ram. The name is onomatopoetic.

=Carcanet=, O. E. A necklace set with stones, or strung with pearls.

=Carcass=, Arch. The unfinished frame or skeleton of a building.

=Carcer= (akin to _arceo_, i. e. an enclosure (Gr. ἕρκος). (1) A prison. (2) The circus. At Rome the prisons were divided into three stages: the first, which formed a story above ground (_carcer superior_), was for prisoners who had only committed slight offences; the _carcer interior_, or stage on a level with the ground, served as a place of confinement in which criminals were placed to await the execution of their sentence; lastly there was the _carcer inferior_, or subterranean dungeon called _robur_, for criminals condemned to death. Fig. 137 represents the _carcer_ built at Rome by Ancus Martius and Servius Tullius; Fig. 138 the _carceres_ of the circus.

=Carchesium= (καρχήσιον). (1) A drinking-cup of Greek invention, and having slender handles rising high over the edge, and reaching to the foot. It was an attribute of Bacchus, and was used in the religious ceremonies. (2) A scaffolding in the shape of the _carchesium_ at the masthead of a ship. (Anglicè, “crow’s-nest.”)

=Cardinalis.= (See SCAPUS.)

=Cardo.= A pivot and socket used for the hinge of a door. The term was also used in carpentry to denote a dove-tailed tenon; this was called _cardo securi-culatus_, i. e. a tenon in the shape of an axe, the dove-tail bearing some resemblance to the blade of that tool.

=Care-cloth=, O. E. A cloth held over the bride and bridegroom’s heads at a wedding.

=Carellus= (Fr. _carreau_). A quarrel or arrow for cross-bows, the head of which was either four-sided or had four projections.

=Carillon=, Fr. A set of large bells, arranged to perform tunes by machinery, or by a set of keys touched by a musician. Antwerp, Bruges, and Ghent are celebrated for the carillons in their steeples.

=Caristia= (from χάρις, favour or gratitude). A Roman feast, at which the members of a family came together. It lasted three days: on the first, sacrifices were offered to the gods; the second was consecrated to the worship of deceased relations; and on the third the surviving members of the family met at a banquet. Strangers were not allowed in these gatherings.

=Carminated Lakes.= Also called _Lake of Florence_, _Paris_, or _Vienna_. Pigments made from the liquor in which cochineal and the other ingredients have been boiled to make _carmine_. (See MADDER.)

=Carmine.= A beautiful pigment prepared from the insect, cochineal. Carmine is the richest and purest portion of the colouring matter of cochineal. The various kinds of carmine are distinguished by numbers, and possess a value corresponding thereto; the difference depending either on the proportion of the _alumina_ added, or on the presence of _vermilion_ added for the purpose of diluting and increasing the quantity of the colour: the alumina produces a paler tint, and the vermilion a tint different to that of genuine carmine. The amount of adulteration can always be detected by the use of liquor ammoniæ, which dissolves the whole of the carmine, but leaves the adulterating matter untouched. Carmine is chiefly used in miniature painting and in water-colours. It is made in large quantities in Paris.

=Carmine-madder.= (See MADDER.)

=Carnarium=, R. (_caro_, flesh). (1) A larder for fresh or salted provisions. (2) The iron hooks on which they were hung.

=Carnificia= or =Carnificina=, R. (_carnifex_, executioner). Subterranean dungeons, in which criminals were put to the torture, and, in many cases, executed.

=Carnix= or =Carnyx= (Celtic and Gaulish word). A trumpet in the form of a long horn, of which the mouth was curved so as to resemble the mouth of an animal. This instrument gave out a peculiarly loud strident sound, and was used more particularly by the Celtic nations, notably the Gauls. It is constantly found represented on the coins of these nations, and on bas-reliefs. Some archæologists have mistaken the _carnices_ on medals for _cornucopiæ_.

=Carol=, Chr. An enclosed place; a circular gallery. In old French, _carole_ signified a round dance, or a circle of stone. In the last century the term was applied to the ambulatory, or circular gallery, behind the choir in churches.

