Chapter XII: Letter XLVI (1)

_ORISMOLOGY, OR EXPLANATION OF
TERMS._

It was by the language of _terms_ that he invented and employed, as well as by his system and methods of arrangement, that Linné smoothed the way to the study of Natural History;--having therefore led you through a large portion of the _flowery_ fields of the Science of Entomology, I must now conduct you into that _arid_ but not barren or unprofitable region. To enable you to understand descriptions of insects, or to describe them yourself, you must have a knowledge of the _technical_ language by which their parts and characters are expressed. Much of this you already know from the definitions of external parts, furnished in a former letter[1074]: I shall now give you a more full and general explanation of terms, adding many new ones for unnoticed characters, that may be conveniently employed.

The science of terms, which I shall call _Orismology_[1075], may be divided into _two_ branches--_General_ Orismology, and _Partial_ Orismology; the first containing _general_ definitions, and the last those relating to _particular_ parts and organs.

A. GENERAL ORISMOLOGY.

I. SUBSTANCE.

1. MEMBRANOUS (_Membranacea_). A fine, thin, transparent
substance. A _Membrane_.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Hymenoptera_ and
_Diptera_.

2. PERGAMENEOUS (_Pergamenea_). A thin, tough, and less
transparent substance, somewhat resembling _parchment_.--Ex.
The _Tegmina_ of the _Orthoptera_[1076].

3. CORIACEOUS (_Coriacea_). A thicker, flexible substance,
resembling _leather_.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Telephorus_ and the
_Malacodermi_.

4. CORNEOUS (_Cornea_). A hard inflexible substance resembling
_horn_.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Lucanus Cervus_ and many other
_Coleoptera_.

5. CRUSTACEOUS (_Crustacea_). A rigid calcareous substance.--Ex.
The _Shell_ of a _Lobster_ or _Crab_.

6. CALLOUS (_Callosa_). A substance without pores, harder than
the surrounding matter, and usually elevated above it.--Ex.
Elevated parts of the _Collar_ in _Nomada_. (_Mon. Ap. Angl._
Apis * b.)[1077] Spots on the _elytra_ of _Stenocorus_
(_Tylostagmus_ K. MS.) _bimaculatus_ and affinities.

7. CARTILAGINEOUS (_Cartilaginea_). A gristly substance between
bone and ligament.--Ex. The _Tongue_ of many _Hymenoptera_.

8. SUBEREOUS (_Suberea_). A soft elastic substance somewhat
resembling _cork_[1078]. The _galls_ of some species of
_Cynips_ when mature approach to this substance.

9. SPONGIOSE (_Spongiosa_). A soft elastic substance resembling
_sponge_.--Ex. The _Pulvilli_ of _Thanasimus_, _Buprestis_, &c.

10. LIGNEOUS (_Lignosa_). A hard unelastic substance like
_wood_.--Ex. _Galls_ of some species of _Cynips_.

11. CARNOSE (_Carnosa_). A soft, _fleshy_ substance.--Ex.
_Caterpillars_ and _Grubs_.

12. TUBULOSE (_Tubulosa_). When the interior is _hollow_ or empty.

13. SOLID (_Solida_). When the interior is _full_.

II. RESISTANCE.

1. RIGID (_Rigida_). Hard, which does not bend or yield to
pressure.--Ex. The weevils (_Rhyncophora_).

2. FLEXILE (_Flexilis_). Which easily bends, or yields to pressure
without breaking.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Telephorus_.

3. SOFT (_Mollis_). Flexile and retaining the marks of
pressure.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Meloe_.

III. DENSITY.

1. FOLIACEOUS (_Foliacea_). Very thin and depressed, scarcely
thicker than a leaf.--Ex. _Aradus corticalis_ and _Coreus
paradoxus_.

2. DEPRESSED (_Depressa_). When the _vertical_ section is shorter
than the _transverse_.--Ex. _Trogosita mauritanica_.

3. COMPRESSED (_Compressa_). When the _transverse_ section is
shorter than the _vertical_.--Ex. _Centrotus cornutus_:
_Abdomen_ in _Cynips_.

4. PLUMP (_Pinguis_). Naturally and proportionably plump.--Ex.
_Thylacites_, &c. Most of the _Cicadæ_.

5. OBESE (_Obesa_). Unnaturally enlarged and distended, as if
from disease or too much food. Ex. _Chrysomela Polygoni_ ♀,
_Galeruca Tanaceti_ ♀, _Brachycerus_.

6. VENTRICOSE (_Ventricosa_). Bellying out as if filled with
air.--Ex. _Pneumora_.

IV. PROPORTION.

1. THICK (_Crassa_). Disproportionably thick throughout.--Ex.
_Copris_.

2. INCRASSATE (_Incrassata_). Disproportionably thick in
part.--Ex. _Base_ of the _Abdomen_ of _Æshna_ and many
_Libellulina_. PLATE IX. FIG. 9.

3. SLENDER (_Tenuis_). Disproportionably slender throughout.--Ex.
_Lixus paraplecticus_.

4. ATTENUATE (_Attenuata_). Disproportionably slender in
part.--Ex. _Tail_ of _Scorpio_, _Raphidia_ ♂, &c.

5. BROAD (_Lata_). Disproportionably broad throughout.

6. DILATATE (_Dilatata_). Disproportionably broad in part.--Ex.
_Elytra_ of _Lycus fasciatus_, &c. PLATE XIII. FIG. 20.

7. NARROW (_Angusta_). Disproportionably narrow throughout.--Ex.
_Abdomen_ of _Agrion_.

8. ANGUSTATE (_Angustata_). Disproportionably narrow in part.--Ex.
_Elytra_ of _Sitaris humeralis_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 19.

9. LONG (_Longa_). Disproportionably long throughout.--Ex.
_Scolopendra_.

10. ELONGATE (_Elongata_). Disproportionably long in part.--Ex.
_Abdomen_ of _Libellulina_.

11. SHORT (_Brevis_). Disproportionably short throughout.--Ex.
_Copris_.

12. ABBREVIATE (_Abbreviata_). Disproportionably short in
part.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Staphylinidæ_, _Atractocerus_, &c.

V. FIGURE[1079].

1. CIRCULAR (_Circularis_). Having the diameter every way equal.
PLATE XXIX. FIG. 16, 17.

2. ROTUNDATE (_Rotundata_). Rounded at the angles or sides. PLATE
XXIX. FIG. 19.

3. OVAL (_Ovalis_). Having the _longitudinal_ diameter _twice_ the
length of the _transverse_, and the ends circumscribed by equal
segments of a circle. PLATE XX. FIG. 6.

4. ELLIPTIC (_Elliptica_). Oval, but having the _longitudinal_
diameter _more_ than _twice_ the length of the _transverse_.
PLATE XX. FIG. 19.

5. OBLONG (_Oblonga_). Having the _longitudinal_ diameter _more_
than _twice_ the length of the _transverse_, and the ends
varying, or rounded. PLATE XX. FIG. 3, 9.

6. OVATE (_Ovata_). Oval, but having the ends circumscribed by
unequal segments of circles. PLATE XX. FIG. 12, 13.

7. CORDATE (_Cordata_). Heart-shaped. Ovate or subovate and
hollowed out at the base, without posterior angles. PLATE IX.
FIG. 22.

8. SAGITTATE (_Sagittata_). Arrow-shaped. Triangular, hollowed out
at the base with posterior angles. PLATE XXVII. FIG. 41. _w´´´_.

9. HASTATE (_Hastata_). Halberd-shaped. Triangular, hollowed out
at the base and sides with the posterior angles spreading.--Ex.
_Horn_ of the _prothorax_ of _Dynastes hastatus_. _Postfurca_
in many _Coleoptera_. PLATE XXII. FIG. 5. _b_ †.

10. TRIANGULAR; QUADRANGULAR; QUINQUANGULAR; SEXANGULAR
(_Triangula_; _Quadrangula_; _Quinquangula_; _Sexangula_).
Having _three_, _four_, _five_, or _six_ angles.

11. TURBINATE (_Turbinata_). Top-shaped, triangular with curved
sides. PLATE XXV. FIG. 18.

12. ENSATE (_Ensata_). Gradually tapering till it ends in a
point.--Ex. _Ovipositor_ of _Acrida viridissima_. PLATE XV.
FIG. 19.

13. LANCEOLATE (_Lanceolata_). Oblong and gradually tapering
towards each extremity.--Ex. The _Cerci_ in _Blatta_. PLATE XV.
FIG. 23. _Q´´_.

14. SIGMOIDAL (_Sigmoidea_). S-shaped. Lanceolate and concave
on one side at the base, and on the other at the apex.--Ex.
_Ovipositor_ of _Cimbex_, PLATE XV. FIG. 21. _H´´_.

15. CUNEATE (_Cuneata_). Wedge-shaped. Having the _longitudinal_
diameter exceeding the _transverse_, and narrowing gradually
downwards. PLATE X. FIG. 11.

16. ACINACICATE (_Acinacicata_). Falchion-shaped. Curved with
the apex truncate, and growing gradually wider towards
the end.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Ophion_, _Fœnus_, and other
_Ichneumonidæ_[1080].

17. LUNULATE (_Lunulata_). Crescent-shaped. Curved with both ends
acute, like the moon in her first quarter.--Ex. _Last_ joint of
the _labial palpi_ of _Oxyporus_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 4. _a._

18. FALCATE (_Falcata_). Sickle-shaped. Curved with the apex
acute.--Ex. _Ovipositor_ of _Acrida varia_. _Antennæ_ of
_Atractocerus_. PLATE XI. FIG. 8.

19. LINEAR (_Linearis_). Narrow and of the same width
throughout.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Pterophorus monodactylus_.

20. ARCUATE (_Arcuata_). Linear and bent like a bow.--Ex. _Rostrum_
of _Balaninus Nucum_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 12.

21. CULTRATE (_Cultrata_). Coulter-shaped. Straight on one side and
curved on the other.--Ex. _Ovipositor_ of some _Saw-flies_.
_Under-wing_ of many _Ichneumonidæ_.

