Chapter XXVII: Appendix: V (4)

Parkman, Dr. George, ii, 29, 35, 36;
to Audubon, ii, 42-43, 57, 59, 134, 141;
Audubon to, ii, 227.

Patterson, W. D., i, 231; ii, 352.

Peabody, W. B. O., i, 231; ii, 200.

Peale, Rembrandt, i, 328.

Peale, Robert, i, 328.

Peale, Titian R., his drawings of birds, i, 330.

Pears, Thomas W., i, 124;
as partner of Audubon and Bakewell, i, 254;
his withdrawal, i, 255, 426.

Peel, Sir Robert, i, 377.

Penal laws, in England, i, 395.

Penn, John, i, 105.

Penn, William, land purchase by, i, 103.

Percy, Capt. Robert, Mrs. Audubon's school at plantation of,
i, 322;
Audubon at plantation of, i, 324.

Perkins, Thomas H., ii, 28, 29, 39, 150.

Perkioming Consolidated Mining Company, i, 169.

Perkioming Creek, i, 103-104, 106.

Perrytown (Sutton, New Hampshire), i, 284.

Pewee, Phœbe (_Sayornis phœbe_), Audubon on, i, 99;
his first study of, i, 106;
original drawing of, i, 180.

Pewee, Wood (_Myiochanes virens_), Audubon's original drawing
of, i, 180, 425.

Philadelphia (Pennsylvania), reception of Audubon at, i, 327-335;
a meeting of the Academy of Natural Sciences at, i, 333;
ii, 154.

Philarète-Chasles, impressions of Audubon's exhibition at
Edinburgh, i, 359.

Phillips, Dr. Benjamin, ii, 144-145, 223-224;
Audubon to, ii, 244-246.

Phœbe, Say's (_Sayornis sayus_), i, 330.

_Picus auduboni_, ii, 113.

Pigeon, Passenger (_Ectopistes migratorius_), Audubon's
original painting of, i, 363;
Audubon on, i, 368.

Pirrie, Eliza, as Audubon's pupil, and her romantic history,
i, 315, 317-318.

Pirrie, James, i, 315;
Audubon's drawings made at plantation of, i, 316.

Pirrie, Mrs. James, engagement of Audubon by, i, 313;
her home and family, i, 313-318.

Pitois, M., i, 432.

Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania), record of journey from Philadelphia
to, in 1807, i, 187-191;
characterization, growth and population of, i, 191;
Wilson's description of, in 1810, i, 204; 343, 344.

Plaisance, Samuel, i, 123, 265.

Planters (Santo Domingo), their prosperity and grievances,
i, 42-44;
their morality and vicissitudes, i, 44-46;
their revolt, i, 49-51.

_Polly_, Audubon's and Rozier's voyage on, i, 134-135, 187.

Pope, John, i, 237.

Pornic, mission of Citizen Audubon to, i, 79.

Porter, Dr. Edmund, to Dr. Thomas Miner, i, 333.

Posey, Fayette, i, 258.

Presque Isle, i, 340.

Priestley, Joseph, i, 154, 200-201.

Prospectus, of _American Ornithology_ (Wilson), i, 217;
of _The Birds of America_, i, 373;
of first octavo edition, ii, 211-214;
reproduction of (for 1828) for original folio, ii, 386-388;
reproduction of (by J. W. Audubon), for second (partial)
American edition of original folio, ii, 389-391.

Provost, Henry Augustin, i, 105-106, 122.

_Quadrupeds of North America_, i, 17;
Bachman to Audubon on, ii, 208;
Audubon to Brewer on, ii, 209;
on Bachman's coöperation in, ii, 210;
Audubon to Baird on, ii, 219-221, 222, 226-227, 233;
Audubon to Parkman, ii, 227;
to W. O. Ayres, ii, 229;
Parke Godwin on, ii, 236;
editions of, ii, 261;
Bachman on text of, ii, 261-263, 269-272, 281-283;
Baird on materials for, ii, 263, 264, 274, 276-277, 278;
Audubon on letterpress of, ii, 265;
Harris as mediator in difficulties with letterpress of, ii, 269;
coöperation of authors in, ii, 273;
subscribers to, ii, 274;
Louis Agassiz on, ii, 274;
title of text of, ii, 275;
English edition of first volume of text of, ii, 280;
dedication copy of first volume of text of, ii, 280;
J. E. Gray on, ii, 281;
manuscript of text of, ii, 283;
_Illustrations_ of, ii, 285;
in octavo, ii, 293.

Quebec, Audubon's visit and success in, ii, 244.

_Queen_, Jean Audubon's fight in, i, 35.

_Queen Charlotte_ (_La Reine Charlotte_), Captain Jean Audubon's
command of, at Yorktown, i, 34.

Quinarianism, curious tenets and advocacy of, ii, 94, 95, 104,
109, 114, 116, 117.

Quincy, Josiah, ii, 29, 150.

Rabin, Mlle., birth of son of, i, 52;
as characterized by Jean Audubon, i, 52;
record of physician of, i, 53;
her feeble health and death, i, 56;
suppression of her name, i, 60;
early and assumed names of her son, i, 62;
as characterized by her son, i, 63, 66;
fictitious account of death of, i, 67.

Rabin, Jean, i, 53, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 263, 264; ii, 361,
362, 364. _See_ Jean Jacques Fougère Audubon.

Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (Schmaltz), i, 171;
his travels, writings and career, i, 285-300;
Audubon on, i, 285;
and the bats, i, 286;
his early life and precocity, i, 287;
his bibliography, i, 287;
visit to America, i, 288;
life in Sicily, i, 288;
marriage and embitterment, i, 289;
return to America and shipwreck, i, 290;
visits Audubon, i, 290;
his "scarlet-headed swallow" and fictitious fishes, i, 291;
his Ichthyology of the Ohio River and "Devil-Jack
Diamond-fish," i, 292;
at Transylvania University, i, 294;
originality and independence, i, 295;
impractical projects and inventions, i, 295-296, 298;
troubles at Lexington and return to Philadelphia, i, 296;
his mania for new species, i, 296;
his letters, i, 297;
his multifarious writings, final struggles and death,
i, 297-299;
his ardor and fatal versatility, i, 299;
contemporary notice of, i, 333.

"Rafinesquiana," i, 287.

_Rambler_, i, 7.

Ramsden, George, Edward Holden to, i, 351.

Rankin, Dr. Adam, i, 238, 242;
his "Meadow Brook Farm," i, 248;
birth of John Woodhouse Audubon at home of, i, 248.

Rankin, William, i, 248.

Rathbone, Richard, introduction of Audubon to, i, 352.

Rathbone, William, Sr., assistance rendered Audubon by, i, 352.

Rathbone, Mrs. William, Sr., at "Greenbank," i, 353;
gift to Audubon by, i, 355.

Rathbone, William, Jr., i, 352.

Rattlesnake, Audubon's account of drawing of, i, 316;
climbing habits of, ii, 53-54, 64;
Audubon on, ii, 71-76;
Dr. Jones' charge concerning, ii, 72;
Audubon's error in description of, ii, 76-78;
vindication of Audubon's drawing and account of the fangs
of, ii, 79.

_Rattlesnake_, encounter of the _Polly_ with, i, 134-135, 187.

Redbanks. _See_ Henderson.

Redbird, Summer Tanager (_Piranga rubra_), Audubon's drawing
of, i, 316.

Redouté, Pierre Joseph, works and friendship of, i, 411.

Red River (Arkansas), drawing of the Chuck-will's-widow on,
i, 182.

Redstart, American (_Setophaga ruticilla_), Audubon's early
drawings of, i, 181, 316.

Rees, Abraham, i, 216.

