Chapter XIX: Appendix: I. The Prologue And Epilogue To The Code Of Ḥammurabi (1)

The prologue and epilogue of the Code are very difficult to translate. Often the phrases are simply stock expressions which occur in most of the royal inscriptions. The meanings of many of these have degenerated to mere titles of courtesy and their original significance is obscure. But early translators found no difficulty in guessing the most complimentary things to say, and more recent scholars in their efforts to be exact become grotesque. When an ancient king called himself a “rabid buffalo” it doubtless gave him satisfaction, but it would be very rude for us to do so. On the other hand, it is very tiresome to an English reader to read a sentence of three hundred lines in length before coming to a principal verb. Such a sentence, a string of epithets and participles, is here broken up into short clauses and the participles turned into finite verbs. This is done, not because the translator is entirely ignorant of grammar, but in pity for the reader. This further necessitates turning the third person singular, in which the king speaks of himself, like a modern acceptance of an invitation to dinner, into the more simple direct narration in the first person. Anyone who wishes to compare this translation with the original will please recall that this is done for ease in understanding, not because the original was misunderstood.

A more serious difficulty is, that, as it was customary to apply the same honorific titles to both a god and the king, it is often uncertain to which the original meant to apply them. This may have been left intentionally vague. Some translators have taken on themselves to settle to which they will refer the epithet, to the god or to the king. Such translations are only interesting as a record of private opinions. They settle nothing, do not even give a presumption in favor of anything. It is more honest to leave the translation as vague as the original, when this can be done. This part of the stele is full of rare words, or what is just as bad, words which invariably occur in the same context. If a king calls himself by some strange honorific title, it is no assistance to understanding the meaning of it that a score of successors should do the same. Of many words, all we can conjecture is that the king was honored by them. There is nothing to indicate what they really meant. In some cases “mighty” is as likely to be correct as “wise.” There is no reason why we should prefer either rendering. Both can hardly be right, neither may really be. Some king may once have prided himself on being an expert potter, as a modern monarch might on being a photographer. If he called himself on a monument a “superb potter,” all his successors would keep the title, though they never made a pot in their lives. We have only to peruse the titles of modern monarchs to be sure of the fact. It is, therefore, to be hoped that no one will build any far-reaching theories upon logical deductions from the translations given here or elsewhere of such honorific titles.

Prologue To The Code Of Ḥammurabi

When the most high God (Anu), king of the spirits of heaven (Anunnaki), (and) Bêl, lord of heaven and earth, who settles the fates of all, allotted to Marduk, the first-born of Ea, the lord God of right, a rule over men and extolled him among the spirits of earth (Igigi), then they nominated for Babylon a name above all, they made it renowned in all quarters, and in the midst of it they founded an everlasting sovereignty, whose seat is established like heaven and earth; then did God (Anu) and Bêl call me by name, Ḥammurabi, the high prince, god-fearing, to exemplify justice in the land, to banish the proud and oppressor, that the great should not despoil the weak, to rise like the sun over the black-headed race (mankind) and illumine the land, to give health to all flesh. Ḥammurabi the (good) shepherd, the choice of Bêl, am I, the completer of plenty and abundance, the fulfiller of every purpose. For Nippur, and Dûrili (epithet of Nippur or part of it?), I highly adorned Ê-KUR (the temple of Bêl there). In powerful sovereignty I restored Eridu and cleansed Ê-ZU-AB (temple of Ea there). By onslaughts on every side (the four quarters) I magnified the name of Babylon and rejoiced the heart of Marduk my lord. Every day I stood in Ê-SAG-GIL (the temple of Marduk at Babylon). Descendant of kings whom Sin had begotten, I enriched the city of Ur, and humbly adoring, was a source of abundance to Ê-NER-NU-GAL (the temple of Sin at Ur). A king of knowledge, instructed by Shamash the judge, I strongly established Sippara, reclothed the rear of the shrine of Aya (the consort of Shamash), and planned out Ê-BAB-BAR (temple of Shamash at Sippara) like a dwelling in heaven. In arms I avenged Larsa (held by the Elamite, Rim-Sin), and restored Ê-BAB-BAR (temple of Shamash at Larsa) for Shamash my helper. As overlord I gave fresh life to Erech, furnishing abundance of water to its people, and completed the spire of Ê-AN-NA (temple of Nanâ at Erech). I completed the glory of Anu and Ninni. As a protector of my land, I reassembled the scattered people of Nisin (recently reconquered from the Elamites) and replenished the treasury of Ê-GAL-MAḤ (temple of Nisin). As the royal potentate of the city and own brother of its god Zamama, I enlarged the palace at Kish and surrounded with splendor Ê-ME-TE-UR-SAG (the temple at Kish). I made secure the great shrine of Ninni. I ordered the temple of Ḥarsagkalama Ê-KI-SAL-nakiri, by whose assistance I attained my desire. I restored Kutha and increased everything at Ê-SID-LAM (the temple there). Like a charging bull, I bore down my enemies. Beloved of TU-TU (a name of Marduk) in my love for Borsippa, of high purpose untiring, I cared for Ê-ZI-DA (temple of Nabû there). As a god, king of the city, knowing and farseeing, I looked to the plantations of Dilbat and constructed its granaries for IB (the god of Dilbat) the powerful, the lord of the insignia, the sceptre and crown, with which he invested me. As the beloved of MA-MA (consort of IB), I set fast the bas-reliefs at Kish and renewed the holy meals for Erishtu (goddess of Kish). With foresight and power I ordered the pasturages and watering-places for Sirpurla and Girsu and arranged the extensive offerings in Ê-50 (the temple of “the fifty” at Sirpurla). I scattered my enemies. As the favorite of Telitim (a god), I fulfilled the oracles of Ḥallab and rejoiced the heart of GIS-DAR (its goddess). Grand prince, whose prayers Adad knows well, I soothed the heart of Adad, the warrior in Bît Karkara. I fastened the ornaments in Ê-UD-GAL-GAL (temple there). As a king who gave life to Adab, I repaired Ê-MAḤ (temple at Adab). As hero and king of the city, unrivalled combatant, I gave life to Mashkan-Shabri and poured forth abundance on SIT-LAM (temple of Nêrgal there). The wise, the restorer, who had conquered the whole of the rebellious, I rescued the people of Malkâ in trouble. I strengthened their abodes with every comfort. For Ea and DAM-GAL-NUN-NA I increased their rule and in perpetuity appointed the lustrous offerings. As a leader and king of the city, I made the settlements on the Euphrates to be populous. As client of Dagan, who begat me, I avenged the people of Mera and Tutul. As high prince, I made the face of Ninni to shine, making the lustrous meals of NIN-A-ZU secure. I reunited my people in famine by assuring their allowances within Babylon in peace and security. As the shepherd of my people, a servant whose deeds were acceptable to GIS-DAR in E-UL-MASH (temple of Anunit) in the midst of Agade, noted for its wide squares, I settled the rules and set straight the Tigris. I brought back to Asshur the gracious colossus and settled the altar (?). As king of Nineveh I made the waters of Ninni to shine in Ê-DUP-DUP. High of purpose and wise in achievement for the great gods, descendant of Sumu-lâil, eldest son of Sin-muballiṭ, long descended scion of royalty, great king, a very Shamash (or sun) of Babylon, I caused light to arise upon Sumer and Akkad. A king who commanded obedience in all the four quarters, beloved of Ninni am I. When Marduk brought me to direct all people and commissioned me to give judgment, I laid down justice and right in the provinces, I made all flesh to prosper. Then—(_the words of the Code are the completion of the sentence. The king implies that its regulations were the outcome of this legislative decision_).

