Chapter XIII: Letter XLVI (2)

1. RETRACTED (_Retractum_). When the head is wholly withdrawn
within the trunk.--Ex. _Parnus_.

2. INTRUDED (_Intrusum_). When the head is nearly withdrawn within
the trunk.--Ex. _Melasis_.

3. INSERTED (_Insertum_). When the head is partly withdrawn within
the trunk.--Ex. _Buprestis_.

4. EXSERTED (_Exsertum_). When the head is quite disengaged from
the trunk.--Ex. _Tenebrio_, _Blaps_.

5. AMPLECTED (_Amplexum_). When the head is received into a sinus
of the thorax.--Ex. _Hister_.

6. RECONDITE (_Reconditum_). When the head is _wholly_ covered
and sheltered by the shield of the thorax.--Ex. _Cassida_,
_Lampyris_.

7. SEMIRECONDITE (_Semireconditum_). When the head is _half_
covered by the shield of the thorax.--Ex. _Silpha_, _Cyphon_.

8. RETRACTILE (_Retractile_). When an insect can at pleasure
exsert its head, or withdraw it within the trunk.--Ex.
_Hister_, _Larva_ of _Lampyris_.

9. VERSATILE (_Versatile_). When the head can turn nearly
round.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_, _Diptera_.

10. PEDUNCULATE (_Pedunculatum_). When the head is constricted
behind into a distinct neck.--Ex. _Apoderus Coryli_, &c.

11. SESSILE (_Sessile_). When the head does not move in the socket
of the trunk, but is attached to it by a kind of ligament.--Ex.
_Hymenoptera_, _Diptera_.

iii. TERMINATION.

1. CLYPEATE (_Clypeatum_). When the _Nasus_, _Genæ_, &c. are
dilated so as to shelter and overshadow the mouth.--Ex.
_Scarabæus_, _Copris_, &c. PLATE XIII. FIG. 14.

2. CAPISTRATE (_Capistratum_). When the anterior part of the head
is attenuated and subelongated into a kind of _flat rostrum_ or
muzzle.--Ex. _Nitidula_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 13.

3. ROSTRATE (_Rostratum_). When the anterior part of the head is
elongated and attenuated into a _cylindrical_ or _many-sided
rostrum_ or beak.--Ex. The weevils (_Rhyncophora_). PLATE XIII.
FIG. 12.

4. BUCCATE (_Buccatum_). When the _Nasus_ and anterior part of the
head are inflated.--Ex. _Conops_ and other _Diptera_. PLATE
XIII. FIG. 16.

iv. APPENDAGES.

1. UMBRACULATE (_Umbraculatum_). When there is upon the head an
umbrella-shaped process.--Ex. _Gryllus umbraculatus_.

2. LYCHNIDIATE (_Lychnidiatum_). When the _Vertex_, _Frons_, and
_Postnasus_ are porrected so as to form a kind of _rostrum_
which gives light in the night.--Ex. _Fulgora_. PLATE XIII.
FIG. 15.

v. MOUTH (_OS_).

1. TERMINAL (_Terminale_). When the mouth terminates the
head.--Ex. _Coleoptera_, &c.

2. PRONE (_Pronum_). When the mouth is wholly under the head.--Ex.
_Truxalis_, _Proscopia_.

3. PERFECT (_Perfectum_). When the mouth is furnished with all the
_Trophi_. Viz. _Labrum_; _Labium_; _Mandibulæ_; _Maxillæ_;
_Maxillary_ and _Labial Palpi_; and _Tongue_.--Ex. The
_Masticating_ Orders.

a. FEEDERS RETRACTED (_Trophi retracti_). When, in a perfect
mouth, the _Trophi_ are not capable of being much pushed out or
drawn in.--Ex. Most _Coleoptera_, _Orthoptera_, &c.

b. FEEDERS RETRACTILE (_Trophi retractiles_). When, in a perfect
mouth, the _Trophi_ can be considerably pushed forth or drawn
in.--Ex. _Stenus_, _Apis_, &c.

4. IMPERFECT (_Imperfectum_). When the mouth wants any of the
_Trophi_, or they exist in it only as rudiments.--Ex. The
_Suctorious_ Orders.

5. ELABRATE (_Elabratum_). When an imperfect mouth has
_Mandibulæ_, _Maxillæ_, _Labium_, and _Maxillary Palpi_, or
what perform their office, but no _Labrum_.--Ex. _Araneidea_.

6. EMANDIBULATE (_Emandibulatum_). When an imperfect mouth has all
the _Trophi_ but the _Mandibulæ_.--Ex. _Trichoptera_.

7. BIPALPATE (_Bipalpatum_). When an imperfect mouth has only
either _Labial_ or _Maxillary Palpi_.--Ex. _Tabanus_, &c.

8. EXPALPATE (_Expalpatum_). When an imperfect mouth has no
_Palpi_.--Ex. _Hemiptera_.

9. STOMAPODOUS (_Stomapodum_). When the _Legs_ and _Sternum_ act
the part of _Maxillæ_, _Labium_, and _Palpi_.--Ex. _Araneidea_,
_Scolopendra_, &c.

a. UPPER LIP (_Labrum_).

1. WHISKERED (_Mystacinum_). When the upper lip is furnished with
whiskers (_Mystax_), or bearded.--Ex. _Creophilus hirtus_.
PLATE XXVI. FIG. 30.

b. UPPER JAWS (_Mandibulæ_).

1. CHELATE (_Chelatæ_). When the upper jaws are furnished at the
end with a _chela_ or thumb.--Ex. _Scorpio_, _Phalangium_.

2. UNGUICULATE (_Unguiculatæ_). When they are armed with a
moveable _claw_.--Ex. _Araneidea_. PLATE VII. FIG. 10. c´.

3. BURIED (_Sepultæ_). When they are covered and quite concealed
by the upper lip.--Ex. _Colliuris_.

4. OPEN (_Apertæ_). When they are _not_ quite concealed by the
upper lip.--Ex. Most _Coleoptera_.

5. TOOTHLESS (_Edentulæ_). When they are _not_ armed with
teeth.--Ex. _Apogonia gemellata_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 22.

6. TOOTHED (_Dentatæ_). When they are armed with teeth.--Ex.
_Cicindela_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 19.

7. SUCTORIOUS (_Suctoriæ_). When they have an orifice by
which they imbibe their food.--Ex. _Larva_ of _Dytiscus_,
_Myrmeleon_, &c. PLATE XIII. FIG. 6.

c. UNDER JAWS (_Maxillæ_).

1. SIMPLE (_Simplices_). When the under jaws have but one
lobe.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_. PLATE VII. FIG. 2, 3. d´.

2. COMPOUND (_Compositæ_). When they have more than one lobe.--Ex.
_Staphylinus_ and many other _Coleoptera_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 9,
10. d´´´. e´´´.

3. ADNATE (_Adnatæ_). When they adhere to the lower lip through
their whole length.--Ex. _Trichoptera_. PLATE VII. FIG. 1. d´.

4. ADHERENT (_Adhærentes_). When they adhere to it only at their
base.--Ex. _Coleoptera_, _Hymenoptera_, &c. PLATE VI. VII. FIG.
3. d´.

5. SPINOSE (_Spinosæ_). When they are armed at the apex with
_spines_.--Ex. _Libellulina_. PLATE VI. FIG. 12. f´´´.

6. DENTATE (_Dentatæ_). When they are armed with _teeth_.--Ex.
_Melolonthidæ_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 15. g´´.

7. PECTUNCULATE (_Pectunculatæ_). When the stipes below the feeler
has a row of minute spines set like the teeth of a comb.--Ex.
_Apis_[1096].

8. DISENGAGED (_Liberæ_). When they do not adhere to the lower lip
at all, or are only connected by membrane or ligaments.--Ex.
_Apis_, &c. PLATE VII. FIG. 3. d´.

9. MANDIBULIFORM (_Mandibuliformes_). When they are hard and
horny and shaped like the upper jaws.--Ex. _Melolonthidæ_,
_Anoplognathidæ_, &c. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 13, 15.

10. UNGUICULATE (_Unguiculatæ_). When they terminate in a moveable
claw.--Ex. _Cicindela_.

d. FEELERS (_Palpi_).

1. MANIFORM (_Maniformes_). When they are chelate or furnished
with a finger and thumb.--Ex. _Scorpio_, _Chelifer_. PLATE XV.
FIG. 7.

2. PEDIFORM (_Pediformes_). When they resemble the _legs_ either
in structure or use.--Ex. _Araneidea_, _Acarina_. PLATE VII.
FIG. 10. h´´.

3. ANTENNIFORM (_Antenniformes_). When they are very long
resembling _antennæ_.--Ex. _Hydrophilus_, _Bryaxis_, _Culex_ ♂.

4. UNGUICULATE (_Unguiculati_). When they are armed with a claw at
the end.--Ex. _Gonyleptes_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 1.

5. SECURIFORM (_Securiformes_). When the last joint of the feeler
is triangular, and the preceding joint is connected with the
vertex of the triangle.--Ex. _Cleridæ_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 2. _a._

6. LUNULATE (_Lunulati_). When the last joint is shaped like a
half-moon or crescent.--Ex. _Oxyporus_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 4. _a._

7. FASCICULATE (_Fasciculati_). When the feeler terminates in a
bunch of very slender laminæ.--Ex. _Lymexylon flavipes_. PLATE
XXVI. FIG. 3.

8. LAMELLATE (_Lamellati_). When the last joint is divided into
transverse lamellæ.--Ex. _Atractocerus_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 1.