22. SPATULATE (_Spatulata_). Spatula-shaped. Broader and rounded at
the _apex_, linear and narrow at the _base_.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of
_Ichneumon amictorius_ Panz.

23. CLEPSYDRATE (_Clepsydrata_). Hour-glass-shaped. Broader at the
base and apex--Ex. The _Prosternum_ of many Capricorn beetles.

24. CLAVATE (_Clavata_). Club-shaped. Linear at the _base_, but
towards the _apex_ growing gradually broader. PLATE XI. FIG. 4.

25. QUADRATE (_Quadrata_). Square. Quadrilateral with the sides
_equal_ and the angles _right_ angles.

26. RHOMBOID (_Rhomboidea_). Quadrilateral with the sides equal,
but with two opposite angles _acute_, and two _obtuse_. PLATE
XXVII. FIG. 62. _t´´_.

27. TRAPEZATE (_Trapezata_). Quadrilateral with the _four_ sides
unequal, and none of them perfectly parallel. PLATE XIV. FIG. 4.

28. TRAPEZOID (_Trapezoidea_). Quadrilateral, with _two_ sides
unequal and parallel[1081]. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 34. b´.

29. PARALLELOGRAMICAL (_Parallelogramica_). Quadrilateral, with
_all_ the angles right angles, and _all_ the sides parallel,
but two longer than the others.

VI. FORM[1082].

1. SPHERICAL (_Sphærica_). The shape of a _globe_. A body whose
diameter every way is equal. PLATE XX. FIG. 5.

2. ORBICULATE (_Orbiculata_). A depressed globe, whose
_horizontal_ section is circular, and _vertical_ oval. PLATE
XX. FIG. 10, 11.

3. LENTICULAR (_Lenticularis_). Lens-shaped. Whose _horizontal_
section is circular, and _vertical_ lanceolate.--Ex. _Abdomen_
of _Cynips aptera_.

4. OVALIFORM (_Ovaliformis_). Whose _longitudinal_ section is
oval, and _transverse_ circular. PLATE XX. FIG. 6.

5. ELLIPSOID (_Ellipsoidea_). Whose _longitudinal_ section is
elliptical, and _transverse_ circular. PLATE XX. FIG. 19.

6. OVIFORM (_Oviformis_). Whose _longitudinal_ section is ovate,
and _transverse_ circular. PLATE XX. FIG. 12, 13.

7. CUCUMIFORM (_Cucumiformis_). Cucumber-shaped. Whose
_longitudinal_ section is oblong, and _transverse_ circular.
PLATE XX. FIG. 18, excluding the _neck_.

8. CORDIFORM (_Cordiformis_). Oviform and hollowed out at the base
without posterior angles. PLATE IX. FIG. 22.

9. CONICAL (_Conica_). Whose _vertical_ section is triangular, and
_horizontal_ circular.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Cœlioxys conica_
(_Apis_ * * b. K.). PLATE XX. FIG. 7.

10. TURBINIFORM (_Turbiniformis_). Whose _vertical_ section
is turbinate, and _horizontal_ circular.--Ex. _Joints_ of
_antennæ_ of _Aleochara socialis_, and many others of that
genus.

11. PYRAMIDAL (_Pyramidalis_). Whose _vertical_ section is
triangular, and _horizontal_ quadrangular.

12. CUNEIFORM (_Cuneiformis_). Whose _vertical_ section is cuneate,
and _horizontal_ parallelogramical.

13. TRIQUETROUS (_Triquetra_). Whose _horizontal_ sections are
equilateral triangles. PLATE XI. FIG. 6.

14. ENSIFORM (_Ensiformis_). Whose _horizontal_ sections are
_acute_-angled triangles gradually _diminishing_ in diameter
from the base to the apex, and propagated in a _straight_ line.
PLATE XI. FIG. 7.

15. ACINACIFORM (_Acinaciformis_). Whose _horizontal_ sections are
_acute_-angled triangles gradually _increasing_ in diameter
from the base to the apex, and propagated in a _curved_ line.

16. CULTRIFORM (_Cultriformis_). Whose _horizontal_ sections are
equal acute-angled triangles, or a three-sided body with two
equal sides large and the third small.

17. DELTOID (_Deltoidea_). Short with the horizontal section
triangular and decreasing in diameter towards the base.--Ex.
_Apex_ of the _posterior tibia_ in _Copris lunaris_.

18. TRIGONAL; TETRAGONAL; PENTAGONAL; HEXAGONAL; POLYGONAL
(_Trigona_; _Tetragona_; _Pentagona_; _Hexagona_; _Polygona_).
Whose horizontal section is triangular; quadrangular;
quinquangular; sexangular; multiangular.

19. TRIEDRAL; TETRAEDRAL; PENTAEDRAL; HEXAEDRAL; POLYEDRAL
(_Triedra_; _Tetraedra_; _Pentaedra_; _Hexaedra_; _Polyedra_).
That hath _three_ sides; _four_ sides; _five_ sides; _six_
sides; _many_ sides.

20. PRISMOIDAL (_Prismoidalis_). Having more than _four_ sides and
whose _horizontal_ section is a polygon[1083]. PLATE VI. FIG.
13. _a, b,_ d´.

21. TRAPEZIFORM (_Trapeziformis_). Whose _horizontal_ section is a
_Trapezium_.

22. TRAPEZOIDIFORM (_Trapezoidiformis_). Whose _horizontal_ section
is trapezoid.

23. RHOMBIFORM (_Rhombiformis_). Whose _horizontal_ section is
rhomboidal. PLATE VIII. FIG. 11.

24. TWO-EDGED (_Anceps_). Whose _horizontal_ section is lanceolate.

25. CYLINDRICAL (_Cylindrica_). Whose _horizontal_ sections are all
equal circles. PLATE XXI. FIG. 4.

26. FUSIFORM (_Fusiformis_). Spindle-shaped. Whose _vertical_
section is lanceolate or lineari-lanceolate, and _horizontal_
circular. PLATE XXIII. FIG. 12.

27. COLUMNAR (_Teres_). Whose _vertical_ section is cuneate, and
_horizontal_ circular. PLATE XVI. FIG. 2, 3.

28. CLAVIFORM (_Claviformis_). Whose _vertical_ section is clavate,
and _horizontal_ circular. PLATE XI. XII. FIG. 4.

29. CUBICAL (_Cubica_). _Six_-sided, with sides quadrate.

30. PARALLELOPIPEDOUS (_Parallelopipeda_). _Six_-sided, with _four_
parallelogramical and _two_ quadrate sides.

31. PYRIFORM (_Pyriformis_). Pear-shaped. Whose _vertical_ section
is spatulate, and _horizontal_ circular.--Ex. _Apion_, &c.

32. INFUNDIBULIFORM (_Infundibuliformis_). Funnel-shaped. Whose
_horizontal_ sections are circular, at first equal and then
progressively larger and larger. PLATE XXII. FIG. 12. c.

33. FORNICATE (_Fornicata_). Convex above and concave beneath.
PLATE XIII. FIG. 18. _a._

34. COARCTATE (_Coarctata_). When the diameter of the _middle_
is less than that of the _ends_.--Ex. _Posterior thigh_ of
_Locusta_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 5.

35. CALCEOLIFORM (_Calceoliformis_). Oblong, and somewhat coarctate
in the middle.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Chelonus_.

36. LAGENIFORM (_Lageniformis_). Bellying out and then ending in a
narrow neck, something like a _bottle_.--Ex. _Sperm-reservoir_
attached to the oviduct in _Pontia_. PLATE XXX. FIG. 12. _d._

37. CONSTRICT (_Constricta_). Suddenly and disproportionably
smaller at one end. PLATE XXII. FIG. 15.

38. LUNIFORM (_Luniformis_). Whose longitudinal section is lunate.
PLATE XIII. FIG. 4.

39. NODOSE (_Nodosa_). Having one or more knobs or swellings. PLATE
XII. FIG. 5.

40. GENICULATE (_Geniculata_). Bent so as to form a knee or angle.
PLATE XII. FIG. 7.

VII. SUPERFICIES.

i. PARTS.

1. DISK (_Discus_). The middle of a surface.

2. LIMB (_Limbus_). The circumference.

3. MARGIN (_Margo_). The extreme sides.

4. APEX (_Apex_). The summit.

5. BASE (_Basis_). The bottom.

6. SUPINE SURFACE (_Pagina superior_). The _upper_ surface.

7. PRONE SURFACE (_Pagina inferior_). The _under_ surface.

ii. ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION.

1. NAVICULAR (_Navicularis_). When two sides meet and form an
angle like the _outer_ bottom of a _boat_.--Ex. _Notonecta
glauca_.

2. CONVEX (_Convexa_). An elevation the arc of which _is_ the
segment of a circle.--Ex. _Upper_ Surface of the body of most
_Coleoptera_.

3. GIBBOUS (_Gibba_). An elevation the arc of which is _not_ the
segment of a circle[1084].--Ex. _Shoulders_ of the _elytra_ of
_Prionus coriarius_, and of many other _Coleoptera_.

4. PLANE (_Plana_). Flat. When the disk is not higher than the
limb, nor the limb than the disk.

5. CONCAVE (_Concava_). A depression the arc of which _is_ the
segment of a circle.

6. EXCAVATE (_Excavata_). A depression the arc of which is _not_
the segment of a circle.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Sinodendrum
cylindricum_.

iii. SCULPTURE.

1. EQUATE[1085] (_Æquata_). Without _larger_ partial elevations or
depressions.

2. SMOOTH (_Lævis_). Without _smaller_ partial elevations or
depressions.

3. LEVIGATE (_Lævigata_). Without _any_ partial elevations or
depressions.

4. PORE (_Porus_). A minute impression that _perforates_ the
substance.

5. POROSE (_Porosa_). Beset with many pores.--Ex. _Elytra_ of most
_Apions_.

6. A POINT (_Punctum_). A minute impression upon the surface, but
_not perforating_ it.

7. PUNCTATE (_Punctata_). Beset with many points.--Ex. Impression
on the _Head_ and _Prothorax_ of _Phyllopertha Horticola_, &c.

