Chapter XXII: Appendix: De Genitalibus Et Generatione Insectorum (1)

Inter tot et tanta OPTIMI CREATORIS miracula, quæ _Regnum Animale_ tantopere illustrant, vix ulla sunt majori admiratione digna, et Physiologi eruditi introspectione, quam quæ ad generationem insectorum spectant. Quamvis enim inter sexûs organa vertebratorum animalium et insectorum analogia haud parva locum habet; numero tamen, figura et proportione partium, miro modo sæpius differunt; et organa insuper plura in insectis reperiuntur quorum in vertebratis exempla frustra quæsiveris.

Hoc argumentum tractando duo sunt imprimis consideranda, _genitalia_ nempe ipsa utriusque sexûs, et _coitus_.

I. De _genitalibus_ in genere prima observatio erit, "quo minor horum, habita corporis ratione, moles, eo magis nervorum systema, et cephalicum imprimis ganglium, predominans fit; eo major igitur intellectûs facultas (instincto naturali consociata) reperitur," ut in principibus, _Apibus_ nempe, _Formica_, &c.[1599] In _Hymenopteris_, iterum, _Dipteris_, et _Neuropteris_, hæc organa maxime retracta sunt; dum in _Lepidopteris_, _Coleopteris_, et _Orthopteris_ (quorum insuper mascula et feminea insigniter inter se congruunt[1600]), magis exserta jacent[1601]. Genitalia plerumque in extremitate postica abdominis sub _ano_ sita sunt[1602], sed in _Arachnidis_ et _Libellulinis_ masculis in basi _ventris_, in _Phalangio_ sub _ore_, et in _Chilognathis_ in anteriore corporis parte subtus latitant[1603]. Ubi organa duplicantur, ut _testes_, semper symmetrica sunt. Non obliviscendum est quòd in diversis generibus habitu externo persimili consociatis, imò in diversis unius generis speciebus genitalia diversa interdum reperiuntur[1604]: sic in Lamellicornibus _stercorariis_ (_Scarabæus_, _Copris_, &c.), testes tantummodo sunt _duo_; in _arboreis_ (_Melolontha_, &c.) _duodecim_, et in _floralibus_ (_Cetonia_, &c.) _viginti-quatuor_.

Genitalia sunt vel _mascula_ vel _feminea_.

i. Genitalia _mascula_, sunt _penis_; _canalis excretorius_; _vesiculæ seminales_; _vasa deferentia_; _testes_; _prehensores_; et _semen_.

1. _Penis_[1605] quoad _substantiam_ plerumque membranaceus, at interdum corneus est, et intus cavernosus[1606]; in _Coleopteris_ apice vagina bivalvi vulvam aperiente instructus est[1607]: _figura_ variat admodum, sæpius tamen cylindricus vel subcylindricus est; in _Blattis_ apicem versus sensim attenuatus[1608]; in _Cherme Pyri_ capitatus[1609]; in _Vespa vulgari_ cochleariformis[1610]; in _Crabrone_ bilobus[1611]; in _Poliste gallica_? incurvus et apice bicornis[1612]; in _Sarcophaga carnaria_ apice spinosus[1613]; in _Megachile muraria_ difformis[1614]; in _Tyrophaga Casei_ et quibusdam aliis _Muscidis_, spiralis[1615]; in _Cordulia ænea_ et _Phalangio_ biarticulatus[1616]. Utplurimum nudus est, sed in _Tephrite_ fimbriatus. In insectis proprie dictis _simplex_ est hoc organon, in _Scorpionibus_ autem _duplex_ evadit; quod fit etiam in quibusdam reptilibus, _Serpentibus_ nempe et _Lacertis_[1617].

2. _Canalis excretorius_ e concursu vesicularum seminalium formatur, et a _pene_ excipitur in quo terminat et cui semen reddit; interdum brevissimus est, ut in _Blatta_[1618], et interdum iterum prælongus, ut in _Blapte Mortisaga_, _Tyrophaga Casei_, et aliis[1619]. Plerumque cylindricus est, musculosus, compactus, et externe tracheis pertextus[1620].