Rees, William J., ii, 62.

"_Regulus cuvieri_," "Cuvier's Wren," i, 180, 354; ii, 215, 219.

Rhoads, Samuel N., i, 291; ii, 202.

Richardson, John, ii, 98, 105, 106.

Ricordel, Mme. _See_ Mme. Jean Audubon.

Rider, Alexander, i, 331.

Ridgely, D., ii, 38.

_Ripley_, the voyage of, ii, 43-50.

Robertson, John Argyle, ii, 183.

Robin, American (_Planesticus migratorius_), Audubon's early
drawing of, i, 182.

Rochambeau, Comte de, i, 34.

Rochefort, i, 30, 83, 93, 94.

Roe Lockwood & Son, ii, 296.

Roget, Dr. Peter Mark, i, 377.

Roscoe, Edward, i, 352, 353, 354.

Roscoe, William, i, 218.

Ross, David (and Company), i, 57, 121-123, 265, 266.

Rothschild, Baron, Audubon's account of interview with, ii, 206.

Rowan, William, i, 400.

Roy, Constance (Rozier), i, 245.

Royal Society (London), Audubon's election to membership in,
i, 437;
William Swainson on his election, ii, 97.

Rozier, Charles A., i, 146.

Rozier, Claude François, i, 147;
Ferdinand Rozier to, i, 149-152;
his family, i, 152;
his death, i, 152;
and Benjamin Bakewell, i, 154;
Audubon to, i, 154, 156-158, 161-163, 164-166.

Rozier, Felix, i, 246.

Rozier, Ferdinand, i, 146;
his "Articles," i, 147;
to his father, i, 149-152;
at Philadelphia, i, 153;
as attorney for Lieutenant Audubon and his wife, i, 153;
his business plans, i, 156-158, 161-162, 165;
his diary, i, 187-192;
Thomas Bakewell to, i, 196;
William Bakewell to, i, 199;
removes from Louisville to Henderson, i, 236;
removes with Audubon to Ste. Geneviève, i, 237-241;
dissolves partnership with Audubon, i, 241;
Audubon to, i, 243;
career of, i, 244-246;
his death, i, 246;
"Audubon & Bakewell" to, i, 251; ii, 359.

Rozier, Firman A., i, 246.

Rozier, François Denis, i, 154.

Rozier (Colas), Renée Angelique, death of, i, 152.

Rozier, Tom J., i, 196.

Rozier, Welton A., manuscripts in possession of, i, 149,
168, 187.

_Rue de Crébillon_, Jean Audubon's home in, i, 57.

Rush, Dr. Benjamin, i, 288.

Russell, W. Gurdon, ii, 204.

Saget (mayor of Nantes), i, 77.

St. Albans, i, 403.

St. Augustine, Audubon's description of, ii, 12;
hunting birds at, ii, 12.

St. Francisville (Louisiana), engagement of Audubon at, i, 313;
origin of name, i, 314;
character of country and abundance of birds, i, 314;
Audubon as tutor at, i, 315-318;
Mrs. Audubon's school, i, 322;
former wealth of country, i, 323, 345.

Sainte Geneviève (Missouri), Audubon's journey to, i, 237-241;
dissolution of partnership with Rozier at, i, 241;
Audubon's subsequent visits, i, 242;
Ferdinand Rozier's career at, i, 244-247.

St. John, Mrs. Horace Roscoe Stebbing, i, 17.

St. Johns, ii, 244.

Saint Louis (Santo Domingo), i, 39, 41.

Sammis, Capt. S., i, 131, 156, 158, 159, 164, 187.

Sandpiper, Spotted (_Actitis macularia_), Audubon's early
drawing of, i, 249.

Sanson, Dr., as Jean Audubon's physician, i, 53;
his bill of services, resources and favorite remedies, i, 53;
his inoculations for smallpox, i, 55;
his treatment of Audubon's mother, i, 56;
for complete text of bill, with translation, _see_
ii, 314-327.

Santo Domingo, pre-revolutionary lure of, i, 36;
Jean Audubon's career in, i, 36-38;
effect of the Declaration of Rights on, i, 37;
slave trade at, i, 39-41;
cost of slaves at, i, 40;
prosperity and praise of, i, 42;
population of whites and blacks in 1790, i, 42;
plight of mulattoes and history of slavery in, i, 43;
Baron de Wimpffen's experience with society and plantation
life, i, 44-48;
unjust taxation, i, 44, 46;
debasement of morals, i, 45;
bossals, Creoles and mulattoes, i, 44-47;
outbreak and progress of the Revolution, i, 49-51;
the Revolution in relation to the history of Jean and Jean
Jacques Fougère Audubon, i, 50;
Les Cayes first touched by Revolution of, i, 50;
first blood drawn in the North, i, 50;
Ogé's futile rebellion, i, 50;
later events in rising of blacks and mulattoes against
whites, i, 50;
physicians and their remedies in, i, 54.

Sautron, i, 139.

Savenay, i, 78.

Say, Thomas, i, 294, 330, 333-334.

_Sayornis saya_, i, 330.

Sayre, Robert H., ii, 7.

Scott, Sir Walter, on Audubon's exhibition, i, 359;
Audubon on, i, 365;
on Audubon, i, 366-368; 370.

Scott, Winfield, ii, 242.

Searles, Edward F., ii, 203.

Seaside Finch (_Passerherbulus maritimus_), original drawing
of, i, 425.

Sedgwick, Adam, i, 399.

Selby, Prideaux John, Audubon's visit to, i, 374;
_Illustrations of British Ornithology_ by, i, 375;
to Audubon, i, 375; ii, 102.

_Serinettes_, i, 163.

Shannonville (Pennsylvania), i, 102.

Sharp, William, i, 209.

Shattuck, Dr. George C., ii, 29, 35, 43, 150, 151, 228.

Shattuck, Dr. George Cheyne, as Audubon's assistant, ii, 43;
as philanthropist, ii, 43; 228.

Shippingport (Kentucky), Audubon as peripatetic portrait
painter at, i, 303; 326, 345.

Slack, Elijah, on Audubon's term of service at the Western
Museum, i, 304;
as president of Cincinnati College, i, 305.

Slaves (in Santo Domingo), numbers delivered at Les Cayes, i, 31;
as a basis of wealth, i, 39;
trade in, i, 39-41;
numbers and mortality of, i, 42;
management of, i, 43-47;
diseases of, i, 46;
cost and taxes of, i, 46;
revolt of, i, 49-51.

Smallpox, i, 55.

Smith, Rebecca (Bakewell), i, 201.

Smith, Rev. Sidney, i, 369, 372.

Smythe, Henry A., ii, 310.

Sparrow, Baird's (_Emberiza bairdii_, Audubon, 1844; now
_Ammodramus bairdi_), ii, 259.

Sparrow, Harris's (_Zonotrichia querula_), ii, 253.

Sparrow, Swamp (_Melospiza georgiana_), Audubon's early
drawing of, i, 249.

Sparrow, Vesper (_Poœcetes gramineus_), "Bay-winged Bunting,"
original drawing of, i, 425.

Spencer, John C., ii, 242.

Sprague, Isaac, ii, 252.

Stanilaus, Francis Alexander (Baron de Wimpffen), i, 44;
his experiences and observations as planter in Santo Domingo,
i, 44-48.

Stanley, Edward George Geoffrey Smith (fourteenth Earl of
Derby), i, 354, 380, 437.

"Stanley Hawk" (_Falco stanleyi_, now _Accipiter cooperi_),
Cooper's Hawk. _See Falco_.

Starling, Edmund L., i, 236, 250, 252, 256-257.

Sterling, Mrs. Frederick A., i, 342.

