Chapter XX: Appendix: I. The Prologue And Epilogue To The Code Of Ḥammurabi (2)

Guarantees. _See_ Pledges:
against defects in slave, 269;
suits at law, 270;
theft, 269
joint responsibility, 269
regarding slaves, 174 _sq._ _See_ Slavery
securities for debt, 268
security for appearance, as of witness, 268, 269
value of securities, 270

Guilds:
of trade, 121
rival, 121

Guilty knowledge by buyer of stolen goods, 45, 10

Ḥammurabi:
as an administrator, 317
brought back the goddesses, 319, 320
building enterprises, 318
care for temple revenues, 317
cares for canals, 320, 321
Code of laws, 44-67;
its bibliography, 6 _sq._;
its value, 4, 5;
its condition, 6;
history of its text, 5
decides about taxes, 323, 324
epilogue to the Code, 389, 392
letters of, summarized, 316 _sq._;
belong to the first dynasty of Babylon, 316;
their importance, 316 _sq._
ordering the calendar, 317
private property, 318
prologue to the Code, 389, 390
punishes bribery, 321
redresses wrong, 321
supervises justice, 318

Hand of God, loss by, 48, 45, 46, 48

Hands cut off as penalty:
for branding slave without leave, 63, 226;
careless operation of surgeon, 63, 218;
striking father, 61, 195

Harboring fugitive slave, 45, 16

Heirs, their reversionary rights, 221

Highway robbery, 46, 22-24
city or district responsible, 46, 22-24
penalty, 46, 22
redress for, 46, 23, 2

Hire. _See_ Labor, Wages:
by king’s standard, 49, 51
of boat, 3 ŠE of silver _per diem_, 67, 275;
fast boat, 2-1/2 ŠE of silver _per diem_, 67, 276;
freight-boat of 60 GUR, 67, 277
of slave, adjustment of wages, 271
of slave, 271
wages or hire fixed for:
artisan, 5 ŠE of silver _per diem_, 67, 274
ass for threshing, 10 ḲA of corn _per diem_, 66, 269
boatman, 6 GUR of corn _per annum_, 64, 239
builder, (?) ŠE of silver _per diem_, 67, 274
carpenter, 4 ŠE of silver _per diem_, 67, 274
field laborer, 8 GUR of corn _per annum_, 65, 257
herdsman or shepherd, 8 GUR of corn _per annum_, 66, 261
laborer, first five months, 6 ŠE of silver _per diem_, 66, 273
laborer, last seven months, 5 ŠE of silver _per diem_, 66, 273
milch cow, 3 GUR of corn _per annum_, 65, 243
ox herd, 6 GUR of corn _per annum_, 65, 258
ox for threshing, 20 ḲA of corn _per diem_, 66, 268
oxen, wagon, and driver, 160 ḲA of corn _per diem_, 66, 271
potter, 5 ŠE of silver _per diem_, 67, 274
ropemaker, 4 ŠE of silver _per diem_, 67, 274
slave, 10 ḲA of corn _per diem_, 42, VII
stone-cutter, (?) ŠE of silver _per diem_, 67, 274
tailor, 5 ŠE of silver _per diem_, 67, 274
wages and time limit, 272, 273
wagon alone, 40 ḲA of corn _per diem_, 272
working ox, 4 GUR of corn _per annum_, 65, 242
young animal for threshing, 1 ḲA of corn _per diem_, 66, 270

Hiring, risks in:
bull, known to be vicious, kills freeman, one-half mina of silver, 62,
251
bull, known to be vicious, kills slave, one-third mina of silver, 62,
252
bull, mad and gores, the owner free, 65, 250
ox, broken horn or torn muzzle or tail cut off, quarter the value of ox,
65, 248
ox, cut or broken leg, ox for ox, 65, 246
ox, died from the elements, on affidavit man is free, 65, 249
ox gored to death or killed by blows, ox for ox, 65, 245
ox, loses an eye, half the value of ox, 65, 247
ox or ass killed by lion in open field, owner’s risk, 65, 244
slave killed, one-third mina of silver, 65, 252

Hostage for debt. _See_ Mancipium

Housebreaking, its penalties, 44, 6, 46, 21, 53, 125

Houses:
block of, in Nineveh, 245
bought as area of land, 187, 188
burial vault in, 245
contracts for building, 240
cost, 246
deed of sale, 241
description for sale, 240
in relation to land, 188
plans of, and description, 239
price, 243
side buildings, 246
size, 246
various parts of, 244

Hypothecation, law of, 48, 49

Identification of lost property, 45, 9

Ignorance, plea of, 62, 206, 63, 227

Illegal purchase and its penalty, 47, 35, 37

Impaling:
as a penalty considered, 97
death penalty to wife for conniving at her husband’s murder, 56, 153

Incest:
crime of, 56, 154-158
of man and daughter, 56, 156
penalty, man banished the city, 56, 156
of man and daughter-in-law, 56, 155, 156
penalty, man strangled and woman drowned, 56, 155
of man and his mother, 56, 157
penalty, both burnt, 56, 157
of man and step-mother, 56, 158
penalty, to be cut off from his father’s house, 56, 158
of man and woman betrothed to his son, 56, 156
penalty, half mina of silver and marriage-portion, 56, 156

Inheritance. _See_ Marriage:
implied in adoption, 157, 160
of sons by second marriage, 71, D
rights of, considered, 161 _sq._
succession by law of descent, 121

Interest:
by the king’s standard, 49, 51
calculated by the merchant, 51, 100
on bond to creditor, 48, 48, 255
on temporary loan, 251, 255
on use of corn, 256
postponed for a year, 48, 48
relations between interest and profit, 265