8. VARIOLE (_Variola_). A shallow impression like a mark of the
small-pox.

9. VARIOLOUS (_Variolosa_). Beset with many varioles.--Ex.
_Scarabæus variolosus_.

10. UMBILICATE (_Umbilicata_). When a variole, tubercle, granule,
&c. has a _depression_ in its centre.--Ex. _Thorax_ of
_Pachygaster scabrosus_.

11. FOVEOLET (_Foveola_). A roundish and rather deep depression,
larger than a variole.

12. FOVEOLATE (_Foveolata_). Having one or more foveolets.--Ex.
_Prothorax_ of _Geotrupes stercorarius_.

13. FOSSULET (_Fossula_). A somewhat long and narrow depression.

14. FOSSULATE (_Fossulata_). Having one or more fossulets.--Ex.
_Oxytelus rugosus_, &c.

15. UNEQUAL (_Inæqualis_). Having very slight and indeterminate
excavations.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Silpha thoracica_, _Cerambyx
moschatus_, &c.

16. LACUNOSE (_Lacunosa_). Having a few scattered, irregular,
broadish but shallow excavations.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Donacia
vittata_, _Sagittariæ_, &c.

17. RIMOSE (_Rimosa_). Chinky, resembling the bark of a tree.
Having numerous minute, narrow and nearly parallel
excavations, which run into each other.--Ex. _Elytra_ of
_Colymbetes adspersus_ ♀, and _Cybister Rœselii_.

18. UNDOSE (_Undosa_). Having undulating nearly parallel broader
depressions which run into each other, and resemble the sand
of the sea-shore when left by the tide.--Ex. _Cymatodes_[1086]
_undosus_ K. MS.

19. VERMICULATE (_Vermiculata_). Having tortuous excavations as if
eaten by worms.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Colymbetes Hybneri_ and
_transversalis_.

20. RETICULOSE (_Reticulosa_). Having a number of minute impressed
lines which intersect each other in various directions like the
meshes of a net.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Cybister Rœselii_.

21. ACUDUCTED (_Acuducta_). Scratched across very finely as if with
the point of a needle or pin.--Ex. _Colymbetes acuductus_.

22. STRIATE (_Striata_). Having rather _slightly_ impressed
longitudinal parallel lines.--Ex. _Amara communis_, &c.

23. SULCATE (_Sulcata_). Having _deeper_ impressed longitudinal
parallel lines.--Ex. _Dytiscus marginalis_ ♀.

24. CLATHROSE (_Clathrosa_). When strias or furrows cross each
other at right angles.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Micropeplus
porcatus_.

25. RIVOSE (_Rivosa_). When furrows do not run in a parallel
direction and are rather sinuate.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of
_Elophorus stagnalis_, &c.

26. INTERSTICE (_Interstitium_). The space between elevations and
depressions running in lines.

27. INTERVAL (_Intervallum_). The space between irregular and
scattered elevations and depressions.

28. COMPLANATE (_Complanata_). A convex or irregular surface having
a plane slight depression.--Ex. _Sides_ of the _Prothorax_ of
_Prionus cervicornis_.

29. CANALICULATE (_Canaliculata_). Having a longitudinal impressed
line or channel.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Geotrupes_, _Broscus
cephalotes_, &c.

30. CARINATE (_Carinata_). Having a longitudinal elevated
line.--Ex. _Rostrum_ of _Curculio nebulosus_. _Bicarinate_,
_Tricarinate_, &c., having _two_ or _three_ such lines.--Ex.
_Elytra_ of _Silpha recta_.

31. CRISTATE (_Cristata_). Having one or two very elevated lines
usually crenate.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Pterophylla laurifolia_.

32. PORCATE (_Porcata_). Having several parallel elevated
longitudinal ridges.--Ex. _Onthophilus striatus_.

33. COSTATE (_Costata_). Having several broad elevated lines.--Ex.
_Brachinus bimaculatus_, &c.

34. CLATHRATE (_Clathrata_). Having several elevated lines
which cross each other at right angles.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of
_Micropeplus porcatus_.

35. RETICULATE (_Reticulata_). Having many small elevated lines
which intersect each other in various directions like the
meshes of a net.--Ex. _Lycus reticulatus_. _Wings_ of the
_Libellulina_.

36. RUGOSE (_Rugosa_). Wrinkled. Intricate with approximating
elevations and depressions whose direction is
indeterminate.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Prionus coriarius_.

37. CICATRICOSE (_Cicatricosa_). Having elevated spots of a
different colour from the rest of the surface, resembling
_scars_.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Ptomaphila lachrymosa_ K. MS[1087].

38. EMBOSSED (_Cælata_). Having several plane tracts of a different
shape higher than the rest of the surface.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of
_Prionus damicornis_, _maxillosus_, &c.

39. GIBBOSE (_Gibbosa_). Having one or more large elevations.--Ex.
_Sides_ of the _Prothorax_ of _Brachycerus barbarus_.

40. TUBERCLE (_Tuberculum_). A pimple-like knob.

41. _Tuberculate_ (_Tuberculata_). Having several tubercles.--Ex.
_Apoderus gemmatus_. _Base_ of _Prothorax_ of _Cerambyx
moschatus_.

42. VERRUCA. A small flattish wart-like prominence.

43. VERRUCOSE (_Verrucosa_). Having several _verrucæ_.--Ex.
_Pimelia muricata_.

44. MURICATE (_Muricata_). Armed with sharp thick, but not close,
elevated points like a _Murex_.--Ex. _Bronchus Tribulus_,
_quadridens_[1088], &c.

45. ECHINATE (_Echinata_). Armed with sharp spines like a hedgehog
or _Echinus_.--Ex. _Hispa atra_.

46. RUGGED (_Salebrosa_). When a surface is rough with mucros,
spines and tubercles intermixed.--Ex. Numerous species of
_Bronchus_.

47. GRANULE (_Granulum_). A very minute elevation.

48. GRANULATE (_Granulata_). Beset with many granules like
_shagreen_.--Ex. _Otiorhynchus sulcatus_. _Prothorax_ of
_Copris Molossus_.

49. SCABROUS (_Scabra_). Rough to the touch from granules scarcely
visible.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Otiorhynchus Ligustici_.

50. PAPILLULE (_Papillula_). A tubercle or variole with an
elevation in its centre.

51. PAPILLULATE (_Papillulata_). Beset with many papillules.--Ex.
_Elytra_ of _Dynastes Hercules_ ♀.

52. CATENULATE (_Catenulata_). Having a series of elevated oblong
tubercles resembling a _chain_.--Ex. _Carabus catenulatus_.

53. SPHERULATE (_Sphærulata_). Having one or more rows of minute
tubercles.--Ex. _Trox lutosus_, _Limnius tuberculatus_.

54. CONSUTE (_Consuta_). Having very minute elevations in a
series at some distance from each other, of a different
colour from the rest of the surface, and somewhat resembling
_stitching_.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Oryctes Sylvanus_ (_Cœlosis_ K.
MS.).

55. INTRICATE (_Intricata_). When depressions or elevations so run
into each other as to be difficult to trace.--Ex. _Elytra_ of
_Carabus intricatus_.

56. CORRUGATE (_Corrugata_). When a surface rises and falls
in parallel angles more or less acute.--Ex. _Front_ of
_Nothiophilus aquaticus_.

57. OBLITERATE (_Obliterata_). Applied to impressions and
elevations when almost effaced. #/

iv. CLOTHING.

a. GENERAL.

1. SCUTATE (_Scutata_). Covered with large flat scales.--Ex.
_Machilis polypoda_.

2. SQUAMOSE (_Squamosa_). Covered with minute scales.--Ex.
_Lepidoptera_.

3. PULVERULENT (_Pulverulenta_). Covered with very minute
powder-like scales.--Ex. _Ceutorhynchus Sisymbrii_.

4. POLLINOSE (_Pollinosa_). Covered with a loose mealy and often
yellow powder resembling the _pollen_ of flowers.--Ex. _Lixus
paraplecticus_.

5. FARINOSE (_Farinosa_). Covered with a fixed mealy powder
resembling _flour_.--Ex. _Spots_ on the _Elytra_ of _Cetonia
aurata_, _variegata_, &c.

6. LUTOSE (_Lutosa_). Covered with a powdery substance resembling
_mud_ or dirt, which _easily rubs off_.--Ex. _Trox lutosus_.

7. RORULENT (_Rorulenta_). Covered like a plum with a bloom which
may be rubbed off.--Ex. _Peltis limbata_.

8. STUPEOUS (_Stupea_). Covered with long loose scales resembling
_tow_.--Ex. The _Palpi_ of _Lepidoptera_. _Antennæ_ of some
_Diptera_. PLATE XII. FIG. 23.

9. PILOSE (_Pilosa_). Covered with long distinct flexible
hairs.--Ex. _Thorax_ of _Vespa Crabro_.

10. VILLOSE (_Villosa_). Covered with soft flexible hairs thickly
set.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Amphimalla solstitialis_.

11. LANATE (_Lanata_). Covered with fine, very long, flexible and
rather curling hairs like _wool_.--Ex. _Melolontha lanigera_ F.

12. LANUGINOSE (_Lanuginosa_). Covered with longish very soft fine
down.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Trichius fasciatus_. _Thorax_ and
_base_ of the _Abdomen_ of _Megachile circumcincta_ (_Apis_ **.
c. 2. α K.).

13. HIRSUTE (_Hirsuta_). Covered with long stiffish hairs very
thickly set.--Ex. _Bombus_.

14. PLUMULOSE (_Plumulosa_). When the hairs branch out laterally
like feathers.--Ex. _Hair_ on the _base_ of the _Maxilla_ of
_Eucera_ (_Apis_ ** d. 1. K.).