Stoddard, Rev. Charles Augustus, tribute to Mrs. John James
Audubon, ii, 303.

Stone, Charles F., ii, 311.

Stone, Witmer, ii, 214.

Stuart, Gilbert, i, 336.

_Sturnella neglecta_, Western Meadow Lark, ii, 254.

Sully, Thomas, i, 2, 328;
Audubon as pupil of, i, 334;
to Audubon, i, 334;
Audubon to, i, 339; ii, 68-71.

Sully, Mrs. Thomas, Audubon to, i, 389.

Swainson, William, on Rafinesque, i, 289, 377, 395;
correspondence of, i, 400;
Audubon to, i, 400-401, 405-407, 409-410; ii, 95-97, 99,
101-103, 112, 176-177, 353;
to Audubon, i, 402, 413-414, 422-423, 430-431; ii, 97-101,
103-108;
characteristics, i, 402;
on Audubon, i, 403;
Audubon at home of, i, 404;
with Audubon in Paris, i, 408-412, 415; ii, 84;
in controversy over the _Ornithological Biography_, ii, 88,
93-109;
as leader in the Quinarian movement, ii, 93-95, 114, 116-117;
Audubon's proposal for assistance of, ii, 102;
his response and answer to a later letter, ii, 103-108;
their subsequent relations, ii, 111-114;
as biographer, ii, 113-116;
_Literary Gazette_ on, ii, 113;
as the "British Cuvier," ii, 114;
his career and adversities, ii, 117;
his emigration and death, ii, 118, 173.

_Sylvia_ (_Helinaria_) _swainsonii_, ii, 113.

Syme, John, i, 361.

_Synopsis of Birds of North America_, publication of, ii, 186;
number of species recognized in, 186.

Tawapatee Bottom, i, 240.

Taylor, Richard C., ii, 77.

Thayer, John E., i, 307, 363; ii, 227, 229.

Tête-Carée. _See_ Dupré.

Texas, Audubon's visit to Republic of, ii, 163-165.

Thackeray, George, ii, 146.

_The Foresters_, i, 216.

Thomas, William, i, 101, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 150, 151.

Thrush, Hermit (_Hylocichla ustulata_), i, 308.

Thrush, Wood (_Hylocichla mustelina_), Audubon's early drawing
of, i, 180.

Title pages, in facsimile, _The Birds of America_, original
folio, i, 381;
prospectus of _The Birds of America_, i, 391;
of covers of parts, of octavo (second) edition of the
_Birds_, ii, 213;
of English edition (Vol. I) of _The Viviparous Quadrupeds
of North America_, i, 275.

Titmouse, Mountain, Audubon's early drawing of, i, 181.

Torrey, John, i, 171.

Townsend, Dr. John Kirk, ii, 147, 149, 153-154, 156, 170-173,
179.

Traill, Dr. Thomas S., i, 353.

Transportation by steam, in the Atlantic, i, 2;
on the Ohio River, i, 236.

Transylvania Company, i, 252.

Transylvania University, i, 294-296, 306.

Treat, Mary, ii, 81.

Trinity Cemetery, i, 13.

Trudeau, James, ii, 184, 185, 186.

Turkey, Wild (_Meleagris gallopavo_), i, 311, 355, 358, 363;
ii, 198.

"Twizel House," i, 374.

Tyler, John, Audubon's credentials from, ii, 242.

Tyttenhanger (or Tittenhanger), Green, i, 403.

Valentine, Edward Virginius, i, 14.

Valley Forge (Pennsylvania), i, 102.

Van Buren, Martin, ii, 153, 166.

Vanderlyn, John, i, 312, 338.

Vaux, James, i, 108.

Vendée, La, i, 24-27.

Vendeans, characteristics and revolt of, i, 26;
Nantes besieged by, i, 74;
defeat and fate of, i, 75;
execution of leader of, i, 76-77, 80.

Vigors, Nathaniel Augustus, i, 377;
to Audubon, i, 407-408, 415; ii, 101, 107.

_Vireo belli_ (_V. bellii_, of Audubon, 1844), Bell's Vireo,
ii, 253.

Vireo, Warbling (_Vireosylva gilva_), Audubon's original
drawing of, i, 425.

Vireo, Yellow-throated (_Lanivireo flavifrons_), Audubon's
original drawing of, i, 316.

Vulture, Turkey (_Cathartes aura_), and Black, or "Carrion
Crow" (_Catharista urubu_), controversy over the sense of
smell in, ii, 81-84;
experiments of Audubon and Bachman on, ii, 55-56, 61, 81-82;
memorial of the faculty of the South Carolina Medical College
on, ii, 83;
present condition of the question, ii, 83.

Wade, Joseph M., i, 213, 254.

Wagtail, White (_Motacilla alba_), Audubon's early drawing of,
i, 181.

Wainwright, Rev. Dr., Edward Everett to, i, 436.

Waller, Sir J. Walter, to Audubon, i, 392, 406.

Walton, Isaac, i, 206.

Warbler (_Sylvia trochilus delicata_, _sylvia delicata_),
Audubon's unpublished drawing of, i, 228.

Warbler, Bay-breasted (_Dendroica castanea_), "Autumnal
Warbler," Audubon's original drawing of, i, 426.

Warbler, Blackburnian (_Dendroica fusca_), "Hemlock Warbler,"
Audubon's original drawing of, i, 180, 426.

Warbler, Black-poll (_Dendroica striata_), Audubon's original
drawing of, i, 425; ii, 50.

Warbler, Black-throated Blue (_Dendroica cærulescens_), "Pine
Swamp Warbler," Audubon's original drawing of, i, 425.

Warbler, Canada (_Wilsonia canadensis_), "Canada Flycatcher,"
Audubon's original drawing of, i, 425.

Warbler, Carbonated (_Dendroica carbonata_), Audubon's original
drawing of, i, 180.

Warbler, Chestnut-sided (_Dendroica pennsylvanica_), Audubon's
original drawing of, i, 180.

Warbler, "Children's," Yellow Warbler (_Dendroica æstiva_),
i, 354.

Warbler, Connecticut (_Oporornis agilis_), Audubon's original
drawing of, i, 426.

Warbler, Magnolia (_Dendroica magnolia_), "Black and Yellow
Warbler," Audubon's original drawing of, i, 425.

Warbler, Pine-creeping (_Dendroica vigorsi_), Audubon's original
drawing of, i, 316.

Warbler, Prairie (_Dendroica discolor_), Audubon's original
drawing of, i, 316.

Warbler, "Rathbone," i, 180, 354.

Warbler, Tennessee (_Vermivora peregrina_), Audubon's original
drawing of, i, 316.

Warbler, Yellow-rumped, Myrtle Warbler (_Dendroica coronata_),
Audubon's original drawing of, i, 180.

Ward, Henry, ii, 2, 4, 9, 12, 25, 32, 59.

Washington, General George, at Valley Forge, i, 102;
Folk's portrait of, i, 106;
at "Fatland Ford," i, 108.

Water-lily, yellow (_Nymphæa lutea_), ii, 80.

Waterton, Charles, i, 12, 224-232, 415; ii, 55, 61, 73;
on Audubon's drawing of the rattlesnake, ii, 79;
on the vulture's olfactory sense, ii, 82;
to George Ord, ii, 83;
his _Wanderings_, polemics and life at Walton Hall, ii, 86-92;
on Alexander Wilson's diary, ii, 87;
on the _Ornithological Biography_, ii, 87;
on the young Cuckoo and Hummingbird's nest, ii, 90-91; 142.

_Watty and Meg_, i, 208.

Webster, Daniel, as Audubon's patron, ii, 151;
his letter of recommendation and promise of ducks, ii, 152;
Audubon's credentials from, ii, 242.