The Epilogue

The judgments of righteousness which Ḥammurabi, the powerful king, settled, and caused the land to receive a sure polity and a gracious rule.

I am Ḥammurabi, the superb king. Marduk gave me to shepherd the black-headed race, whom Bêl had assigned me. I did not forget, I did not neglect, I found for them safe pastures, I opened the way through sharp rocks, and gave them guidance. With the powerful weapon that Zamama and Ishtar granted me, by the foresight with which Ea endowed me, with the power that Marduk gave me, I cut off the enemy above and below, I lorded it over the conquered. The flesh of the land I made to rejoice. I extended the dwellings of the people in security. I left them no cause to fear. The great gods chose me and I am the shepherd that gives peace, whose club is straight; of evil and good in my city I was the director. I carried all the people of Sumer and Akkad in my bosom. By my protection, I guided in peace its brothers. By my wisdom, I provided for them. That the great should not oppress the weak, to counsel the widow and orphan, in Babylon, the city of Anu and Bêl, I raised up its head (the stele’s) in Ê-SAG-GIL (temple of Marduk there), the temple whose foundation is firm as the heaven and earth. To judge the judgment of the land, to decide the decisions of the land, to succor the injured, I wrote on my stele the precious words and placed them before my likeness, that of a righteous king. The king that is gentle, king of the city, exalted am I. My words are precious, my power has no rival. By the order of Shamash, the judge supreme, of heaven and earth, that judgment may shine in the land; by the permission of Marduk, my lord, I set up a bas-relief, to preserve my likeness in Ê-SAG-GIL that I love, to commemorate my name forever in gratitude. The oppressed who has a suit to prosecute may come before my image, that of a righteous king, and read my inscription and understand my precious words and may my stele elucidate his case. Let him see the law he seeks and may he draw in his breath and say: “This Ḥammurabi was a ruler who was to his people like the father that begot them. He obeyed the order of Marduk his lord, he followed the commands of Marduk above and below. He delighted the heart of Marduk his lord, and granted happy life to his people forever. He guided the land.” Let him recite the document. Before Marduk, my lord, and Ṣarpanitum, my lady, with full heart let him draw near. The colossus and the gods that live in Ê-SAG-GIL, or the courts of Ê-SAG-GIL, let him bless every day before Marduk, my lord, and Ṣarpanitum, my lady.

In the future, in days to come, at any time, let the king who is in the land, guard the words of righteousness which I have written on my stele. Let him not alter the judgment of the land which I judged nor the decisions I decided. Let him not destroy my bas-relief. If that man has wisdom and is capable of directing his land, let him attend to the words which I have written upon my stele, let him apprehend the path, the rule, the law of the land which I judged, and the decision I decided for the land, and so let him guide forward the black-headed race; let him judge their judgment and decide their decision, let him cut off from his land the proud and violent, let him rejoice the flesh of his people. Ḥammurabi, the king of righteousness, to whom Shamash has granted rights, am I. My words are precious, my deeds have no rival. Above and below I am the whirlwind that scours the deep and the height. If that man has hearkened to my words which I have written on my stele and has not frustrated justice, has not altered my words, has not injured my bas-reliefs, may Shamash make lasting his sceptre; like me, as a king of righteousness, let him guide his people in justice.

But if that man does not hearken to my words which I wrote on my stele, forgets my curses, fears not the malediction of God, sets aside the judgment which I judged, alters my words and destroys my bas-reliefs, effaces my inscribed name and writes in his own name; or, for fear of these curses has charged another to do so; that man, be he king, lord, patêsi, or noble, whose name is ever so renowned, may the great god (Anu), the father of gods, who named my reign, turn him back, shatter his sceptre in pieces, curse his fortunes; may Bêl the lord who fixes the fates, whose command is not set aside, who extended my sovereignty, cause for him an endless revolt, an impulse to fly from his home, and set for his fortune a reign of sighs, short days, years of want, darkness that has no ray of light and a death in the sight of all men. May he decree with his heavy curse the ruin of his city, the scattering of his people, the removal of his sovereignty, the disappearance of his name and his race from the land. May Beltu, the great mother, whose command is weighty in Ê-KUR, the lady who made my plans prosperous, make his words in the matter of justice and law to be hateful before Bêl. May she bring about the downfall of his country, the loss of his people, the efflux of his life like water, by the order of the Bêl, the king. May Ea, the grand prince, whose destiny takes premier rank, the messenger of the gods, who knows all, who has prolonged my life, distort his understanding and intellect, curse him with forgetfulness, dam up his rivers at their source. In his land may Ashnan (the deity of wheat), the life of the people, not grow. May Shamash, great judge of heaven and earth, who governs the creatures of life, the lord of help, cut off his sovereignty; judge not his judgment; carry away his path; annihilate the march of his armies; cast an evil look upon him to uproot his rule, and fix for him the loss of his land. May the evil sentence of Shamash quickly overwhelm him; deprive him of life among the living above; and below in the earth, deprive his ghost of water. May Sin, the lord of the sky, the god who creates, whose ray is splendid among the gods, deprive him of crown and throne of kinship; surround him with a great shirt of pain, a heavy penalty, that will not leave his body, and make him finish his days, month by month, through the years of his reign, in tears and sighs. May he multiply for him the burden of royalty. May he grant him as his lot a life that can only be likened to death. May Adad, lord of abundance, great bull of the sky, and the earth, my helper, withdraw the rain from the heavens, the floods from the springs; destroy his land with hunger and want; thunder in wrath over his city, and turn his land to deluge mounds. May Zamama, great warrior, first born of _Ê-KUR_, who goes at my right hand on the battlefield, shatter his weapon and turn for him day into night. May he place his enemy over him. May Ishtar, the lady of conflict and battle, who prospered my arms, my gracious protector, who loved my reign, in her heart of rage, her boundless fury, curse his sovereignty; turn all his mercies to curses, shatter his weapon in conflict and battle, appoint him trouble and sedition, strike down his heroes, and make the earth drink of their blood, scatter the plain with heaps of the carcasses of his troops, grant them no burial; deliver himself into the hands of his enemy, cause him to be carried in chains to the enemy’s land. May Nêrgal, the powerful one of the gods, who meets with no rival, who caused me to obtain my triumphs, burn up his people with a fever like a great fire among the reeds. With his powerful weapon may he drink him up, with his fevers crush him like a statue of clay. May Erishtu, the exalted lady of all lands, the creator-mother, carry off his son and leave him no name. May he not beget a seed of posterity among his people. May Nin-karrak, the daughter of Anu, the completer of my mercies in _Ê-KUR_, award him a severe malady, a grievous illness, a painful wound, which cannot be healed, of which the physician knows not the origin, which cannot be soothed by the bandage; and rack him with palsy, until she has mastered his life; may she weaken his strength. May the great gods of heaven and earth, the Anunnaki, in their assembly, who look after the halls and the courts of this Ê-bar-ra (temple of Shamash at Sippara, where the stele was clearly set up), curse with a bitter curse his dynasty, his land, his soldiers, his people, and his subjects. May the judgments of Bêl, which in his mouth are irrevocable, curse him and quickly overcome him.