15. HAIRY (_Hirta_). Covered with short stiffish sub-distinct
hairs.--Ex. Genus _Lagria_.

16. TOMENTOSE (_Tomentosa_). Covered with short interwoven
inconspicuous hairs.--Ex. _Acanthocinus Ædilis_.

17. PUBESCENT (_Pubescens_). Covered with very fine decumbent short
hairs.--Ex. _Harpalus ruficornis_, &c.

18. STUPULOSE (_Stupulosa_). Covered with coarse decumbent
hairs.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Melolontha vulgaris_.

19. VELUTINOUS (_Velutina_). Covered with very thick-set upright
short hairs or pile, resembling _velvet_.--Ex. _Trombidium
holosericeum_. _Scutellum_ of _Staphylinus hybridus_.

20. HOLOSERICEOUS (_Holosericea_). Covered with thick-set shining
short decumbent hairs, resembling _satin_[1089].--Ex. _Under
side_ of the body of _Elophorus stagnalis_, _Argyroneta
aquatica_, &c.

21. SETOSE (_Setosa_). Bristly. Sprinkled with stiff scattered
hairs like bristles.--Ex. _Echinomyia grossa_.

22. SETULOSE (_Setulosa_). Setose with the bristles truncated.--Ex.
_Thylacites setosus_.

23. HISPID (_Hispida_). Rough from minute spines, or very stiff
rigid bristles.--Ex. _Hispa atra._ _Phoberus horridus_, &c.

24. ROUGH (_Aspera_). Rough from pubescence in general.

25. BALD (_Calva_). A part of a surface with little or no hair,
when the rest of it is very hairy.--Ex. _Vertex_ of _Melitta_
and _Apis_ Kirby.

26. GLABROUS (_Glabra_). Without any hair or pubescence.

27. LUBRICOUS (_Lubrica_). Slippery as if lubricated.--Ex.
_Dynastes Centaurus_.

b. PARTIAL.

1. CIRRUS (_Cirrus_). A lock of curling hair.

2. CIRROSE (_Cirrosa_). Having one or more _cirri_.--Ex. _Antennæ_
of _Acanthocinus araneiformis_.

3. FASCICULE (_Fasciculus_). A bundle of thick-set hairs often
converging at the apex. PLATE XIX. FIG. 6. _c._

4. FASCICULATE (_Fasciculata_). Having one or more
fascicules.--Ex. Catenulated lines in the _Elytra_ of _Trox
arenosus_. _Buprestis fascicularis_.

5. PENICIL (_Penicillus_). A small bundle of diverging hairs.
PLATE XIX. FIG. 6. _a._

6. PENICILLATE (_Penicillata_). Having one or more penicils.--Ex.
_Larva_ of _Orgyia antiqua_.

7. VERRICULE (_Verriculum_). A thick-set tuft of parallel hairs.
PLATE XIX. FIG. 6. _b._

8. VERRICULATE (_Verriculata_). Having one or more
verricules.--Ex. _Larva_ of _Dasychira pudibunda_. _Under side_
of _Abdomen_ of _Megachile_ ♀. (_Apis_ **. c. 2. α. K.).

9. BARBATE (_Barbata_). When any part is clothed with longer
hairs, resembling a _beard_.--Ex. _Anus_ of _Macroglossa
stellatarum_. _Antennæ_ of _Cerambyx Ammiralis_ L. PLATE XII.
FIG. 26.

10. CILIATE (_Ciliata_). When the margin is fringed with a row of
_parallel_ hairs.--Ex. The _base_ and _apex_ of the _Prothorax_
of _Lucanus Cervus_.

11. FIMBRIATE (_Fimbriata_). When a part is terminated by hairs
or bristles that are not parallel.--Ex. _Anus_ of many
_Andrenæ_[1090]. (_Melitta_ **. c. K.).

12. COMATE (_Comata_). When very long flexible hairs thickly cover
a space in the upper surface.

13. CRINITE (_Crinita_). When very long hairs thinly cover any
space.

14. JUBATE (_Jubata_). Having long pendent hairs in a continued
series.--Ex. _Intermediate Legs_ of _Anthophora pilipes_
(_Apis_ **. d. 2. α. K.).

15. FURRED (_Pellita_). When shorter decumbent hairs thickly cover
any space, as in the _Bombyces dorso cristato_ L.

v. COLOUR.

1. NIVEOUS (_Niveus_). The pure unblended white of snow.--Ex.
_Arctia chrysorhea_.

2. WHITE (_Albus_). White less intense than niveous. The colour of
_chalk_.--Ex. _Spilosoma mendica_ ♀.

3. LACTEOUS (_Lacteus_). White with a slight tint of blue. The
colour of _milk_.--Ex. _Minoa lactearia_.

4. CREAM-COLOURED (_Lactifloreus_). White with a proportion of
yellow.--Ex. Pale part of the _Primary wings_ of _Euprepia
Caja_.

5. FLESH-COLOURED (_Carneus_). White tinted with red. The colour
of young and healthy _flesh_.--Ex. _Secondary wings_ of _Sphinx
Ligustri_.

6. HOARY (_Incanus_). White with a small proportion of black. The
colour of a _gray head_. N.B. _This term is usually confined
to_ pubescence.--Ex. _Curculio sulcirostris_.

7. CINEREOUS (_Cinereus_). White with a shade of brown.--Ex.
_Sitona diffinis_, _Dasychira pudibunda_.

8. GRISEOUS (_Griseus_). White mottled with black or brown.--Ex.
_Curculio nebulosus_.

9. YELLOW (_Flavus_). Pure yellow.--Ex. _Bands_ on the _Abdomen_
of _Nomada_ (_Apis_ *. b. K.), _Crabro_, &c.

10. STRAW-COLOURED (_Stramineus_). Pale yellow with a very faint
tint of blue.--Ex. _Ennomos cratægata_.

11. SULPHUREOUS (_Sulphureus_). Yellow with a tint of green. The
colour of _brimstone_.--Ex. _Gonepteryx Rhamni_ ♂.

12. LUTEOUS (_Luteus_). Deep yellow with a tint of red. The colour
of the _yolk_ of an _egg_.--Ex. _Primary wings_ of _Colias
Edusa_.

13. ORANGE (_Aurantius_). Equal parts of red and yellow.--Ex.
_Apex_ of _Wings_ of _Pontia Cardamines_.

14. SAFFRON-COLOURED (_Croceus_). The colour of _saffron_.--Ex.
Yellow in the _Elytra_ of _Trichius fasciatus_.

15. MINIATOUS (_Miniatus_). The colour of _red lead_.--Ex.
_Secondary wings_ of _Euprepia Caja_.

16. FULGID (_Fulgidus_). A bright fiery red.--Ex. _Lycæna
Virgaureæ_ and _Hippothoe_.

17. RUFOUS (_Rufus_). A pale red.--Ex. _Apion frumentarium_.

18. TESTACEOUS (_Testaceus_). The colour of a _tile_, a dull
red.--Ex. _Chrysomela Populi_.

19. SCARLET (_Coccineus_). A bright pale red.--Ex. _Elytra_ of
_Pyrochroa coccinea_.

20. RED (_Ruber_). Pure red.--Ex. _Under Wings_ of _Hypercampa
Dominula_.

21. SANGUINEOUS (_Sanguineus_). Red with a tint of black. The
colour of _blood_.--Ex. _Spots_ in _Chilocorus Cacti_, and
_Prothorax_ of _Locusta morbillosa_.

22. ROSE-COLOURED (_Roseus_). Colour of the _rose_.--Ex. _Parts_ of
the _Wings_ and _Body_ of _Deilephila Elpenor_.

23. CRIMSON (_Puniceus_). A bright red with a tint of blue.--Ex.
_Base_ of the _Under Wings_ of _Catocala Sponsa_.

24. PURPLE (_Purpureus_). Equal parts of blue and red.--Ex. _Sagra
purpurea_. _Vitta_ on the _Elytra_ of _Donacia fasciata_.

25. VIOLET (_Violaceus_). Blue with some red. The colour of _Viola
odorata_.--Ex. _Chrysomela Goettingensis_, _Abdomen_ of
_Geotrupes vernalis_.

26. LILAC (_Lilacinus_). Colour of the flowers of the lilac.--Ex.
Part of the _Iris_ of the _Ocellus_, in the _Wings_ of _Vanessa
Io_.

27. BLUE (_Cyaneus_). Pure blue. Colour of _Centaurea Cyanus_.--Ex.
_Disk_ of the _Wings_ of _Papilio Ulysses_. _Callidium
violaceum._

28. AZURE (_Azureus_). A paler and more brilliant blue.--Ex.
_Wings_ of _Morpho Menelaus_, _Telemachus_, &c.

29. SKY-BLUE (_Cæruleus_). A paler blue. The colour of the
_sky_.--Ex. _Polyommatus Adonis_.

30. CÆSIOUS (_Cæsius_). Very pale blue with a little black. The
colour of _blue eyes_.--Ex. _Under side_ of the _Wings_ of
_Polyommatus Argiolus_.

31. GREEN (_Viridis_). Equal parts of blue and yellow.--Ex.
_Cicindela campestris_.

32. ÆRUGINOUS (_Æruginosus_). Green with a blue tint. The colour of
the _rust of copper_, _verdigris_.--Ex. _Polydrosus Cnides_.

33. PRASINOUS (_Prasinus_). Green with a mixture of yellow. The
colour of the leaves of _leeks_ or _onions_.--Ex. _Pentatoma
prasina_. _Under side_ of _Wings_ of _Thecla Rubi_.

34. GLAUCOUS (_Glaucus_). Pale blueish green. Sea green.--Ex.
_Elytra_ of _Dynastes Hercules_, _Alcides_, _Tityus_, &c.

35. MOUSE-COLOURED (_Murinus_). Black with a small proportion of
yellow. The colour of the common _mouse_.--Ex. _Base_ of the
_abdominal segments_ of _Cossus ligniperda_.

36. LURID (_Luridus_). Yellow with some mixture of brown. Dirty
yellow.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Aphodius luridus_ and _nigrosulcatus_.