9. INFLATED (_Inflati_). When the last joint of the feeler is very
large and tumid.--Ex. _Araneidea_ ♂. PLATE XIII. FIG. 3.

10. APPENDICULATE (_Appendiculati_). When from one of the
joints there issues an accessory joint or appendage.--Ex.
_Atractocerus_, _Trombidium_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 1. _a._ PLATE
XXIII. FIG. 13. _a._

11. MAMMILLATE (_Mammillati_). When the last joint is very short,
smaller than the preceding one, and retractile within it.--Ex.
_Pæderus_[1097].

12. SUBULATE (_Subulati_). When the last joint is short, and vastly
smaller than the preceding one.--Ex. _Bembidium_, _Aleochara_.
PLATE XXVI. FIG. 7.

13. FUSIFORM (_Fusiformes_). When the two last joints are conical,
and the base of the cones forms the point of union.--Ex.
_Trechus_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 8.

14. HETEROMORPHOUS (_Heteromorphi_). When the two intermediate
joints are vastly larger than the first and the last.--Ex.
_Cerocoma_ ♂. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 2.

e. TONGUE (_Lingua_).

1. LINGUIFORM (_Linguiformis_). When the tongue is quite distinct
from the labium, usually retracted within the mouth, short and
shaped something like a vertebrate tongue.--Ex. _Gryllina_,
_Libellulina_. PLATE VI. FIG. 6, 12. e´.

2. LIGULIFORM (_Liguliformis_). When it emerges from the labium,
is short, flat, and not concealed within the mouth.--Ex.
_Vespa_ and many _Hymenoptera_. PLATE VII. FIG. 2. e'.

3. TUBULOSE (_Tubulosa_). When it emerges from the labium, is long
and tubular, and capable of inflation.--Ex. _Apis_. PLATE VII.
FIG. 3. e´.

4. SETIFORM (_Setiformis_). A short minute sharp tongue
discoverable between the _scalpella_ of a _promuscis_.--Ex.
_Cimex_ L. PLATE VII. FIG. 14. e´.

5. PALATIFORM (_Palatiformis_). When the tongue forms the inner
surface of the _Labium_, but is not separate from it.--Ex. Most
_Coleoptera_.

vi. NOSE (_NASUS_).

1. INCLUDED (_Inclusus_). When the nose is included between the
two sides of the _Postnasus_ which run towards the upper
lip.--Ex. _Geocorisæ_.

2. VAULTED (_Fornicatus_). When the nose is elevated, convex and
hollow underneath.--Ex. _Vespa_.

vii. CANTHUS.

1. ENTERING (_Intrans_). When the _Canthus_ takes a little angle
or sinus out of the eye.--EX. The _Capricorn beetles_,
_Mylabris_. PLATE VI. FIG. 1. h´.

2. CLEAVING (_Findens_). When the _Canthus_ cleaves the eye half
through or more.--Ex. The _Petalocerous beetles_.

3. DIVIDING (_Dividens_). When the _Canthus_ passes right
through the eye and divides it into two.--Ex. _Gyrinus_,
_Tetraopes_.[1098] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 36.

4. SEPTIFORM (_Septiformis_). When the _Canthus_ forms an elevated
ridge or _septum_.--Ex. Many _Petalocerous beetles_.

viii. EYES (_OCULI_).

1. SIMPLE (_Simplices_). Eyes which do not consist of an aggregate
of hexagonal lenses.--Ex. _Araneidæ_, _Scorpio_, _Phalangium_.
PLATE VII. FIG. 9. h.

_a._ SCATTERED (_Sparsi_). When simple eyes are separate from
each other and not arranged in a certain order.--Ex. Eyes of
_Caterpillars_, and some _Scolopendræ_.

_b._ ORDINATE (_Ordinati_). When simple eyes are arranged in a
certain order.--Ex. _Araneidea_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 37.

_c._ CONGLOMERATE (_Conglomerati_). When a number of simple eyes
are collected together so as to exhibit the appearance of a
compound one.--Ex. _Iulus_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 11.

_d._ DORSAL (_Dorsales_). When they are placed on the back.--Ex.
_Phalangium_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 43. h.

2. COMPOUND (_Compositi_). Eyes which consist of an aggregate of
hexagonal lenses.--Ex. All the _Winged Orders_. PLATE XIII.
FIG. 10. and XXVI. FIG. 38-42. h.

_a._ SESSILE (_Sessiles_). Eyes that do not sit upon a
footstalk.--Ex. _Most insects_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 40, 41.

α. SUPERIOR (_Superiores_). When they are placed in the _upper_
part of the head.--Ex. _Libellulina_.

β. LATERAL (_Laterales_). When they are placed in the _side_ of
the head.--Ex. _Apis_.

γ. INFERIOR (_Inferiores_). When they are placed in the _lower_
side of the head.--Ex. The _lower_ pair in _Gyrinus_.

δ. POSTERIOR (_Posteriores_). When placed in the _posterior_ part
of the head.--Ex. _Locusta_.

ε. ANTERIOR (_Anteriores_). When placed in the _anterior_ part of
the head.--Ex. _Crabro_, _Goerius olens_, &c.

ζ. MEDIAL (_Medii_). When placed in the _middle_ part of the
head.--Ex. _Harpalus_, &c.

η. BELTING (_Cingentes_). When the eyes nearly meet both _above_
and _below_ the head, so as to form a kind of belt round
it.--Ex. _Culex pipiens_, _Cordylia Palmarum_.

θ. IMMERSED (_Immersi_). When they are quite imbedded in the
head.--Ex. The _Melasoma_ or _Darkling beetles_.

ι. PROMINENT (_Prominuli_). When they stand out from the
head.--Ex. _Cicindela_.

_b._ COLUMNAR (_Columnares_). When they sit upon a _short_
footstalk or pillar.--Ex. _Strepsiptera_, _Ephemera_ ♂. PLATE
XXVI. FIG. 38, 39. h.

_c._ PEDUNCULATE (_Pedunculati_). When they sit upon a _long_
footstalk which also bears the antennæ.--Ex. _Diopsis_. PLATE
XIII. FIG. 9.

_d._ OPERCULATE (_Operculati_). When the eyes are covered by an
_operculum_.--Ex. _Xylina conspicillaris_[1099].

_e._ CILIATE (_Ciliati_). When the margin of the socket of the eye
is fringed with hairs, so as to resemble an _eyelash_.--Ex.
_Apion vernale_ and _Malvarum_.

ix. STEMMATA.

1. VERTICAL (_Verticalia_). When they are placed in the
_Vertex_.--Ex. _Reduvius personatus_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 40. i.

2. FRONTAL (_Frontalia_). When placed in the _Frons_.--Ex.
_Hymenoptera_. PLATE VII. FIG. 2. i.

3. INTRAOCULAR (_Intraocularia_). When placed in the space
_between_ the eyes.--Ex. _Cercopis_, _Ledra_, &c. PLATE XXVI.
FIG. 42. i.

4. SUBOCULAR (_Subocularia_). When placed in the space _below_ the
eyes.--Ex. _Fulgora laternaria_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 41. i.

5. SPURIOUS (_Spuria_). A flat subdiaphanous space above the base
of the antennæ, which seems to represent them.--Ex. _Blatta_,
_Gryllus_.

x. ANTENNÆ.

a. NUMBER.

1. DICEROUS (_Dicera_). Insects that have _two_ antennæ.--Ex.
_Insects in general_.

2. ACEROUS (_Acera_). Insects that have _no_ antennæ.--Ex. The
_Acarina_, &c.

b. SITUATION.

1. PREOCULAR (_Præoculares_). When antennæ are inserted _before_
the eyes.--Ex. _Chrysis_.

2. INTEROCULAR (_Interoculares_). When inserted any where
_between_ the eyes.--Ex. _Leptura_, _Haliplus_.

3. INOCULAR (_Inoculares_). When inserted in the _Canthus_ of the
eyes.--Ex. The _Capricorn beetles_.

4. SUBOCULAR (_Suboculares_). When inserted _under_ the eyes.--Ex.
_Fulgora_, _Nepa_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 41. k.

5. EXTRAOCULAR (_Extraoculares_). When inserted _without_ the
eyes.--Ex. _Notonecta_, _Delphax_.

6. ROSTRAL (_Rostrales_). When seated on a rostrum.--Ex. The
_Rhyncophorous beetles_.

7. SUPERIOR (_Superiores_). When inserted in the _upper_ surface
of the head.--Ex. Most _insects_.

8. INFERIOR (_Inferiores_). When inserted _under_ the head.--Ex.
_Copris_, &c.

c. APPROXIMATION.

1. DISTANT (_Distantes_). When _remote_ at their base.--Ex.
_Buprestis rustica_.

2. APPROXIMATE (_Approximatæ_). When they _approach_ each other at
their base.--Ex. _Donacia_, _Galeruca_.

3. CONTIGUOUS (_Contiguæ_). When they nearly or altogether _touch_
each other at their base.--Ex. _Imatidium MacLeayanum_.

4. CONNATE (_Connatæ_). When _united_ at their base.--Ex. _Ceria_.
PLATE XII. FIG. 13.

d. PROPORTION.

1. VERY SHORT (_Brevissimæ_). When shorter than the head.--Ex. The
_Muscidæ_, &c.

2. SHORT (_Breves_). When as long as the head.--Ex. _Hister_.

3. SHORTER (_Breviores_). When longer than the head and shorter
than the body.--Ex. _Dytiscus_.

4. MEDIOCRAL (_Mediocres_). When of the length of the body.--Ex.
_Callidium violaceum_.

5. LONGER (_Longiores_). When longer than the body.--Ex.
_Monochamus Sutor_.

6. VERY LONG (_Longissimæ_). When much longer than the body.--Ex.
_Acanthocinus ædilis_.

e. DIRECTION.