3. _Vesiculæ seminales_ conniventes formant, ut jam dictum est, canalem excretorium communem cujus prolongatio bifida esse videntur; vasa deferentia hinc excipiunt. Interdum vasa hæc ac vesiculæ seminales eodem loco in canali excretorio communi terminant, unde canalis hic tumidior fit[1621]. Vesiculæ supradictæ maxime variant: modo canalem exhibent ventricosum, tortum, implexum, longissimum; modo rectum, breviorem. In plerisque _duæ_ sunt vesiculæ seminales, etiam in _Lepidopteris_ monorchidis; in quibusdam (_Tenebrione Molitore_, _Hydrophilo piceo_) _quatuor_[1622]; in aliis (_Dytisco marginali_) _sex_[1623]; et, in _Locustis_ et _Blatta_, _plurimæ_[1624]. Breves admodum sunt in _Orthopteris_ et quibusdam _Coleopteris_[1625]; sed in aliis longissimæ; in _Orycte nasicorni_ vicies, et in _Cetonia aurata_ ter decies corpus longitudine superant[1626]. In hisce organis semen e testibus per vasa deferentia acceptum ante emissionem elaboratur.

4. _Vasa deferentia_ ita appellantur quia semen e testibus acceptum ad vesiculas seminales _deferunt_. Ex utroque teste unum vas deferens exit, et si utrinque plures sint testes, ut in _Melolontha_[1627], _Cetonia_, &c., omnia ad unicum utrinque canalem formandum confluunt, qui vesiculis supradictis semen reddit: interdum, ut in _Lepidopteris_[1628], ab his nullo modo separantur, unum canalem aut tubum formantia; sed in aliis penitus sunt distincta[1629]. Ex eodem filo quo contexuntur testes vasa deferentia sæpius deducuntur.

5. _Testes_ organa sunt semen primum secernentia: variant _compositione_, _numero_, et _figura_. In quibusdam (_Lepidopteris_ et _Hymenopteris_) sunt compacti vasculis visui se subducentibus; in aliis (_Orthopteris_, _Neuropteris_, _Dipteris_, et quibusdam _Coleopteris_) e vasculis brevibus cæcis variique voluminis conformati sunt, atque tunica densa tenaci vel rete tantum mucoso obducti[1630]; vel iterum ex unico variisque modis tecto canali varie contorto et implexo, qui deduci potest et haud raro massam ovalem trachearum ope contextam refert, conflantur, ut in _Coleopteris Prædaceis_ tam aquaticis quam terrestribus[1631].

_Numero_ etiam variant testes. Quædam _Lepidoptera_, ut _Pontia Brassicæ_, item _Iulidæ_[1632], _unico_ gaudent; pleraque tamen insecta animalia vertebrata hic æmulantur, et testibus instruuntur _duobus_; in _Nepa cinerea_ et reliquis _Hemipteris_ quatuor vel quinque[1633], in _Melolontha vulgari_ sex[1634], et in _Cetonia aurata_ duodecim[1635], utrinque deteguntur. Interdum ex acinis pluribus compacti videntur, et bacciformes appellari possunt. In _Lamia_ duodecim glandulæ in utroque teste coalitæ inveniuntur[1636], et in _Tenebrione Molitore_ plurimæ[1637].

Quoad _figuram_, interdum, ut in _Pontia_ Papilionum genere, spherici evadunt[1638]; in _Gryllo_ pyriformes[1639]; in _Ape mellifica_ oblongi[1640]; lineares et longissimi in _Procruste coriaceo_, in quo _decies_ longitudine corpus superant[1641]; in _Nepa cinerea_ sub-ovati, et singuli filamento longo varie convoluto et contorto terminati[1642].

In _larvis_ etiam hæc organa detegere est. Sic in eruca _Pontiæ_ quatuor testes sunt utrinque, vel potius unicus ex quatuor serie ordinatis, conflatus[1643]. Hi sensim coacervantur donec in sphæricum testem antea descriptum coalescant.