=Carpentum=, R. A two-wheeled carriage of Gaulish invention; it was often covered with an awning, resembling in form that of the CAMARA (q.v.). The _carpentum funebre_ or _pompaticum_ was a hearse. It was made to resemble a shrine or small temple. Lastly, the term _carpentum_ was used to denote a cart, with two wheels, employed for agricultural purposes.

=Carrago= (i. e. formed of _carri_ or carts). A kind of intrenchment peculiar to certain barbarous nations. It was constructed by drawing up waggons and war-chariots in a curved line, approaching a circle as nearly as the nature of the ground permitted. It formed a first line of defence, behind which the combatants sheltered themselves in order to defend the camp proper, which lay in the centre of the _carrago_.

=Carreaux=, Med. Fr. Quarrels for cross-bows, so called from their square form.

=Carriolum.= (See CARROCIUM.)

=Carroballista= or =Carrobalista= (_carrus_, a car). A _ballista_ mounted upon a carriage, to be transported from place to place. (See BALLISTA.)

=Carrocium=, =Carrocerum=, Med. Lat. A standard fixed on a carriage.

=Carrotus.= A quarrel. (See CARELLUS, &c.)

=Carruca=, =Carrucha=, or =Carucha=. A carriage of costly description, richly ornamented with bronze and ivory carvings and chased gold. It differed widely from the ESSEDO and the RHEDA (q.v.).

=Carrus= or =Carrum= (Celtic root). A cart or chariot of Gaulish invention, on two wheels, used in the army as a commissariat waggon. A _carrus_ occurs among the sculptures on the column of Trajan.

=Cartamera= (Gaulish word). A Gaulish girdle made of metal, and used to support the _braccæ_, or trousers. It was made sometimes in the form of a serpent with its tail in its mouth, but more generally resembled a fringe of twisted hemp, like the _torques_, by which name accordingly it was known among the Romans. (See TORQUES.)

=Cartibulum=, R. (corrupted from _gertibulum_, i. e. that which bears or carries). A side-board, consisting of a square slab of stone or marble, supported in the middle by a pedestal or stem. The _cartibulum_ always stood against a wall.

=Cartouche=, Egyp. An elliptical tablet of scroll-like form, containing the names of the Pharaohs. Fig. 139 represents the cartouche of King Artaxerxes. Cartouches were applied to decorate columns, an illustration of which may be seen on the abacus and capital of the column in Fig. 140.

=Caryatides= (Καρυάτιδες, i. e. women of Caryæ). Female figures, in an upright posture, which were employed in lieu of columns to support entablatures or any other members of architecture. One of the finest instances of the application of caryatides to this purpose is to be found in the portico of the temple of Pandrosos, at Athens.

=Caryatis.= A festival in honour of Artemis Caryatis, which was celebrated at Caryæ, in Laconia.

=Case Bags=, Arch. The joists framed between a pair of girders, in naked flooring.

=Cash.= A Chinese coin.

=Casque=, Fr. Helmets of every description, from those of classical times to the present, have been called casques by the poets; but the head-piece specially so designated is first seen in English armour of the reign of Henry VIII. The casque was generally without a visor, and worn more for parade than warfare. The engraving Fig. 141 represents a Gaulish and Fig. 142 an Oriental casque.

=Casquetel.= A small open helmet without beaver or visor, having a projecting umbril, and flexible plates to protect the neck behind.

=Cassel Black.= (See BLACK.)

=Cassel Earth.= A brown pigment.

=Cassel Yellow.= (See TURNER’S YELLOW.)

=Cassida.= (See CASSIS.)

=Cassilden=, O. E. Chalcedony.

=Cassis= or, rarely, =Cassida= (perhaps an Etruscan word). A casque or helmet made of metal, and so distinguished from GALEA (q.v.), a helmet made of leather. Figs. 141 and 142 represent respectively a Gaulish and an Eastern _cassis_ (the latter, however, is considered by some antiquaries to be Gaulish). The war-casque of the Egyptian kings, although of metal, was covered with a panther’s skin; it was ornamented with the URÆUS (q.v.).