1. INTIRE (_Integræ_). When they have no elbow or angle.--Ex.
_Antennæ_ of most _Coleoptera_.

2. BROKEN (_Fractæ_). When the _Clavola_ forms an angle with the
_Scapus_.--Ex. _Curculio_, _Apis_, &c. PLATE XXV. FIG. 15.

3. GENICULATE (_Geniculatæ_). When they form an elbow in the
middle but not with the _Scapus_.--Ex. _Meloe_. PLATE XII. FIG.
7.

4. STRAIGHT (_Rectæ_). When they are without any angle,
convolution, or curvature. PLATE XI. FIG. 5.

5. PORRECT (_Porrectæ_). When they are placed parallel with each
other, and in the same line with the body.--Ex. _Trichoptera_
in flight.

6. EXCURVED (_Excurvæ_). When they curve outwards.

7. INCURVED (_Incurvæ_). When they curve inwards.

8. DECURVED (_Decurvæ_). When they curve downwards.

9. RECURVED (_Recurvæ_). When they curve upwards.

10. REFLEXED (_Reflexæ_). When they are bent back over the body.

11. DEFLEXED (_Deflexæ_). When they are bent downwards.

12. CONVOLUTE (_Convolutæ_). When they roll inwards. PLATE XII.
FIG. 6.

13. REVOLUTE (_Revolutæ_). When they roll outwards.

14. SPIRAL (_Spirales_). When they are convoluted spirally. PLATE
XXV. FIG. 31.

15. RIGID (_Rigidæ_). When they are very stiff and inflexible.--Ex.
_Libellulina_, _Fulgora_. PLATE XII. FIG. 12, 15.

f. REPOSITION.

1. HIDDEN (_Receptæ_). Antennæ which when the animal reposes,
are hidden under the head or trunk.--Ex. The _Lamellicorns_,
_Elater_, _Belostoma_.

2. EXPOSED (_Apertæ_). Antennæ which when the animal reposes are
not concealed.--Ex. _Cerambyx_.

g. FIGURE and SIZE.

1. SETACEOUS (_Setaceæ_). Long flexile antennæ which taper
somewhat from the base to the apex. PLATE XI. FIG. 1.

2. SETIFORM (_Setiformes_). Short rigid antennæ which taper from
the base to the apex like a bristle. PLATE XII. FIG. 14-16.

3. CAPILLARY (_Capillares_). Antennæ nearly as slender as a hair.
PLATE XI FIG. 2.

4. FILIFORM (_Filiformes_). Antennæ every where of an equal
thickness. PLATE XI. FIG. 3.

5. THICK (_Crassæ_). Antennæ disproportionably thick. PLATE XII.
FIG. 29.

6. INCRASSATE (_Incrassatæ_). Antennæ disproportionably thick in
any part: at the _base_, _middle_, or _apex_. PLATE XXV. FIG.
34, 19, 7.

a. GRADUALLY INCRASSATE (_Sensim Incrassatæ_). When they grow
gradually thicker from the base to the apex. PLATE XXV. FIG. 10.

b. SUDDENLY INCRASSATE (_Subito Incrassatæ_). When they grow
suddenly thicker in any part. PLATE XXV. FIG. 18, 19, 24.

7. BROAD (_Latæ_). Antennæ disproportionably _wide_. PLATE XXV.
FIG. 24.

8. DILATED (_Dilatatæ_). When they are disproportionably wide in
any part; _base_, _middle_, or _apex_. PLATE XXV. FIG. 12.
PLATE XII. FIG. 1, 20.

9. SLENDER (_Tenues_). When they are disproportionably _slender_.
PLATE XI. FIG. 2.

10. ATTENUATE (_Attenuatæ_). Antennæ disproportionably slender in
any part; _base_, _middle_, or _apex_. PLATE XXV. FIG. 8, 21,
34.

a. GRADUALLY ATTENUATE (_Sensim Attenuatæ_). When they grow
gradually more slender from the base to the apex. PLATE XI.
FIG. 7.

b. SUDDENLY ATTENUATE (_Subito Attenuatæ_). When they grow
suddenly slender in any part. PLATE XII. FIG. 1. PLATE XXV.
FIG. 18, 34.

11. FUSIFORM (_Fusiformes_). Antennæ thickest in the middle and
tapering more or less towards each extremity. PLATE XI. FIG.
5. PLATE XXV. FIG. 8.

12. PRISMATIC (_Prismaticales_). Antennæ with three nearly equal
sides. PLATE XI. FIG. 6.

13. ENSIFORM (_Ensiformes_). Antennæ compressed and three-sided,
with one side much narrower than either of the others. PLATE
XI. FIG. 7.

14. FALCIFORM (_Falciformes_). When the _Clavola_ of the _Antennæ_
grows gradually narrower towards the apex, and is arcuate or
incurved so as to resemble a _sickle_. PLATE XI. FIG. 8.

15. NODOSE (_Nodosæ_). When antennæ have one, two, or more joints
larger than those which precede or follow them. PLATE XII. FIG.
5.

16. MONILIFORM (_Moniliformes_). Antennæ consisting of oval or
globular joints so as to resemble a necklace of beads. PLATE
XI. FIG. 9.

17. DENTATE (_Dentatæ_). Toothed with teeth whose sides are
_equal_. PLATE XI. FIG. 10.

18. SERRATE (_Serratæ_). Toothed with teeth whose sides are
_unequal_ like those of a saw. PLATE XI. FIG. 11. PLATE XXV.
FIG. 8.

19. BISERRATE (_Biserratæ_). So toothed on each side. PLATE XXV.
FIG. 18.

20. IMBRICATE (_Imbricatæ_). When the summit of each joint is
incumbent upon the base of that which precedes it. PLATE XI.
FIG. 12.

21. DISTICHOUS (_Distichæ_). When the joints in general terminate
in a _fork_. PLATE XI. FIG. 13.

22. CIRRATE (_Cirratæ_). When the joints terminate in a pair of
curling hairy branches resembling _tendrils_. PLATE XXV. FIG.
4.

23. FLABELLATE (_Flabellatæ_). When the antennæ on one side send
forth from the joints, except those at the base, long flat
flexile branches, which open and shut like the sticks of a
_fan_. PLATE XI. FIG. 17.

24. BIFLABELLATE (_Biflabellatæ_). When they are flabellate on both
sides. PLATE XXV. FIG. 11.

25. PECTINATE (_Pectinatæ_). Antennæ furnished on one side with
a number of parallel stiff branches, resembling somewhat the
teeth of a _comb_. PLATE XXV. FIG. 25. PLATE XI. FIG. 14.

26. BIPECTINATE (_Bipectinatæ_). Pectinate on both sides. PLATE
XXV. FIG. 22.

27. DUPLICATO-PECTINATE (_Duplicato-pectinatæ_). Bipectinate with
the branches on each side alternately long and short. PLATE XI.
FIG. 15.

28. RAMOSE (_Ramosæ_). Antennæ furnished on one side with two or
three irregular longish branches. PLATE XI. FIG. 18.

29. FURCATE (_Furcatæ_). Antennæ divided at the end into two prongs
or branches. PLATE XI. FIG. 19. PLATE V. FIG. 3.

30. BIPARTITE (_Bipartitæ_). When they are divided to the base into
two nearly equal branches. PLATE XXV. FIG. 20.

31. PALMATE (_Palmatæ_). Very short antennæ which send forth
externally a few long finger-shaped branches, giving them some
resemblance of a _hand_. PLATE XI. FIG. 24.

32. IRREGULAR (_Irregulares_). When the joints of the antennæ vary
so much in size and shape that they cannot well be defined.
PLATE XI. FIG. 22.

h. TERMINATION.

α. VERSATILE ANTENNÆ.

1. SUBULATE (_Subulatæ_). When they terminate in a minute joint,
much slenderer than the preceding one. PLATE XII. FIG. 16.

2. SETIGEROUS (_Setigeræ_). When they terminate in a bristle.
PLATE XII. FIG. 14, 15. PLATE XXV. FIG. 29.

3. CAPILLACEOUS (_Capillaceæ_). When they terminate in a fine
capillary joint. PLATE XII. FIG. 1.

4. MUCRONATE (_Mucronatæ_). When they terminate in a short point
or mucro. PLATE XII. FIG. 2.

5. UNCINATE (_Uncinatæ_). When their apex is incurved so as to
form a kind of _hook_. PLATE XII. FIG. 3.

6. UNGUICULATE (_Unguiculatæ_). When they terminate in a hard
horny incurved sharp _claw_ resembling those of the tarsi of
insects. PLATE XXV. FIG. 16. _a._

7. CLAVATE (_Clavatæ_). When their apex grows gradually thicker.
PLATE XII. FIG. 4. PLATE XXV. FIG. 7, 14.

8. CAPITATE (_Capitatæ_). When they terminate suddenly in a larger
knob of one or more joints. PLATE XII. FIG. 8-10, and XXV. 1-3,
5, 6.

_a._ FISSILE KNOB (_Capitulum fissile_). When it is divided into
several _laminæ_ which the insect can open and shut. PLATE XXV.
FIG. 1-3, 5.

_b._ TUNICATE KNOB (_Capitulum tunicatum_). When the laminæ, at
least on one side, appear to inosculate or to be imbedded in
each other. PLATE XII. FIG. 8. PLATE XXV. FIG. 5, 6.