6. _Prehensores_[1644] sunt organa figura varia quibuscum mas in coitu feminæ anum corripit et comprimit. Quoddam analogum in quibusdam _Mammaliis_, _Avibus_, _Piscibus_, et _Reptilibus_[1645] invenitur, sed in insectis maxime conspicui. Eorum _situs_, _numerus_; et _forma_, sunt notandi.

Quoad _situm_--circa foramen per quem prodit penis sub ano plerumque sunt inserti, sed in _Conope_ cornu prehensorium in segmento ventrali antepenultimo deprehenditur[1646]; et in _Libellulinis_, præter prehensores _anales_, par est aliud anum spectans, in secundo _ventris_ segmento pone penis ipsius situm[1647]. Prehensorum _numerus_ minime constans: plerumque _duo_ sunt, sed in _Cicada_, _unicus_ furcatus tantummodo videre est[1648]; in _Lepidopteris_ variis, _Conope_, _Libellulidis_, _tres_ anum armant, difformes tamen[1649]; _duo paria Culicem_ signant[1650], _Megachilem murariam_[1651], et _Agrionidas_[1652]; in _Locustis_ veris intra abdomen retracta sunt hæc organa; in pupa tamen _L. morbillosæ_, in nostro musæo asservata, _quinque_ apparent; _sex_ in _Formicis_ De Geerius detexit, sed in cognato genere _Myrmica_, _duo_ tantum[1653]; _quatuor paribus_ postremo _Tipula oleracea_ instructa est. Prehensorum _forma_ multifarie variat, imò haud raro in specie eadem: interdum enim _prehensioni_ soli hujusmodi instrumenta sunt adaptata, aliis diversæ figuræ _compressionem_ efficientibus; interdum et utroque munere funguntur. In _Pontia Brassicæ_, in qua par _unicum_, concavo-convexi sunt, deltoidei, intus setis rigidis fimbriati, et apice dente incurvo armati[1654]; in _Acrida varia_ tenues, simplices, recurvi; in _Spilosomate lubricipeda_, quæ _tribus_ gaudet, laterales sunt concavo-convexi, ovati, dum intermedius brevior est, triangularis et unguiculo armatus[1655]; in _Cordulia ænea_, et affinibus, _duo superiores_ sunt lineares et undulati, et _inferior unicus_ profunde bifidus[1656]; in _Vanessa Urticæ_ exteriores duo sunt conchiformes, par autem interius unguiforme[1657]; in _Culice_ superiores longiores conici hirsuti, inferiores breviores et ut in præcedente unguem referunt[1658]; in _Tipula oleracea_, in qua _octuplici_ prehensore anus armatus, valvulæ omnes figura diversæ--par exterius nempe concavum membranaceum reliquos includens, secundum unguiculatum, tertium subclavatum, et ultimum fere lunatum[1659]; in _Megachile muraria_, inter alios diversos, unum par literæ T formam habet[1660]; in _Bombo_ forceps analis bivalvis est intus ramosus[1661]; et in _Panorpa_ cheliformis[1662].

7. De _semine_ ipso insectorum paucula sunt notanda. Fluidum est spissum, lacteum, granulis repletum; sub lente punctula numerosa, nigra, oblonga, incurva, in illo deteguntur. Quoad _analysin_ ejus, neque alkalinum neque acidum est, sed quoddam neutrum inter hos intermedium. Ex sanie vel sanguine deoxydato, et durante coitu copiosissime secernitur: in aqua tepida solvitur, et conquassatum fundum petit: spiritu vini rectificato superfuso flocculi quidam formantur[1663].

ii. _Genitalia_ feminea _vulva_ excepta antea tractavi[1664], hæc est tubus subcylindricus, foramine ovali vel lunato ab ano distincto, cum matrice connexus, et per quem semen in coitu transmittitur. In _Scorpionibus_ duplicem esse vulvam affirmatur duobus ovariis connexum[1665].