_Wellington_, ii, 189, 191.

Wernerian Society, i, 183; ii, 72.

Westermann, General, to Citizen Audubon, i, 80.

_Western Journal_, ii, 298.

Western Museum, Audubon as its taxidermist, and story of its
foundation, i, 303-306.

Wetherill, Samuel, Junior, i, 102, 169; ii, 14.

Wetherill, Samuel Price, i, 102.

Wetherill, Dr. William, i, 201.

Wetherill, W. H., i, 99, 102, 149.

Wheelock, John, i, 218.

Whewell, William, i, 399.

Whip-poor-will (_Antrostomus vociferus_), Audubon's early
drawings of, i, 180, 249.

Whitehall (New York), ii, 244.

White-throated Sparrow (_Zonotrichia albicollis_), Audubon's
early drawing of, i, 249.

Wilkie, David, i, 377.

Williams, George Alfred, on the ancestry and achievements of
Robert Havell, Junior, i, 382; ii, 193-195.

Wilson, Alexander, i, 107;
his life and accomplishments, i, 202-220;
his journey of 1810, i, 202;
his rebuke to a judge, i, 203;
description of Pittsburgh, i, 204;
descends the Ohio, i, 205;
impressions of Cincinnati and Louisville, i, 205;
success in New Orleans, i, 207;
his meeting with Audubon, i, 207;
early life and struggles, i, 208;
success as a dialect poet, i, 208;
champions the oppressed weavers, is fined and sent to jail,
i, 208;
emigrates to America, i, 209;
unfortunate love affairs, i, 209, 212, 215, 216;
to Charles Orr, i, 210-212;
George Ord on, i, 211;
friendship with Bartram and Lawson, i, 212;
his poverty and thrift, i, 214-216;
his talents and genius, i, 214;
_The Foresters_, i, 216;
his _American Ornithology_ begun, i, 216;
his prospectus and first volume, i, 217;
canvasses New England, i, 218;
journey South and extension of his work, i, 218;
second New England tour, and his arrest as a spy, i, 219;
completion of his seventh volume and his premature death,
i, 219;
his character, i, 219;
Audubon's account of their meeting in Louisville, i, 220-223;
Ord's revival of the incident, i, 223;
his diary in light of later events, i, 224-232;
his evasive flycatcher, i, 226;
the "twin" Mississippi Kites, i, 227-230;
as a later "rival" of Audubon, i, 231-232, 234-235, 311, 422;
mistaken obituary of, ii, 2;
Audubon on, ii, 143;
number of species of American birds recognized, ii, 214;
and Bachman, ii, 284.

Wilson, James, i, 438.

Wilson, John, i, 362, 385, 447; ii, 84;
Audubon to, ii, 139.

Winterfield, Charles, ii, 121, 256-258;
on Audubon at the ruins of a fire, ii, 267.

Wollaston, Dr. William Hyde, i, 377.

Wood, Rev. J. G., on Waterton, ii, 89.

Woodbury, Levi, ii, 5;
to Louis McLane, ii, 23.

Woodpecker, Green, Audubon's early drawing of, i, 178, 181.

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded (_Dryobates borealis_), Audubon's
early drawing of, i, 316.

Wren, "Cuvier's." _See_ "_Regulus_."

Wren, Bewick's (_Thryomanes bewicki_), Audubon's original
drawing of, i, 180.

Wren, Marsh (_Telmatodytes palustris_), original drawing of,
i, 425.

Wren, Parkman's (_Troglodytes aëdon parkmani_), original
specimen, ii, 227.

Yarrell, William, ii, 58;
to Audubon, ii, 223-225, 246-247.

Yellow-throat, "Roscoe's," Maryland Yellow-throat (_Geothlypis
trichas_), i, 354.

Yorktown (Virginia), Jean Audubon's command at, i, 24.

Zoölogical Gallery, i, 12, 382, 394.

Zoölogical Society (London), i, 398, 444.

FOOTNOTES

[1] Quoted by Captain Thomas Brown (Bibl. No. 163) in
the Edinburgh _Caledonian Mercury_, November 3, 1831.

[2] Extract of letter of Colonel Abert. See G. W.
Featherstonhaugh (Bibl. No. 164), _Monthly American
Journal of Geology and Natural Science_, vol. i, p. 229
(1831).

John James Abert (1788-1863), long associated with the
Bureau of Topographical Engineers of the United States
Army, became brevet lieutenant-colonel in charge of
that office in 1837; according to Ruthven Deane (see
Bibliography, No. 216), he was an organizer of the
National Institute of Science, afterwards merged with
the Smithsonian Institution at Washington; an ardent
friend of Audubon, he assisted him in many ways, and,
as Dr. Richard Harlan affirmed, paid dearly for his
support by being rejected for membership in the American
Philosophical Society at Philadelphia. Harlan wrote to
Audubon on January 27, 1832, that out of twenty-five
members present on the occasion referred to, five,
led by Mr. George Ord, Mr. Isaac Lea, and Dr. Hays,
had voted against him: in his opinion no possible
grounds could be found for opposing so desirable a
member excepting his friendship for Audubon and his
support of the snake "Episode" (see Chapter XXVIII).
In 1832 Abert's paper on the "Habits of Climbing of
the Rattlesnake," which was written in the previous
year, had appeared in a Philadelphia journal (see
Bibliography, No. 107). To this friend Abert's Squirrel,
_Sciurus aberti_, was later dedicated; see Audubon, _The
Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America_ (Bibl. No. 6),
plate 153.

[3] C. L. Bachman, _John Bachman, D.D., LL.D., Ph.D._
(Bibl. No. 191), to which work I am indebted for
numerous extracts from Bachman's letters to Audubon and
for various incidents relating to the different members
of both families.

[4] This "Great Volume," bound in fine Russia leather,
was still in possession of the Bachman family in 1888,
and is said to represent one of the earliest impressions
of the plates, which Audubon had selected and used for
exhibition purposes. See C. L. Bachman, _op. cit._, p.
101.

[5] This unique copy of _The Birds of America_ bears the
inscription:

To my worthy Friend
D d. Eckley, Esq., of [Boston]
this volume is given with his sincere and good wishes.

JOHN J. AUDUBON.

The plates thus dedicated were unbound, and apparently
in their original covers, which consisted of plain
brown sheets. They passed through the hands of Messrs.
Burrows Brothers' Company, Cleveland, to Mr. Robert
H. Sayre of South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and were
originally received by the American dealers from the
Messrs. Sotheran & Company of London. Possibly this was
the set mentioned by Coues, who says "Trübner ... quotes
the work with plain plates. I have never seen one in
that condition" (_Birds of the Colorado Valley_, p. 612;
Bibl. No. 181). After Mr. Sayre's death, his library was
dispersed by public auction at Philadelphia, when this
complete set of Audubon plates, though in an uncolored
state, brought $3,200; see _Public Ledger_, November 9,
1907, and "Bohemian" (Bibl. No. 207a), _Black Diamond
Express_, vol. iv, p. 3.

[6] Letter (No. 1) from Audubon to the editor of
the _Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural
Science_ (Bibl. No. 34), published in vol. i, p. 358
(1832); dated "St. Augustine, East Florida, Dec. 7,
1831." These letters, which were hurriedly written
in the field, appeared in a short-lived and forgotten
publication; they are here given in part on account of
the general interest of the narrative.

[7] See Audubon's New Year's resolution against snuff,
Vol. I., p. 396.

[8] See Vol. I, p. 400.

[9] Thomas Butler King, of St. Simon's Island, Georgia.

[10] Then belonging to the four sons of Samuel
Wetherill, who succeeded to the white lead and drugs
industry after his death in 1829.