II. Chronology

The following tables make no pretence to finality. In Babylonian history no date before B.C. 747 can be considered absolutely fixed. In Assyrian history the Eponym Canon certainly goes back to about B.C. 893. Then scattered notices in later writers enable us to approximate to earlier dates and the varied synchronisms between Assyrian and Babylonian kings render the dates probable, as far back as the First Dynasty of Babylon. There is only one fixed date before that, the period of Sargon I., which depends on a statement of Nabonidus.

The sequence of monarchs is, however, very probably correct. As knowledge increases, more names will be added to fill up the gaps, and dated documents will give the lengths of the reigns. A discussion of the grounds for the dates cannot be given here. The reader may refer to Dr. P. Rost, in the _Mittheilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft_, 1897, No. 2, and _Orientalistische Litteratur-Zeitung_, 1900, pp. 143, 175, 212. Radau’s _Early Babylonian History_ may be consulted for the earliest dates.

In the early periods, a vertical line between two names denotes that the second was son of the former. This is often all we know, but it is useful to mark the fact, as we cannot then insert other rulers between them. Names printed in capitals are either Sumerian or their true pronunciation is unknown. When these capitals are in Roman type, we know that they were kings or Patesis; when they are printed in italic, we only know that they were the parents of those whose names follow. We do not then know whether they reigned or not.

For Assyrian chronology, see _Annals of the Kings of Assyria_, by Budge and King, 1902.

Assyria

Early Patesis, Dates Conjectural, Order Uncertain

Ushpia, Ilushuma, | Irishum, _circa_ B.C. 2100 | Ikunum, Ishme-Dagan, _circa_ B.C. 1930 | Shamshi-Adad I., _circa_ B.C. 1910 Igur-kapkapu, | Shamshi-Adad II., Bêl-upaḫḫir (?), | Shamshi-Adad III.

Early Kings, Dates Conjectural

_circa_ B.C.

Bêl-ibni, Sulili (?), Bêl-kapkapu, 1700 Ashur-bêl-nishêshu, 1500 Puzur-Ashur, 1470 Ashur-nâdin-aḫê, 1430 Ashur-uballiṭ, son, 1420 Bêl-nirari, son, 1400 Pudi-ilu, son, 1397 Adad-nirari I., son, 1395 Shulmanu-asharid (Shalmaneser) I., son, 1380 Tukulti-Ninip I., son, 1340 Ashur-nâṣir-pal I., 1330 Ashur-narara, 1300 Nabû-daian, 1295 Bêl-kudur-uṣur, 1290 Ninip-apil-esharra, 1285 Ashur-dan, son, 1260 Mutakkil-Nusku, son, 1250 Ashur-rêsh-ishi, son, 1220 Tukulti-apil-esharra (Tiglath-pileser) I., son, 1200 Ashur-bêl-kala, son, 1090 Shamshi-Adad IV., brother, 1080 Ashur-nâṣir-pal II., 1050 Erba-Adad (?), Ashur-nâdin-aḫê, Ashur-erbi, Tukulti-apil-esharra (Tiglath-pileser) II., 950 Ashur-dan II., son, 930 Adad-nirari II., son, 911

Dates Certain From Eponym Canon

B.C. Tukulti-Ninip II., son, 890 Ashur-nâṣir-pal III., son, 884 Shulmanu-asharid (Shalmaneser) II., 859 Shamshi-Adad V., 824 Adad-nirari III., 811 Shulmanu-asharid (Shalmaneser) III., 782 Ashur-dan III., 772 Ashur-nirari II., 754 Tukulti-apil-esharra (Tiglath-pileser, Pul) III., 745 Shulmanu-asharid (Shalmaneser) IV., 726 Sharru-ukin (Sargon) II., 721 Sin-aḫê-erba (Sennacherib), son, 704 Ashur-aḫ-iddin (Esarhaddon), son, 680 Ashur-bâni-pal (Asnapper), son, 668 Ashur-etil-ilâni, son, 625 Sin-shum-lîshir, (?) Sin-shar-ishkun, (?) Fall of Nineveh, 607

III. Weights And Measures

I. Weights

1 shekel = 180 _šê_. 1 mina = 60 shekels. 1 talent = 60 minas.

The weight of the mina may be reckoned in round numbers as 500 grams.

II. Measures Of Capacity

_Early Scale_

1 GIN = 180 _šê_ (?). 1 ḲA = 60 GIN. 1 GUR = 300 ḲA.

_Later Scale_

1 GUR = 180 ḲA.

III. Measures Of Length

1 ell (U) = 60 _ubanu_. 1 _ḳânu_ = 6 ells. 1 GAR = 2 _ḳânu_. 1 KASBU = 1,800 GAR.

On other measures see A. D. D., ii., pp. 197-218. The ell is about half a metre.

IV. Measures Of Surface

1 GIN = 180 _šê._ 1 SAR = 60 GIN. 1 GAN = 1,800 SAR.

The area of the SAR was one GAR square, or 6 metres square. Areas were also measured by the amount of corn required to sow them, or their average yield, that is by the GUR and ḲA.

V. Measures Of Time

1 day = 12 double hours. 1 month = 30 days, average. 1 year = 12 months, average.

Further details may be obtained from Zimmern’s _Das Princip unserer Zeit-und Raumteilung_, in the _Berichten d. philolog. histor. Classe d. Königl. Sächs. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig_. November 14, 1901.

IV. Bibliography Of The Later Periods

THE NEW BABYLONIAN EMPIRE

*Nabopolassar.*—Strassmaier published nineteen texts in _Z. A._, iv., pp. 141-45, of which three are transcribed and translated in _K. B._, iv., pp. 177-81. Dr. Pinches gave another, _C. T._, iv., p. 14, and another in Peek-Pinches, p. 3. Dr. Moldenke gave nine other texts in his _Cuneiform Texts from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York_.