II. _Coitus._--Coitum insectorum tractaturo paucula de lenociniis amatoriis, et aliis ejusmodi, quæ antecedunt, sunt prædicenda. _Olfactu_ mares _Phalænarum_ interdum feminam latentem, uti canis leporem, odorantur[1666]; splendore phosphorico _Lampyrides_ et quorundam aliorum insectorum feminæ maritum ad lectum gramineum prælucent; et huc referri forsan debet plurium cæcus ardor lumina circumvolandi, vel etiam in lumen irruendi; _sonus_ excitat feminas _Cicadarum_ et _Gryllinarum_[1667], &c. ad amores, et cantu stridulo querelisque amatoriis diem ducit mas cupidus, donec sponsa advolat, et tori foliosi fit haud invita particeps. Sonitu etiam uterque sexus formidati _Anobii_ mutuo sese provocant ad venerem[1668].

In plurimis tamen insectis femina fit modestiæ et pudicitiæ exemplar, et non nisi difficillime et capite averso maris ardori se tradit. In insectorum moribus et œconomia virtutum plurimarum typum quendam et delineationem nobis proposuit DEUS O. M., quem imitari nos voluit, interdum jussit[1669]. Sic excitare nos ad laborem indefessum, ad prudentiam item et amorem erga prolem _Formicæ_ dedit[1670]: _Api_ ad devotam sui consecrationem, et omnium facultatum et virium ad reipublicæ emolumentum, ad obsequium quoque verum erga parentes et regem[1671]; atque ita, ut jam dictum est, in re amatoria insectorum feminæ sæpe speciem præ se ferunt pudoris et castitatis, et virginibus verecundiam, virtutum omnium custodem, et sexûs sui ornamentum maxime proprium, moribus suis prædicant. Hujus modestiæ exemplar insigne præbent _Libellulinæ_. Œstro amoris concitus, mas feminæ collum _prehensore_ anali triphyllo arripit et avolat, illam quasi prædam secum gerens; sponsæ sic electæ, persuadere in animo est ut caudam suam inflecteret, et ad coitum se daret, quod, illa invita, fieri nequit; maris enim genitalia, ut antea dictum est, in basi ventris sita, feminæ vero in extremo ano; hinc, nolente illa, vix fit coitus, et sæpissime longo et vano labore, huc illuc volando virginem protervam frustra solicitat; sed tandem lacessitus aquas petit, quas sponsæ cauda longa, me teste, sæpius flagellat, donec defatigata, et quasi ex frigido calorem concipiens, demum et sensim caudam inflectit, et se reddit amori[1672]. _Araneam_ ferocem, sævam etiam in amoribus, mas caute appropinquat, et, si blanditiis ejus minus propitiam sese ostendat, cito resilit, ne osculorum loco morte donetur: coitu etiam peracto, pede veloci ab uxore se subducit, quæ illum, imo post Veneres, aliàs forsan voraret[1673]. In genere mares feminas antennarum et abdominis motibus et frictione lenocinantur et ad coitum provocant.

Insecta sunt alia, ut _Phalænæ_, _Muscidæ_ quædam, et _Apis mellifica_, in quibus inversa est hæc naturæ lex casta; harum enim feminæ marem petunt, vel blanditiis alliciunt ad amores.

Nunc de _coitu_ ipso tractabimus, in quo hæc sunt præcipue notanda--_modus_, _statio relativa_, _locus_, et _duratio_.

i. Plerisque insectis penis _intrans_ est, sed in _Muscidis_ quibusdam inversa est lex, et feminæ tubus retractilis analis, foramen sub ano maris penetrat et ita coëunt[1674]. _Araneidis_ singulari et mirabili prorsus modo fit coitus; organi enim masculi functio partim palpis et partim membro ventrali delegatur: prioribus includitur glans quæ pudendum femineum penetrat, et sic in utroque sexu, palpis ambobus alternis vicibus huic officio inservientibus, orgasmus venereus producitur, cui insequitur fœcundatio, ab organo _ventrali_ masculo; femina tubercula duo supra genitalia sita in rimas totidem inter branchias maris immittente, et in temporis momento omnia peracta sunt[1675]. Listerus, De Geerius, et alii in zootomia periti, in palpis latere organum masculum crediderunt, sed ex observationibus et dissectionibus Trevirani patet, testes et vesiculas seminales in abdomine locum habere[1676]; sed exitus horum solummodo in orificio[1677]; in palpis e contra est organum exsertile penem referens, quod in coitu erigitur et fere glandiforme est: hinc deduci potest, ut videtur, quod utrumque organum pro genitale habendum, et fœcundationem feminæ ab utroque pendere.