[11] For the favor of reproducing this and another
letter by Dr. Harlan given in Chapter XXVII, as well as
the sonnet referred to, which will be found facing page
1 of this volume, I am indebted to Mr. Ruthven Deane.

[12] The following account is quoted from Audubon's
second letter to G. W. Featherstonhaugh (Bibl. No. 35),
dated "Bulowville, East Florida, December 31, 1831;"
published, _loc. cit._, vol. i, p. 407 (1832).

[13] See Vol. II, p. 129.

[14] See following Note; and "Spring Garden,"
_Ornithological Biography_ (Bibl. No. 2), vol. ii, p.
263.

[15] See Bibliography, No. 36; undated; published, _loc.
cit._, vol. i, p. 529 (1832).

[16] See "St. John's River in Florida," _Ornithological
Biography_, vol. ii, p. 291.

[17] See "The Florida Keys," _Ornithological Biography_,
vol. i, pp. 312 and 345, and "The Turtlers," _ibid._,
vol. ii, p. 370.

[18] See Vol. II, p. 7.

[19] See "A Merchant of Savannah," _Ornithological
Biography_ (Bibl. No. 2), vol. ii, p. 549.

[20] It was possibly during his visit to this city that
an experiment was made in bringing out some of his
plates by lithography. Two copies of a large plate,
possibly the only one produced, lithographed without
colors, were shown to me by Mr. Goodspeed, of Boston,
in the summer of 1910; these represented the "Rallus
crepitans—Marsh Hen," and bore the following legends:
"By John J. Audubon, F.R.S., &c., &c.," and "Drawn
& Printed by Childs & Inman, Philadelphia, 1832."
Three birds are here figured in place of the two which
appear in the plate of this species which Havell later
engraved, and in composition the two publications are
quite distinct.

[21] In a letter written to Audubon by his engraver,
January 20, 1831, Havell said: "Since writing my last,
I have a new subscriber from America, the Honble. T. H.
Perkins, Boston Athenæum. I packed it in a tin case, and
a wooden one; for the whole I am paid thro. the banking
house of the Baring Brothers, & Co., Bishopsgate St."

The copy of _The Birds of America_ in possession of the
Boston Society of Natural History bears the following
in autographic inscription on the fly-leaf of the first
volume:

Cost $1125—

T. H. PERKINS
1837.

[22] See Vol. II, p. 43.

[23] See "Journey in New Brunswick and Maine,"
_Ornithological Biography_ (Bibl. No. 2), vol. ii, p.
467.

[24] C. L. Bachman, _John Bachman, D.D., LL.D., Ph.D._
(Bibl. No. 191).

[25] For notice of Robert Havell, Senior, who died in
1832, see Vol. I, p. 382.

[26] Originally published by Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No.
48), _The Auk_, vol. xxii, 1905.

[27] Alexander Gordon, who married Ann Bakewell,
youngest sister of Mrs. Audubon. For notice of Jos. B.
Kidd, mentioned below, see Vol. I, p. 446.

[28] Originally published by George Bird Grinnell (Bibl.
No. 54), _The Auk_, vol. xxxiii, 1916.

[29] See Chapter XXIX, p. 118, and the letter which
Audubon wrote to Bonaparte at this time.

[30] Most readers will doubtless recall that Dr.
George Parkman was the victim of an almost unbelievable
tragedy in 1849, when he met his death at the hands of
a colleague; the entire country was then aroused as it
seldom had been by an event in the annals of crime.

[31] In 1897 Mr. Joseph Coolidge, who was then living in
San Francisco, was the sole survivor of this expedition;
see Maria R. Audubon, _Audubon and his Journals_ (Bibl.
No. 86), vol. i, p. 347.

[32] Dr. George Cheyne Shattuck, like his father
a philanthropist, and an ardent patron of all good
works, in 1855 planted a seed on the rocky soil of New
Hampshire which has since shown a marvelous vitality;
to him primarily, and to the revered schoolmasters,
the Reverend Dr. Henry Augustus Coit and the Reverend
Dr. Joseph Rowland Coit, the world owes that great
foundation, St. Paul's School.

[33] Maria R. Audubon, _op. cit._, vol. i, p. 346.

[34] See "The Eggers of Labrador," _Ornithological
Biography_ (Bibl. No. 2), vol. iii, p. 82.

[35] Lincoln's Finch, _Fringella lincolnii_, now
_Melospiza lincolni_.

[36] See Charles W. Townsend (Bibl. No. 234), _The Auk_,
vol. xxxiv, p. 133 (1917).

[37] Maria R. Audubon, _op. cit._, vol. i, p. 386.

[38] _Ibid._, p. 390.

[39] _Ibid._, p. 425.

[40] As a memento of the Labrador experience, Audubon
presented Harris with his pocket companion, _The Genera
of North American Birds and a Synopsis of the Species_,
by Charles Lucien Bonaparte (New York, 1828), and
inscribed it as presented to his friend at "Eastport,
Sept. 1, 1833." This volume, which saw much hard usage
on this voyage and is filled with Audubon's manuscript
notes, is now in possession of Mr. Joseph Y. Jeanes.

[41] For Tuesday, September 10, 1833.

[42] Lucy Audubon, ed., _Life of John James Audubon, the
Naturalist_ (Bibl. No. 73), p. 377.

[43] _Ibid._, p. 379.

[44] See Chapter XXVIII, p. 78.

[45] See _ibid._, p. 81.

[46] Which I am able to reproduce through the kindness
of Miss Maria R. Audubon.

[47] The reference is to Victor G. Audubon's second
article in defense of his father, which appeared
in _Loudon's Magazine of Natural History_ (see
Bibliography, No. 118). Swainson's paper, under the same
title (see Bibliography, No. 117), was published in the
same number.

[48] For an account of this discussion see Chapter
XXVIII, where the memorial drawn up and signed by the
faculty of the Medical College of South Carolina is
reproduced.

[49] When in New York, awaiting the sailing of his
vessel, in April, 1834, Audubon referred to Bachman's
paper on the Turkey Buzzard in writing to Miss Maria
Martin, as follows: "At Phila., Mr. Lee and Docr. Hays
managed to have it not read at Philosoph. Socy, but
the Lyceum of New York, after reading it, have sent
it to Professor Silliman, in whose Journal it will
appear. John Bachman may consider himself a member of
the Lyceum of New York, and 'mayhap,' a fellow of the
Linnean Society of London." Bachman's paper was actually
published in the _Journal of the Boston Society of
Natural History_ for 1834; see Bibliography, No. 125.

[50] This paper, entitled "Remarks in Defense of [Mr.
Audubon] the author of the Birds of America," was
published in volume vii of _Loudon's Magazine of Natural
History_ for 1834, and is dated "Charleston, Dec. 31,
1833"; see Bibliography, No. 124.

[51] See Note, Vol. I., p. 426.

[52] See Vol. I, p. 260.

[53] See Audubon's statement of the case, given in Note,
Vol. I, p. 260.

[54] See Bibliography, Nos. 17-21.

[55] For this privilege I am indebted to Miss Maria R.
Audubon.

[56] See Bibliography, No. 21.

[57] At one time superintendent of the Patent Office at
Washington, and professor in the medical department of
Columbia College; he was later professor of mathematics
in the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia and editor of
the _Franklin Journal and American Mechanics' Magazine_.

[58] See Bibliography, No. 115.

[59] See Bibliography, No. 93.

[60] This episode was referred to in Chapter XX, p. 316.

[61] This was very clearly pointed out in 1908 in an
excellent article by Mr. George W. Colles, entitled
"A Defence of Audubon" (Bibl. No. 160), in _Scientific
American_, vol. xcviii, p. 311.