_c._ PERFOLIATE KNOB (_Capitulum perfoliatum_). When the joints of
the knob are connected by a pedicle, which has the appearance
of passing through them. PLATE XII. FIG. 10.

_d._ SOLID KNOB (_Capitulum solidum_). When the knob consists of
a single joint, or if of more, exhibits very faint traces of
their separation. PLATE XII. FIG. 9. PLATE XXV. FIG. 33.

_e._ INFLATED KNOB (_Capitulum inflatum_). When the knob is
disproportionably large, and looks as if blown out. PLATE XII.
FIG. 28. PLATE XXV. FIG. 9.

β. INVERSATILE ANTENNÆ.

1. SETIGEROUS (_Setigeræ_). Antennæ furnished with a terminal
bristle. PLATE XII. FIG. 14-16, 21, 22. PLATE XXV. FIG. 29.

_a._ GLOBIFEROUS (_Globiferæ_). When the setigerous joint is larger
than the preceding one, and globose. PLATE XII. FIG. 12.

_b._ ANGUSTATE (_Angustatæ_). When the setigerous joint is not
conspicuously larger than the preceding one. PLATE XII. FIG.
14, 15.

2. ARISTATE (_Aristatæ_). Antennæ terminated by a variously shaped
flat joint longer and usually larger than the preceding one,
laterally setigerous. PLATE XII. FIG. 21, 22.

_a._ SETARIOUS (_Setariæ_). When the awn or bristle is _naked_.
PLATE XII. FIG. 21. _a._

_b._ PLUMATE (_Plumatæ_). When the awn is _feathered_. PLATE XII.
FIG. 22. _a._

3. FILATE (_Filatæ_). When inversatile antennæ have neither a
terminal nor a lateral bristle. PLATE XII. FIG. 17-20.

_a._ SIMPLE (_Simplices_). When the last joint is _exarticulate_.
PLATE XII. FIG. 17, 18, 20.

_b._ COMPOUND (_Compositæ_). When the last joint is itself
obsoletely _jointed_. PLATE XII. FIG. 19. _a._

i. PUBESCENCE.

1. VERTICILLATE (_Verticillatæ_). Antennæ beset with hair in
whorls. PLATE XII. FIG. 27.

2. PLUMOSE (_Plumosæ_). Antennæ feathered on all sides with fine
long hair. PLATE XII. FIG. 24.

3. CILIATE (_Ciliatæ_). Antennæ fringed with parallel hairs on
_each_ side. PLATE XI. FIG. 16.

4. FIMBRIATE (_Fimbriatæ_). Antennæ fringed with parallel hairs on
_one_ side.

5. BARBATE (_Barbatæ_). Antennæ hairy on _one_ side. PLATE XII.
FIG. 26.

6. FASCICULATE (_Fasciculatæ_). Antennæ having several bundles of
hair. PLATE XXV. FIG. 32.

7. SCOPIFEROUS (_Scopiferæ_). When they are furnished with one or
more dense brushes of hair. PLATE XII. FIG. 25. _a._ PLATE XXV.
FIG. 17.

k. ARTICULATION.

1. EXARTICULATE (_Exarticulatæ_). Without visible articulations.

2. BIARTICULATE (_Biarticulatæ_). Consisting of _two_ joints.

3. TRIARTICULATE (_Triarticulatæ_). Consisting of _three_ joints.

4. QUADRIARTICULATE (_Quadriarticulatæ_). Consisting of _four_
joints.

5. MULTIARTICULATE (_Multiarticulatæ_). Consisting of _many_
joints.

l. JOINTS.

1. CAMPANULATE (_Campanulatæ_). Bell-shaped. When the joints are
obconical, with the vertex of the cone rounded.

2. PATERIFORM (_Pateriformes_). When the joints are somewhat
dilated and very short, shaped something like a shallow _bowl_.

3. PATELLATE (_Patellatæ_). When the whole joint is dilated and
shaped something like a _patella_ or platter.--Ex. _Prosopis
dilatata_ (_Melitta_ *. b. K.) PLATE XXV. FIG. 12. _a._

4. LOBATE (_Lobatæ_). When they are expanded at the tip into a
lobe.--Ex. _Belostoma_, _Cerocoma_. PLATE XI. FIG. 21, 22.

5. TORULOSE (_Torulosæ_). When they are a little tumid.

m. APPENDAGES.

1. AURICULATE (_Auriculatæ_). When they have an ear-like process
at their base.--Ex. _Gyrinus_, _Parnus_. PLATE XII. FIG. 29. a.
PLATE XXV. FIG. 28. _a._

2. APPENDICULATE (_Appendiculatæ_). When they have one or two
antenniform processes at their base.--Ex. _Otiocerus_. PLATE
XXV. FIG. 29. _b._

III. TRUNK (_TRUNCUS_).

1. MONOMEROUS (_Monomerus_). When the trunk has _no_ suture or
segment.--Ex. _Araneidea_.

2. DIMEROUS (_Dimerus_). When the trunk consists of _two_ greater
segments.--Ex. _Coleoptera_, &c.

3. TRIMEROUS (_Trimerus_). When the trunk consists of _three_
greater segments.--Ex. _Neuroptera_, &c.

4. ISTHMIATE (_Isthmiatus_). When an isthmus is formed between the
_Prothorax_ and _Elytra_, either in consequence of the former
being constricted behind so as to form a neck, or the scutellum
not being interposed between the elytra at their base, or
the chief part of the mesothorax not being covered by the
prothorax.--Ex. _Clerus_, _Passalus_, and _Spondylis_.

i. MANITRUNK (_MANITRUNCUS_).

a. PROTHORAX.

1. CLYPEIFORM (_Clypeiformis_). When the prothorax by its
magnitude and distinct separation forms one of the most
conspicuous pieces of the upper side of the trunk, so as nearly
to represent the whole _thorax_; the mesothorax and metathorax
being mostly hidden by the elytra and other organs for
flight.--Ex. _Coleoptera_, _Orthoptera_, &c. PLATE VIII. FIG.
1, 10.

2. COLLIFORM (_Colliformis_). When the prothorax is short and
narrow, and not so conspicuous as the other pieces of the
trunk.--Ex. _Libellulina_. PLATE IX. FIG. 6.

3. CERVICULATE (_Cerviculatus_). When the prothorax is elongate,
attenuate, and distinguished from the _Antepectus_ by no
suture; so as to form a distinct and usually long _neck_. PLATE
III. FIG. 6.

4. EVANESCENT (_Evanescens_). When no distinct prothorax is
discoverable or it is only represented by _membrane_.--Ex. Most
_Hymenoptera_, _Diptera_, &c.

5. MARGINATE (_Marginatus_). When an impressed line or channel
separates the edge of the prothorax from the rest of its
surface, and so forms a _margin_.--Ex. _Harpalus_, &c.

6. IMMARGINATE (_Immarginatus_). When it has _no_ such
margin.--Ex. The _Rhyncophorous beetles_.

7. EXPLANATE (_Explanatus_). When its sides are so depressed and
dilated as to form a _broad_ margin.--Ex. _Necrophorus_,
_Silpha_.

8. EMARGINATE (_Emarginatus_). When a segment of a circle is taken
out of its anterior part for the reception of the head.

9. AMBIENT (_Ambiens_). When this sinus is so large as to receive
the _whole_ head.--Ex. _Chilocorus_.

10. CIRCUMAMBIENT (_Circumambiens_). When its sides are elongated
anteriorly and curve inwards, their ends lapping over each
other and the head, so as to form a circle round the posterior
part of the latter, and leave a space open for the eyes to see
objects above them.--Ex. _Heleus_.

11. CLYPEATE (_Clypeatus_). When it quite covers and overshadows
the head.--Ex. _Lampyris_, _Cassida_, _Cossyphus_.

12. CUCULLATE (_Cucullatus_). When it is elevated into a kind
of ventricose _cowl_ or hood which receives the head.--Ex.
_Dictyonota crassicornis_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 18. _a_[1100].

13. ALATE (_Alatus_). When its sides are expanded into a kind of
_wing_.--Ex. _Dictyonota crassicornis_.

14. AURICULATE (_Auriculatus_). When it expands on each side into
two processes resembling _ears_.--Ex. _Ledra aurita_.

15. ANGULATE (_Angulatus_). When its sides or base jut out into one
or more _angles_.--Ex. _Copris_.

16. CRUCIATE (_Cruciatus_). When it has two elevated longitudinal
obtusangular lines, the angles of which approach each other in
its middle, so as nearly to form a St. Andrew's _cross_.--Ex.
_Locusta_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 17.

17. OBVOLVING (_Obvolvens_). When there are neither ora nor suture
to separate it from the antepectus.--Ex. _Stenus_, _Curculio_ L.

18. PULVINATE (_Pulvinatus_). When in consequence of being
depressed in one place, it seems to puff out in another.--Ex.
_Aleochara canaliculata_, _picea_, &c.

19. PRODUCTED (_Productus_). When behind it terminates in a
long scutelliform process which covers the _Mesothorax_,
_Metathorax_, and great part of the _Abdomen_.--Ex. _Acrydium_,
_Centrotus_.

b. ANTEPECTUS.

1. TRACHELATE (_Trachelatum_). When of itself it forms a neck, the
prothorax being represented only by membrane.--Ex. _Xiphydria_.

2. UNARMED (_Inerme_). When it has _no_ prosternum.--Ex. The
_Rhyncophorous beetles_.

3. ARMED (_Armatum_). When it _has_ a prosternum. N.B. _These
two last terms may be extended also to the_ Medipectus _and_
Postpectus. _And also to the whole together. Thus, if there was
no_ Sternum _at all, it should be called_ Pectus inerme; _and
if one existed in all these divisions of the breast, it would
be_ Pectus armatum.

c. ARM (_Brachium_).