ii. _Statio relativa._ In plerisque insectis, durante coitu, _maris_ statio _superior_ est, et _feminæ_ inferior, in hujus dorsum conscendente illo; interdum tamen hæc lex inversa est, et marem femina ascendit, quod ipse vidi in _Vespa vulgari_, et _Scatophaga_; in _Pulice_ etiam femina superior, sed more humano os ori[1678]; quod fit etiam in aliis quibusdam masculo prædominanti, nempe in _Cryptophago_ quodam minuto, nostris sub oculis, in _Zygæna_, _Culice_, et _Phalangio_[1679]. In insectis _Orthopteris_ et pluribus _Hemipteris_ sexus in coitu sibi invicem a latere paralleli stant[1680]; sed in aliis _Hemipteris_, saltem in _Pentatomate_, more canum capitibus aversis, quod fit etiam in quibusdam _Tipulidis_, res venereas peragunt[1681].

iii. _Locus._ Interdum in _terram_ et inter _gramina_; interdum inter _arborum_ et _fruticum_ ramos, et sub foliis; interdum iterum super _aquas_; et in ipso _aëre_ demum haud raro amoris gaudiis ultimis fruuntur; hîc _Ephemeræ_ caducæ in ipso venere choreas ducunt; sursum et deorsum, memetipso teste, alternatim volitantes[1682]: hîc etiam _Apum_ regina et mater in sublime fertur maritum infelicem petens, qui voluptatem brevem vita emat[1683]: _Phalænarum_ feminæ apteræ hue illuc per aërem inter arbores trahuntur a mare alato[1684]; et quarundam _Tipularum_ mares a feminis tracti, per aërem item durante coitu rapiuntur. Modeste satis coëunt insecta, utplurimum plantarum sub umbra latitantes; et plura insuper, ut quædam _Tipulæ_, _Tineidæ_, et _Bombycidæ_, sub cortina alarum abdomen omnino tegente, veneri se tradunt[1685].

iv. _Duratio._ Coitus horum animalium duratio varia, interdum, ut in _Araneidis_, spatio perbrevi conficitur, in quibusdam tamen plus uno die opus est. Plures feminas interdum aggreditur idem mas, hoc in _Bombyce_, _Chrysomela Polygoni_, et _Musca domestica_ obtinet. _Aphidem_ masculum cum _quinque_ feminis successive copulantem De Geerius videbat[1686].

N.B. _Inter_ pupas Orthopterorum et Hemipterorum _coitus interdum locum habet, quod maturiorem organizationem in his_ analogis, _quam in aliis insectis probat_.

FOOTNOTES:

[1599] Rifferschweils _De Insect. Genital._ 9.

[1600] De _Orthopteris_ hoc præcipue notavit D. Marcel. de Serres (_Mém. du Mus._ 1819. 113--.) in quibus vesiculæ seminales, colleterio; testes, ovariis; vasa deferentia, oviductui; canalis seminalis, ovipositori, &c., mutuò adamussim respondent.

[1601] Rifferschw. _De Insect. Genital._ 9.

[1602] Reaum. ii. 79. Herold. _Schmetterl._ _t._ iv. _f._ 2, 3.

[1603] Treviranus _Arachnid._ 11, 36--. Reaum. vi. 436. _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xi. 82. Marcel. de Serr. _ubi supr._ 104. Latreille _Fam. Nat._ 324.

[1604] Rifferschw. _ubi supr._

[1605] PLATE XXII. FIG. 1. _a._

[1606] Rifferschw. 10. _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xvi. 242.

[1607] _Ibid._ & xxxv. 412.