*Nebuchadrezzar II.*—Strassmaier published 460 texts in _Hefts V.-VI._, of the _Babylonische Texte_, of which thirty-one are transcribed and translated in _K. B._, iv., pp. 180-201, and forty are discussed in Kohler-Peiser’s _Aus Babylonischen Rechtsleben_. Two texts are published by Pinches, _C. T._, iv., p. 38, two more in Peiser’s _Babylonische Verträge_, six texts from the Liverpool Museum were published by Strassmaier in the _Actes du VI. Congrès Internationale des Orientalistes, 1883_. Some of the above texts belong, however, to the reign of Nebuchadrezzar III.

*Evil-Merodach.*—Evetts published twenty-four texts in _Babylonische Texte, Heft VI., B_, of which _K. B._, iv., pp. 200-3, gives transcriptions and translations of two. Kohler-Peiser discuss eight in _Aus Babylonischen Rechtsleben_ and add one more. Strassmaier published two from the Liverpool Museum in the _Actes du VI. Congrès Internationale des Orientalistes, 1883_.

*Neriglissar.*—Evetts published seventy-two texts in _Babylonische Texte, Heft VI., B_, pp. 25-82. Of these four are transcribed and translated in _K. B._, iv., pp. 202-7 and Kohler-Peiser discussed fourteen in _Aus Babylonischen Rechtsleben_. In _Babylonische Verträge_, Peiser published another; and Strassmaier published three from the Liverpool Museum in the _Actes du VI. Congrès Internationale des Orientalistes, 1883_.

*Laborosoarchod.*—Evetts published six texts, _Babylonische Texte, Heft VI., B_, pp. 85-90. Of these, one is transcribed and translated in _K. B._, iv., pp. 206-7. Strassmaier published four in the _Actes du VIII. Congrès Internationale des Orientalistes, 1889_.

*Nabonidus.*—Strassmaier published 1134 texts in _Babylonische Texte, Heft I.-IV._ Of these, _K. B._, iv., pp. 206-59, gives transcriptions and translations of fifty-six, and three fresh texts from copies by Peiser, Pinches, and Revillout. Kohler-Peiser discuss sixty-five of them in _Aus Babylonischen Rechtsleben_ and add one more. Pinches published two, _C. T._, iv., pp. 30-41, and four in Peek-Pinches. Dr. Peiser gave another in _Keilschriftliche Acten-Stücke_, No. 3, two from the British Museum. Strassmaier published six from the Liverpool Museum in the _Actes du VI. Congrès Internationale des Orientalistes, 1883_. Dr. Moldenke gave forty-two texts in his _Cuneiform Texts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York_.

PERSIAN PERIOD

*Cyrus.*—Strassmaier published 384 texts in _Babylonische Texte, Heft VII._, of which _K. B._, iv., pp. 253-85 gives transcriptions and translations of twenty-four, and Kohler-Peiser discussed thirty-four in _Aus Babylonischen Rechtsleben_, adding four new texts. In _Keilschriftliche Acten-Stücke_, Peiser gave two more; in _Babylonische Verträge_, fourteen more. Strassmaier gave two from the Liverpool Museum, in the _Actes du VI. Congrès Internationale des Orientalistes, 1883_. Pinches published another in Peek-Pinches, Dr. Budge another in _Z. A._, vii., p. 219.

*Cambyses.*—Strassmaier gave 441 texts in _Babylonische Texte, Heft VIII.-IX._, but in these no distinction is made between the reigns of Cambyses and Cyrus, Cambyses alone, Cyrus alone. _K. B._, iv., pp. 260-63 gives transcription and translation of four, followed by twenty-five of Cambyses alone and fourteen of Cyrus alone. Kohler-Peiser discussed twenty-one in _Aus Babylonische Rechtsleben_. Peiser gave seventeen more in _Babylonische Verträge_ from the Berlin Museum and one from the British Museum. Strassmaier gave three from the Liverpool Museum, and one in possession of Golenischeff in the _Actes du VI. Congrès Internationale des Orientalistes_. Pinches published one in _C. T._, iv., one in Peek-Pinches. Dr. G. A. Barton published two in the _American Journal of Semitic Languages, January, 1900_.

*Barzia.*—Strassmaier published nine texts, _Z. A._, iv., pp. 147 ff., of which four are transcribed and translated, _K. B._, iv., pp. 294-98. Peiser gave three more in _Babylonische Verträge_. Strassmaier published one from the Liverpool Museum in the _Actes du VI. Congrès Internationale des Orientalistes, 1883_.

*Nebuchadrezzar III.*—In _K. B._, iv., pp. 298-303, three are transcribed and translated from those published above and ascribed to Nebuchadrezzar II.

*Darius.*—Strassmaier has published 579 texts in _Babylonische Texte, Heft X.-XII._, of which _K. B._, iv., pp. 302-11 gives transcription and translation of nine. Kohler-Peiser discuss ninety-six in _Aus Babylonischen Rechtsleben_ and add seven more. Pinches published six in _C. T._, ii., p. 2; iv., pp. 21, 32, 41, 43, 44; and twelve in Peek-Pinches. Peiser gave fifteen in _Keilschriftliche Acten-Stücke_, and fifty-five in _Babylonische Verträge_ from the Berlin Museum, twenty-four from the British Museum. Dr. G. A. Barton gave twenty-seven in _American Journal of Semitic Languages, January, 1900_. Strassmaier gave six from the Liverpool Museum in the _Actes du VI. Congrès Internationale des Orientalistes, 1883_. Dr. Budge published three in _Z. A._, iii., pp. 216 ff.

*Shamash-erba.*—Strassmaier published one text of this period in _Z. A._, iii., p. 157 f.

*Xerxes.*—Evetts published four texts, _Babylonische Texte, Heft VI., B_, pp. 91-94; of these _K. B._, iv., pp. 310-11 gives transcription and translation of one. Pinches published one, _C. T._, iv., p. 34, Dr. G. A. Barton gave one in _American Journal of Semitic Languages, January, 1900_. Strassmaier published seven in the _Actes du VIII. Congrès Internationale des Orientalistes, 1889_.

*Artaxerxes.*—Professor Hilprecht and Dr. Clay have published 119 texts with transcriptions and translations of twelve, in the ninth volume of the series of Cuneiform Texts of the collections of the University of Philadelphia. Kotalla has given transcriptions and translations of others in _B. A. S._, iv. Dr. Peiser gave a transcription and translation of one from his own copy, _K. B._, iv., pp. 312-13. Kohler-Peiser give two more in _Aus Babylonischen Rechtsleben_. Dr. G. A. Barton gave four in _American Journal of Semitic Languages, January, 1900_. Strassmaier published nine in the _Actes du VIII. Congrès Internationale des Orientalistes, 1889_, and one in _Z. A._, iii., p. 158.

MACEDONIAN PERIOD

*Alexander IV.*—Strassmaier, _Z. A._, iii., p. 150, transcribed and translated one, also _K. B._, iv., pp. 312-13. Pinches gave one, _C. T._, iv., p. 39.