[62] See Plate lii, of the Chuck-will's-widow.

[63] See Vol. II, p. 3; and Bibliography, No. 107.

[64] An English geologist, who made a survey of the
bituminous coal-deposits of the Alleghany mountains in
1834. See Bibliography, No. 129.

[65] _Ornithological Biography_ (Bibl. No. 2), vol. iv,
p. xviii.

[66] See Thomas M. Brewer, (Bibl. No. 79), _Harper's New
Monthly Magazine_, vol. lxi, p. 666 (1880).

[67] This specimen, which was presented to me by the
late Dr. X. C. Scott of Cleveland, measured 6 feet, and
showed eight rattles and a button; the skin and skeleton
are preserved in the Biological Laboratory of Western
Reserve University.

[68] See Vol. II, p. 55.

[69] Bachman's account of these experiments is
interesting: "A coarse painting," he said, was made on
canvas, "representing a sheep skinned and cut open. This
proved very amusing—no sooner was this picture placed
on the ground than the Vultures observed it, alighted
near, walked over it, and some of them commenced tugging
at the painting. They seemed much disappointed and
surprised, and after having satisfied their curiosity,
flew away. This experiment was repeated more than fifty
times, with the same result. The painting was then
placed within two feet of the place where the offal
was deposited—they came as usual, walked around it, but
in no instance evinced the slightest symptoms of their
having scented the offal which was so near them.

"The most offensive portions of the offal were now
placed on the earth; these were covered over by a
canvass cloth—on this were strewn several pieces of
fresh beef. The Vultures came, ate the flesh that was
in sight, and although they were standing on a quantity
beneath them, and although their bills were frequently
within the eighth of an inch of the putrid matter,
they did not discover it. We made a small rent in the
canvass, and they at once discovered the flesh and began
to devour it. We drove them away, replaced the canvass
with a piece that was entire; again they commenced
eating the flesh exhibited to their view, without
discovering the hidden food they were trampling upon.

"As it [the organ of smell] does however exist,
(although in an inferior degree,) I am not disposed
to deny to birds the power of smell altogether, nor
would I wish to advance the opinion that the Vulture
does not possess the power of smelling in the slightest
degree, (although it has not been discovered by our
experiments). All that I contend for is, that he is not
assisted by this faculty in procuring his food—that he
cannot smell better for instance, than Hawks or Owls,
who it is known are indebted altogether to their sight,
in discovering their prey."

[70] See Bibliography, No. 104, and Vol. II, p. 55; also
_Ornithological Biography_, vol. ii, p. 46.

[71] See Bibliography, No. 125, and for the quotation to
follow, Samuel N. Rhoads, "George Ord," _Cassinia_, No.
xii (Philadelphia, 1908).

[72] See W. Sells (Bibl. No. 140), _Proceedings of the
Zoölogical Society of London_, pt. v, p. 33 (1837).

[73] See Vol. II, pp. 4 and 23, and Bibliography, No.
106.

[74] See Bibliography, No. 136.

[75] See Bibliography, No. 105.

[76] See Bibliography, No. 106.

[77] See Bibliography, No. 35.

[78] See Bibliography, No. 104 _et seq._

[79] See Vol. I, p. 224.

[80] "I myself, with mine own eyes, have seen Wilson's
original diary, written by him at Louisville, and I
have just now on the table before me the account of the
Academy of Sciences indignantly rejecting Mr. Audubon
as a member, on that diary having been produced to their
view." See Bibliography, No. 119.

[81] See Bibliography, No. 119.

[82] See Bibliography, No. 115.

[83] See Bibliography, No. 117.

[84] See Bibliography, No. 114.

[85] _Wanderings in South America, the North-West of
the United States, and the Antilles, in the years 1812,
1816, 1820, & 1824._ Originally in 4to., London, 1825.

[86] See "Nests and Nest-Building in Birds," Pt. 2,
_Journal of Animal Behavior_, vol. i (1911).

[87] See Bibliography, No. 138.

[88] See Chapter XXIII.

[89] Swainson expounded the Quinarian or Circular
System in the _Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the zoölogy
of the northern parts of British America_, published
in collaboration with John Richardson, and the first
zoölogical publication issued by the British Government;
but _A Treatise on the Geography and Classification of
Animals_ contained his most authoritative thesis upon
this grotesque concept.

[90] See Vol. I, p. 403.

[91] For the history of the Audubon-Swainson
correspondence, see Note, Vol. I, p. 400. Swainson's
letter which follows was first published by Ruthven
Deane (Bibl. No. 218), _The Auk_, vol. xxii, p. 248
(1905).

[92] Reproduced in Vol. I, p. 430.

[93] Possibly Henry Ward, who came to America with
Audubon in 1831 as his assistant and taxidermist (see
Vol. II, p. 2); a Frederick Ward is also mentioned in
Audubon's letters.

[94] Isaac Lea, naturalist and Philadelphia publisher;
Mr. Lea was a member of the firm of Messrs. Carey &
Lea, at one time the principal proprietors of Wilson's
_American Ornithology_, and it was thought that the
prejudice which he manifested towards Audubon and his
friends was traceable to his desire to maintain the
sales of that work. His attitude was compared with that
of Judge Hall, whose brother, Harrison, was also an
interested publisher. See Vol. I, pp. 223 and 281.

[95] From the Howland MSS.

[96] First published by Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 217),
_The Auk_, vol. xxii, p. 31 (1905).

[97] William John Burchell (1782?-1863), an
indefatigable collector and explorer, especially in
Africa and Brazil; the zebra, _Equus burchelli_, and
many animals and plants which he discovered have been
dedicated to him.

[98] Referring to the _Fauna-Boreali Americana_, the
second part of which, on "Birds," published in 1831, was
by Swainson; see Vol. I, p. 410.

[99] First published by Elliott Coues (Bibl. No. 203),
_The Auk_, vol. xv, p. 11 (1898); reproduced by Theodore
Gill (Bibl. No. 205), _The Osprey_, vol. v, p. 23
(1900).

[100] See Note, Vol. II, p. 105.

[101] But three other letters of Audubon to Swainson,
after this date, are noted by Albert Günther (Bibl.
No. 204) in the _Proceedings of the Linnæan Society_,
112th session (1900): one of "6 June, 1831," announces
Audubon's prospective return to America in August
of that year; another, dated "6 Dec. 1837," asks for
the loan of some bird skins; and the last of "11 Jan.
1838," is reproduced in Chapter XXXII. Swainson is said
to have been negotiating at this time with Charles L.
Bonaparte in reference to a joint compilation for a
work on the birds of the world; Bonaparte estimated
that there were then between 7,000 and 8,000 known
species to be characterized, but Swainson's terms were
not satisfactory, and nothing came of the project. To
the above list should be added the letter, evidently
misdated, of "April 28th. 1831," soon to follow.

[102] See Vol. I, p. 438.

[103] See Vol. II, p. 88.

[104] _Ornithological Biography_ (Bibl. No. 2), vol. i,
p. xvii.

[105] Signed "Ornithophilus" (see Bibliography, No. 97),
and attributed by Coues (see Bibliography, No. 181),
with a question mark, to Swainson, but the internal
evidence shows conclusively that he was not its author.
The writer of this article said that it was not enough
to state that Audubon "has invented a new style in
the representation of natural objects; for so true are
his pictures, that he who has once seen and examined
them, can never again look with pleasure on the finest
productions of other artists. To paint like Audubon,
will henceforth mean to represent Nature as she is....
To relieve, as Mr. Audubon says, the tedium of those who
may have imposed upon themselves the task of following
an author through the mazes of descriptive ornithology,
he has interspersed descriptions of American scenery
and manners, gloomy forests, tangled cane-brakes,
dismal swamps, majestic rivers, floods, tornadoes,
and earthquakes; the migration of the white man, the
retreat of the red; the character and pursuits of the
backwoodsman.... Much, therefore, is it to be wished
that Mr. Audubon would undertake the delineation of
the birds of Great Britain, which, with his matchless
talents, aided by those of Mr. Havell, would eclipse,
not only all other representations of these birds, but
even the 'Birds of America,' unrivalled as that work now
is."