Iron, mention of, 302

Judge:
acts on marriage-portions, 72, E, G
duties and liabilities, 44, 5, 45, 9, 13, 53, 127, 59, 177, 72, 73, 80
_sq._, 102 _sq._
his position in ancient Babylonia, 80 _sq._
how the case was submitted, 88
inquires in interest of children of first marriage, 59, 177
list of sentences and decisions by, 102
name of officials in Assyrian times, 106
to witness branding, 53, 127

Judgment, false. _See_ False:
by default, 45, 13
not to be altered, 44, 5

Kidnapping, 45, 14

King:
could impress laborers, 205
endowed temples, 195, 208 _sq._
gave loans, 258;
often before harvest, or at seed-time, 258
granted privileges, 195
had power of life, 54, 129
his power over lands, 192;
limited, 192;
limited by rights of private property, 192, 193
made large land grants, 193, 194
power to pardon, 330
presents made between kings, 131
probably wrote, 308

King’s standard of money, 49, 51

Kudur, Governor of Erech, letters of, 356, 357, 358, 359

Labor, forced. _See_ Militia:
free, in demand, 269
guaranteed, 272
in competition, 269
time hired, 269

Lancet. _See_ Bronze

Land:
as a field, 189
as garden, 189
ancestral domain, claimed, 187
boundary stones, 191
dedication to a temple, 223
different from personal property, 184 _sq._
different kinds of real property, 187
entailed property, 184
great estates, 249;
their plans, 249
hired or let on shares, 197
how described for identification, 237
in relation to houses, 188
its individuality, 190, 191
king’s power over, 192
landmarks, 191
leases, 198
loans on, 197
obligations of many kinds, 205
ownership of cultivated, 185
primitive tenure, 185
sale of, 187 _sq._, 227 _sq._
settled hamlet, temple, etc., 186
sold subject to its dues, 187
systems of measurement, 189
by the yield, 190
tenure in Babylonia, 114, 184 _sq._
terms applied to, 188, 189
the Metayer system, 65, 253-256, 196
the purchaser, how protected, 228
under manorial obligations, 199
village, 185

Landlord. _See_ Metayer, Temple:
loans to tenants, 211
risks, 48, 46

Landmarks, inviolable, not to be encroached upon, 191

Lease, tenancy, tenant, farm:
abatements for losses by flood, etc., 48
allowances, 277
damages incurred, 48, 42 _sq._
different forms of, 198; fixed rent, 198;
improving lease, 198, 277
duties and responsibilities of, 48, 42 _sq._
field to cultivate, 48, 42, 43
garden on five-year lease, 50, 60
land on three-year lease, 48, 44
life, rare, 278
not invalidated by neglect to cultivate, 49, 52;
but damages to be given, 50, 63
of property generally, 275 _sq._;
farm-house, 275;
rental variable, 275
questions of rent and adjustments, 49, 50-52, 277
rights as between money-lender and owner of farm, 48, 49
rent due at harvest-time, 48, 47, 49
risks are the farmer’s, 48, 45
as between owner and tenant, 48, 46
stipulations, 277
subletting, 48, 47
tenant cannot be evicted, or can have damages, 50, Y

Leather, accounts of, 301

Legal:
decisions, 100 _sq._;
defects in slaves, 171;
difficult to classify, 101
legal procedure in Babylon illustrated, 108 _sq._

Letters and letter-writing in Babylonia, 307 _sq._
about Elam and southern Babylonia, 360-364
Assyrian, 312
business, and orders, 382 _sq._
Cappadocian, 312
classification of, 314
colloquial phrasing, 308, 309
difference in deciphering, 309
elliptical phrases, 309
form of letter, baked clay, 307
its envelope, 307
its date, 307
from the last year of Shamash-shum-ukin, 347-352 _q.v._
historical value of, 314
love-letter, 336
methods of securing privacy, 307
miscellaneous Assyrian, 365-381
of Abêshu’, 328
of Ammi-ditana, 328
of Ammi-zadûga, 329
of first Babylonian dynasty, 310
of Ḥammurabi, _q.v._
of Samsu-iluna, 327 _q.v._
of Sin-iddinam, 316, 329
of subsequent period, 311
of Tell el Amarna, 311
of the second Babylonian Empire, 382-385
old Babylonian, 336
other letters, 330
postal system for, 309
private, 308
private, of first Babylonian dynasty, 331 _sq._
regarding affairs in southern Babylonia, 353-359
royal, 315
Sennacherib to his father Sargon, 338-346 _q.v._
style of address, 308
translations of, 313
variations of formula in, 308

Levy-master, warrant-officer, tributary. _See_ Militia:
brands an escaped slave, 176
his duty and privilege, 46, 26-29, 47, 30-39

Lion, destruction by, 65, 244, 66, 266

Litigation not encouraged, 95

Loans. _See_ Metayer, Trading:
by merchants and agents, 281 _sq._
for payment of taxes, 252
from the temple, 252
giving pledges as security, 262, 263
in series of advances, 234
made by the king, 258
of corn, 253, 258, 259
of current coin, 253
of material or property, 256
of oil, 257
of other produce, 253, 259
of property on approval, 256
of wine, 257
of working material, 255
on exchange, 255
on land, 197. _See_ Land
on pledges named, 264. _See_ Pledges
on promissory notes, 251
on usual interest, 255 _sq._
on vineyard of slaves, 264
receipts for, 295
receipts for repayment of, 259
records of, 253
temporary, at harvest-time, 251
value of preserved bonds, 250 _sq._