*Seleucus II.*—Oppert, _Doc. Jur._, pp. 301 ff., gave two, one given again, _K. B._, iv., pp. 312-17. Pinches gave another, _C. T._, iv., p. 29. Strassmaier published one in _Actes du VIII. Congrès Internationale des Orientalistes, 1889_; and one, _Z. A._, iii., p. 152 f.

*Demetrius.*—Strassmaier published two, _Z. A._, iii., pp. 148-50.

*Antiochus III.*—Strassmaier published one, _Z. A._, iii., p. 150 f., transcribed and translated also, _K. B._, iv., pp. 316-17.

ARSACIDE PERIOD

Strassmaier published sixteen texts, _Z. A._, iii., pp. 143 ff., one is given in transcription and translation, _K. B._, iv., pp. 318-19.

INDEX

Superior Roman numerals refer to sections of the early Babylonian laws, superior arabic numerals to the laws of the Code of Ḥammurabi, and superior capitals to the later Assyrian or Babylonian laws.

Abatements:
for loss of crop, 48, 45, 46
for loss of interest, 48, 48

Abêshu’, letters of, 328

Accidental loss:
by drought, etc., payment postponed, 48, 48
by storm or rain falls on tenant, 48, 45
shared by tenant and owner if rent unpaid, 48, 46

Accounts and business documents:
account books, 295
acknowledgment of advances, 302
amounts of food-stuffs, 301
Assyrian lists, 298
conditions of service with flock and herds, 296
herdsman’s, 297
its obscurity, 297, 298
iron articles, mention of, 302
leather, 301
receipts for loans, 295
records of measurements, 296
repairs and expenses, 296
sheep-shearing, 300
skins, 301
steward’s accounts, 302
weaving, 300
wool, memoranda regarding, 299

Adjournment of case:
not to exceed six months, 45, 13
to call witnesses, 45, 13

Adoption:
adoption implied inheritance, 157, 160
brought responsibilities to both parties, 155
by craftsman, who has taught him his handicraft, 61, 188, 189;
he cannot be redeemed, 61, 188;
but redeemable if not taught, 61, 189
by deed signed and sealed, 155
by wealthy persons, 160
consent of others in the family, 156
duties of adopted children, 158, 159
such as service, 159
form of adoption, 157
frequency and reasons for, 154
if disinherited, he receives one-third of son’s share before leaving,
61, 191
but not field, garden, or house, 61, 191
method of procedure, 155
of child of unknown parents, 61, 186
who shall return to parents when known, 61, 186
of royal favorite, or courtier, or votary, 61, 187;
who shall not be reclaimed, 61, 187
of natural son, 61, 185
precautions against suits, 159
punishment of adopted children, 160
pure and simple, 156
repudiation and disinheritance, 157 _sq._
repudiation by adopted son punished, 61, 192 _sq._
rights of adoption to be accepted, 61, 190
system considered, 154 _sq._

Adultery:
charges of, 54, 129, 131, 132
of wife of captive excused, 54, 134
penalties for, 117, 118
penalty, strangling, 54, 129
drowning, 54, 133

Advocate or pleader, 88

Affidavit as to cause of death, 65, 249

Agent. _See_ Merchant:
disputing with principal, 51, 106, 107
his power of attorney, 44, 7, 292
his relations with the principal, 51, 100-107
if loses or unsuccessful, or robbed, repays capital, 51, 101-103
must give strict account of intromissions, 51, 104
must have power of attorney, 69
must keep accounts, 51, 100
of money received, 51, 100
of interest due, 51, 100
must receive sealed acknowledgment, 51, 104
pays threefold for misappropriation, 51, 106
relation to the merchant, 281 _sq._

Agnates, their power, 137

Agriculture, its form, duties, and risks, 48 _sq._

Alienation:
by assignments, 218
by business transfer, 218
by donations and bequests, 218 _sq._
by gifts to votary, daughter, wife, 220, 221
consent of legal heirs, 221
of property, 218 _sq._
of public property forbidden, 47, 33 sq.
restricted by family rights, 219

Allowances:
to divorced wife, 54, 137
usufruct to bring up the children, 54, 137

Alteration of bond by post-dating, 48, 48

Ammi-ditana, letters of, 328

Ammi-zadûga, letters of, 329

Ancestors:
as a family bond, 120.
_See_ Family

Ancestral:
domain, lands subject to, 187
estates, 194

Apprentice, slave taught as, 181, 182

Armenia, references to, in Sennacherib’s letters to Sargon, 338 _sq._

Artificers of the temple, 213

Ashurbânipal:
friendly letters of, 360 _sq._
inquiries about oracles, 379
letters illustrating his reign, 347 _sq._, 352, 353 _sq._, 361 _sq._
son of Esarhaddon, 366
value of his library, 6, 10, 31

Assault:
fatal, to free-woman, 62, 209, 210
to plebeian, 62, 212
to slave, 62, 214
of freeman by slave, 62, 205
of man of higher rank, 62, 202, 203
of pregnant free-woman, causing miscarriage, 62, 209
of plebeian by plebeian, 62, 204
of pregnant plebeian, causing miscarriage, 62, 211
of pregnant slave, causing miscarriage, 62, 213

Assessment of damages. _See_ Damages:
by sheep to green crop, 49, 57
to ripe crop, 49, 58
for assault. _See_ Assault, Fines
for failing in terms of lease, 48, 42, 44
for lack of professional skill. _See_ Surgeon, Veterinary
for neglect. _See_ Neglect
tree cut without consent, 50, 59

Assignment for debt:
of all the debtor has, 50, z
of crop, 48, 49, 49, 50
of date plantation, 50, x
of wife, son, or daughter, 52, 117

Assyrian:
epochs, 31
estimated proportion of slaves, 182
usages regarding slaves, 171

Attorney:
power of, for executing a deed, 69
for representative action, 294
for protecting rights, 293
its use, 44, 7, 292
over funds, 294

Average:
crop in damages, 49, 55
rent in damages, 48, 42, 43, 50, 62, 65

Babylonia:
boundaries of land, 190 _sq._
canals, irrigation, 185
early postal system for letters, 309
importance of studying, vii _sq._
influence of natural features, 184
its epochs, 15, 34, 131, 182
land tenure in, 184 _sq._
lasting effects of its civilization, vii
law later, 69 _sq._
names in slavery, 177, 178
ownership of land, 185, 186
primitive tenure, 185 _sq._
proportion of slaves in the population, 182
village lands, 185

Bailiff. _See_ Official:
has charge of cropping the farm, 48, 49, 49, 52

Bailment:
from minor or slave without bond or witnesses, 44, 7;
and penal equals theft, 44, 7

Banishment:
as an ancient custom, 98
from the city for incest, 56, 154

Bank, temple the popular place of deposit, 210, 211.
_See_ Temple

Beer-seller:
bound to summon slanderers and brawlers to palace, 52, 108
gives 60 ḲA of _sakani_ beer for 50 ḲA of corn, 52, 111
prosecuted and drowned, 52, 108