[106] See _Ornithological Biography_, vol. v, p. 194;
and Theodore Gill (Bibl. No. 206), _The Osprey_, vol. iv
and v. It seems that Dr. James Trudeau, out of ignorance
or disregard for Swainson's designation, later named a
woodpecker, obtained near New Orleans in 1837, _Picus
auduboni_, and by a strange coincidence, as Dr. Gill
has noticed, the same name was given by two different
naturalists to the same bird, now regarded as a variety
and known as _Dryobates villosus auduboni_.

[107] The _Cabinet Cyclopædia_ was published by Messrs.
Longman, Orme & Company, and edited by Rev. Dionysius
Lardner. Swainson wrote eleven of the twelve volumes
devoted to natural history. The volume to which
we refer is entitled _Taxidermy, Bibliography, and
Biography_, by William Swainson, A. C. G. [Assistant
Commissary-General], F. R. S. & L. S., Hon. F. C.
P. S. etc., and of several foreign societies (see
Bibliography, No. 169). The _Literary Gazette_ for
August 8, 1840, in noticing this work, said: "Perhaps
the amusing and frequent illustration of his character
is to be found in the autobiographical sketch of
himself, which he has not only included in this portion
of his volume, but induced his publishers to forward on
a separate sheet with the subjoined note:

"'Messrs. Longman, Orme, & Co., will feel particularly
obliged if the Editor of the ... will permit the above
Autobiography to appear in his columns at the first
suitable opportunity.'

"'39 Paternoster Row, July 29, 1840.'"

Quoted by Theodore Gill (Bibl. No. 206), _The Osprey_,
vol. iv, p. 105 (1900).

[108] Theodore Gill, _loc. cit._

[109] Albert Günther, _loc. cit._

[110] For notice of Bonaparte see Note, Vol. I, p. 329.

[111] See Vol. II, p. 40.

[112] See Vol. II, p. 184.

[113] This manuscript list is preserved with the
original drawings of _The Birds of America_, in
possession of the Historical Society of New York, where
I was permitted to examine it. It bears the following
attests of both naturalists in autograph:

"The above list of the Birds of America
was made at London on the 15th. of
December, 1837, when it was supposed to
contain all the known species.

"JOHN J. AUDUBON,
of Louisiana."

"The above list of North American Birds
was drawn up by myself to please Mr. J.
J. Audubon.

"LONDON, 15 December, 1837.
"CHARLES L. BONAPARTE.

"The total number of good species, 460," has been added
in pencil.

[114] _Comparative List of the Birds of Europe and North
America_, London, 1838.

[115] See Note, Vol. II, p. 122.

[116] _A Monograph of the Trochilidæ, or Family of
the Humming-Birds_; 5 vols., fol., with Supplement by
Bowlder Sharpe, London, 1861.

[117] Charles Winterfield, see Bibliography, No. 148.

[118] From letter written at 73 Margaret Street,
Cavendish Square, and sealed with turkey-cock seal.
(Jeanes MSS.)

[119] First published by Elliott Coues (Bibl. No. 43) in
the _Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club_, vol.
v (1880).

[120] For this and extracts in the two following
paragraphs, see Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 209), _The
Auk_, vol. xviii (1901).

[121] See Vol. II, p. 264.

[122] See Vol. I, p. 16.

[123] See Vol. II, p. 135.

[124] This, and the letter of MacGillivray soon to
follow, are from the Howland MSS.

[125] _The Rapacious Birds of Great Britain_, by William
MacGillivray, was dedicated to Audubon "in admiration
of his talents as an ornithologist, and in gratitude for
many acts of friendship."

[126] For an excellent account of the life of William
MacGillivray and of his labors in natural science, see
William MacGillivray, _A Memorial Tribute to William
MacGillivray_ (Bibl. No. 211).

[127] See Mrs. Gordon, _"Christopher North:" A Memoir of
John Wilson_ (Bibl. No. 44).

[128] This and extracts from letters which follow are
from the Jeanes MSS.

[129] See Bibliography, No. 2.

[130] For letter written to Dr. Phillips in 1842, see
Vol. II, p. 244.

[131] Lucy B. Audubon, ed., _Life of John James Audubon,
the Naturalist_ (Bibl. No. 73), p. 385.

[132] The Jeanes MSS.

[133] C. L. Bachman, _John Bachman, D.D., LL.D., Ph.D._
(Bibl. No. 191).

[134] See Note, Vol. II, p. 7.

[135] Thomas Nuttall (1786-1859), a native of Yorkshire,
was brought up a printer; in 1807 he emigrated to the
United States, and became noted for his wide botanical
explorations, for his _Journal of Travels in the
Arkansas Territory in 1819_, and for his excellent
_Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and
Canada_ (1833-1834), which has had several editions.
From 1822 to 1834 he was professor of Natural History
and curator of the Botanical Gardens at Harvard
University; in 1834 he crossed the Rocky Mountains
along the sources of the Platte, explored Oregon and
Upper California, and visited the Sandwich Islands. He
returned to England, where he had inherited property, in
1842, and died at St. Helen's, Lancashire, September 10,
1859.

[136] See Lucy B. Audubon, ed., _op. cit._; and Note,
Vol. II, p. 29.

[137] See Lucy B. Audubon, ed., _op. cit._, p. 391.

[138] In a letter signed "I. P. Davis," and superscribed
to "John J. Audubon Esqr at Mr. Berthoud's, 106 Broad
Street New York." (Rowland MSS.)

[139] See Thomas M. Brewer (Bibl. No. 79), _Harper's New
Monthly Magazine_, vol. lxi, p. 666 (1880).

[140] _Ornithological Biography_ (Bibl. No. 2), vol.
iv, p. xi.

[141] Lucy B. Audubon, ed., _op. cit._, p. 398.

[142] Printed in the _Edinburgh Journal of Natural
History_ ( Bibl. No. 37), vol. i, p. 17 (December,
1838).

[143] See Lucy B. Audubon, ed., _op. cit._, p. 411.

[144] Thomas M. Brewer (Bibl. No. 79), _loc. cit._

[145] For this and the quotations in the following
paragraph, see Thomas M. Brewer (Bibl. No. 79),
_Harper's New Monthly Magazine_, vol. lxi, p. 666
(1880).

[146] See Vol. II, p. 149.

[147] See S. N. Rhoads (Bibl. No. 46), _The Auk_, vol.
xx, p. 377 (1903).

[148] From MS. in the Public Library, New York.

[149] The Linnæan Society's MSS. See Chapter XXIII, Note
354.

[150] First published by R. W. Shufeldt (Bibl. No. 45),
in _The Auk_, xi (1894); see also Maria R. Audubon,
_Audubon and his Journals_ (Bibl. No. 86).

[151] See S. N. Rhoads (Bibl. No. 46), _loc. cit._

[152] See _ibid._

[153] See Vol. I, p. 241.