37. LIVID (_Lividus_). A pale purplish brown. The colour of a
_bruise_.--Ex. _Berosus luridus_.

38. TAWNY (_Fulvus_). A pale dirty orange.--Ex. The _pale_ parts of
the _Wings_ of _Hipparchia Pamphilus_.

39. FAWN-COLOURED (_Cervinus_). A reddish brown.--Ex. _Lasiocampa
Rubi_.

40. OLIVE (_Olivaceus_). A brownish green. The colour of
_olives_.--Ex. _Dytiscus marginalis_.

41. FUSCOUS (_Fuscus_). A dull brown.--Ex. _Hipparchia Semele_.
_Prionus scabricornis_.

42. FERRUGINOUS (_Ferrugineus_). A yellowish brown with some red.
The colour of the _rust of iron_.--Ex. _Base_ of _Under Wings_
of _Smerinthus Populi_. _Gastropacha quercifolia_.

43. CINNAMON-COLOURED (_Cinnamomeus_). A yellowish brown. The
colour of _cinnamon_.--Ex. _Prionus cinnamomeus_.

44. BROWN (_Brunneus_). Pure brown.--Ex. _Dark_ parts in the
_Primary Wings_ of _Euprepia Caja_.

45. BAY (_Badius_). Bright red brown of the _chestnut_.--Ex.
_Elytra_ of _Melolontha vulgaris_ when the hairs are rubbed off.

46. CHESTNUT (_Castaneus_). Colour of the _dark_ part of the
chestnut.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Lucanus Cervus_.

47. PICEOUS (_Piceus_). Shining reddish black. The colour of
_pitch_.--Ex. _Prionus coriarius_.

48. FULIGINOUS (_Fuliginosus_). The opaque black of _soot_.--Ex.
_Wings_ of _Lithosia rubricollis_.

49. BLACK (_Niger_). A dull black with some brown.--Ex.
_Pachygaster niger_.

50. ATROUS (_Ater_). Pure black of the deepest tint.--Ex. _Liparus
anglicanus_.

vi. SPLENDOUR.

a. GEMMEOUS.

1. MARGARITACEOUS (_Margaritaceus_). Glossy, white with changeable
tints of purple, green, and blue. The splendour of
_pearls_.--Ex. The _drums_ in _Cicada capensis_.

2. OPALINE (_Opalinus_). A blueish white reflecting the prismatic
colours. The splendour of the _opal_.--Ex. _Wings_ of
_Notonecta glauca_ and some _Nepæ_.

3. CRYSTALLINE (_Crystallinus_). The white splendour of _crystal_
or glass.--Ex. _Stemmata_ of many _Hymenoptera_, &c.

4. TOPAZINE (_Topazinus_). The yellow splendour of the
_topaz_.--Ex. Many _Stemmata_ of _Hymenoptera_, and _Eyes_ of
_Spiders_.

5. RUBINEOUS (_Rubineus_). The red splendour of the _ruby_.

6. SMARAGDINE (_Smaragdinus_). The green splendour of the
_emerald_.

7. AMETHYSTINE (_Amethystinus_). The purple splendour of the
_amethyst_.

b. METALLIC.

1. ARGENT (_Argenteus_). The splendour of _silver_.--Ex. The
_spots_ on the _under side_ of the _Wings_ in _Argynnis
Lathonia_, &c.

2. GOLDEN (_Aureus_). The splendour of _gold_.--Ex. _Entimus
imperialis_. _Spot_ in the _Wings_ of _Plusia Festucæ_.

3. ORICHALCEOUS (_Orichalceus_). A splendour intermediate between
that of _gold_ and _brass_.--Ex. _Upper Wings_ of _Plusia
Chrysitis_.

4. ÆNEOUS (_Æneus_). The splendour of _brass_.--Ex. _Elytra_ of
_Carabus clathratus_.

5. CUPREOUS (_Cupreus_). The reddening splendour of _copper_.--Ex.
_Carabus nitens_.

6. CHALYBEOUS (_Chalybeus_). The blue splendour of _steel_
case-hardened, or of the mainspring of a watch.--Ex. _Helops
chalybeus_. _Legs_ of _Lithosia Quadra_.

7. PLUMBEOUS (_Plumbeus_). The colour of _lead_.--Ex. _Prothorax_
of _Clytra dentata_?

8. INAURATE (_Inauratus_). When striæ or other _impressed_ parts
have a metallic splendour.--Ex. _Margin_ of _Prothorax_ and
_Elytra_ of _Carabus violaceus_. _Striæ_ of _Elytra_ &c. of
_Phanæus Mimas_.

9. DEAURATE (_Deauratus_). A metallic hue which looks as if the
gilding was worn off.--Ex. _Donacia ænea_, &c.

c. BOMBYCINE.

1. SERICEOUS (_Sericeus_). The splendour of _silk_.--Ex.
_Cryptocephalus sericeus_.

2. TRAMOSERICEOUS (_Tramosericeus_). The splendour of
_satin_.--Ex. _Chlamys Bacca_, _monstrosa_, &c.

d. REFLECTED.

1. RESPLENDENT (_Splendens_). Reflecting the light intensely.--Ex.
The _Head_ and _Thorax_ of _Philonthus splendens_, _æneus_,
_politus_, &c.

2. SHINING (_Nitidus_). Reflecting the light, but less
intensely.--Ex. _Dytiscus marginalis_.

3. PRUINOSE (_Pruinosus_). When the splendour of the surface is
somewhat obscured by the appearance of a bloom upon it like
that of a plum, but which _cannot be rubbed off_[1091].--Ex.
_Elytra_ of _Serica ruricola_ and _brunnea_.

4. OBSCURE (_Obscurus_). A surface which reflects the light but
little.--Ex. _Pælobius Hermanni_.

5, OPAQUE (_Opacus_). A surface which does not reflect the light
at all.--Ex. _Trox sabulosus_, _arenarius_. _Silpha opaca_.

vii. TRANSPARENCE.

1. HYALINE (_Hyalina_). The clear transparency of glass.--Ex. The
_Wings_ of many _Neuroptera_, _Hymenoptera_, and _Diptera_.

2. DIAPHANOUS (_Diaphana_). Transparent, but less purely than
hyaline. Semitransparent.--Ex. The _Wings_ of many _Coleoptera_.

3. ADIAPHANOUS (_Adiaphana_). Which does not transmit the light at
all.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Coleoptera_.

viii. PAINTING.

1. ATOM (_Atomus_). A very minute dot.

2. IRRORATE (_Irrorata_). Sprinkled with atoms, as the earth with
dew.--Ex. _Onthophagus Vacca_. _Papilio Paris._

3. GUTTA (_Gutta_[1092]). A roundish dot intermediate in size
between an _atom_ and a _macula_.

4. GUTTATE (_Guttata_). Sprinkled with _guttæ_.--Ex. _Coccinella_.

5. MACULA (_Macula_). A larger indeterminately shaped spot.

6. MACULATE (_Maculata_). Painted with such spots.--Ex. _Abraxas
grossulariata_.

7. LITURA (_Litura_). An indeterminate spot growing paler at one
end, as if daubed or blotted.

8. LITURATE (_Liturata_). A surface painted with one or more such
spots.--Ex. _Aphodius conflagratus_.

9. PLAGA (_Plaga_). A long and large spot.--Ex. _Aphodius
plagiatus_.

10. ISLET (_Insula_). A spot of a different colour, included in a
plaga or macula.--Ex. The _Ocelli_ in the _Primary Wings_ of
_Hipparchia Semele_. A _spot_ in the _middle fascia_ of the
_under side_ of the _Primary Wing_ in _Papilio Podalirius_.

11. CREPERA (_Crepera_). A gleam of paler colour upon a dark
ground.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Dytiscus marginalis_.

12. SHADOW (_Umbra_). A slight shade, not easily perceptible upon a
paler ground.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Acanthocinus Ædilis_. _Wings_
of _Plutella asperella_.

13. SIGNATURES (_Signaturæ_). Markings upon a surface resembling in
some degree letters and characters.

14. SIGNATE (_Signatus_). Marked with signatures.--Ex. _Elytra_ of
_Acrocinus longimanus_.

15. INSCRIBED (_Inscriptus_). When the surface is marked with the
resemblance of a letter of any language.--Ex. _Plusia Gamma_.
_Vanessa C. album_.

16. HIEROGLYPHIC (_Hieroglyphicus_). Painted with characters
somewhat resembling hieroglyphics.--Ex. _Acrocinus longimanus_.
_Schizorhina Australasiæ_.

17. ANNULET (_Annulus_). A ring-shaped spot.--Ex. _Cyclophora
omicronaria_, &c. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _o._

18. LUNULET (_Lunula_). A small crescent-shaped spot.--Ex.
_Marginal spots_ above and below the _Secondary Wings_ in
_Melitæa Artemis_, &c.

19. RENICULUS (_Reniculus_). A small kidney-shaped spot.--Ex.
_Upper Wings_ of _Mamestra Persicaria_.

20. OCELLUS (_Ocellus_). An eye-like spot in the _Wings_ of many
_Lepidoptera_, consisting of annuli of different colours,
inclosing a central spot or pupil.

a. PUPIL (_Pupilla_). The central spot of the ocellus. PLATE XIV.
FIG. 1. _t._ An ocellus is called bipupillate, tripupillate,
&c., when there are two, three, &c. of these spots.--Ex.
_Primary Wing_ of _Hipparchia Tithonus_, &c. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1.
_p._

_a._ HASTATE PUPIL (_Pupilla hastata_). When the pupil is a
halberd-shaped spot.--Ex. _Pupil_ of _Ocellus_ of _Aglia Tau_.
PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _k._

_b._ SUFFULTED PUPIL (_Pupilla suffulta_). When the pupil shades
into another colour.--Ex. _Primary Wing_ of _Vanessa Io_.

b. IRIS (_Iris_). The circle which incloses the pupil. PLATE XIV.
FIG. 1. _u._

c. ATMOSPHERE (_Atmosphæra_). The _exterior_ circle of the
ocellus. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _v._

21. BLIND OCELLUS (_Ocellus cæcus_). An ocellus without the
pupil.--Ex. _Hipparchia Davus_.

22. SPURIOUS OCELLUS (_Ocellus spurius_). A circular spot without
any defined iris or pupil.--Ex. _Spot_ in the _Disk_ of the
_Primary Wings_ of _Colias Helice_.