[1608] Gaede _Anat. der Ins._ _t._ i. _f._ 9. _a._

[1609] De Geer iii. _t._ ix. _f._ 11. _t._

[1610] Reaum. vi. _t._ xvi. _f._ 6, 7. _g._

[1611] _Ibid._ _t._ xviii. _f._ 4, 5. _g._

[1612] _Ibid._ _t._ xxvii. _f._ 16. _c._

[1613] De Geer vi. _t._ iii. _f._ 17. _d, e, f_.

[1614] Reaum. vi. _t._ viii. _f._ 5. _d, e, m._

[1615] Swamm. _Bibl. Nat._ _t._ xliii. _f._ 17. _a, b, c._

[1616] De Geer ii. _t._ xix. _f._ 11. _f._ _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xi. 82.

[1617] _Ibid._ xxx. 41; xxix. 177.

[1618] Gaede _Anat._ _t._ i. _f._ 9.

[1619] _Ibid._ 18. Swamm. _ubi supr._ _t._ xliii. _f._ 17. _e, d._

[1620] Rifferschw. 10.

[1621] _Ibid._ 22.

[1622] Gaede _t._ ii. _f._ 9. _d, e._ _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xvi. 241.

[1623] Swamm. _ubi supr._ i. 223. _t._ xxii. _f._ 5. _h, i_. Hoc insecto et _Hydrophilo_ supradicto organa insunt quæ pro _Prostatis_ habentur.

[1624] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xvi. 242. Gaede _t._ i. _f._ 9. _d d._

[1625] _Ibid._ etiam _t._ ii. _f._ 9. 14. _d d._

[1626] Cuv. _Anat. Comp._ v. 192.

[1627] Gaede _t._ ii. _f._ 2. _c._

[1628] Herold. _Schmett._ _t._ xxxii.

[1629] Gaede _t._ ii. _f._ 9.

[1630] Rifferschw. 19.

[1631] _Ibid._ 20.

[1632] Marcel. de Serres _Mém. du Mus._ 1819. 115.

[1633] _Ibid._ 128. Comp. Cuv. _Anat. Comp._ v. 195. cum Swamm. _Bibl. Nat._ i. 102.

[1634] Cuv. _Ibid._ 191.

[1635] _Ibid._

[1636] Rifferschw. 22.

[1637] Gaede _t._ ii. _f._ 9. _b b._

[1638] Herold. _Schmett._ _t._ iv. _f._ 8, 9.

[1639] Gaede _t._ ii. _f._ 14. _b b._

[1640] Swamm. _ubi supr._ _t._ xxi. _f._ 1. _a._

[1641] Rifferschw. 21.

[1642] Swamm. _t._ iii. _f._ 6. _f._

[1643] Herold, _ubi supr._ _t._ v. _f._ 1, 9. &c.

[1644] PLATE XXII. FIG. 1. _b._

[1645] Cuv. _ubi supr._ v. 115.

[1646] De Geer vi. _t._ xv. _f._ 8. _d._

[1647] _Ibid._ ii. _t._ xix. _f._ 11. _e._

[1648] Reaum. v. _t._ xix. _f._ 9.

[1649] _Ibid._ ii. _t._ xxvi. _f._ 10, 11. _ll_. De Geer ii. _t._ xix. _f._ 9.

[1650] Reaum. iv. _t._ xl. _f._ 8. _c, e._

[1651] _Ibid._ vi. _t._ viii. _f._ 4. _c, b._

[1652] De Geer ii. _t._ xxi. _f._ 20. _b, c._

[1653] _Ibid._ _t._ xlii. _f._ 11. _b, c, d_; _t._ xliii. _f._ 13. _p._

[1654] Herold. _Schmett._ _t._ iv. _f._ 3. _x x._

[1655] Reaum. ii. _t._ iii. _f._ 2. _c._ _l._

[1656] De Geer ii. _t._ xix. _f._ 9. _b, c_; _f._ 10. _c._

[1657] Reaum. ii. _t._ iii. _f._ 3. _c._ _l._

[1658] _Ibid._ iv. _t._ xl. _f._ 8. _c._ _e._

[1659] _Ibid._ v. _t._ iii. _f._ 7, 8.