Beer-shop:
closed against votaries, 52, 110
drink to be not cheaper than corn, 52, 108
not allowed for unlawful assemblies, 52, 109
regulation of, 52, 108-110
votary forbidden, 52, 110

Benefice:
may be assigned to son, 46, 29
deputed, 46, 27-29
forfeited by neglect or disuse, 47, 30
may not be assigned for debt, 47, 39
bequeathed, 47, 38
given for ransom, 47, 32
given in exchange, 48, 41
may not be bequeathed or assigned for debt, 47, 38, 39
may not be given in exchange, 48, 41
penalty for its abuse or neglect, 46, 27-29, 47, 30, 31
price paid for it forfeited, 47, 35, 37
or alienated, 47, 32 _sq._; by sale, 47, 32 _sq._

_Bennu_, slave disease, 67, 280, 170

Bequest:
power of, restrained, 56, 150
free, 56, 150

Betrothed:
betrothal in early life, 132
maiden in her father’s house, 54, 130, 132
marriage ceremony, 132
seduction of, 54, 130, 132, 134

Bibliography:
Arsacide Period, 402
Macedonian Period, 402
New Babylonian Empire, 399
Persian Period, 401

Bigamy:
considered as a custom, 134
in ignorance, 54, 135

Boat:
building of, 64, 234
fast, hired, 67, 276
in collision, 64, 240
one of 60 GUR hired, 67, 277
value in trading, 284, 285
wreck of, 64, 235-238

Boatmen, carriers and builders, their duties and responsibilities, 64, 234
_sq._

Bond, written deed or contract sealed:
Assyrian, of great length, 231
body of the deed uniform, 229
deed of house sale, 241
destroyed on payment, 260
drawn by scribe, 83
for adoption, signed and sealed, 155
for debt, 49, 52
for deed of gift to son, 57, 165
for legal marriage, 54, 128
for legal purchase, 44, 7
for rent due, 48, 47
for storage, 53, 122
in marriage contract, 130
in Sumerian or in Semitic, 229
interests safeguarded, 232
its value as a legal witness, 80 _sq._
kept how and where, 12
legal memoranda in security, 10, 12, 282
marriage contracts, few met with, 137
marriage deed of gift, 56, 150
notary’s fee for, 231
of herdsman, 66, 264
often the subject in pledge, 263
power of attorney for sealing, 69
preserved in temple archives, 227
production of, 112
specifications of items, 230, 231
earnest-money to close the bargain, 230
specimen deed of sale, 228
to daughter of concubine, 60, 183
to votary’s dowry from her father, 59, 178, 60, 179, 180, 181
usually in duplicate, 12
valuable for information, 236, 242, 247
with free gifts, 219

Boundary stones, 191
as inviolable landmarks, 191, 192
description of, in deeds, 238
street named as boundary, 241
usually rectangular, 238

Branding, brander, 63, 226, 227, 176
on forehead for slander, 53, 127, 176
on freeman escaped from levy-master, 176
or tattooing a slave, 176, 177
slave without owner’s consent, 63, 226, 227
son’s wife branded and sold, 140

Brawling in beer-shop, 52, 109

Breach:
of contract by lessee, 48, 42, 44
of promise of marriage, 57, 159, 124

Bribery punished, 321

Bride-price:
and marriage-portion, 55, 138, 57, 159, 123 _sq._, 129
and trousseau, 129
assessed at one mina of silver as price of divorce, 55, 139, 125
assessed at one-third mina of silver if plebeian, 55, 140
deducted from marriage-portion, 57, 166, 124
given back to barren wife when divorced, 55, 138
its ceremonial presentation, 124, 128
its principle considered, 123, 124, 125, 128, 130
negotiations regarding the payment, 125, 126, 128
reserved from father’s estate for minor son, 57, 166, 127, 130
retained by bride’s father, 57, 159
returned double, 57, 160, 161, 124

Bronze lancet, for surgical operations, 63, 215, 218, 220

Builder, his duties and responsibilities, 63, 228, 64, 229 _sq._

Burglary, with death penalty, 44, 6, 46, 21

Burial vault in a house, 245

Burning as penalty:
man and mother in incest, 56, 157
thief in the same fire, 46, 25

Buyer must discharge duties of subject, 48, 40

Buying and selling, general law of, 44, 7, 45, 9-12

Calling to account:
for intromissions, 52, 108-116, 53, 124
for neglect, 48, 42
in divorce case, 55, 141
in nursing, 61, 194
in prosecution, 66, 265

Canals:
used in trading, 284, 285, 319, 320, 321
digging, 383, 24

Cappadocian tablets, 29

Captives:
by enemy for ransom, 47, 32
in war, 54, 133, 135
question as to marriage relations, 54, 133, 135

Caravans, their place in trading, 282, 283

Carrier’s responsibilities, 52, 112
fivefold restitution, 52, 112

Cataract, operations for, 63, 215, 218, 220

Chedorlaomer, supposed reference to, 316, 318

Children. _See_ Inheritance:
age of at majority, 149
betrothed, remained in the father’s house, 149
born of supposed widow remain with second husband, 54, 135
commonly educated, 153
could be preferred by father, 57, 165, 148
daughters under the father’s disposing, 148
dedicated to temple, 224
legitimate and illegitimate, 134
may receive bequest from their mother, 56, 150
of different mothers share equally in their father’s estate, 58, 167
of different mothers share equally in their own mother’s estate, 58, 167
of divorced mothers, their legal rights, 54, 137
of second wife take one-third of the property, 71
of slave and free-woman provided for, 59, 175, 176
of wife and maid may share equally, 58, 170
of wife or those of the maid made free, 58, 171
punishment of unfilial conduct in, 61, 195, 149
sacrifice of by fire, 233
schools for and education of, 152, 153
sold into slavery, 178
status of, in the inheritance, 58, 170, 171
their childhood and early life considered, 151-153
their obligations and rights, 148 _sq._,
their relation to paternal rights, 52, 117, 148
under the mother at their father’s death, 149, 150

Chronology:
Assyria, 397, 398
“of the king,” 25
system of the tablets, 23
tables of, 396-398

Coin. _See_ Loans:
current, 253

Collision of boats, law of, 64, 240

Commerce, how controlled by the State, 324

Commission, trade on, 51, 100-105.
_See_ Agent, Merchant

Compensation:
as granted by the court, 99
for eviction of tenant, 50, Y
for highway robbery, 46, 23
of official, 76

Composition:
for bride-price, 55, 139
for loss of life, 52, 116

Comrade:
breaks off a marriage by calumny, 57, 161, 124
shall not marry the girl, 57, 161, 124