23. SIMPLE OCELLUS (_Ocellus simplex_). When the ocellus consists
only of iris and pupil.--Ex. _Ocelli_ on the _under side_ of
_Primary Wings_ of _Hipparchia Semele_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _t,
n, u._

24. COMPOUND OCELLUS (_Ocellus complexus_). When the ocellus
consists of three or more circles.--Ex. _Saturnia Spini_. PLATE
XIV. FIG. 1. _l._

25. NICTITANT OCELLUS (_Ocellus nictitans_). When the ocellus
includes a lunular spot of a different colour.--Ex. _Under
side_ of _Wings_ of _Morpho Perseus_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _m._

26. FENESTRATE OCELLUS (_Ocellus fenestratus_). When an ocellus has
a transparent spot.--Ex. _Attacus Paphia_ and _Cytherea_.

27. DIOPTRATE OCELLUS (_Ocellus dioptratus_). A fenestrate ocellus
divided by a transverse line.--Ex. _Attacus Polyphemus_.

28. DOUBLE OCELLUS (_Ocellus geminatus_). When two ocelli are
included in the same circle or spot.--Ex. _Under side_ of
_Secondary Wing_ of _Morpho Perseus_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _r, v._

29. TWIN OCELLUS (_Ocellus didymus_). When such ocelli join each
other.--Ex. _Under side_ of _Secondary Wing_ of _Hipparchia
Hyperanthus_.

30. SESQUIALTEROUS OCELLUS (_Ocellus sesquialterus_). An ocellus
with a smaller near it, called also _Sesquiocellus_.--Ex.
_Under side_ of _Secondary Wing_ of _Colias Edusa_. PLATE XIV.
FIG. 1. _q._

31. SUPERCILIUM (_Supercilium_). An arched line resembling an
eyebrow, which sometimes surmounts an eyelet.--Ex. _Under side_
of _Secondary Wing_ of _Morpho Achilles_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1.
_i._

32. NEBULOSE (_Nebulosus_). Painted with colour irregularly
darker and lighter, so as to exhibit some resemblance of
_clouds_.--Ex. _Curculio sulcirostris_, _nebulosus_; _Catocala
nupta_.

33. TESTUDINARIOUS (_Testudinarius_). Painted with red, black
and yellow, like tortoise-shell.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Aphodius
testudinarius_.

34. CONSPERSE (_Conspersus_). Thickly sprinkled with minute
irregular dots often confluent.--Ex. _Biston Betularia_.

35. ACHATINE (_Achatinus_). Painted with various concentric,
curved, or parallel lines, resembling the veining of an
agate.--Ex. _Cossus labyrinthicus_. _Cerura vinula_.

36. USTULATE (_Ustulata_). So marked with brown as to have the
appearance of being _scorched_.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Ennomos
dolabraria_.

37. MARMORATE (_Marmorata_). So painted with streaks, veins, and
clouds, as to resemble _marble_.--Ex. _Under side_ of the
_Wings_ of _Vanessa Io_. _Marmarina marmorata_.

38. TESSELLATE (_Tessellata_). Painted in checquerwork.--Ex.
_Abdomen_ of _Sarcophaga carnaria_ and _Musca maculata_.

39. FASCIA (_Fascia_). A broad transverse band.

a. PYRAMIDATE FASCIA (_Fascia pyramidata_). A band which juts out
into an angle on one side.--Ex. _Wing_ of _Apatura Iris_.
_Argynnis Paphia._ PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _h_.

b. MACULAR FASCIA (_Fascia macularis_). A band consisting of
distinct spots.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Abraxas grossulariata_. PLATE
XIV. FIG. 1. _b._

c. ARTICULATE FASCIA (_Fascia articulata_). A band consisting of
contiguous spots.--Ex. _Under side_ of _Wings_ of _Melitæa
Dictynna_. _Upper side_ of _Primary Wing_ of _Morpho
Menelaus_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _a._

d. DIMIDIATE FASCIA (_Fascia dimidiata_). A band traversing only
_half_ the wing.--Ex. _Primary Wing_ of _Papilio Turnus_. PLATE
XIV. FIG. 1. _f._

e. ABBREVIATE FASCIA (_Fascia abbreviata_). A band traversing
_less_ than _half_ the wing.--Ex. _Primary Wing_ of _Papilio
Podalirius_, _Ajax_, &c. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _g._

f. SESQUIALTEROUS FASCIA (_Fascia sesquialtera_). When both wings
are traversed by a continued band, and either the primary or
secondary by another.--Ex. _Endromis versicolor_. PLATE XIV.
FIG. 1. _d, c._

g. SESQUITERTIOUS FASCIA (_Fascia sesquitertia_). When both wings
are traversed by a continued band, and more than half of
either the primary or secondary by another; or, when a wing or
elytrum contains a band and the third of a band.--Ex. _Tortrix
Avellana_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _d, e._

40. STRIGA (_Striga_). A narrow transverse streak.

41. STRIGOSE (_Strigosa_). Painted with several such streaks.--Ex.
_Ennomos prunaria_.

42. LINE (_Linea_). A narrow _longitudinal_ stripe.

43. LINEATE (_Lineata_). Painted with several such stripes. N.B.
If with two, we say _bilineata_, with three, _trilineata_,
&c.--Ex. _Elater lineatus_.

44. VITTA (_Vitta_). A broad longitudinal stripe.

45. VITTATE (_Vittata_). Painted with several such stripes.--Ex.
_Chrysomela fastuosa_, _cerealis_, &c.

46. UNDULATE (_Undulata_). When fasciæ, strigæ, lines, &c. curve
into alternate sinuses resembling the rise and fall of waves.

47. SINUATO-UNDULATE (_Sinuato-Undulata_). When the sinuses are
obtuse.--Ex. _Boarmia repandaria_.

48. ANGULOSO-UNDULATE (_Anguloso-Undulata_). When they go in
a zigzag direction, or with alternate acute sinuses.--Ex.
_Acidalia undulata_.

49. RADIATE (_Radiata_). When a dot, spot, &c. appear to send forth
rays.--Ex. The large blue _area_ common to all the _Wings_ of
_Papilio Ulysses_.

50. VENOSE (_Venosa_). Painted with lines that branch like
veins.--Ex. _Under side_ of _Wings_ of _Pontia Napi_.

51. CANCELLATE (_Cancellata_). Painted with transverse lines
crossing longitudinal ones at right angles.--Ex. _Macaria
clathrata_.

52. AREOLATE (_Areolata_). Painted with lines which intersect each
other in various directions, so as to exhibit the appearance of
net-work.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Tetanocera marginata_ and _Cossus
ligniperda_.

53. LIMBATE (_Limbata_). When the disk is surrounded by a margin of
a different colour.--Ex. _Dytiscus marginalis_.

54. ARMILLATE (_Armillata_). When a leg, antenna, &c. is surrounded
by a _broad_ ring of a different colour.--Ex. _Posterior Tibia_
of _Prosopis annulata_ (_Melitta_ * b. K.).

55. ANNULATE (_Annulata_). When a leg, antenna, &c. is surrounded
by a _narrow_ ring of a different colour.--Ex. _Antennæ_ of
many _Ichneumons_.

56. CINGULATE (_Cingulata_). When the abdomen or the trunk is
wholly surrounded by one or more belts of a different
colour.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of many _Nomadæ_ (_Apis_ *. b. K.).

57. DECOLORATE (_Decolor_). When the colour appears to be
discharged from any part.--Ex. _Margin_ of the _Abdominal_
segments in _Stelis punctulatissima_ Latr. (_Apis_ ** _c._ 1.
β. K.).

58. UNICOLORATE (_Unicolor_). When a surface is of one colour.

59. CONCOLORATE (_Concolor_). Of the same colour with another part.
If speaking of _Lepidoptera_, when the upper and under sides
of the wings are of the same colour.--Ex. _Hesperia Linea_,
_Paniscus_.

60. DISCOLORATE (_Discolor_). Of a different colour from another
part. When the upper and under sides of the wings of
_Lepidoptera_ are of a different colour.--Ex. _Polyommatus
Corydon_, _Argiolus_, &c.

61. VERSICOLORATE (_Versicolor_). When a surface changes its colour
as the light varies.--Ex. _Apatura Iris_ ♂.

62. IRIDESCENT (_Iricolor_). When a surface reflects the colours of
the rainbow.--Ex. _Mesothorax_ of _Xylocopa iricolor_. _Wings_
of _Hymenoptera_, &c.

63. INFUSCATE (_Infuscata_). When a colour is darkened by the
superinduction of a brownish shade or cloud.--Ex. _Apex_ of the
_Upper Wings_ of _Cossus ligniperda_.

ix. DISTINCTION.

1. DISTINCT (_Distincta_). When spots, puncta, granules, &c.
do not touch or run into each other, but are completely
separate.--Ex. _Under side_ of _Wings_ of _Lycæna Hippothoe_.

2. ORDINATE (_Ordinata_). When spots, puncta, &c. are placed in
_rows_. Thus we say ordinato-punctate, ordinato-maculate,
&c.--Ex. _Spots_ on the _Abdomen_ of _Spilosoma lubricipeda_,
_erminea_, &c.

3. CONTIGUOUS (_Contigua_). When spots, &c. are so near that they
almost or altogether touch each other.--Ex. _Spots_ in the
_margin_ of the _Wings_ of _Argynnis Aglaia_.

4. CONFLUENT (_Confluens_). When spots, &c. run into each
other.--Ex. _Apex_ of the _Primary Wings_ and _Under side_ of
the _Secondary_ in _Pontia Daplidice_.