=Cassock= signifies a horseman’s loose coat, and is used in that sense by the writers of the age of Shakspeare. It likewise appears to have been part of the dress of rustics. (_Stevens._) It was called a “vest” in the time of Charles II. Later on it became the distinguishing dress of the clergy.

=Cassolette=, Fr. A perfume box with a perforated lid; the perforations in a censer.

=Cassone.= An Italian chest, richly carved and gilt, and often decorated with paintings, which frequently held the _trousseau_ of a bride.

=Castanets.= Various peoples have employed flat pieces of wood to produce a certain kind of noise during religious ceremonies. The Egyptians seem to have had for this purpose “hands” of wood or ivory, which were struck one against the other to form an accompaniment to chants or rhythmic dances. (See CROTALA, &c.)

=Castel Durante.= An ancient manufactory of Urbino ware, established in the 14th century. Fig. 143, from a cup in the Louvre, is a fine specimen of Castel Durante majolica of the 16th century.

=Castellum= (dimin. of CASTRUM, q.v.; i. e. a small castle). A small fortified place or citadel; also a reservoir for water. The ruins of _castella_ still existing are very few in number; one of the most perfect, as far as the basin is concerned, is that of the _castellum divisorium_ or _deversorium_, at Nismes.

=Casteria.= A storehouse in which the rudder, oars, and movable tackle of a vessel were kept.

=Castor.= The beaver; hence applied to beaver hats.

=Castoreæ=, R. Costly fabrics and dresses made of the fur of beavers.

=Castra=, R. (plur. of _castrum_, which, like _casa_, = the covering thing). This term was applied solely to an encampment, a fortified or intrenched camp, while the singular _castrum_, an augmentative of CASA (q.v.), denotes a hut, or strongly-constructed post, and consequently a fort, or fortress; but for this last the Romans preferred to use the diminutive _castellum_.

=Castula= or =Caltula=, R. A short petticoat worn by Roman women, held up by braces.

=Casula=, R. (dimin. of _casa_). (1) A small hut or cabin. (2) A hooded cloak, or capote.

=Cat.= The Egyptian name for the cat (_maaou_) is evidently onomatopoetic. As a symbol, this animal played a part which has hitherto not been clearly determined. Certain papyri show us the cat severing the serpent’s head from its body, a symbol which would seem to point out the cat as the destroyer of the enemies of the daylight and the sun. Again, the goddess _Bast_ is represented with a cat’s head, the animal being sacred to her.

=Cat= (Med. Lat. _cattus_ or _gattus_). A covering under which soldiers lay for shelter, while sapping the walls of a fortress, &c.

=Cataclista=, R. A close-fitting garment worn by Roman ladies, bearing a great resemblance to those which are to be seen on Egyptian statues.

=Catacombs=, Chr. This term, the etymology of which is uncertain, serves to denote disused stone quarries, made use of by the early Christians for their meetings, and as subterranean cemeteries. We meet with catacombs in several cities, but the most celebrated are unquestionably those of Rome. Catacombs also exist at Syracuse, Catana, Palermo, Naples, and Paris.

=Catadromus=, R. (from κατὰ and δρόμος, i. e. a running down). A tight-rope for acrobats in a circus or amphitheatre. The _catadromus_ was stretched in a slanting direction from a point in the arena to the top of the building.

=Catafaltus=, Med. Lat. (See CAGASUPTUS.)

=Catagrapha=, Gr. and R. (κατα-γραφὴ, i. e. a drawing or marking down). A painting in perspective (rarely met with in the works of the ancient painters).

=Cataphracta=, Gr. and R. (κατα-φράκτης, i. e. that which covers up). A general term to denote any kind of breastplate worn by the Roman infantry. [Cataphracti were heavy-armed cavalry, with the horses in armour.]

=Cataphracti.= Decked vessels, in opposition to _aphracti_, open boats.

=Catapirates=, Gr. and R. (κατα-πειρατὴς, i. e. that which makes trial downwards). A sounding lead, of an ovoid form, with tallow or a kind of glue at the end, by means of which sailors were able to ascertain the nature of the bottom.