α. CUBIT (_Cubitus_).

1. CLYPEATE (_Clypeatus_). When a concavo-convex plate is affixed to
the outside of the cubit.--Ex. _Crabro clypeatus_, _scutatus_,
&c. ♂. PLATE XV. FIG. 3. _a._

2. PALMATE (_Palmatus_). When towards the apex the cubit is armed
laterally with several divaricate spiniform teeth.--Ex.
_Scarites_, _Clivina_. PLATE XV. FIG. 5.

3. DIGITATE (_Digitatus_). When the apex of the cubit is divided
into several long teeth or fingers.--Ex. _Gryllotalpa_. PLATE XV.
FIG. 6.

4. DOLABRATE (_Dolabratus_). When the apex of the cubit is dilated
and shaped something like the head of a hatchet. PLATE XV. FIG. 4.

β. HAND (_Manus_).

1. PATELLATE (_Patellata_). When several joints of the hand are
dilated so as to form an orbicular patella furnished underneath
either with suckers, or a dense brush of hairs.--Ex. _Dytiscus_
♂, _Staphylinus_. PLATE XV. FIG. 9.

2. SCUTATE (_Scutata_). When a single joint of the hand is
dilated into a broad scutiform plate.--Ex. _Hydrophilus piceus_
♂. PLATE XV. FIG. 8.

3. STRIGILATE (_Strigilata_). When on the inner side of the first
joint of the hand or palm the segment of a circle is taken
out at the base opposite to the spur, the sinus being often
pectinated with spines.--Ex. _Apis_[1101]. PLATE XXVII. FIG.
36. _a._

4. AURICULATE (_Auriculata_). When any of the joints are
externally dilated into an auriform process.--Ex.
_Gryllotalpa_. PLATE XV. FIG. 6. _t´´_.

ii. ALITRUNK (_ALITRUNCUS_).

1. BURIED (_Sepultus_). When its upper surface is wholly or nearly
covered and hidden by the thorax, elytra or other organs of
flight[1102].--Ex. _Coleoptera_, _Orthoptera_.

2. REVEALED (_Revelatus_). When it is not so covered, but is
equally conspicuous with the _Prothorax_, or even more so.--Ex.
_Neuroptera_, _Hymenoptera_, _Diptera_. _Atractocerus_ in
_Coleoptera_.

3. COALITE (_Coalitus_). When it is not separable into two
segments, the _Medipectus_ and the _Postpectus_ forming one
piece.--Ex. _Cimex_ L.

4. BISECTED (_Bisectus_). When it is separable into two
segments.--Ex. _Lamellicorn beetles_.

a. MESOTHORAX.

α. COLLAR (_Collare_).

1. UNCOVERED (_Apertum_). When it is _not_ concealed by the
shield of the prothorax.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_.

2. COVERED (_Tectum_). When it is quite concealed by the prothorax.

3. AREATE (_Areatum_). When it is larger than the prothorax, and
terminates towards the wings in two oblique areas, inclosed
by a ridge often crowned anteriorly with little teeth.--Ex.
_Libellulina_. PLATE IX. FIG. 7. _g^., a._ N.B. _The space
between these_ areas _is fitted with a membrane capable of
tension and relaxation, which in flight causes them to approach
to and recede from each other._

4. AMPLECTENT (_Amplectens_). When posteriorly it is so curved as
to form a large sinus which embraces the dorsolum.--Ex. _Vespa_
L. PLATE IX. FIG. 11. _g^._.

5. PHONETIC (_Phoneticum_). When its posterior angles, approaching
the wings, cover the _vocal_ spiracles[1103].--Ex.
_Hymenoptera_.

β. DORSOLUM.

1. THORACIFORM (_Thoraciforme_). When it forms the principal part
of the upper surface of the trunk.--Ex. _Bombus_, _Apis_,
_Vespa_ &c. PLATE IX. FIG. 11. _i^._.

γ. SCUTELLUM.

1. DISTINCT (_Distinctum_). When it is separated from the dorsolum
by a suture.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_, _Diptera_. PLATE IX. FIG. 11,
19, &c. _k´_.

2. COALITE (_Coalitum_). When it is _not_ separated from the
dorsolum by a suture.--Ex. _Coleoptera_, &c. PLATE VIII. FIG.
3. _k´_.

3. SCUTELLATE (_Insectum scutellatum_). An insect having a visible
_scutellum_.--Ex. _Melolontha_.

_a._ REJECTED (_Rejectum_). When, though visible, it does not
intervene between the elytra at their base.--Ex. _Passalus_.

_b._ RECEIVED (_Receptum_). When it intervenes between the elytra
at their base.--Ex. Most scutellate _Coleoptera_.

4. EXSCUTELLATE (_Insectum exscutellatum_). When an insect
has no visible scutellum, it being wholly covered by the
_Prothorax_.--Ex. _Copris_.

5. ASCENDING (_Ascendens_). When it curves upwards from the
dorsolum.--Ex. _Sagra_.

6. TABULAR (_Tabulare_). When it is elevated on a footstalk above
the dorsolum, and forms a tabular or flat surface.--Ex.
_Elater_.

7. OBUMBRANT (_Obumbrans_). When it overhangs the metathorax.--Ex.
_Musca_. PLATE IX. FIG. 19. _k´_.

δ. BASE-COVERS (_Tegulæ_).

1. CONCHIFORM (_Conchiformes_). When they are a semicircular
concavo-convex scale something resembling the valve of a
bivalve shell.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_. PLATE IX. FIG. 11, 12. _g´´_.

2. LACINIFORM (_Laciniformes_). When they are long, of an
irregular shape, and appear like lappets on each side of the
trunk.--Ex. _Lithosia_, &c. PLATE IX. FIG. 5.[1104]

ε. ELYTRA.

1. BASE (_Basis_). The part next the _Prothorax_.

2. APEX (_Apex_). The part next the _Anus_.

3. HUMERAL ANGLE (_Angulus Humeralis_). The _exterior_ basal angle.

4. SCUTELLAR ANGLE (_Angulus Scutellaris_). The _interior_ basal
angle.

5. COLEOPTRA (_Coleoptra_). The two elytra spoken of together.

6. SPINIGEROUS (_Spinigera_). When the _Coleoptra_ have a spine
common to them both.--Ex. _Cassida bidens_.

7. AURICULATE (_Auriculata_). When the _Elytra_ have an elongate
process at the shoulders.--Ex. _Cassida bicornis_, _Taurus_, &c.

8. INTIRE (_Integra_). When they have neither abbreviations nor
incisions.

9. FASTIGIATE (_Fastigiata_). When of equal or greater length than
the abdomen, and transverse at the end.

10. TRUNCATE (_Truncata_). When they are shorter than the abdomen,
and transverse at the end.

11. ABBREVIATE (_Abbreviata_). When they are shorter than the
abdomen, but cover _more_ than _half_ its length. PLATE I. FIG.
4.

12. DIMIDIATE (_Dimidiata_). When they are about _half_ the length
of the abdomen. PLATE I. FIG. 5.

13. VERY SHORT (_Brevissima_). When they are _not_ half the length
of the abdomen. PLATE I. FIG. 2, 3, 7.

14. MUTILATE (_Mutilata_). When they appear _unnaturally_ short or
curtailed as if mutilated.--Ex. _Acrydium_.

15. SUBULATE (_Subulata_). When they are attenuated towards the
end.--Ex. _Sitaris humeralis_.

16. ELONGATE (_Elongata_). When they extend beyond the anus.--Ex.
_Trox_.

17. OBVOLVING (_Obvolventia_). When their _Epipleuræ_ cover a
considerable portion of the sides of the alitrunk. PLATE
XXVIII. FIG. 7.

18. COMPLICANT (_Complicantia_). When they lie a little over each
other.--Ex. _Meloe_. PLATE I. FIG. 6.

19. DEHISCENT (_Dehiscentia_). When they diverge a little at the
apex.--Ex. _Pyrochroa_.

20. AMPLIATE (_Ampliata_). When they are disproportionably wide at
the end.--Ex. _Lycus fasciatus_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 20.

21. PLICATE (_Plicata_). When they have two or three contiguous
abbreviated furrows which exhibit the appearance of folds.--Ex.
_Pselaphidæ_.

22. PERFORATE (_Perforata_). When a little hole appears drilled
through them.--Ex. _Cassida perforata_.

N.B. _Many of the above terms will apply to_ Tegmina, Hemelytra,
Wings, &c.

_A._ Side-covers (_Epipleuræ_).

1. MARGINAL (_Marginales_). When they are only an inflexed
continuation of the margin.--Ex. _Buprestis_.

2. DISCOIDAL (_Discoidales_). When they are a process from the
disk of the under surface of the elytra.--Ex. _Lampyris_,
_Cossyphus_, _Cassida_, _Notoclea_[1105].

ζ. TEGMINA.

1. FENESTRELLA (_Fenestrella_). A transparent eye-like spot in the
_Anal Area_ of the Tegmina of _Acrida_ ♂[1106].

2. CONVOLVENT (_Convolventia_). When the _Anal Area_ is
horizontal, incumbent on the back of the insect, and forms a
right angle with the rest of the tegmen, which is vertical and
covers the sides.--Ex. _Locusta_. N.B. _In this case the_ Anal
Area _of one_ Tegmen _covers that of the other._

3. ALIFORM (_Aliformia_). When their substance approaches to
membrane, and they nearly resemble _Wings_.--Ex. Most
_Homopterous Hemiptera_.