5. OBLITERATE (_Obliterata_). When the borders of spots fade into
the general ground-colour; and when elevations and depressions,
&c. are so little raised or sunk from the general surface,
as to be almost erased.--Ex. _Streak_ in the _Wings_ of
_Hipparchus papilionarius_, &c. _Striæ_ in the _Elytra_ of
_Sphodrus leucophthalmus_.

6. OBSOLETE (_Obsoleta_). When a spot, tubercle, punctum, &c. is
scarcely discoverable. Ex. _Lycæna Hippothoe_ ♂ and ♀.--N.B.
_This term is often employed where one sex, kindred species, or
genera, want, or nearly so, a character which is conspicuous
in the other sex, or in the species or genus to which they are
most closely allied._

7. GEMINOUS (_Gemina_). When there is a pair of spots,
tubercles, puncta, &c.--Ex. _Head_ of one sex of _Dorcus
parallelopipedus_. _Upper Wings_ of _Odenestis potatoria_.

8. DIDYMOUS (_Didyma_). When this pair of spots, &c. touch or
are confluent.--Ex. _Spots_ in _Elytra_ of _Tylostagmus
quadrimaculatus_.

9. CONNIVENT (_Connivens_). The meeting of two lines so as to form
an angle.--Ex. _Streaks_ on the _Under side_ of _Secondary
Wings_ of _Thecla Pruni_.

10. COMMON (_Communis_). Common to two. When a spot for instance is
partly on one elytrum and partly on the other.--Ex. _Coccinella
septempunctata_.

VIII. MARGIN.

1. CRISP (_Crispa_). When the _Limb_ is disproportionably larger
than the _Disk_, so as to render the margin uneven with
irregular rises and falls.

2. UNDULATE (_Undulata_). When the surface rises and falls
obtusely, not in angles.--Ex. _Margin_ of _Wings_ of
_Hipparchia Semele_.

3. CORRUGATE (_Corrugata_). When the surface rises and falls
acutely in angles.--Ex. _Acidalia luteata_, &c.

4. PLICATE (_Plicata_). Longitudinally or transversely folded;
or so impressed with striæ as to have that appearance.--Ex.
_Abdomen_ of _Staphylinus_.

5. DILATATE (_Dilatata_). Dilated disproportionably with respect
to the Disk.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Necrophorus_.

6. FILATE (_Filata_). When the _edge_ is separated by a channel,
often producing a very slender threadlike margin.--Ex. _Elytra_
of _Choleva_.

7. INCRASSATE (_Incrassata_). When the margin is disproportionably
thick.--Ex. Mr. Marsham's Family of _Chrysomela_ "thorace
utrinque incrassato."

8. INTIRE (_Integra_). When the margin has neither teeth,
serratures, nor other incisions.

9. CHANNEL (_Canalis_). An impressed line more or less wide,
which attends the edges, and is usually produced by its
reflexion.

10. EDGE (_Acies_). The extreme termination of the margin.

IX. TERMINATION.

1. SUMMIT (_Fastigium_). The tip or extreme termination of the
upper part.

2. APEX (_Apex_). The top or upper termination of any part.

3. BOTTOM (_Fundus_). The extreme termination of the lower part.

4. BASE (_Basis_). The lower termination of any part.

5. ACUTE (_Acuta_). Terminating in an acute angle. PLATE XV. FIG.
17.

6. OBTUSE (_Obtusa_). Terminating bluntly, but within the segment
of a circle. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. f.

7. ROTUNDATE (_Rotundata_). Terminating in the segment of a
circle.--PLATE VI. FIG. 1. e.

8. TRUNCATE (_Truncata_). Terminating in a transverse line. PLATE
XIII. FIG. 5. a´´´.

9. PREMORSE (_Præmorsa_). Terminating in an irregular truncate
apex, as if bitten off.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Lebia_, _Dromia_,
_Lomechusa_, &c.

10. RETUSE (_Retusa_). Terminating in an obtuse sinus.--Ex. _Back_
part of the _Head_ in _Cimbex_.

11. EMARGINATE (_Emarginata_). When the end has an obtuse notch
taken out.--Ex. _Nose_ of _Pedinus arenosus_.

12. EXSCINDED (_Excisa_). When the end has an angular notch taken
out.--Ex. _Nose_ of _Opatrum sabulosum_.

13. PRODUCTED (_Producta_). Disproportionably long.

14. MUCRONATE (_Mucronata_). Terminating suddenly in a strong
point.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Lixus paraplecticus_. _Abdomen_ of
_Sirex Gigas_ ♀.

15. ACUMINATE (_Acuminata_). Terminating gradually in a sharp
point.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Sirex Juvencus_ ♀.

16. APICULATE (_Apiculata_). Terminating suddenly in a small
filiform truncate apex.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Thelyphonus_.

17. CUSPIDATE (_Cuspidata_). Terminating in a long setiform
point.--Ex. _Tail_ of _Scorpio_.

X. INCISION.

1. INCISED (_Incisa_). Cut into equal marginal segments.

2. CLEFT (_Fissa_). Cut into equal and deep segments, but not
reaching the base. PLATE XIV. FIG. 3. _a._

a. BIFID (_Bifida_). Cut into _two_ segments.

b. TRIFID (_Trifida_). Cut into _three_.

c. QUADRIFID (_Quadrifida_). Cut into _four_.

d. MULTIFID (_Multifida_). Cut into _more_ than _four_.

3. LACINIATE (_Laciniata_). Cut into unequal, irregular, and deep
segments.

4. SQUARROSE (_Squarrosa_). Cut into laciniæ that are elevated
above the plane of the surface.

5. PARTITE (_Partita_). Divided to the base. PLATE XIV. FIG. 3.
_b._

a. BIPARTITE (_Bipartita_). Divided thus into _two_ parts.

b. TRIPARTITE (_Tripartita_). Divided into _three_ parts.

c. QUADRIPARTITE (_Quadripartita_). Divided into _four_ parts.

d. MULTIPARTITE (_Multipartita_). Divided into _more_ than _four_
parts.

6. LOBATE (_Lobata_). Divided to the middle into parts with
convex margins, which recede from each other.--Ex. _Acanthia
paradoxa_. _Bilobate_, with _two_ lobes. _Trilobate_, with
_three_ lobes, &c.

7. CRUCIATE (_Cruciata_). Divided to the middle into four opposite
arms, the angles being either four right ones, or two obtuse
and two acute.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of many _Locustæ_.

8. SINUATE (_Sinuata_). Having large curved breaks in the margin
resembling bays. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1.

9. EROSE (_Erosa_). Sinuate, with the sinuses cut out into smaller
irregular notches as if gnawed.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Vanessa C.
album_.

10. CRENATE (_Crenata_). Cut into segments of small circles.

11. SERRATE (_Serrata_). Cut into teeth like a saw, with teeth
whose sides are unequal.--Ex. _External margin_ near the _Apex_
of the _Elytra_ of many species of _Buprestis_.

12. DENTATE (_Dentata_). Cut into teeth, with teeth whose sides are
equal or nearly so.--Ex. The _Wings_ of many _Butterflies_.

13. REPAND (_Repanda_). Cut into very slight sinuations, so as to
run in a serpentine direction. PLATE XXII. FIG. 11. _s._

XI. RAMIFICATION.

1. DICHOTOMOUS (_Dichotoma_). Dividing regularly in pairs.

2. FURCATE (_Furcata_). Dividing into two. PLATE XVIII. FIG. 11.

3. RAMOSE (_Ramosa_). Furnished with lateral branches. PLATE XI.
FIG. 18.

4. DECUSSATE (_Decussata_). Sending forth lateral branches which
alternately cross each other.

5. DIVARICATE (_Divaricata_). Standing out very wide.

XII. DIVISION.

1. SEGMENT (_Segmentum_). The great inosculating joints of the
body.

2. JOINT (_Articulus_). The joints of a limb or member.

3. INCISURE (_Incisura_). A deep incision between the segments,
when they recede from each other.

4. SUTURE (_Sutura_). The line of separation of any two parts of a
crust which are connected only by membrane or ligament, but do
not inosculate.

a. SPURIOUS SUTURE (_Sutura spuria_). An impressed line in any
part of a body, which resembles a suture, but does not really
divide the crust.

XIII. DIRECTION.

1. LONGITUDINAL (_Longitudinalis_). Running lengthwise.

2. TRANSVERSE (_Transversa_). Running across: when the
longitudinal line is cut through at _right_ angles.

3. OBLIQUE (_Obliqua_). Running sideways. When the longitudinal
line is cut through at _acute_ angles.

4. HORIZONTAL (_Horizontalis_). Parallel with the horizon.

5. ERECT (_Erecta_). Nearly perpendicular.

6. VERTICAL (_Verticalis_). Perpendicular.

7. SLOPING (_Declivis_). A gentle descent.

8. DESCENDING (_Descendens_). A steeper descent.

9. ACCLIVOUS (_Acclivis_). A gentle ascent.

10. ASCENDING (_Ascendens_). A steeper ascent.

11. RECLINED (_Reclinata_). Leaning towards any thing as if to
repose upon it.

12. RECUMBENT (_Recumbens_). Leaning or reposing upon any thing.

13. REFLEXED (_Reflexa_). Bent back or upwards.

14. INFLEXED (_Inflexa_). Bent inwards.

15. RECURVED (_Recurva_). Curving outwards.

16. INCURVED (_Incurva_). Curving inwards.

17. REVOLUTE (_Revoluta_). Rolled outwards.

18. INVOLUTE (_Involuta_). Rolled inwards.

19. FORWARDS (_Antrorsum_).

20. BACKWARDS (_Retrorsum_).

21. UPWARDS (_Sursum_).

22. DOWNWARDS (_Deorsum_).

23. OUTWARDS (_Extrorsum_).

24. INWARDS (_Introrsum_).

25. STRAIGHT (_Recta_).

26. PORRECT (_Porrecta_). Reaching forth horizontally as if to meet
something advancing.

27. BROKEN (_Fracta_). Bent with an elbow, as if broken.

28. CONVERGING (_Convergens_). Tending to one point from different
parts.

29. DIVERGING (_Divergens_). Tending to different parts from one
point.

XIV. SITUATION.

1. OBVERSE (_Obversa_). When an object is viewed with its _head_
towards you.

2. REVERSE (_Reversa_). When an object is viewed with its _anus_
towards you.

3. RESUPINE (_Resupina_). When an object lies upon its back.

4. PRONE (_Prona_). When an object lies upon its belly.

XV. CONNEXION.

1. COLLIGATE (_Colligata_). Adhering, or so fixed to any part as
to have no separate motion of its own.

2. FREE (_Libera_). Having a motion independent of that of the
part to which it is affixed.

3. CONNATE (_Connata_). When parts that are usually separated,
are, as it were, soldered together, though distinguished by a
suture.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Gibbium_.