Local liability for:
compensation for highway robbery, 46, 23, 24, 115
redemption of captive official, 47, 32

Loss:
by God’s hand, 65, 249, 66, 266
by housebreaking or rebellion, 53, 125
of claim in court, 98
or no claim allowed, 99
of crop, shared by landlord, 48, 45
of flock or herd, 63, 226
of hired animals, 65, 245, 249
of interest, 48, 48

Lost property:
pretence of losing, how punished, 53, 126
recovery by owner, 45, 9
sale by finder equals theft, 45, 9

Lying in claiming goods, 45, 9-13

Magistrate, city or district governor,
is liable for crime within the bounds, 46, 23, 24

Maid. _See_ Slave:
given by votary to husband to have children, 55, 144
her children free, 58, 171;
how made equal to wife’s, 58, 170
may be sold if childless, 55, 146
not to be sold if a mother, 55, 146
not to rival her mistress, 55, 146
penalty, to receive the slave-mark, 55, 146

Maintenance:
of concubine and divorced wife, 54, 137
of wife secured, 54, 133-135

Mancipium, hostage to work off debt:
difference in free born or slave, 52, 116
in natural death, 52, 115
in violent death, 52, 116
slave may be sold by creditor, 53, 118
redeemed by debtor, 53, 119
but not if mother of creditor’s children, 53, 119
wife, son, or daughter free in fourth year, 52, 117

Manslaughter:
by blow in quarrel, 62, 207, 208
of hostage, 52, 116
penalty, if a slave, one-third mina of silver, 52, 116

Manufacturing partnership, 292

Marduk:
at Babylon, 78
had votaries at Babylon, 60, 182
oath by, 92, 165
of Eridu, 133

Marking. _See_ Branding:
other than slaves, 177
slaves, 176

Marriage:
bride given away usually by the father, 126;
sometimes by the mother or brother, 126, 127;
or by agnates, 127
ceremony, 132, 133
fatherless girls in, 137
home and home-going, 133
monogamy and polygamy, 134
not quite free to man or woman, 127
of king’s daughter, 137
of second wife in the time of the first wife, 56, 148
of two sisters to one man, 138, 139
preliminaries, 128
presents and payments, 130-132
registration, 128
rôle of contracting parties, 126
the bond of the family organization, 119 _sq._
unhappy, and its results, 142
votaries, 137
wife required father-in-law’s consent, 128
with attached conditions, 140
husband to maintain mother-in-law, 140
dower his wife if he sends her away, 140
wife to be thrown from a pillar if she leaves him, 140

Marriage conditions. _See_ Children, Marriage, Share, Widow, Wife:
at a definite place, “wedding-house,” 128
in ancient Babylonia, 119 _sq._
presents to the parents of the bride, 128
questions owing to unfaithfulness, 54-56
having concubines and maids, 54, 137, 55, 138 _sq._
registration, 128
suitor rejected through slander, 57, 161
there must be marriage contract, 54, 128, 119

Marriage contract. _See_ Bond:
ceremonies, 132 _sq._
preliminaries, 123 _sq._

Marriage-portion. _See_ Bride-price, Marriage:
accompanies widow to a second husband, 73, H, 127
belongs to her and all her children, 73, H, 130
belongs to the children only, 57, 162, 130, 134
by “deed of gift,” as pin-money, 132
good against husband’s heirs, 132
but forfeited by second marriage, 132
childless widow takes it from the estate, 72, G
could not be reclaimed as against children, 130
doubt in case of free wife of slave, 50, 175
father cannot reclaim against children, 57, 162, 130
in lands, oxen, furniture, etc., 131
its nature, 129, 130
its relation to the bride-price, 71, C
lawsuit about, 132
less bride-price, if not repaid to husband, 57, 164, 124
nature of, 130
of concubine, 134
presented to concubine’s daughter, 60, 184
receipts for the payment of, 131
returned to injured wife, 55, 142
invalid wife, 56, 149
returned to the wife’s father’s house, 72, F, 122, 124
returned to wife’s father, if no children, 57, 163, 124
separate estate, 55, 138, 142, 56, 149, 156, 57, 162, 163, 59, 174-176,
61, 184, 72, 73, 122, 127 _sq._, 219
settlement of, by bride’s father, 71, C, 219
shall be adjudged an equivalent, 72, G
shared by children of both marriages, 58, 173, 71;
or by children of first only, 58, 174
taken by widow to second husband, 59, 172, 127
trousseau, 129
when not paid through inability, 72, E, 131
not to be cause of quarrel, 72, E, 131
when paid in full, 131

Marriages in ancient Babylonia, 114 _sq._, 123 _sq._

Master, rights and duties, 59, 175, 176, 63, 217, 223

Measure:
of land by area, 189, 249
by the average yield, 190
of timber or stone, 380

Merchant, agent, money-lender, 79
acting by caravans, 282
bound to receive payment in kind, 51, Z
business with agents, 51, 100-107
capital out on speculation, 281, 283
has crop assigned for debt, 50, X
has to be reimbursed for ransoming official, 47, 32
his position in ancient Babylonia, 79
trading, 281 _sq._
his relation to business agent, 281 _sq._
in a distant transaction, 334, 335
in different relations of business, 48, 49, 49, 50-52, 52, 116-119, 56,
151, 50, X, 51, Z
in purchasing foreign slaves, 67, 281
legal memoranda for security, 282
must keep accurate accounts, 51, 100
sharing in the farm with owner, 48, 49, 49, 50, 51
using canals, 284

Metayer. _See_ Land:
employed by the temples, 211
form of tenancy, 65, 253-256, 196, 197