η. HEMELYTRA.

1. OBTECTED (_Obtecta_). When the Hemelytra are covered by a
scutelliform mesothorax.--Ex. _Scutellera_.

2. DETECTED (_Detecta_). When they are not so covered.--Ex. Most
_Heteropterous Hemiptera_.

θ. WINGS (_Alæ_).

_A._ Denomination.

1. ANTERIOR (_Anticæ_). The fore or upper wings.

_a._ SUPERIOR (_Superiores_). The anterior wings are so denominated
if when at rest they are placed upon the posterior wings.--Ex.
_Hymenoptera_.

_b._ PRIMARY (_Primores_). The anterior wings are so denominated if
when at rest they are _not_ placed upon the posterior.--Ex.
_Lepidoptera diurna_, _Libellulina_.

2. POSTERIOR (_Posticæ_). The hind or lower wings.

_a._ INFERIOR (_Inferiores_). The posterior wings are so
denominated if the anterior wings, when at rest, are placed
upon them.

_b._ SECONDARY (_Secundariæ_). The posterior wings are so
denominated if the superior wings, when at rest, are _not_
placed upon them.--Ex. _Lepidoptera diurna_, _Libellulina_.

_B._ Magnitude.

3. EQUAL (_Æquales_). When the four wings are of _equal_
length.--Ex. _Libellulina_.

4. UNEQUAL (_Inæquales_). When they are _not_ of equal
length.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_.

_C._ Complication.

5. PLANE (_Planæ_). Flat wings that are neither plicatile nor
tumid.--Ex. _Apis_.

6. TUMID (_Tumidæ_). When the membrane between the nervures that
form an areolet is bigger than the areolet, which gives it
convexity.--Ex. _The Serrifera_ or _saw-flies_. N.B. _The
object of this structure is to expose a larger surface to the
action of the air._

7. PLICATILE (_Plicatiles_). When the wings at rest are folded in
one or more longitudinal plaits.--Ex. _Vespa_ L.

8. DUPLICATILE (_Duplicatæ_). When they are folded
transversely.--Ex. _Coleoptera_.

9. CONVOLUTE (_Convolutæ_). When the wings so envelope the body as
to give it a cylindrical form.--Ex. _Crambus_.

10. INCUMBENT (_Incumbentes_). Wings which when at rest cover the
back of the insect.--Ex. The _Noctuidæ_, _Geometra_.

11. CRUCIATO-COMPLICATE (_Cruciato-complicatæ_). Wings crossed and
folded.--Ex. _Pentatoma_, &c.

12. CRUCIATO-INCUMBENT (_Cruciato-incumbentes_). Wings crossed but
not folded, and covering the back.--Ex. _Apis_.

13. EXTENDED (_Extensæ_). Wings that when at rest do not lie upon
the body.--Ex. _Libellula_, _Æshna_, &c.

_a._ EXPANDED (_Patentes_). Wings that when at rest are
horizontally extended and do not cover each other.--Ex.
_Libellula_, &c.

_b._ HORIZONTAL (_Horizontales_). Very narrow wings which when
at rest are extended _horizontally_ forming a right angle
with the body, and covering the posterior wings.--Ex.
_Pterophorus_[1107].

_c._ ERECT (_Erectæ_). Wings which when at rest are extended
vertically.--Ex. _Vanessa_, _Agrion_.

_d._ ERECTO-PATENT (_Erecto-patentes_). When the primary wings at
rest are erect and the secondary horizontal.--Ex. _Hesperia_.

_e._ CONNIVENT (_Conniventes_). When erect wings are so closely
applied to each other that the corresponding margins
touch.--Ex. _Vanessa_.

_f._ DIVARICATE (_Divaricatæ_). When wings at rest are somewhat
erect but diverge from each other.

14. PATULOUS (_Patulæ_). When wings at rest partly cover each other.

15. APPLICANT (_Applicantes_). When wings at rest are parallel with
the abdomen.--Ex. _Tipula_.

16. DIVERGENT (_Divergentes_). When wings at rest recede from the
abdomen.

17. DEFLEXED (_Deflexæ_). When wings at rest covering each other
are so bent downwards as to imitate a roof, of which their
interior margin forms the ridge.--Ex. _Homopterous Hemiptera_.

18. REVERSED (_Reversæ_). When wings at rest are deflexed, but so
that the anterior margin of the inferior projects beyond the
anterior margin of the superior.--Ex. _Gatropacha quercifolia_.
PLATE XIV. FIG. 2.

19. BROAD (_Latæ_). When the interior margin is shorter than the
posterior.--Ex. _Papilio_.

20. NARROW (_Angustæ_). When the posterior margin is shorter than
the interior.--Ex. _Heliconius_.

_D._ Shape.

1. FALCATE (_Falcatæ_). Wings having their posterior margin
concave, and the posterior angle acute and curved.--Ex.
_Attacus Atlas_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 4.

2. DIGITATE (_Digitatæ_). Wings cleft to the base into several
subdivisions.--Ex. _Pterophorus_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 3.

_a._ RADIUS (_Radius_). A single subdivision of a digitate wing.

3. CAUDATE (_Caudatæ_). When wings terminate in a tail-like
process.--Ex. _Papilio Machaon_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _s._

_a._ BICAUDATE (_Bicaudatæ_). Having _two_ such tails. _Tricaudatæ_
having _three_, &c.

_E._ Surface.

1. SQUAMATE (_Squamatæ_). Wings covered with minute scales.--Ex.
_Lepidoptera_. PLATE XXII. FIG. 16. _a, b, c, d_, &c.

2. DENUDATE (_Denudatæ_). When the wings of _Lepidoptera_ appear
more or less as if the scales had been rubbed off, either
partially or generally.--Ex. _Heliconius_, _Sesia_, _Zygæna_,
_Nudaria_.

3. FENESTRATE (_Fenestratæ_). When one or two definite spaces in a
Lepidopterous wing are denuded of scales.--Ex. _Attacus Atlas_,
&c.

4. BARE (_Nudæ_). When wings have neither perceptible hairs nor
scales.--Ex. _Coleoptera_.

_F._ Margin.

1. ANTERIOR or EXTERIOR (_Anterior_ or _Exterior_). The _outer_
margin of the wing, or that _from_ the body. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1.
a.

2. INTERIOR (_Interior_). The _inner_ margin of the wing, or that
_next_ the body. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. b.

3. POSTERIOR (_Posterior_). The _terminal_ margin of the wing, or
apex. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. c.

4. PLECTRUM (_Plectrum_). A marginal bristle stronger than the
rest, observable about the middle of the costa and standing out
from it.--Ex. Many _Muscidæ_.

_G._ Angles.

1. HUMERAL (_Humeralis_). Basal angle next the _head_. PLATE XIV.
FIG. 1. d.

2. SCUTELLAR (_Scutellaris_). Basal angle next the _scutellum_ or
its region. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. e.

3. POSTERIOR (_Posterior_). _Outer_ apical angle. PLATE XIV. FIG.
1. f.

4. ANAL (_Analis_). _Inner_ apical angle. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. g.

_H._ Nervures.

1. NERVULET (_Nervulus_). A little nervure diverging obliquely
from the costal into the disk of the wing towards the apex.

_a._ SIMPLE (_Simplex_). When the nervulet does _not_ terminate in
a round punctum.--Ex. _Eulophus_.

_b._ CORONATE (_Coronatum_). When it terminates in a round
punctum.--Ex. _Ichneumon penetrans_[1108].

2. NEUROSE (_Neurosæ_). Wings that have nervures besides the
marginal ones.

3. ANEUROSE (_Aneurosæ_). Wings that have no nervures besides the
marginal ones.--Ex. _Psilus_.

4. CIRCUMSEPTED (_Circumseptæ_). Wings whose margin is every where
strengthened by a nervure.--Ex. _Tabanus_.

5. VARICOSE (_Varicosæ_). When the nervures are disproportionably
swelled in any part.--Ex. _Forficula auricularia_. PLATE X.
FIG. 5.

6. SERPENTINE (_Serpentinæ_). Nervures that run in a serpentine
direction.--Ex. _Strategus Aloeus_ K. M.S[1109]. PLATE X. FIG.
4.

7. INSULATE (_Insulatæ_). Discoidal nervures that are entirely
unconnected with any others, or with the base of the wing.--Ex.
_Strategus Aloeus_. PLATE X. FIG. 4. a, b.

8. UNCINATE (_Unicinatæ_). Nervures, that after running from the
base towards the apex, turn back, and running a little towards
the base, form a hook.--Ex. _Strategus Aloeus_. PLATE X. FIG.
4. _i^._.

9. RECURRENT (_Recurrentes_). When a nervure, or a branch of it,
after running towards the apex of the wing, turns back and runs
towards the base.--Ex. _Strategus Aloeus_, &c. PLATE X. Fig 4.
_l^._.

10. CONNECTING (_Connectentes_). Nervures that running transversely
or obliquely connect the longitudinal ones, and so form the
areolets.

_I._ Areolets.

1. RADIATED (_Radiatæ_). When the areolets are chiefly formed by
radiating longitudinal nervures.--Ex. _Forficula_, _Psychoda_.
PLATE X. FIG. 5, 13.

2. AREATE (_Areatæ_). Radiated with a large basal area.--Ex.
_Papilio_ and many other _Lepidoptera_[1110]. PLATE X. FIG. 6.

3. AREOLATE (_Areolatæ_). When the surface of the wing is divided
into various areolets.--Ex. _Diptera_, _Hymenoptera_, and most
_Neuroptera_. PLATE X. FIG. 7-14.