Concubine:
divorced, free to marry, 54, 137, 135
had marriage-portion, 134
her daughter, dowered by deed, shall not share in father’s estate, 60,
183, 135
her daughter, if not dowered, shall be presented with marriage-portion,
60, 184
if a mother and divorced, her legal rights, 54, 137, 135
if a mother, cannot be sold, 55, 146, 135
if childless, may be sold, 55, 147, 135
may receive a slave-mark, 55, 146, 135
must not rival wife, 55, 145, 135
not equal in status to votary, 55, 144-147, 135
restrictions on her marriage, 55, 144-147

Concubinage as a system, 134, 135

Conjugal rights, denial of, 55, 142, 142
denial of, counted equal to desertion, 142
liable to judicial inquiry, 142

Contracts, old, their present value, xii _sq._

Corn:
cultivated and paid in rent, 48, 49
given on loan, 253
tithed to the temple, 208
under charge of the bailiff, 48, 49, 49, 52
with sesame, 48, 49, 49, 50-52

Corporate liability, 46, 23, 47, 32

Corvée. _See_ Militia

Cow in milk, on hire, 65, 243

Courts of law:
cases before, 87
form of procedure, 83 _sq._, 87 _sq._
nature and action, 80 _sq._
penalties from, 95
settlements out of, 87, 111

Creditor. _See_ Merchant, Debtor:
cannot take property without owner’s leave, 52, 113
in marital responsibilities, 56, 151, 152
may not pay himself without debtor’s consent, 52, 113
may sell pledged slave, 53, 118
must restore all illegally taken, 52, 113; and forfeits his claim, 52,
113
punishable for cruel treatment of hostage, 52, 116
responsible for fair treatment of hostage, 52, 115

Criminal law, 116-118

Crop:
in pledge for debt, 48, 48
its duties, 49, 49-52
kinds cultivated, 48, 44, 46, 48, 49, 49, 50, 51, 52

Cultivation:
duties and rent, 48, 42 _sq._
of field described, 48, 43, 44

Custody of child in mother, 46, 29

Cutting down trees, assessment of damage, one-half mina of silver, 50, 59

Damage to crops:
by cutting down trees, one-half mina of silver per tree, 50, 59
by flood assessed at average crop, 49, 55;
assessed at 10 GUR of corn for each GAN of land, 49, 56
by sheep assessed at 20 GUR of corn for each GAN of land, 49, 57;
assessed at 60 GUR of corn for each GAN of land, 49, 58

Damages due. _See_ Fines:
for flooding from open dike wall, 49, 53, 54, 55, 56
for illegal eviction, 50
not a fine, 91
to deceased’s relatives, one mina of silver, 46, 24

Death:
of defendant, 45, 12
of housebreaker, 46, 21

Death penalty:
by burning, 56, 157, 97
by drowning of a woman, 56, 155, 97, 143
by strangling, 56, 155
considered as an ancient custom, 96
for adultery, 54, 133, 142
for alleged purchase of lost property, 45, 10
for allowing seditious meetings in beer-shop, 52, 109
for appropriation of lost property, 45, 9
for buying from minor or slave, 44, 7
for conniving at her husband’s murder, impaling, 56, 152
for dereliction of official duty, 46, 26, 47, 33
for employing a substitute in official duty, 46, 26, 47, 33
for harboring fugitive slaves, 5, 16;
to default the forced labor, 45, 16
for highway robbery, 46, 22
for housebreaking, 46, 21
for kidnapping a child, 45, 14
for oppressing subordinates, 47, 34
for perjury, 44, 3
for procuring desertion of slaves, 45, 15
for rape of betrothed maiden, 54, 130
for receiving stolen goods, 44, 6
for repudiating her husband, 141, 143
for retaining captured slave, 46, 19
for sacrilegious theft, 44, 6
for slander and stirring up strife, 45, 11
for theft and unable to pay, 44, 8
for theft at a fire, 46, 25
for undutifulness and slander, drowning, 55, 143, 143
for witchcraft, 44, 1
on adulterers, 54, 129
on builder for bad work, 64, 229
on builder’s son, 64, 230
on votary frequenting beer-shop, 52, 110

Debt:
abatement for damages by storm, deluge, or drought, 48, 48
creditor to have no call for year’s interest, 48, 48
debtor’s obligation not lessened, 49, 52
laws of Mancipium, 52, 115-117, 53, 118, 119
question of ante-nuptial, 56, 151
property held as security for, 263. _See_ Pledges

Debtor:
how secured against illegal process, 52, 113;
illegal distraint, 52, 114
may pay in kind, 51, Z

Debts:
of husband and wife, mutual obligations, 56, 152
question of pre-nuptial, 56, 151

Decision of judge in lawsuit, 91, 92

Decisions, legal, considered, 100 _sq._

Dedication:
of land to temple, 223, 224;
to secure divine favor, 223, 224

Deed. _See_ Bond:
of gift, with bond, 72, E
settlement on wife, 132
with the gifts, 222 _sq._

Defamation of comrade, 57, 161

Deferred payment of debt, 48, 48

Degradation from judgeship, 44, 5

Deification of river Euphrates, 44, 2
the sacred river, 44, 2

Deposit:
how recoverable, 53, 123
from minor or slave, how made legal, 44, 7
made in temple for safety and banking, 211 _sq._

Desertion:
by wife, 54, 133
by husband, who returned to claim the property, 102, 144
involuntary, of wife by husband, 54, 133, 143
of adoptive parents, 61, 193
of city and wife, 54, 136

Detention of slave, penalty death, 46, 19

Diary of a journey, 380

Dike:
burst and meadow was flooded, 49, 53
to be cared for, 199

Disinheritance:
by adoptive parents, 157, 160, 167;
done before the judge, 58, 168, 157, 160
by due legal process, 58, 168, 149, 167
carried out before a judge, 167
of adopted child, not complete, 167
of adoptive parents, 61, 192, 193, 150, 159
of mother by her son, 149
of son by his father, 42, III, 149, 167
of son by his mother, 42, IV, 149, 150
of son laid before a judge for inquiry, 58, 168, 167
of son-in-law, 57, 159
repudiation and reduction to the condition of slave, 166, 39

Distraint. _See_ Mancipium:
death of person in, 52, 115, 116
fine for illegal, one-third mina of silver, 52, 114;
of working ox, fine one-third mina of silver, 64, 241
illegal on warehoused goods, 53, 120
security against illegal, 52, 114

District or city:
for ransom of official, 47, 32
liable for highway robbery, 46, 23

Divorce:
as regulated by the Code, 141
custody of the children to the wife, 141
easiest form of, 55, 138, 143
easy for the man, difficult for the woman, 141
grounds of, 141
laws of, 54, 137, 55, 138
legal ceremony, 134
man must give wife or concubine a maintenance, 141
might marry again, 141
of concubine, 54, 137;
of votary, 54, 137
price of divorce, 55, 139, 142
protection of the wife’s rights, 140, 141
retains right to her marriage-portion, 141
shares with her children in deceased husband’s estate, 141
wife can only divorce by lawsuit, 143
wife takes her bride-price and marriage-portion, 55, 188, 141;
if no bride-price, one mina of silver, 55, 139, 141;
from plebeian one-third mina, 55, 140