[1660] _Ibid._ vi. _t._ viii. _f._ 4. _b, c._

[1661] PLATE XXII. FIG. 1. _b._

[1662] PLATE XV. FIG. 12. L´´.

[1663] Rifferschw. 12.

[1664] Vide _supra_, LETTER XLII.

[1665] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xxx. 16. 425. Marcel. de Serres _Mém. du Mus._ 1819. 89.

[1666] Rai. _Hist. Ins._ 177. Jurine _Hymenopt._ 9. not.

[1667] VOL. II. p. 390--.

[1668] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xxxvi. 255.

[1669] _Prov._ vi. 6; xxx. 25.

[1670] VOL. I. p. 364--.

[1671] VOL. II. LETTER XIX.

[1672] Reaum. vi. 432--.

[1673] De Geer vii. 179--.

[1674] Reaum. iv. 385.

[1675] De Geer vii. 249. Treviran. _Arachnid._ 41.

[1676] Marcel. de Serres penem in palpis cum teste pyriformi in thorace connexum esse affirmat, _Mém. du Mus._ 1819. 95.

[1677] Treviran. _Ibid._ 37. _t._ iv. _f._ 33.

[1678] De Geer vii. 10.

[1679] Reaum. ii. 72. _t._ ii. _f._ 2. De Geer vi. 314; vii. 165. Rai. _Hist. Ins._ 40.

[1680] De Geer ii. 24; iii. 132.

[1681] De Geer iii. 242. _t._ xiii. _f._ 15.

[1682] _Ibid._ iii. 642.

[1683] Huber _Nouv. Observ._ i. 37--.

[1684] De Geer ii. 276.

[1685] Reaum. ii. 65--.

[1686] De Geer iii. 62.

AUTHORS QUOTED.

[N. B. _Those works in the following list to which an Asterisk is
prefixed are useful to the Entomologist. The abbreviations of
the titles of the works used in the text and notes of the_
Introduction to Entomology, _in the list are put in Italics_.]

_Acerbi_ (Joseph) _Travels_ through Sweden, Finland, and Lapland,
to the North Cape, in 1798 and 1799. London 1802. 4to.

_Adams_ (Joseph, M.D.) Observations _on morbid poisons_. London
1807. 4to.

_Ælianus._ De Natura Animalium.

_Ahrens_ (Augustus) _F_au_na_ insectorum _Europ_æ. Halæ 1812--.
12mo.

_Aldrovandus_ (Ulysses) De animalibus insectis. Bononiæ 1602. fol.

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-------Le _Règne Animal_ distribué d'après son organisation, &c.
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--------- Epitome of the natural history of the _insects of China_.
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------------------------------------------------------- _of India_.
1800. 4to.

------------------------------------------------------- _of N.
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--------- * _Supplem_entum Entomologiæ systematicæ. Hafniæ 1798.
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--------- * _Syst_ema _Eleuth_eratorum secundum ordines, &c. tom.
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--------- * _Syst_ema _Rhyng_otorum secundum ordines, &c. Brunsvigæ
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--------- * _Syst_ema _Piez_atorum secundum ordines, &c. Brunsvigæ
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--------- * _Syst_ema _Antl_iatorum secundum ordines, &c. Brunsvigæ
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------- * _Nouv_elles _obs_ervations sur les abeilles, tom. 2. A
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------- Philosophie zoologique. A Paris 1809. 8vo.

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--------- * _Hist_oire _nat_urelle _des fourmis_ et recueil des
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faucheurs, et autres insectes. A Paris 1802. 8vo.

--------- * _Gen_era _Crust_aceorum _et_ _Ins_ectorum secundum
ordinem naturalem in familias disposita, iconibus exemplisque
plurimis explicata. tom. 4. Parisiis et Argentorati 1806--. 8vo.