4. RETICULATE (_Reticulatæ_). When the areolets are extremely
small and infinitely numerous.--Ex. _Libellulina_. PLATE III.
FIG. 5.

5. OPEN (_Apertæ_). Areolets that terminate in the margin of the
wing, or that are not surrounded on all sides by nervures.

_a._ MARGINAL (_Marginales_). Open areolets that terminate in the
margin.--Ex. _Tenthredo_. PLATE X. FIG. 8.

_b._ INCOMPLETE (_Incompletæ_). Open areolets that terminate short
of the margin.--Ex. _Apis_.

6. RADIANT (_Radiantes_). When a small roundish areolet is a
centre from which several long ones diverge.--Ex. _Stratyomis_.
PLATE X. FIG. 15.

7. PETIOLATE (_Petiolatæ_). When an areolet is connected with
another by a stem like a footstalk[1111]. PLATE X. FIG. 8.

8. RAMULOSE (_Ramulosæ_). When an areolet sends forth a little
unconnected branch.--Ex. _Pompilus_, _Sphex_, &c.[1112]

9. ANGULAR (_Angulatæ_). When an areolet juts out on one side
into an angle from which no nervure proceeds, to form another
areolet.--Ex. _Eristalis_, _Cerceris_.[1113] PLATE X. FIG. 14.

10. DIDYMOUS (_Didymæ_). When areolets are nearly divided into two
by a nervure.--Ex. _Gyrostoma_.

11. SESQUIALTEROUS (_Sesquialteræ_). When a minute areolet
is appended to a large one.--Ex. _Postcostal areolet_ of
_Hylotoma_[1114].

* Areolets of the Costal Area.

1. COSTAL (_Costales_). Areolets, one or more, _below_ the
_stigma_. PLATE X. FIG. 14. 15. a, b.

2. POSTCOSTAL (_Postcostales_). Areolets, one or more, _above_ the
_stigma_. PLATE X. FIG. 8, 9. a, b.

* * Areolets of the Intermediate Area.

1. PROTOMESAL (_Protomesæ_). First series of the middle areolets
(_Areolæ mediæ_), often consisting of _three_, and then divided
into _upper_, _middle_, and _lower_, areolets. PLATE X. FIG. 8,
9. a.

2. DEUTEROMESAL (_Deuteromesæ_). Second series of the same, often
consisting of two, and then divided into _upper_ and _lower_.
_Ibid._ b.

3. TRITOMESAL (_Tritomesæ_). Third series of the same. _Ibid._ c.

_K._ Stigma.

1. BLIND (_Cœcum_). When the _stigma_ is wholly opaque, and
neither begins nor terminates in a minute areolet.--Ex. Most
_Hymenoptera_.

2. FENESTRATE (_Fenestratum_). When the stigma begins or
terminates in a minute areolet. PLATE X. FIG. 11. _m´´´_.

_L._ Number.

1. APTEROUS (_Aptera_). Having _no_ wings.

2. DIPTEROUS (_Diptera_). Having _two_ wings.

3. TETRAPTEROUS (_Tetraptera_). Having _four_ wings.

ι. LEGS (_Pedes_).

_A._ Number.

1. TETRAPOD (_Tetrapus_). An insect having only _four_ perfect
legs.--Ex. _Vanessa_.

2. HEXAPOD (_Hexapus_). An insect having _six_ legs.--Ex. _Insects
Proper_ in general.

3. OCTOPOD (_Octopus_). Having _eight_ legs.--Ex. _Araneidea_.

4. POLYPOD (_Polypus_). Having more than _eight_ legs but under
_fifty_.--Ex. _Glomeris_, _Cermatia_.

5. CENTIPEDE (_Centipes_). Having _more_ than _fifty_ legs but
under _two hundred_.--Ex. _Scolopendra_.

6. MYRIAPOD (_Myriapus_). Having two hundred legs or more.--Ex.
_Iulus_.

_B._ Situation.

1. ANTEPECTORAL (_Antepectorales_). The fore-legs or arms, affixed
to the _Antepectus_.

2. MEDIPECTORAL (_Medipectorales_). The mid-legs, affixed to the
_Medipectus_.

3. POSTPECTORAL (_Postpectorales_). The hind-legs, affixed to the
_Postpectus_.

4. DISTANT (_Distantes_). When the pairs of legs are remote from
each other at their base.--Ex. _Intermediate_ legs of _Copris_.

5. APPROXIMATE (_Approximati_). When they are near each other at
the base.--Ex. _Posterior_ legs of _Copris_.

6. EQUIDISTANT (_Æquidistantes_). When all the three pair are
equally distant at the base.--Ex. _Cassida_.

_C._ Duration.

1. PERSISTENT (_Persistentes_). Legs which the insect has in all
its states.--Ex. _The legs attached to the trunk._ N.B. _These
are called_ Legs (_Pedes_). PLATE XVIII. FIG. 11. _a._

2. DECIDUOUS (_Decidui_). Legs which the insect has _not_ in
all its states.--Ex. _Membranous legs of Caterpillars_.
PLATE XVIII. FIG. 11. _b._ N.B. _These are called_ Prolegs
(_Propedes_).

3. ACQUIRED (_Acquisiti_). Legs which the insect has not in its
_first_ state, but which it acquires subsequently.--Ex.
_Abdominal legs_ in _Scolopendra_, _Iulus_, &c.

_D._ Denomination.

1. FORE-LEGS (_Antici_). The _first_ pair. Taken by themselves
called _Arms_ (_Brachia_).

2. ANTERIOR (_Anteriores_). The _two first_ pair of legs.

3. MID-LEGS (_Intermedii_). The _middle_ pair of legs.

4. HIND-LEGS (_Postici_). The _last_ pair of legs.

5. POSTERIOR (_Posteriores_). The _two_ last pair of legs.

6. ABBREVIATE (_Abbreviati_). Legs with an imperfect tarsus.--Ex.
_Vanessa_.

7. AMBULATORY (_Ambulatorii_). When the tarsi have a spongy
sole.--Ex. _Chrysomela_.

8. CURSORIOUS (_Cursorii_). When, the fore tarsi of some males
excepted, they have _not_ a spongy sole.--Ex. _Carabus_,
_Cicindela_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 7.

9. SALTATORIOUS (_Saltatorii_). When the hind-legs have strong
incrassated thighs formed for _leaping_.--Ex. _Haltica_,
_Orchestes_, the _Locustina_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 5.

10. NATATORIOUS (_Natatorii_). When the legs are compressed
or ciliated, and formed for _swimming_.--Ex. _Dytiscus_,
_Gyrinus_, _Notonecta_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 6.

11. MOTATORIOUS (_Motatorii_). Legs, which when the insect is at
rest, are in a perpetual vibratory motion.--Ex. _Tipula_.

12. FOSSORIOUS (_Fossorii_). Leg with either palmate or digitate
tibiæ.--Ex. _Scarites_, _Clivinia_, _Gryllotalpa_. PLATE XV.
FIG. 5, 6.

13. RAPTORIOUS (_Raptorii_). When the strong porrected thighs,
usually of the fore-leg, have a channel for the reception of
the tibiæ, which are inflexed, and both armed with a double
series of spurs.--Ex. _Mantis_, _Nepa_.

14. PREHENSORIOUS (_Prehensorii_). When the thighs of the hind-legs
converge and the tibiæ diverge so as to form an angle which is
armed with spines.--Ex. _Gonyleptes_. PLATE XIV. Fig 8[1115].

_E._ Hip (_Coxa_).

1. FIXED (_Fixæ_). When they are _not_ moveable.--Ex. _Dytiscus_,
_Gonyleptes_.

2. FREE (_Liberæ_). When they are moveable.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_,
most _Coleoptera_.

3. LAMINATE (_Laminatæ_). When the posterior coxæ form a broad
thin plate which covers the trochanter and the base of the
thighs.--Ex. _Haliplus_. PLATE XV. FIG. 1. _p´´_.

4. FLOCCULATE (_Flocculatæ_). When the posterior coxæ are
distinguished by a curling lock of hair (_Flocculus_).--Ex.
_Andrena_[1116].

_F._ Trochanter (_Trochanter_).

1. FULCRANT (_Fulcrans_). When the trochanter merely props the
thigh below at the base, but does not at all intervene between
it and the coxa.--Ex. _Carabus_.

2. INTERCEPTING (_Intercipiens_). When the trochanter intervenes
between the thigh and the coxa, so as intirely to separate
them.--Ex. The _Petalocerous beetles_, _Hymenoptera_, &c.

3. MONOMEROUS (_Monomerus_). When it consists of only _one_
joint.--Ex. _Coleoptera_, &c.

4. DIMEROUS (_Dimerus_). When it consists of _two_ joints.--Ex.
_Ichneumon_.

_G._ Thigh (_Femur_).

1. SIMPLE (_Simplex_). When it is no where particularly thick.

2. INCRASSATE (_Incrassatum_). When it is very thick, either
partially or generally, and formed for leaping.--Ex. _Haltica_,
&c.

3. LORICATE (_Loricatum_). When the disk of the thigh appears
covered with a double series of oblique scales like a coat of
mail.--Ex. _Locusta_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 5.

_H._ Shank (_Tibia_).

1. ALATE (_Alata_). When the posterior tibia on each side is
furnished with a dilated process which probably assists it in
flight.--Ex. _Petalopus phyllopus_, &c. PLATE XV. FIG. 2. _a._

2. FOLIACEOUS (_Foliacea_). When the tibia is laterally dilated
into a thin plate for carrying pollen.--Ex. _Euglossa cordata_,
&c.