=Catapulta=, Gr. and R. (κατα-πέλτης, i. e. that which hurls). A military engine for discharging heavy missiles. The _ballista_ projected stones; the _catapult_, darts; the _scorpio_ (uncertain). They were all called _tormenta_, from the _twisting_ of the ropes of hairs or fibres which supplied the propelling force.

=Catascopium=, Gr. and R. (dimin. of CATASCOPUS, q.v.). A post of observation or sentry tower.

=Catascopus=, Gr. and R. (κατάσκοπος, i. e. that which explores or spies). (1) A post of observation. (2) A vessel employed as a spy-ship; and by analogy (3) a scout, i. e. a soldier whose duty is to act as a spy on the enemy.

=Catasta= (from κατάστασις, i. e. a place of presentation). A platform upon which slaves were placed to be publicly sold. Some scaffolds of this kind were made to revolve, so that the purchaser might thoroughly inspect every part of the slave at his leisure. _Catasta arcana_ was the name given to a gridiron, or iron bed, upon which criminals were laid to undergo torture. (See GRIDIRON.)

=Cateja= (Celtic word). A missile made of wood hardened in the fire. It was employed by the Gauls, Germans, and other barbarians in the way of a harpoon, a rope being fastened to one end of the weapon, by means of which it could be recovered after it had been launched.

=Catella= (dimin. of CATENA, q.v.). A term specially used to denote the finer sorts of chains made of bronze, silver, and gold. Chains made of the precious metals were worn as trinkets. [The use of the diminutive indicates elegance and delicacy.]

=Catellus=, R. (dimin. of CATENA, q.v.). A chain used to shackle slaves, or perhaps merely attached to them in the way of a clog.

=Catena=, R. (1) A chain, especially (2) a chain of gold or silver worn as an ornament round the body, like a _balteus_ (shoulder-belt), by certain goddesses, dancing girls, bacchantes, or courtezans.

=Catenarius.= The chained dog kept at the entrance of their houses by the Romans.

=Catharmata= (καθάρματα, from καθαίρω, i. e. that which is thrown away in cleansing). Sacrifices in which human victims were offered up, in order to avert the plague or similar visitations. [They were thrown into the sea.]

=Cathedra= (καθέδρα, from κατὰ and ἕδρα, i. e. a place for sitting down). A chair having a back, but without arms. There were various kinds of _cathedræ_: the _cathedra strata_ was a chair furnished with cushions; _cathedra supina_, a chair with long sloping back; _cathedra longa_, a chair with long deep seat. The _cathedra philosophorum_ was the equivalent of our modern term, a professor’s chair.

=Catherine Wheel.= In Gothic architecture, a large circular window, filled with radiating divisions; called also rose-window.

=Cathetus=, Arch. (1) The axle of a cylinder. (2) The centre of the Ionic volute.

=Catillus= and =Catillum= (dimin. of CATINUS, q.v.; i. e. a small bowl). (1) The upper part of a mill for grinding corn, which served both as grindstone and hopper or bowl. Fig. 144 represents an ancient mill, a fourth part of the _catillus_ being suppressed in order to show the reader the mechanism. (2) A small dish having much resemblance to the _catinus_, and so by analogy (3) a flat circular ornament employed to decorate the scabbard of a sword.

=Catinus= and =Catinum=, R. (akin to Sicilian κάτινον). Dishes used for cooking, and for the table. _Catina_ might be of earthenware or metal, of glass or other precious material, and were employed as sacrificial vessels to hold incense, &c.

=Catty.= A Chinese weight = 1⅓ lb.

=Catulus=, R. When a slave ran away from his master, and was retaken, he was led back in chains, the _catulus_ being the chain which was attached to an iron collar passing round his neck. A slave was thus said to be led back _cum manicis, catulo, collarique_, i. e. with manacles, leading chain, and neck-collar.

=Caudex.= (See CODEX.)

=Caudicarius=, =Codicarius=, R. (from _caudex_, a tree-trunk). A wide flat barge employed in river transport. It was of rough construction, and was broken up on arriving at its destination.

=Caudicius=, R. A vessel of the same kind as the _caudicarius_, employed on the Moselle.