Metrology, contributions to, 380

Micheau stone, 131

Militia, statute-labor, corvée. _See_ Slavery:
classes subject to, 202, 326
considered as a system, 201 _sq._
duty and privilege of its officers, 46, 26-29, 47, 30-39, 48, 40-41, 205
forced service, 45, 16, 200, 201 _sq._
illegal impressment, 325
in the army, 203, 204
service in weaving establishments, 203
some cities were exempted, 202
supplied from slavery, 173, 175, 203

Minor:
as incapable, with slave, 44, 7
rights reserved, 161

Miscarriage. _See_ Assault, Fine:
aggravation in assault, 62, 209, 211, 213

Money. _See_ Hire, Fines:
as earnest to close the bargain, 230
current coin, 253
deferred payments of, 235
letter requesting, 383
precautions in giving and receiving, 51, 105
said to belong to a god, 256

Monogamy. _See_ Marriage:
in early days, 134

Mortgages:
entire pledging, 266
related to pledges, 265. _See_ Pledges
second, debarred, 265
second mortgage secured, 267

Mother:
in charge of son’s education, 46, 29
incest with, 56, 157
power over children, 148-150

Mutilations, by order of judge, 97

Nabonidus, his place in chronology, 181

Nebuchadrezzar:
his chronology, 181, 230, 291
his exploits, 194

Names:
clan, from office in the temple, 214
Semitic, 279
show slave’s origin or nationality, 178
significant, 176, 177, 178

Notary, his fee for writing out a bond, 231

Nurse, her duties and responsibilities, 61, 194, 153, 155

Oath. _See_ Affidavit, Bond:
about foreign slave, 67, 281
as to death of ox, 65, 249
deposit, 53, 120
depreciation, 53, 126
estimate of goods on lost boat, 64, 240
as to loss, 53, 120
by brander, that he was misled, 63, 227
disclaiming evil intention, 62, 206, 207
for confirmation of sale, 233
for purgation, taken by agent, 51, 102, 103, 106;
taken by principal, 51, 107;
taken by owner of corn, 53, 120
how administered, 92
its purport and where taken, 93, 94
on loss by lightning or lion, 66, 266
to clear from charge of adultery, 54, 131

Octroi duties, 206

Official. _See_ Bailiff:
cannot give his benefice in exchange, 48, 40, 41
compensation of official, 76
duties and responsibilities, 46, 26, 27, 47, 30-39, 76 _sq._
duty and position considered, 76 _sq._
has his own private rights, 47, 39
holds lands by royal charter, 322
if captured on the king’s business, 47, 32
to be ransomed, 47, 32
how the ransom is to be paid, 47, 32
liable to death penalty, 46, 26
may resume use of the benefice, 46, 27
not to appropriate or alienate public property, 47, 33-38
not to be hired out, plundered, or oppressed, 47, 35
not to depute duty, 46, 26
on enforced absence, 46, 27
one year allowed, 47, 30
penalty for neglect, 47, 30, 31
provision for son in absence, 46, 29
rights as against substitutes, 46, 26-29
service of, 77
son may be deputy, 46, 28
the benefice or feoff, 76
three years’ limit, 47, 30

Old age provision:
by adoption, 155, 158, 160
by son, 224

Omens and predictions, letter illustrative of, 365 _sq._

Ordeal by water:
considered as a legal custom, 96, 97
for witchcraft, 44, 2
nature of, 44, 2, 54, 132, 97
to purge from slander, 54, 132

Owner’s risk in hiring. _See_ Hire:
horse killed, at God’s hand, 65, 249
loss by lightning or lion, on herdsman’s oath, 66, 266
ox or ass, killed in open field, 65, 244

Palace:
its relation to the priesthood, 211 _sq._
place for archives, 322
title for the royal state authority, 61, 187, 192, 193

Partnership:
a manufacturing, 292
dissolution of, 288, 291
its earliest appearance, 287
its evidence in Assyrian literature, 290
later Babylonian, 290, 291
its ideogram, 287-289
its relation to capital, 288
old commercial custom, 290
partnership documents, 288 _sq._
powers of attorney, for protection, 292
reckonings, 291

Patrician, highest class in the state, 74 _sq._

Penalties:
as demanded for wrong-doing, 96
blood vengeance commuted, 116
for adultery, 117, 118
for perjury in courts of law, 94, 95
imprisoned and bailed out, 117
in courts of law, 94
to prevent failure in contract, 233
woman thrown from a pillar, 140

Penalty due for. _See_ Retaliation, Fines:
adultery by a wife, strangling, 54, 129
adultery, drowning, 54, 133
death of hostage slave, one-third of a mina of silver, 52, 116
fatal assault on pregnant woman, death of his daughter, 62, 209
imprudent speech, tongue cut out, 61, 192, 150
incest, mother and son burnt, 56, 157
incest, banished the city, 56, 156
incest, half mina of silver and the marriage-portion, 56, 156
incest, strangling, 56, 155
incest, the man cut off from his father’s house, 56, 158
incest, woman drowned, 56, 155
on brander for branding without leave, hands cut off, 63, 226;
if deceived, accused is free, 63, 227
son for striking father, hands cut off, 61, 194
slave for striking freeman’s privates, ear cut off, 62, 205
veterinary, for loss of ox or ass, one-fourth of its value, 63, 225
wet-nurse for neglect, breasts cut off, 61, 194
permanent injury in a quarrel, pay the doctor, 62, 206
rape of betrothed, death, 54, 130
slander, forehead branded, 52, 127
striking a superior’s privates, 60 blows of ox-hide scourge, 62, 202
undutifulness and slander, 55, 143
unnatural conduct, eyes torn out, 61, 193, 150
unsuccessful operation by surgeon, hands cut off, 63, 218;
same on slave, slave for slave, 63, 219;
loss of slave’s eye, half his value, 63, 220