[154] _Voyage Autour du Monde, exécuté par ordre de sa
Majesté l'Empereur Nicholas ler, sur la Corvette Le
Séniavine, 1826-1829_. Par Fréderic Lutké, Capitaine
de vaisseau. Partie Historique, avec un atlas,
lithographié, d'après les dessins originaux d'Alexandrie
Postels et du Baron Kittlitz. Traduit du Russe sur
le manuscrit original, sur les yeux de l'auteur, par
Le Conseiller D'Etat F. Boyé. Text in 3 vols. 8vo.
Paris, 1835-36. The first two volumes are historical,
and the third, entitled "Travels of the Naturalists,"
is translated by Alexandre Postels. The expedition
traversed the Behring Sea, touched at some of the
Aleutian Islands, and then explored South America as far
as the coast of Chili.

[155] First published by Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 225),
in _The Auk_, vol. xxv (1908). Mr. Deane writes me that
he has a copy of a receipt from William MacGillivray
to Audubon for the final amount due him for work on
the technical parts of Volume V of the _Ornithological
Biography_; at the bottom of this paper Audubon made
a memorandum, under date of November 21, 1838, to
the effect that the total amount which he had paid
MacGillivray for his work upon this volume was £47-11-1.

[156] See Note 5, Vol. II, p. 7. Mr. John Hardin (see
Vol. II, p. 295) showed me an uncolored print of the
Hen Turkey which John W. Audubon had given him, and a
correspondent in New Orleans informs me that a relative
possesses a number in this condition, which were
received many years ago as a gift from Mrs. Audubon. Mr.
Charles E. Goodspeed, of Boston, was the recipient of
the Painted Bunting plates, noticed above.

[157] Henry Augustus Havell (1803-1840), painter,
engraver, and at one time assistant to his elder
brother, Robert Havell, Junior.

[158] George Alfred Williams (Bibl. No. 232),
_Print-Collectors Quarterly_, vol. vi, p. 225 (1916).

[159] _Loc. cit._

[160] In 1914 Dr. Samuel Henshaw showed me an impression
of this suppressed plate, and also a large printed
label, cut from a board backing, which bore within
an ornamental border the title "Audubon's Birds of
America—Engraved, printed, and colored by Lizars &c.
&c." This suggests that Lizars may have issued the first
two numbers, which he engraved, in portfolio.

[161] See Bibliography, No. 142.

[162] See Bibliography, No. 152.

[163] W. B. O. Peabody; see Bibliography, No. 143.

[164] See Samuel N. Rhoads (Bibl. No. 231) _The
Auk_, vol. xxxiii, p. 130 (1916); transcript of a
clipping which apparently had been taken from a New
York newspaper of January, 1838; the reading of the
American notice is the same, excepting the statement
that applications in this country should be made to "N.
Berthoud, Esq., New York; Dr. George Parkman, Boston;
Rev. Jno. Bachman, Charleston, S. C.; James Grimshaw,
Esq., New Orleans, or W. G. Bakewell, Esq., Louisville."
It is dated "New York, 11 Jan, 1838."

[165] Maria R. Audubon, _Audubon and his Journals_
(Bibl. No. 86), vol. i, p. 71.

[166] See Rhoads (Bibl. No. 231), _loc. cit._

[167] Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 225), _The Auk_, vol.
xxv, p. 401 (1908).

[168] Eight in number, the aggregate cost of which
was then $1,624: _The Birds of America_, with its
letterpress, was offered at $1,000; library, or octavo
edition, with reduced plates, in 100 Parts, at $100;
_The Quadrupeds of North America_, 2 vols., folio, with
3 vols. text, in 8vo., $300; text of the same, according
to binding, from $31 (paper) to $40 (full Turkey mor.);
_Birds and Quadrupeds_, library ed., 10 vols., 650
plates, $150 to $160, according to style; _Synopsis
of Birds of America_, $4; _The Viviparous Quadrupeds
of North America_, 3 vols., text only, $9. See Mrs.
Horace St. John, _Life of Audubon_ (Bibl. No. 71), in
advertisement inserted in volume. These prices were
similar to those that prevailed during the lifetime of
the naturalist.

According to Mr. Ruthven Deane, Audubon's account books
show that on January 8, 1840, a box was sent to Dr.
George Parkman, of Boston, containing a set of _The
Birds of America_, in full binding, at $1,075; a set of
the same, half bound, at $950; and the "Biographies" at
$27.

The highest recorded price of _The Birds of America_ is
believed to be $4,350, which the Kemble set brought at
auction at Philadelphia, in 1906 (See _Prices Current_
for 1906); the highest price paid for a single plate,
that of the Turkey Cock (Plate No. 1) upwards of $140;
and the highest price asked for the octavo edition of
the Birds (in original parts), $750. _The Quadrupeds_ in
2 vols., original folio, now brings about $500.

[169] Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 225), _loc. cit._

[170] For a copy of this minute, the substance of which
was published in 1877 (See Bibliography, No. 179), I am
indebted to the present librarian, Mr. Kelby.

[171] Jonathan Prescott Hall (1796-1862), eminent lawyer
and jurist, was at one time district attorney for the
southern district of New York, and author of _Reports
of Cases in the Supreme Court of City of New York—
1828-29_ (2 vols., New York, 1831-33). Mr. Hall was a
subscriber to the octavo editions of Audubon's _Birds_
and _Quadrupeds_.

[172] According to Lucy B. Audubon, ed., _The Life of
John James Audubon_ (Bibl. No. 73), from which we have
drawn numerous extracts from his journals; see p. 381,
under date of May 12, 1834.

[173] See Thomas M. Brewer (Bibl. No. 79), _Harper's New
Monthly Magazine_, vol. lxi, p. 666 (1880).

[174] From last page of paper covers, in which parts of
the work were originally issued.

Below are the following notices:

"Persons desirous of subscribing to the above work are
respectfully requested to apply to _J. J. Audubon_, 86
White street, _Henderson Greene_, 377 Broadway, or _W.
A. Colman_, Broadway, New York; to _J. B. Chevalier_,
70 Dock street, or _Orrin Rogers_, 67 South Second
street, Philadelphia; _C. C. Little_ or _James Brown_,
Boston; _J. P. Beile_, or _Geo. Oates_, Charleston,
S. C.; _Gideon B. Smith_, Baltimore; _David Ridgely_,
Annapolis, Md.; _J. S. Kellogg & Co._, Mobile, Ala."

"S. H. Stevenson, Travelling Agent for Kentucky and
Virginia; and William A. Pierce for Pennsylvania."

This first octavo edition of Audubon's _Birds_
was issued by J. J. Audubon, and J. B. Chevalier,
Philadelphia, in 100 parts, of five plates each, to be
bound in 7 volumes, 1840-44. Complete sets in parts
are now very rare; previous to 1907 a set is said to
have been sold for $500; in 1914 one was offered in
Philadelphia for $750. The introduction to No 1, is
dated "New York, Nov. 1839," and the fifteenth number,
beginning volume ii, "N. Y., Aug., 1840." The first
five volumes (1840-42) were issued with the coöperation
of J. B. Chevalier, lithographer, 70 Dock Street,
Philadelphia, but, according to Mr. Ruthven Deane,
he was an agent who received a commission on sales,
and, for a time, a share in the profits, but not a
co-publisher with Audubon; it is also stated that when
misfortune visited Chevalier in later life, he was cared
for by Audubon or his sons, up to the time of his death.
For fuller details, see Bibliography, No. 4.

[175] Of these, according to Mr. Witmer Stone (see
Bibliography, No. 221), 474 are sanctioned in the
present "Check List" of the American Ornithologists'
Union; seventeen have proved to be identical with
others; ten are extra-limital; two are hybrids; and five
have never been found since; of Audubon's suppressed
species, two have been resuscitated. Audubon is thought
to have been personally acquainted with 385 American
species, others being known to him only through
specimens sent by collectors, or discovered in museums.

[176] First published by Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 48b),
_The Auk_, vol. xxv (1908).