=Caughley-ware= (Shropshire). A soft porcelain; 18th century.

=Caul=, O. E. A cap or network enclosing the hair.

=Cauliculi= or =Caulicoli=, R. (dimin. of _caulis_, a stalk). Acanthus leaves springing from the capital of a Corinthian column.

=Caupolus.= (See CAUPULUS.)

=Caupona=, R. (_caupo_, an innkeeper). An inn or hostel for the accommodation of travellers. The _cauponæ_ bore a general resemblance to our roadside inns. [Also, a cooked-meat shop.]

=Cauponula=, R. (dimin. of _caupona_). A small tavern, or low wine-shop of mean appearance.

=Caupulus=, R. A kind of boat, classed by authors among the _lembi_ and _cymbæ_.

=Caurus=, R. An impersonation of the North-West wind; represented under the form of an old man with a beard, pouring down rain from an urn.

=Causia=, Gr. and R. (καυσία, from καῦσις, i. e. that which keeps off heat). A broad-brimmed felt hat, of Macedonian invention, and adopted by the Romans. It was especially worn by fishermen and sailors.

=Cauter= (καυτὴρ, i. e. that which burns). A cautery or branding-iron. The _cauter_ was (1) an instrument used by surgeons; it was also used for branding cattle and slaves. (2) An instrument employed to burn in the colours in an encaustic painting.

=Cauterium= = CAUTER (q.v.).

=Cavædium=, R. (from _cavum_ and _ædes_, i. e. the hollow part of a house). An open courtyard. In early times the Romans had an external courtyard to their houses. In course of time, however, the increase of luxury and comfort brought about a change in the _cavædium_, which was partially covered in with a roof supported by columns, a partial opening being left in the centre, which was called the _compluvium_. When thus altered, the _cavædium_ went under the name of ATRIUM (q.v.).

=Cavalherium.= (See CABALLARIA.)

=Cavallerius= or =Cavallero=, Med. Lat. A knight or cavalier.

=Cavea=, R. (from _cavus_, i. e. a hollow place or cavity), (1) A wooden cage with open bars, of wood or, more generally, of iron, used for the transport and exhibition of the wild beasts of a menagerie. (2) A bird-cage. (3) A frame of wicker-work employed by fullers and dyers. (4) A palisade to protect young trees when growing up, and (5) the vast reversed cone formed by the successive stages of a theatre or amphitheatre. This might be divided, according to the size of the building, into one, two, or three distinct tiers, called respectively upper, lower, and middle (_summa_, _ima_, _media cavea_). (6) A warlike machine used in attacking cities.

=Cavetto=, Arch. (deriv. from Ital. _cavo_). A concave moulding formed of a segment of a circle.

=Cavo-relievo.= Intaglio-sculpture cut into the stone, as in Egyptian art.

=Ceadas= or =Cæadas= (κεάδας or καιάδας). A deep cave into which the Spartans thrust condemned prisoners.

=Ceinture= or =Ceint=. A girdle. (See CINCTUS.)

=Celadon.= A peculiar tinted porcelain, described by Jacquemart as the earliest tint of Chinese pottery.

=Celebê= (Κελέβη). A vase of ovoid form and with two handles. The lower part is shaped elegantly, like an amphora, but the upper part resembles a pitcher with a sort of projecting lip. Its peculiarity is in the _handles_, which are “pillared” and “reeded.”

=Celes=, R. A racing or saddle horse, as opposed to a draught horse. The same term was also applied to a vessel or boat of a peculiar form, propelled by oars, in which each rower handled only a single oar. It was also called _celox_.

=Cella=, R. (from _celo_, to hide). The interior of a temple, i. e. the part comprised within the four walls. In Fig. 145 _a_ represents the portico, _b_ the _cella_. The term is also used to denote a niche, store-room, or, in general, any kind of cellar; e. g. _cella vinaria_, _cella olearia_, and even a tavern situated in a cellar. The term was also applied to slaves’ dormitories, the parts of the public baths, &c.

=Cellatio.= A suite of apartments in a Roman house set apart for various purposes, but especially as quarters for slaves.