Perjury:
in capital trial, has death penalty, 44, 3
in civil case, gives damages, 44, 4, 45, 13, 94

Phrase-books:
Babylonian, 8
their plan, 8, 9

Pillar, thrown from, a penalty, 140

Pin-money, gift to a wife, 132, 221

Plaintiff, his position in a case, 88, 89

Plebeian, poor man, between patrician and slave:
abduction of slave from, 45, 15
assault by, 62, 204, 208
cheaper divorce, 55, 140
fees paid by, 62, 208, 63, 222
harboring fugitive slave, 45, 16
slave-owner, 45, 15, 59, 175, 176
theft from, 45, 8
value of eye or limb, one mina of silver, 62, 198
value of tooth, one-third mina of silver, 62, 201

Pledges and guarantees. _See_ Loans, Mortgages:
an after-pledge, 266, 267
antichretic pledges, 262, 263, 264, 265
complications, 265-268
information meagre, 262
loan on vineyard and of slaves, 264
on service of a maid, 264
on the borrower’s service, 264
mortgages, 265
on land to secure a loan, 263
property in satisfaction of debt, 262, 263
the subject held as security, 262, x, xi
their relation to the interest, 263
value of the pledge, 265
creditor’s responsibility toward it, 265

Polygamy. _See_ Concubinage, Marriage, Monogamy:
in Assyrian times, 134
clear evidence of, among serfs and slaves, 134
distinguished from bigamy, 134

Pregnant woman. _See_ Assault, Fine

Price of drink, how regulated, 52, 108, 111

Priest:
artificer, 213
his relation to the king, 211, 212
honors paid to the priesthood, 211, 212
public position and duties, 212, 213
slave, 214
steward, 213
warden, 213

Prisoner:
pleads for liberty, 331
recaptured slave pleads, 330

Private property, its rights, 192, 193

Produce rent:
as agreed upon, 48, 46
of field, on shares, 48, 41-46
of garden, on shares, 50, 64

Promissory notes on loans, 251

Property:
alienation of its rights, 218 _sq._, 227 _sq._
alienation by sales. _See_ Sales
consent of heirs to its disposal, 221
devolution of, by gifts, bequests, 222 _sq._
importance of studying its alienation, 218, 227
method of describing, for identification, 237
methods of identifying on sale, 228
protection of purchaser from fraud, 228, 235
sales, conditions, payments, 235

Proprietary rights in temple income, 215

Public:
forced labor, 45, 16. _See_ Militia
obligations, 204

Ransom, of captive official, 47, 32
by himself, 47, 32
by the State, 47, 32
from temple treasury, 47, 32
not from his benefice, 47, 32

Rape of betrothed maiden, 54, 130

Rebellion, loss by, 53, 125

Receipt, sealed document:
as taken by agent and depositor, 53, 124, 125, 61, 204, 260, 261
for a fine, 259
for deposits rare, 260, 261
for loan, 295
for repayment of loan, 259

Receiving of stolen goods, death penalty, 44, 6

Records of business transactions, 253. _See_ Bond

Recovery:
by power of attorney, 79
of lost property, 45, 9, 10, 53, 124, 125

Redemption. _See_ Mancipium:
of maid, held for debt, 53, 119

Refusal:
by slave to name his owner, 46, 18
of conjugal rights, 55, 142

Registration:
by the master of the house, 128
guarantee of ancestry, 128
of birth, marriage, and death, 128

Remarriage:
marriage-portion goes to the children, 59, 173, 174
of divorced woman, 55, 141
of widow, 59, 173

Remission of penalty, 54, 129

Rent:
average, made payable, 48, 42, 43, 49, 55, 50, 62, 65
five ḲA of corn on each GUR of corn, 53, 121
for storage of corn, 53, 121
of garden plot, 50, 60, 61, 62
of unbroken land, on three-year lease, 48, 44
on garden plot, ten GUR of corn for each GAN of land, 50, 63
paid at harvest-time, 48, 47
payments in kind, 48, 47, 49
ten GUR of corn for each GAN of land, 48, 44
wrought on shares, 50, 64, 65

Repatriation of slave, 67, 280, 281

Repudiation:
of adoptive parents, 61, 192
of father by son, 41, I
of husband by wife, 42, V, 138, 142
of mother by son, 41, II
of wife by husband, 42, VI, 138, 142

Responsibility in service:
of employer, 42, VII
of tenant farmer, and neglect punished, 65, 253-256

Restitution, compensation, damages, reimbursement:
accident, builder gives slave for slave, 64, 231
boatman must restore the weak boat, 64, 235;
must restore the lost boat, 64, 236;
must restore boat and cargo, 64, 237
builder must rebuild, 64, 232
builder of unkeyed wall must rebuild, 64, 233
considered as an ancient custom, 98
death in highway robbery, one mina of silver to relatives, 46, 24
depreciation of property, make it good from the corn hoed, 65, 254
diminishing ox or sheep, give up to the agreements, 66, 264
embezzlement of goods, sheep or ox, tenfold return, 66, 265
fatal operation on slave, slave for slave, 63, 219
fivefold by carrier for goods lost, stolen, or appropriated, 45, 12, 52,
112
loss made good, if herdsman at fault, 66, 267
loss of goods, goods for goods, 64, 231
owner of boat in collision responsible for boat and cargo, 64, 240
ox gored, ox for ox, 65, 246
ox injured seriously, ox for ox, 65, 246
ox or ass lost, restore ox or ass, 66, 263
_shadduf_, or plough, three shekels of silver, 66, 260
simple, 44, 4, 5, 8, 45, 9, 10, 12
sixfold for overcharging agent, 51, 107
tenfold for theft by poor man, 44, 8
thirtyfold for theft by patrician, 44, 8
threefold for cheating principal, 51, 106
twelvefold for false sentence by judge, 44, 5
twofold for goods in store, 53, 120, 124, 126
twofold for pretence of losing goods, 53, 126
watering machine stolen, five shekels of silver to owner, 66, 259