--------- _Fam_illes _nat_urelles du règne animal, exposés
succinctement et dans un ordre analytique, avec l'indication de
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--------- et De Jean (Baron) * Histoire naturelle et iconographie
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------------- Arcana naturæ opes et beneficio exquisitissimorum
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------------- _Epist_olæ physiologicæ super compluribus naturæ
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------------- * Select works of, containing his microscopical
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--------- _De_ _anten_nis _insect_orum dissertatio prior fabricam
antennarum describens; Dissertatio posterior usum antennarum
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------ * _F_au_n_a _Suec_ica. Sistens animalia Sueciæ regni,
Mammalia, Aves, Amphibia, Pisces, Insecta, Vermes distributa
per classes, &c. Ed. altera. Stockholmiæ 1761. 8vo.

------ _Flor_a _Lapp_onica, exhibens plantas per Lapponiam
crescentes, secundum systema sexuale, collectas in itinere &c.
anno 1732 instituto, &c. Ed. J. E. Smith. Eq. Londini 1792. 8vo.

------ Skanska resa, fürrättad ar 1749. (_It. Scan._) Stockholm
1751. 8vo.

------ _Lach_esis _Lapp_onica, or a tour in Lapland, now first
published from the original MS. Journal of the celebrated
Linnæus, by Sir J. E. Smith. 2 vols. (_Lach. Lapp._) London
1811. 8vo.

------ _Amœn_itates _Academ_icæ, seu dissertationes variæ physicæ,
medicæ, botanicæ antehac seorsim editæ, nunc collectæ et auctæ,
&c. tom. 7. Lugd. Bat. 1749--. 8vo.

------ * _Philos_ophia _Botan_ica in qua explicantur fundamenta
botanica, cum definitionibus partium, exemplis terminorum,
observationibus rariorum, &c. ed. 2da. Viennæ 1783. 8vo.

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_Mac Kinnen_ (Daniel) A Tour through the British W. Indies during
the years 1802-3, giving a particular account of the Bahama
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MACLEAY (William Sharp) * _Hor_æ _Entomolog_icæ, or essays on the
annulose animals.

Vol. 1. Part I. containing general observations on the geography,
manners, and natural affinities of the insects which compose
the genus _Scarabæus_ of Linnæus, &c. London 1819. 8vo.

Vol. 1. Part II. containing an attempt to ascertain the rank and
situation which the celebrated Egyptian insect, _Scarabæus
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------- * _Annulos_a _Javan_ica. London 1824. 4to.

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geographischen erd und volkerbeschreibung, naturgeschichte
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--- _Hist_oria _Plant_arum, species hactenus editas aliasque
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------ _Opusc_ulorum tomus alter. Experimenta circa varias res
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------------ * Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des
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1820, and 1824; with original instructions for the perfect
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Marckwick. 2 vols. London 1813. 12mo.

_Wiedemann_ (C. R. W.) _Archiv._ für zoologie & zootomie. Berlin
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_Wildman_ (Thomas) A treatise _on_ the management of _bees_. 2nd
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_Young_ (Arthur) Annals of agriculture and other useful arts. 40
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_Naturforscher_ der (The naturalist).

_Review._ London medical.

Systematisches _verzeich_niss der schmetterlinge der
_Wiener_gegend, &c. 4to. #/

DICTIONARIES.

_Dictionary_ of Chemistry (Messrs. Aikin).

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------ * Nouveau _d'Hist_oire _Nat_urelle. tom. 36. 8vo.

-- --- des sciences naturelles. 8vo.

_Encyclopædia_ Britannica. 4to. #/

FOOTNOTE:

[1687] This memoir, which was sent me by its learned author, is stated as part of the first volume of his _Histoire Naturelle_.--K.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE XXI.[1688]

FIG.

1. Part of the interior of _Cossus ligniperda_. (Lyonet.) _a_,
_b_. The spinal chord and its ganglions. _d._ The nerves. _e._
The bronchiæ connected with the trachea.

2. One of the labial palpi of ditto. (Ibid.)

3. Another view of the interior of ditto. (Ibid.) _a._ Trachea.
_b._ Bronchiæ. c. Œsophagus. d. Ventricle or stomach. _e._ The
lower intestines, f f. The bile vessels. g. _Sericterium_, or
silk reservoir. h. _Sialisterium_, or saliva vessel.