=Cellula= (dimin. of CELLA, q.v.). A small sanctuary, i. e. the interior of a small temple, and by analogy any kind of small chamber.

=Celox.= (See CELES.)

=Celt.= A variety of chisels and adzes of the flint and bronze periods.

=Celtic= (Monuments) were usually constructed of huge stones, and are known, for that reason, as _megalithic monuments_. Such are STANDING STONES, DOLMENS, MENHIRS or PEULVANS, CROMLECHS, COVERED ALLEYS, TUMULI, &c. (See these words.)

=Cembel.= A kind of joust or HASTILUDE.

=Cendal=, =Sandal=, &c., O. E. The name, variously spelt, of a silken stuff used for vestments, and for banners, &c.; 13th century. We now call this stuff _sarcenet_.

=Cenotaph= (κενο-τάφιον, i. e. an empty tomb). A monument raised to a Roman citizen who had been drowned at sea, or who, from any other cause, failed to receive burial.

=Censer.= A sacred vessel used for burning perfumes.

=Centaur= (κένταυρος, according to some, from κεντέω and ταῦρος, i. e. herdsman; but prob. simply from κεντέω, i. e. Piercer or Spearman). The Centaurs are represented with the body of a horse, and bust, head, and arms of a man. (Fig. 146.) In Christian archæology, the Centaur is a symbol of the swift passage of life, the force of the instincts, and in a special sense, of adultery. The war of the Centaurs and the Lapithæ is the subject of the frieze at the British Museum, from a temple of Apollo in Arcadia. _Hippo-centaurs_ were half horse; _Onocentaurs_, half ass; and _Bucentaurs_ or _Tauro-centaurs_, half ox.

=Cento= (κέντρων, patchwork). A covering made of different scraps of cloth, and used as clothing for slaves. The same term denotes a coarse cloth which was placed beneath the saddle of a beast of burden, to keep the back of the animal from being galled by the saddle. In Christian archæology the term was used to denote a coarse patchwork garment, and, by analogy, a poem composed of verses taken from various authors, like the _Cento nuptialis_ of Ausonius.

=Centunculus= (dimin. of CENTO, q.v.). A motley garment of various colours, like that of our harlequin. It was worn, according to Apuleius, by the actors who played in burlesques, and there are certain vases on which Bacchus is represented, arrayed in a similar costume.

=Cepotaphium= (κηπο-τάφιον). A tomb situated in a garden.

=Cera= (akin to κηρός). Wax, and, by analogy, any objects made of wax, such as images of the family ancestors (_imagines majorum_); or the wax tablets for writing on with the _stylus_. These were called respectively _ceræ duplices_, _triplices_, _quintuplices_, according as they had two, three, or five leaves. The first, second, third, and last tablet were called respectively _prima_, _secunda_, _tertia_, _ultima_ or _extrema cera_.

=Ceramic.= Appertaining to POTTERY (q.v.).

=Cerberus.= The three-headed dog who guarded the gates of hell.

=Cercurus= (κέρκουρος, perhaps from Κέρκυρα, the island Corcyra). A Cyprian vessel propelled by oars. Its form is unknown.

=Cerebrerium.= An iron skull-cap, _temp._ Edward I.

=Cere-cloth= (_cera_, wax). Cloth saturated with wax, used for enveloping a consecrated altarstone, or a dead body.

=Cereus= (_cera_, wax). A wax candle, made either with the fibres of cyperus or papyrus twisted together and dipped in wax, or with the pith of elder, or rush, covered with the same material.

=Ceriolare= (_cera_, wax). A stand, holder, or candelabrum for wax candles. There were a great variety of this kind of vessel. (See CANDELABRUM.)

=Cernuus= (from _cer_ = κάρα, and _nuo_, i. e. with head inclined to the ground). A tumbler who walks upon his hands with his feet in the air. Women even used to turn series of summersaults, resting alternately on the feet and hands, among a number of swords or knives stuck in the ground. This exhibition was called by the Greeks εἰς μαχαίρας κυβιστᾶν, i. e. lit. to tumble head over heels between knives).