Retaliation. _See_ Penalties:
dishonesty in stewardship, hands cut off, 65, 253
eye for eye, 62, 196
for defrauding, torn to pieces on that field by the oxen, 65, 256
if builder’s son dies, builder’s son is put to death, 64, 230
if slave is killed, builder gives slave for slave, 64, 231
its principles in Babylonia, 74, 98
limb for limb, 62, 197
slave for repudiating master, ear cut off, 67, 282
tooth for tooth, 62, 200

Return of slave purchased:
for defect, 67, 279
within one month for _bennu_ disease, 67, 278

Reward for slave capture, 46, 17

Riparian responsibilities, 49, 53-56, 114, 199, 321

Risks:
farmer’s, 48, 45, 46
owner’s. _See_ Owner
tenant’s, 48, 45
warehouseman’s, 53, 125

Roads, their maintenance, 286

Robbery, highway, 46, 22, 23

Runnel for watering, 49, 55

Sacred river, for ordeal, 44, 2, 54, 132

Sacrifices:
shared in by the temple, 210
sometimes sold for cash, 210

Sacrilegious theft from temple, 44, 6, 8

Sale:
of crop for debt, 49, 51
of man and goods to pay debt, 49, 53, 54

Sales:
agent in, 243
alienation of property, 227
all interests safeguarded in the deed, 232
deferred payments, 235
formal preliminaries, 227
fraud in, 235
gardens, 246, 247, 248
stocked, 247, 248
granaries, 246
occasional use of oath in, 233
of fields in first Babylonian dynasty, 248
in Assyrian times, 248
of houses, 240 _sq._ _See_ Houses
penalties for failure, 233
records at early date, 236
registration of, in temple archives, 227
retention till payment, 225
returned on failure to pay, 235
rights of purchaser, 234
transaction of the business, 227 _sq._
unimproved land, 246

Samsu-iluna:
care for deity, 327
temple dues, 327
his canal dug, 24
letters of, summarized, 327 _sq._
few in number, 327
their subject, 327
regulates fishing rights, 328
writes on business, 328

Sargon, King of Babylon:
his date fixed, 202, 396
letters to, from Sennacherib, his son, 338 _sq._

Scandal, met by ordeal, 54, 132

Scourge of ox-hide, 62, 202

Scourging:
as a penalty, sixty blows, 63, 202
considered as an ancient custom, 97

Scribe:
male and female, 84
not a priest or judge, 84, 85
often a woman, 151
the profession, 83, 151

Seal. _See_ Bond

Seditious meetings not allowed in beer-shops, 52, 109

Seduction:
of betrothed daughter-in-law, 54, 130, 56, 155, 132, 134
of slave from service, 45, 15

Sennacherib:
father of Esarhaddon, 108, 369
letters to his father, Sargon, 338 _sq._
argument for identification of writer, 338, 339
relating to Armenia, 338
their value for reconstructing history, 339

Separation:
husband deserted home and wife, 55, 142
wife deserted home, belittled husband, etc., 55, 141

Serfs, _glebae adscripti_, 172, 202
different from slaves, 172, 203
disappearance, 173
hereditary condition, 173, 202

Sesame:
crop with corn, 48, 49, 49, 50-52, 208
receipts for, 208

Settlement:
for children of second wife, 71, D
mutual deeds in, 71, C
given by fathers of bride and bride-groom, 71, C
of pin-money, 132
on wife by “deed of gift,” 132
on wife by husband, 56, 150, 132
on widow, 58, 171, 172
by widow on children, 58, 171
out of court, 87

_Shadduf_ stolen, fine three shekels of silver, 66, 260

Shalmaneser IV., 202

Shamash-shum-ukîn:
contemporary events, 360 _sq._, 368
letters illustrating his reign, 347 _sq._ , 353 _sq._
son of Esarhaddon, 366

Share. _See_ Bond, Inheritance:
belonging to votary or vowed woman, 60, 179-182
between brothers, cases of, 161-165
children of first and second husband share equally in marriage-portion,
59, 173
of first share it all, if no second family, 59, 174
children of maid, if acknowledged by father, share with children of
wife, 58, 170;
but children of wife take precedence, 58, 170
children of two marriages, 73, K
dividing of father’s estate, 161 _sq._
division at father’s death, 58, 167;
mother’s death, 58, 167
divorced wife has a child’s part, 54, 137
farmed, leased on shares, 48, 41-46, 270
form of land tenancy, 197
of deceased father’s estate to eldest son, 57, 165
of sacrifices by temple, 210
sometimes sold for cash, 210
reversionary interest to brothers, 60, 178
sons of second wife, 91, D
widow on remarriage, 73, H
with reservation, gift to favorite, 57, 165
wife’s marriage present, 56, 150
bride-price for unmarried son, 57, 166
portion for votary sister, 59, 178

Sheep:
damage done by, 49, 57, 58
manner of grazing them, 49, 58
sheep-shearing, 300

