Chapter IV: ~Der Tschachlau~

+Page 39.+--1. ~+die Moldau+~, (the principality of) +Moldavia+, the north-eastern part of the kingdom of Roumania.

2. ~+der Bucegi+~, cf. page 4, note 2.

3. ~+Mosch+~ (Roumanian) = ~der Alte~.

4. ~er +ging+~ (repeated action), _he would go_.

5. ~+nur+~ (adverbial idiomat.), _ever_ or _possibly_.

+Page 40.+--1. ~+um ein Muttergottesbild versammelt+~. Comp. page 20, note 1.

2. ~scholl +es+~ (indefinite), i.e. _voices_ were heard.

3. ~+was+~ (colloq.), for ~etwas~.

4. ~+der liebe Gott+~ (a most popular phrase), _the good Lord_ or _our good father in Heaven_.

5. ~+fehlgeschossen!+~ (or ~fehlgetroffen!~) perf. partic., lit.: "missed the mark," used elliptically in exclamations; transl.: _entirely mistaken!_ or _quite out!_

6. (~den Tschachlau~,) ~+den+~ (with emphasis), colloq. repetition of the object; omit in English!

+Page 41.+--1. ~+es+ weiß kein Mensch~, (~es~ introductory or grammatical subject, the logical subject ~kein Mensch~ following after the verb) = ~kein Mensch weiß~.

2. ~+der Dniéstr+~ (Russian, pronounce "Dnyéstr"), a large river of south-western Russia, emptying into the Black Sea near Odessa.

3. ~+klein und krumm, flache Gesichter, gelb wie Citronen, kleine Augen+~, unmistakable characteristics of the Huns, a savage race from Asia, who about the year 370 A.D. for the first time burst into Europe.

4. ~+sie waren mit ihren Pferden zusammengewachsen+~, so it was fabled, because they lived and were always seen on horseback. Comp. the ancient Greek myth of the fabulous race of the Centaurs.

5. ~+wo+ sie +hin+kamen~ (separated) for the more common ~+wohin+ sie kamen~.

6. ~+ein Volk von heller Haut, blauäugig, hoch gewachsen, mit langem, gelbem Haar+~, refers to the Getae ("Goths"), a Teutonic tribe which, in the second century after Christ, had left the shores of the Baltic, their original home, and had taken possession of the land about the Black Sea, thus becoming the Eastern neighbors of the ancient Roumanians.

7. ~+einige konnten mit dem Messer in Holzstäbe schreiben+~, _some of whom knew the art of cutting_ (or scratching) _letters in_ (willow-)_sticks_, with reference to the runic characters, which by the priests of the ancient Teutonic tribes, for the purpose of sorcery, were cut in pieces of smoothed wood, generally willow, and which were called "rûn-stafas."

8. ~wie viele +auch+~ (idiomat.), _no matter how many_.

9. ~+den+ Tod~, no article in English.

10. ~+einen+~, refers to ~Pfeil~.

+Page 42.+--1. ~+der Pruth+~ (pronounce as in German), the boundary-river between Russia and Roumania.

2. ~+der Fürst der gelbhaarigen Leute+~, i.e. Hermanarich, the king of the Ostrogoths (Eastern Goths), who in the year 375 A.D. succumbed to the Huns.

3. The noun ~der Mann~ has a double plural: ~die Männer~, _men_, and ~+die Mannen+~, _vassals, warriors_.

4. ~jeder +nehme!+~ (subj. for missing 3rd pers. sing. of the imperative), _let every one take!_

5. ~+sie+~ (with emphasis), _they themselves_ (i.e. the Roumanians).

6. ~+herunter konnte+~. Idiom? Cf. page 5, note 6.

+Page 43.+--1. ~+es+~ (indef.) ~konnte keine . . . geben~, _there_ could be no . . .

2. ~+den+~ (with emphasis) = ~diesen, den letztern~, _this, the latter_.

3. ~+wenn+ . . . +auch+~, _even if, no matter whether_.

4. ~+der Búcium+~ (Roumanian, pronounce ~Bútschum~, from Græco-Latin: {bous}; _bos_). Comp. Latin: "+bucina+" or "+buccina+", the name of the instrument by which in the military camps of the ancient Romans the signals were sounded. Transl. _herdman's horn_.

+Page 44.+--1. ~+ihrer+~ (partitive genitive), _of them_, dependent on ~genug~.

2. ~so viele Steine, als sie +nur+~ (adverb. idiom), cf. page 39, note 5.

3. ~+machte das Zeichen des Kreuzes+~, as Catholics do in devotion.

4. ~+was+ . . . +nur+~, _whatever, however much_.

+Page 45.+--1. ~+gegen+~ (+against+), here: _in comparison with, compared with_.

2. ~+gesche´he+~ (optative subj., expressing "concession"), _may happen_; _may be done_.

3. ~+ohne daß+ . . . merkten~. The preposition ~ohne~ cannot govern the infinitive ~mit zu~ (see page 12, note 4), when there is a change of subject, but must then be followed by a clause beginning with ~daß~.

+Page 46.+--1. ~+sich+~ (dat. pl. of reflex. pronoun), for possess. pronoun ~+ihren+ Weg~, cf. page 1, note 8.

2. ~+sie+~, refers to ~Länder~.

3. As with the preposition ~ohne~ (cf. page 12, note 4), the infinitive with ~zu~ is used with the preposition ~+anstatt+~ (or ~statt~) when the subject of the infinitive is the same as that of the leading verb. It corresponds to English _instead of_ with the verb-noun in _-ing_.

4. ~+wieder zu sich kommen+~ (phrase), cf. page 7, note 2.

+Page 47.+--1. ~+was+~ (= ~das, was~, correlative), indef. neuter sing. for masc. and fem. pl. ~+die+, +welche+~.

2. ~+es+~ (neuter). Note agreement with grammatical gender of ~Menschenkind~.

3. ~+Hungers+ sterben~ (idiomat. phrase formed with adverb. genit. of manner), _to die of hunger, to starve to death_.

4. ~er ließ +sich+ sehen~. How to be rendered? Comp. ~er ließ sich nicht trösten~ (page 9, note 10) and ~wenn er sich wieder sehen ließe~ (page 28, note 3).

5. ~+auf+~ (time, prospectively), _for_.

6. The English phrases, _there is, there are_, are expressed by the impersonal ~es~ with ~sein~ or with ~geben~. With ~sein~ the verb agrees with the following predicate noun (e.g. ~es +waren+ keine Menschen dort~), but with ~geben~ the verb remains always singular (e.g. ~es gab keinen Menschen dort~, and ~+es gab+~ [_there were . . ._] ~+keine Menschen dort+~).

7. ~+was+~ (= ~das was~ or ~alles was~). Idiom? Cf. note 1, above.

+Page 48.+--1. ~+wie+~ (= ~als wie~, _as if_), _seemed_.

2. ~+das Suchen+~, accus., while ~des Suchens~ (genit. after ~müde~, _tired of something_), would be more in accordance with modern usage.

3. ~+es+~ (idiomat.), refers back to the preceding and remains untranslated.

4. ~+abends+~, force of the genitive? Cf. ~nachts~, page 2, note 6.

5. ~+machte+~ (colloq.), for ~that~.

6. ~+eine Hora+~, comp. page 1, note 6.