4. COALITE (_Coalita_). When parts usually separate are
distinguished neither by incisure, segment, nor suture.--Ex.
_Trunk_ in _Mutilla_.

5. DISTINCT (_Distincta_). When parts are separated from each
other by a _suture_.--Ex. Parts of the _Trunk_ in _Coleoptera_,
&c.

6. DISTANT (_Distans_). When they are separated by an
_incisure_.--Ex. _Head_, _Trunk_, and _Abdomen_, in
_Hymenoptera_.

7. INOSCULATING (_Inosculans_). When one part is inserted into the
cavity of another.--Ex. _Head_ in _Buprestis_.

8. SUSPENDED (_Suspensa_). When one part is joined to another
by a ligature, without being inserted in it.--Ex. _Legs_ of
_Orthoptera_. #/

XVI. ARMS.

1. TOOTH (_Dens_). A short flattish process, somewhat resembling a
_tooth_.

2. HORN (_Cornu_). A longer process, resembling a _horn_.

a. LAMINATE HORN (_Cornu laminatum_). A horn dilated at its base
into a flat plate.--Ex. _Onthophagus nutans_.

b. NODDING HORN (_Cornu nutans_). When a horn bends forwards.--Ex.
_Onthophagus nutans_.

3. SPINE (_Spina_). A fine, long, rigid, pointed process.--Ex.
Those on _Elytra_ of many _Hispæ_, and the _Posterior Tibiæ_ of
_Locusta_.

4. MUCRO (_Mucro_). A short, stout, sharp-pointed process.--Ex.
_Elytra_ of _Lixus paraplecticus_.

5. SPUR (_Calcar_). A spine that is not a process of the crust,
but is implanted in it.--Ex. Those on the lower side of the
_Tibiæ_ of _Acrida_.

XVII. APPENDAGES.

1. AURICLE (_Auricula_). An appendage resembling an ear.--Ex.
_Thorax_ of _Ledra aurita_.

2. CARUNCLE (_Caruncula_). Having fleshy excrescences somewhat
resembling the caruncles of birds.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of
_Malachius_.

XVIII. MOTION.

1. VERTICAL (_Verticalis_). When it is up and down.

2. HORIZONTAL (_Horizontalis_). When it is from side to side.

3. COMPOUND (_Composita_). When a part is capable of both vertical
and horizontal motion.

4. VERSATILE (_Versatilis_). When it moves partly round as if upon
a pivot.--Ex. Head of _Hymenoptera_ and _Diptera_.

5. VIBRATILE (_Vibratilis_). When there is a constant oscillation
of any part.--Ex. Antennæ of the _Chalcidites_. Legs of
_Tipula_ when reposing.

6. ROTATORY (_Rotatoria_). When a body or a part of it turns
wholly round, or describes a circle.--Ex. _Ants_ and _Moths_ in
a certain _disease_[1093].

XIX. SCENT.

1. ACID (_Acidus_). A pungent acid scent.--Ex. Many _Formicæ_.

2. MOSCHATE (_Moschatus_). A scent of _musk_.

3. ALLIACEOUS (_Alliaceus_). A scent of _garlic_.--Ex. Some
_Andrenæ_.

4. CIMICINE (_Cimicinus_). A scent like that of the Bed-bug.--Ex.
_Cimex_.

5. ROSACEOUS (_Rosaceus_). A scent of _roses_.--Ex. _Cerambyx
moschatus_.

6. AROMATIC (_Aromaticus_). A pungent scent of spices.--Ex.
_Oxytelus rugosus_.

7. BALM-SCENTED (_Melissæus_).--Ex. The species of _Prosopis_
(_Apis_ *. b. K.).

8. SWEET-SCENTED (_Odoratus_). An undefined sweet scent.--Ex.
_Philonthus suaveolens_.

9. FETID (_Fœtidus_). A disagreeable scent.--Ex. _Goerius olens_.
_Chrysopa Perla_. #/

_GENERAL RULES._

In the above tables no notice is taken of diminutives, compounds, and similar terms, because it seemed best, with respect to these, to lay down only some general rules which may include the whole.

RULE I.

Terms in English ending in _cle_, _ule_, or _let_, and which in Latin add _lus_, _la_, or _lum_, to a word, _diminish_ its sense. As, Denti_cle_, a little tooth; Set_ule_, a little bristle; Eye_let_, a small eye: Denticu_lus_, a little dens; Guttu_la_, a little gutta; Punctu_lum_, a little punctum. N.B. Where length or breadth are concerned, the diminutive implies a diminution in the length of the predicate. As, Lineo_la_, Lineo_let_, a short line; Strio_la_, Strio_let_, a short stria; Fascio_la_, Fascio_let_, a short fascia.

RULE II.

The preposition _sub_ prefixed to any word _reduces_ the sense of it. As, _Sub_punctate, not fully punctate; _Sub_hirsute, not fully hirsute, &c.

RULE III.

The termination _culus_ in Latin words added to a comparative implies the state of the object comparatively. As, Convexius_culus_, rather convex than not; Majus_culus_, rather large than not. This is usually denoted in English by the termination _ish_, or the adverb _rather_; as, larg_ish_, _rather_ large, &c.

RULE IV.

The participle present used instead of the adjective implies a _tendency_ to the quality expressed by it. As, _Cinerascens_, cinerascent, tending to cinereous, &c.

RULE V.

The preposition _ob_ prefixed to a term reverses it. As, _Ob_conical, _Ob_cordate, a conical or heart-shaped body, of which the narrowest part is the base.

RULE VI.

In compound terms the _last_ member indicates the _preponderating_ character. For instance, when it is said of a body that it is _nigro-æneous_, it means that the æneous tint prevails: but if, _vice versâ_, it is termed _æneo-nigrous_, the black tint is predominant.--N.B. In Sculpture the terms punctato-striate, or punctato-sulcate, signify that striæ or furrows are drawn with puncta in them.

_Exception_ 1.

Some compound terms only indicate the union of two characters in one subject. As, when we say of wings that they are cruciato-incumbent, we mean both that they cross each other and are incumbent upon the body.

_Exception_ 2.

Compound terms are sometimes employed very conveniently to restrict the application of a character to particular circumstances. As, when we say hirsuto-cinereous, we mean that the hirsuties only of a body is cinereous.

RULE VII.

When the term ordinary (_ordinarius_) is added either to terms expressing impressed puncta, lines, spots, &c., it signifies that such puncta, lines, or spots are common to a particular section in any genus or tribe. As, the impressed lateral puncta on the thorax of _Scarabæidæ_; the lateral furrows and dorsal channel in the ground beetles (_Eutrech_in_a_), and the spots in the primary wings of _Xylina Polyodon_ and affinities[1094].

_SYMBOLS._

Male ♂. Female ♀. Neuter ⫯. Egg θ. Larva ⊕. Pupa ☽. Imago ⊙. Head △.
Trunk □. Abdomen ▽[1095].

B. PARTIAL ORISMOLOGY.

I. BODY (_CORPUS_).

1. DISJUNCT (_Disjunctum_). When head, trunk, and abdomen are
separated by a _deep_ incisure.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_, _Diptera_.
PLATE IV. FIG. 2, 3, 5.

2. COMPACT (_Compactum_). When head, trunk, and abdomen are
_not_ separated by a _deep_ incisure, but inosculate in each
other.--Ex. _Buprestis_, _Elater_, and many other _Coleoptera_,
_Orthoptera_, and _Hemiptera_.

3. BISECT (_Bisectum_). When the head and trunk are not separated
by a suture, so that the insect consists only of _two_
pieces.--Ex. _Araneidea_. PLATE V. FIG. 4.

4. COALITE (_Coalitum_). When neither head, trunk, nor abdomen
are separated by any incisure or suture.--Ex. Many _Acari_ L.,
_Phalangium_, &c.

5. MULTISECT (_Multisectum_). When an insect appears to have no
distinct trunk and abdomen, but is divided into numerous
segments.--Ex. _Scolopendra_; _Iulus_, &c. PLATE V. FIG. 6.

6. CYMBIFORM (_Cymbiforme_). When the margin of the thorax and
elytra are recurved so as to give a body the resemblance of the
inside of a _boat_.--Ex. _Heleus_, _Cossyphus_.

II. HEAD (_CAPUT_).

i. DIRECTION.

1. PROMINENT (_Prominens_). When the head is in the horizontal
line, and forms no angle with the trunk.--Ex. _Carabus_. PLATE
I. FIG. 1.

2. PORRECTED (_Porrectum_). When the head is prominent and
elongate.--Ex. _Cychrus_.

3. NUTANT (_Nutans_). When the head forms downwards an _obtuse_
angle with the horizontal line, or trunk.--Ex. _Harpalus_.

4. CERNUOUS (_Cernuum_). When the head forms downwards a _right_
angle with the trunk.--Ex. Most _Gryllina_ and _Locustina_.

5. INFLEXED (_Inflexum_). When the head forms inwards an _acute_
angle with the trunk.--Ex. _Blatta_. PLATE II. FIG. 3.

6. TURRETED (_Turritum_). When the head is producted into a kind
of columnar recurved turret or rostrum, in the sides of which,
towards the end, the eyes are fixed.--Ex. _Truxalis_. #/

ii. INSERTION.