Shepherd, duties and responsibilities of, 66, 262-267

Shipping:
boats hired, 285
its value in trading, 284, 285

Sin-iddinam, letters of, 316, 329

Skins, account of, 301

Slander:
against votary or unmarried woman, 53, 127
in capital suit, 44, 3
not to be profitable, 57, 161
of title to property, 45, 11
of wife, to be purged by ordeal, 54, 132
seditious, 52, 109

Slave, one of the three estates, domestic, inferior. _See_ Slavery:
a chattel, property, 168
apprenticed, 152, 181
as an institution, 168 _sq._
assaults freeman, 62, 205
Assyrian usages regarding, 171 _sq._
authorities upon the system and facts, 168, 169;
its history, 169
bad wife reduced to, 55, 141
been gored by a vicious ox, 65, 252
branding or tattooing, 176
child of slave, 203
children to the master, may succeed equally with wife’s children, 58,
170;
or only obtain their freedom, 58, 171
condemned to forced labor, 45, 16
cure of, master pays bill, 63, 217, 219, 223
different from the serfs, 172
diseases of, bennu, 170
evidence not good against a free man, 179
fees paid for teaching apprentice, 182
foreign born, 178
foreign slaves, 67, 281
free child made slave as a provision for life, 173
fugitive, harboring, 45, 16
guarantees in sale, 174 _sq._
had much freedom, but bound, 168
had private property, 178, 179
hired laborer, 271. _See_ Hire, Wages
her children, how legitimatized, 58, 171, 135
his children free, 59, 175
his obligations to the state, 205
his tablet or name-plate, 177
his widow takes her marriage-portion and half their goods, 59, 175, 135
or at least half the goods for her children, 59, 176
history of one traced, 180
how estimated in Babylonia, 74 _sq._
if child-bearing, maid could not be sold, 135
in _bennu_ disease, returned on seller, 67, 280
intermarriage and inheritance, 136
laws of capture, 46, 17-20
legal defects, 171
letter on runaway slaves, 330
manumission of slaves, 67, 280
married, 136, 203
marries free woman, 59, 175, 136
master’s maid and fruitful, cannot be sold, 53, 119
master apprenticed slave, 182
means of identification, 176, 177
names significant, 177, 178
not free to make bargain, 44, 7
not to rival her mistress, 135
on different footing with concubine, 135
price of, 182
punished, for repudiating his master, by loss of ear, 67, 282
recaptured runaway forfeit to the state, 330
relative proportion in the population, 182
responsibility of seller of, 70
reward for capture and restoration, 46, 17
right to his family and property, 172, 178, 179
rights of, 168
rights and obligations of owners, 46, 17-20
runaway, question of return, 181
sale of, 170
security against defects in, 269
seduction from service, penal, 45, 15
skilled artisan, 173, 181, 182
status, complex, 168, 169, 180, 181
supplied the militia, 173
value estimated, 179, 180
value of female slave’s children, 70
widow has one son’s share of estate, 58, 172
free at her master’s death, 135

Slavery:
advantages of, 172, 173
branding, tattooing, 176, 177
children sold into, 178
discussed, relating to Babylonia, 168 _sq._
guarantees against rebellion, 174
flight, 174
untimely death, 175
unexpected claims, 175
over-exaction in the public service, 175
redemption as men of family, 175
illegal enslavement, 176
means of indicating, 176, 177
modes of entering into, 178
recruited from freemen, 172, 175, 177, 178
relative proportion to the population, 182
sales, 174
significant names in, 177, 178
supplied the army, 173, 203
the militia, corvée, or levy for forced labor, 173

Soldiers:
a public obligation, 204
might pay substitutes, 204
their place in the state, 201, 202
their relations to the forced labor, 202, 203
their system, 202

Son:
by adoption, 61, 185 _sq._, 154 _sq._
disinheritance of, to be inquired into by judge, 58, 168, 169;
allowed or disallowed by judge, 58, 168, 169
first crime against father pardoned, 58, 169
his wife abused by his father, 56, 155, 156
must have father’s consent to marry, 127, 149
of the royal favorite, royal household, or votary, 61, 187, 192, 193
must be prudent of speech, 61, 192, 193
under penalty, 61, 192, 194
penalty for striking father, hands cut off, 61, 195, 149
privileges as father’s substitute, 46, 28, 29
receives deed of gift from father, 57, 165
also his share in estate, 57, 165
rights given by adoption. _See_ Adoption
young son, unmarried, to be provided for, 57, 166

State:
composed of three classes, 74
having other grades, 76 _sq._

Steward:
accounts from, 302
temple officer, 213

Stolen goods, retention of equals theft, 45, 10

Strangling, penalty of, 56, 155

Striking. _See_ Assault, Fines:
of father by son, 61, 195, 149

Suitor:
his relation to bride’s parents, 123
rejected, his rights, 57, 160
rejected through calumny by comrade, 57, 161
refuses to marry, 57, 159

Suits of many kinds, 102-107

Suits at law:
damages for loss and breach of trust, 107
deposit, 106
family dispute, 104
forged will, 106
for income, 102, 103, 104
gift, 103
house, 104
inheritance, 103, 106
land, 104
legacy, 106
loss of hired ass, 106
over adoption, 106
partnership, 102
property, 102, 103, 104
rent, 106
theft of a bull, 107
theft of four slaves, 107
title to garden, 105
vexatious persecution, 104, 107

Summons to appear in court, 53, 127

Surgeon:
operations and fees, 63, 215, 223. _See_ Fees
penalties for unsuccessful operations, 63, 218-220