3. CORBICULATE (_Corbiculata_). When it is fringed with incurved
hairs calculated for carrying kneaded pollen.--Ex. _Apis_,
_Bombus_[1117].

4. SCOPATE (_Scopata_). When it is quite covered with a brush of
hairs with which it brushes off the gross pollen, and in which
it carries it.--Ex. _Andrena_[1118].

5. CALCARATE (_Calcarata_). When it is armed with one or more
spurs (_Calcaria_).--Ex. _The majority of insects_.

6. EXCALCARATE (_Excalcarata_). When it has no such spurs.--Ex.
_Apion_.

_I._ Foot (_Tarsus_).

1. SCOPULATE (_Scopulatus_). When the first joint on the under
side is covered with a dense brush of rigid hairs.--Ex. _Apis_,
_Andrena_, &c.[1119]

b. METATHORAX.

1. SIMULANT (_Simulans_). When the mesothorax is covered by the
prothorax, and the _Metathorax_ only is visible, under the form
of an elongated or enlarged scutellum.--Ex. The _Geocorisæ_.
PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 12.

α. POSTDORSOLUM.

1. LATENT (_Latens_). When it is covered by the mesothorax; it is
then usually a mere membrane.--Ex. Most _Coleoptera_.

2. EXPOSED (_Apertus_). When it is _not_ so covered.--Ex.
_Atractocerus_, _Hymenoptera_, &c.

β. POSTSCUTELLUM.

1. DISTINCT (_Distinctum_). When the postscutellum is distinct
from the postdorsolum.--Ex. _Locusta_. PLATE VIII. FIG. 12 _u´_.

2. COALITE (_Coalitum_). When it is not distinct.--Ex. _Blatta_.

3. SCUTELLIFORM (_Scutelliforme_). When it is a triangular
elevated prominence resembling a _scutellum_.--Ex. _Locusta_.

4. CANALIFORM (_Canaliforme_). When it is a deepish elongate
channel running from the postdorsolum to the abdomen.--Ex.
_Coleoptera_. PLATE VIII. FIG. 3. _u´_. XXVIII. FIG. 10. _u´._

5. OBLITERATE (_Obliteratum_). When this channel is nearly or
altogether obliterated.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_.

γ. POSTFRÆNUM.

1. TABULATE (_Tabulatum_). When it forms a broad pannel or table
on each side the postscutellum.--Ex. Most _Coleoptera_.

2. FUNICULATE (_Funiculatum_). When it forms a narrow ridge.--Ex.
_Pentatoma_, _Fulgora_, _Libellulina_. PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 11,
12. _v´_.

3. CRUCIATE (_Cruciatum_). When there are two funicular ridges
diverging on each side, which inclosing a pannel form together
a St. Andrew's cross, and are connected with the base of the
wings.--Ex. _Libellulina_[1120]. PLATE IX. FIG. 7. _v´._

4. ADNATE (_Adnatum_). When a funicular _Postfrænum_ is closely
adjacent to the sides of the metathorax till it nearly reaches
the wings.--Ex. _Pentatoma_.

5. TRANSCURRENT (_Transcurrens_). When a postfrænum is at first
adnate to the sides of the postscutellum, and then diverges
across the pannel to the base of the wings.--Ex. _Belostoma
grandis_.

IV. ABDOMEN.

1. COALITE (_Coalitum_). When the abdomen is not divided into
segments.--Ex. _Araneidea_, _Chelonus_.

_a._ PLICATE (_Plicatum_). When it consists of transverse
folds.--Ex. _Gonyleptes_, _Carkinodes_[1121]. PLATE XV. FIG. 11.

_b._ TENSE (_Tensum_). When it is not folded.--Ex. Most _Araneidea_.

2. INSECTED (_Sectum_). When it is divided into segments.--Ex.
Most _insects_.

3. SESSILE (_Sessile_). When it has no footstalk, but is closely
united to the trunk.--Ex. _Coleoptera_.

4. PETIOLATE (_Petiolatum_). When the first segment, or more, is
longer and much narrower than the subsequent ones, so as to
form a footstalk.--Ex. The _Sphecidæ_, _Ichneumon_.

5. ADJOINED (_Adjunctum_). When it is connected with the trunk by
a very short petiole.--Ex. _Vespa_, _Apis_.

6. SUPERIMPOSITED (_Superimpositum_). When the footstalk of the
abdomen is inserted in the upper part of the postscutellum,
so as to leave a considerable space between it and the
postpectus.--Ex. _Evania_. PLATE IV. FIG. 2.

7. RETRACTED (_Retractum_). When it is nearly withdrawn within the
trunk.--Ex. _Gonyleptes_. PLATE XV. FIG. 11.

8. OBUMBRATE (_Obumbratum_). When it is overshadowed by the trunk
and concealed under it.--Ex. _Carkinodes_. PLATE XV. FIG. 10.

9. SALTATORIOUS (_Saltatorium_). When the ventral segments or the
anus are furnished with elastic processes which enable the
animal to _leap_.--Ex. _Machilis_, _Podura_. PLATE XV. FIG. 14.

10. NATATORIOUS (_Natatorium_). When the abdomen is terminated by
flat foliaceous appendages, or the tail is ciliated on each
side with dense parallel hairs, which assist the insect in
_swimming_.--Ex. _Larva_ of _Agrion_, and _Dytiscus_.

i. CAUDA.

1. UNCINATE (_Uncinata_). When the tail is inflected so as to form
a kind of hook.--Ex. _Dolichopus_ ♂.

2. ADUNCOUS (_Adunca_). When it is crooked.--Ex. _Chelostoma
maxillosa_ ♂. (_Apis_ ** c. 2. γ. K.)

3. DISTINCT (_Distincta_). When it is distinct from the
abdomen.--Ex. _Scorpio_.

4. CHELIFEROUS (_Chelifera_). When it is terminated by a very
thick forceps somewhat resembling a lobster's claw.--Ex.
_Panorpa_ ♂. PLATE XV. FIG. 12.

5. PAPILLIFEROUS (_Papillifera_). When at the last segment but one
the tail exerts two soft fleshy organs, which secrete a milky
fluid and yield a powerful scent.--Ex. _Staphylinus_.

ii. OVIPOSITOR.

1. ENSATE (_Ensatus_). When it is long, compressed, and shaped
like a _sword_.--Ex. _Acrida_.

2. NAVICULAR (_Navicularis_). When it is shaped like a
_boat_.--Ex. _Cicada_, _Scaphura_.

3. TELESCOPIFORM (_Telescopiformis_). When it consists of several
tubes retractile within each other like the pieces of a
_telescope_. PLATE XVI. FIG. 2, 3.

4. ACULEIFORM (_Aculeiformis_). The ovipositors of Hymenopterous
insects, which consist of the same parts, with the exception of
the poison-bag (_Ioterium_), whether used as weapons or merely
in oviposition.

_a._ EXERTED (_Exertus_). When the vagina unemployed is _partly_
out of the body.--Ex. _Cleptes_.

_b._ EXTRICATED (_Extricatus_). When the valves and vagina
unemployed are _wholly_ out of the body.--Ex. _Pimpla_. PLATE
XVI. FIG. 1.

_c._ REFLEXED (_Reflexus_). When the ovipositor is turned up and
lies upon the back of the abdomen.--Ex. _Leucospis_.

_APPENDIX._

TERMS particularly applicable to LARVÆ and PUPÆ.

LARVÆ.

1. SPINNERET (_Fusulus_). The organ which spins the silk. PLATE
XXI. FIG. 9.

2. FORCIPATE LIP (_Labium Forcipatum_). Mask of larvæ and pupæ of
_Libellulina_[1122]. PLATE XVI. FIG. 5. _a._

3. UNGUIFORM MANDIBLES (_Mandibulæ unguiformes_). The parallel
claw-shaped mandibles of many _Diptera_. PLATE XX. FIG. 1, 2.
_c´._

4. PROP (_Ereisma_). A bipartite retractile glutinous organ
exerted from between the legs of the genus _Sminthurus_, and
employed by the animal to support itself when its legs fail
it[1123].

5. FECIFORK (_Fæcifurca_). The anal fork on which the larva of
_Cassidæ_, &c. carry their feces. PLATE XVIII. FIG. 2. _a._

6. MASTIGIA (_Mastigia_). Two anal organs in the larvæ of _Cerura
Vinula_, exerting from their apex a retractile flexible thread,
with which they endeavour, by lashing their sides, to drive
away the _Ichneumons_. PLATE XIX. FIG. 2. _a._

7. SYRINGES (_Syringia_). Organs situated in various parts of
larvæ, from which they ejaculate a watery fluid to annoy or
drive away their enemies[1124].

8. RUMULES (_Rumulæ_). Teat-like fleshy protuberances observable
on the bodies of various larvæ[1125].

9. AERIDUCTS (_Aëriductus_). Respiratory organs often foliaceous,
with which the sides of the abdomen, the tail, and sometimes
the trunk of aquatic larvæ and pupæ are often furnished. PLATE
XXIX. FIG. 3-7.

10. PROLEGS (_Propedes_). Fleshy exarticulate pediform often
retractile organs, which assist various larvæ in walking and
other motions, but which disappear in the perfect insect. PLATE
XVIII. FIG. 11, 12. _b._

a. CORONATE PROLEGS (_Propedes coronati_). Prolegs that have an
_intire coronet_ of crotchets. PLATE XXIII. FIG. 1.

b. SEMICORONATE PROLEGS (_Propedes semicoronati_). Prolegs that
have a _semicoronet_ of crotchets.

c. UNARMED (_Inermes_). Prolegs that have _no_ crotchets.