Doctor. _See_ Surgeon, Veterinary:
fees for curing, 63, 215-221
paid by assailant, 62, 206
penalties, 63, 218-220
privileges and responsibilities, 63, 215-221

Donations and bequests:
as alienation of property, 218 _sq._
in Assyria, 222
in second Babylonian Empire, 222
to temple a free gift, 223
to the chief priest of the temple, 223

Dowry. _See_ Marriage-portion

Drowning. _See_ Death Penalty:
as a penalty, considered, 97, 117, 143
as penalty for selling drink too cheap, 52, 108
for desertion of husband, 54, 133
for repudiating her husband, 143
penalty for adultery, 54, 133
penalty for incest, 56, 155
penalty on undutiful and slanderous wife, 55, 143

Duplicate:
of court decision, 87
of tablet, 79

Ear cut off as penalty, 62, 205

Education in ancient Babylonia, 151-153
interpretation of signs on the monuments, 165
phrase-books, 151, 152, 153
schools, 152
slaves were apprenticed, 152
writing and use of word-phrases, 152

Elam, Elamites, troubles of, 360 _sq._

Elamite contracts, 30

Elders as assessors to the judges, 80 _sq._

Endowment of temples by kings, 195, 208 _sq._

Entailed. _See_ Family:
family property, 122, 184
land, 184

Equals, assault on, 62, 200, 203, 204

Esarhaddon, King of Assyria:
his long absences, 371
inquiries about oracles, 379
letter from, 360
sequence in his family, 366, 375, 376
son of Sennacherib, 108, 369

Estates, great, plans of, 249

Evicted:
purchaser reimbursed, 45, 9
tenant reimbursed, 50, Y

Exchange of benefice illegal, 48, 41

Expulsion of judge for altering judgment, 44, 5

Eye torn out, 61, 193
fee for cure of, ten shekels of silver, 63, 215
in diseased state, 63, 215
knocked out by assailant, 62, 196
loss of eye assessed at half value of slave, 63, 220
operated on with bronze lancet, 63, 215

False judgment:
claims for money or goods, 51, 106, 107, 53, 126
penalty for, 44, 5
witness, 44, 3, 4

Family:
alienation of property restricted by its rights, 219
attachment to ancestors, 120, 132
descendants of artisans, 120
in guilds of trade, 121
property entailed, 122
registration by father or master of the house, 128
registration of birth, marriage, and death, 128
relations of, centred in marriage, 119 _sq._
registration of descent of, 121, 128, 132

Family life, responsibilities of, to the community, 122

Family laws, Sumerian, 9

Farm. _See_ Lease:
conditions of tenancy, 276
fields rented, 276
house rented, 275
rental variable, 275
taken on shares, 276

Fatal assaults, 62, 207, 208, 210, 214

Father. _See_ Children, Wife:
disinheriting a son, 58, 168, 169
giving dowry to a daughter, votary of Marduk, 59, 60
rights, duties, and responsibilities of, 148 _sq._

Father-in-law:
and son-in-law not to quarrel over the marriage-portion, 72, E
if guilty of incest, 56, 155, 156
responsibilities of, to intended son-in-law, 57, 159-161

Fees, to surgeon:
for limb or bowels cured, five shekels of silver, 63, 221
for same on plebeian, three shekels of silver, 63, 222
for same on slave, two shekels of silver, 63, 223
for serious operation on cataract, ten shekels of silver, 63, 215
for same on plebeian, five shekels of silver, 63, 216
for same on man’s slave, two shekels of silver, 63, 217
for storage of corn, 53, 120, 121
to builder, two shekels of silver for each SAR built on, 63, 228
to builder of boat, sixty GUR per man, two shekels of silver, 64, 234
to veterinary, for curing ox or ass, one-sixth shekel of silver, 63, 224

Field. _See_ Land:
in relation to real property, 189

Fines imposed for:
assault on patrician, one mina of silver, 62, 204
assault on plebeian, ten shekels of silver, 62, 203
assault on pregnant free-woman, miscarried, ten shekels, 62, 209
assault on pregnant plebeian woman, miscarried, five shekels, 62, 211
assault on pregnant slave, miscarried, two shekels, 62, 213
defrauding, 60 GUR of corn for each GAN, 65, 255
fatal assault by mischance, one-half mina of silver, 62, 207
fatal assault on plebeian, one-third mina of silver, 62, 208
fatal assault on plebeian, pregnant, 62, 212
fatal assault on pregnant slave, one-third mina of silver, 62, 214
illegal distraint, one-third mina of silver, 52, 114
imposing distraint on working ox, one-third mina of silver, 64, 241
not guarding against viciousness of bull, one-half mina of silver, 65,
251;
if slave killed, one-third mina of silver, 65, 252
patrician’s servant’s eye or limb, half his value, 62, 199
plebeian’s eye or limb, one mina of silver, 62, 198
plebeian’s tooth, one-third mina of silver, 62, 201
seducing son’s betrothed, one-half mina of silver, 56, 156
theft of _shadduf_, or a plough, three shekels of silver, 66, 260
theft of watering machine, five shekels of silver, 66, 259

Fire, theft at, its penalty, 46, 25

Fishing rights, how regulated, 328

Floods, flooding, by rain, 48, 45, 48

Food-stuffs:
accounts of, 301
request for, 336

Forced labor. _See_ Militia

Forfeitures:
ancient custom in law courts, 95
for excessive cruelty, 52, 116
for illegal seizure, 52, 113
for illegalities, 47, 35, 37, 59, 177
for neglect, 65, 255, 256

Foster-mother:
her duties and liabilities, 61, 194
penalty, 61, 194

Freedom to:
betrothed, after seduction, 56, 156
brander, if deceived, 63, 227
concubine, after bringing up her children, 54, 137
hostage for debt, in fourth year, 52, 117
widow, if persecuted by her children, 58, 172

Freemen made slaves, 177, 178

Fugitive slave, 45, 16, 46, 17
or plebeian, 45, 16

Garden plot. _See_ Land, Sales:
in relation to real property, 189
leasing and working, 50, 60-65
sold as stocked, 247, 248
stock, vegetables, 247, 248

_Gens_, its relation to the family, 120. _See_ Family

Gifts:
as conditioned, 219
as duly executed, signed, and sealed, 219
as pin-money to a wife, 221
as restricted, 219
by father to daughter, 220
dedication to temple as free gift, 223
to friends and relatives open to suspicion, 223

God:
a party in every case in court, 90
has struck ox to death, 65, 249
oaths by, 186, 187
his temple the first centre of civilization, 186

Goring by ox, 65, 250, 251

Gouging out eye, 62, 196, 198
as penalty, 62, 196

Governor, prefect:
duties and responsibilities, 47, 33 _sq._
liable to the death penalty, 47, 33
may not alienate or appropriate public property, 47, 33 _sq._

Granary or barn, safe against creditor, 52, 113