Sworn depositions. _See_ Oath:
for lost property, 45, 9, 46, 23, 53, 120
for lost money, 51, 102, 103
for quarrel and striking, 62, 206
on cost of boat and cargo, 64, 240
on gored ox, 65, 249

Tablet:
an irrevocable witness, 92
bibliography, 13
as classified, 13 _sq._
broken, breaking a contract, 91
Cappadocian, 29
contract, its real character, 10
duplicate of, 69, A
its form, 10, 11
on loan, its modern value, 250
value for chronology, 250, 251
peculiarity of, on corn loan, 258
present location, 18
sealed, 69, A, 127, 151
served as name-plate, 177
shows the same handwriting throughout, 151
signed by the seal, 151

Tattooing and branding escaped slave, 176

Taxes:
loaning money to pay, 252
question of ancient, 115
their collection, 323, 324, 325

Tell el Amarna letters, 14, 311

Temple:
a business institution, 211
a place of deposit and traffic, 211
a trading institution, 211, 212, 216, 217
as landowner, 209
centre of civilization, 186, 208 _sq._
clan names from office in, 214
dedication of children to, 224;
of land to, 223;
to secure divine favor, 224
endowed by kings, 195, 196
endowments, 215
had large dues, 208, 209, 210
hereditary rights in, 214
its archives for registers, 227
its importance in the state, 208 _sq._
its relation to ethics, divination, magic, 212, 213
its relation to the palace, 212, 216
its relation to the state, 216
its rights and influences, 186, 193
its slaves were as serfs, 173
its staff and influence, 211, 212
its tithe, 205, 206
its treasuries and storehouses, 211
kings made enforced loans from, 216
large landowner, 173, 193, 208 _sq._
lending money, 252
loans from, 216
negotiable rights in, 215
officials as witnesses, 86
officials in, 212, 213, 214
origin of the dues, 208, 209
property protected, 44, 6, 8
proprietary rights in income, 215, 216
right to income, 216
shared in the sacrifices, 210
testamentary devolution of property, 224, 225, 226
treasury used for ransom, 47, 32
value of its archives, ix

Tenant. _See_ Lease, Land, Farm:
defrauding owner, 65, 255
torn to pieces on the field by the oxen, 65, 256
fixed rent, 198
form of holding, and amenities, 65, 253
forms of tenancy, 184 _sq._ , 196 _sq._
his duties and responsibilities, 198 _sq._
improving lease, 198
on shares, 197
redress from, 65, 254
risks, 48, 45-47

Theft:
first order, from temple or house, 44, 6
from deposit, 53, 120
from fire, 46, 25
made good by banker, 53, 125
penalties, 44, 7, 8, 46, 25
recovered from thief, 53, 125
second order, 44, 8
securities against, 269
under Metayer, 65, 253-256

Tithe:
evidence needed, xi
how paid, 206
to the temple, 205, 206

Title-deed destroyed for illegal purchase, 47, 37

Tongue cut out as penalty, 61, 192, 150

Trading, trade:
between capital and labor, 281
its laws, 281 _sq._
money out on speculation, 51, 102, 103, 281 _sq._
relations in, by principal and agent, 51, 100-107, 281 _sq._

Trespass, law of, 49, 54, 55

Trousseau, bride’s, 129

Trust, deposit, storage. _See_ Carrier:
care in depositing valuables, 53, 122-126
corn put in store, and amount disputed, 53, 120

Valuables:
claim is contested, 53, 123-126
deposited before witnesses, 53, 122-124
on deposit, care of, 53, 122-126

Values:
difference of free-born and slave as hostage, 52, 116
sixty ḲA of _sakani_ beer for fifty ḲA of corn, 52, 111

Veterinary surgeon:
his duties and responsibilities, 63, 224-226
penalty for unsuccessful operation, 63, 225

Vicarious punishments, 98

Village lands and tenure in Babylonia, 185, 186

Votaries:
their position, 73, 74
succession of, 159

Votary:
a mother and divorced, her legal rights, 54, 137
her children’s legal rights, 54, 137
belonging to convent, 52, 110
devoted by mother, 137
donation from father, 219
dowered as for marriage, 59, 178, 130, 219
expected to keep her virginity, 137
free to leave her portion, if allowed by father’s deed, 60, 178, 179,
220;
otherwise, brothers assume the estate and manage it, 60, 178;
or, if not content, she can farm it out, 60, 178;
but cannot alienate it from her brothers, 60, 178
frequenting beer-shop, 52, 110
has dowry by deed of free gift from her father, 60, 179, 220
if dedicated to Marduk of Babylon, and not portioned, shall have
one-third of child’s share, 60, 182
if not given a portion, is entitled to one-third of child’s share, 60,
181
leaves property as she pleases, 60, 182, 158
liable to death penalty, 52, 110
low in rank, 137
marriage with, 55, 144, 137
may give maid to her husband, 55, 144;
but husband may not marry a concubine, 55, 144;
or the concubine will not equal the votary, 55, 145
may sell a barren concubine, 55, 147
must leave share to her brothers, 60, 181
not to be beer-seller, 52, 110
not to be slandered, 53, 127
relation to adopted son, 158
rights in gift made by, 220
shall not admit the concubine to an equality, 55, 146
shall pay no taxes, 60, 182
son of, shall not be reclaimed from adoption, 61, 187

Wages. _See_ Hire, Labor:
advances made in lieu of, 273
average, estimated, 271
liable to adjustment, 271
living included, 272
often paid in produce, 272

Warden, temple officer, 213

Warehousing:
claims contested, 53, 124, 125
fee or rent, five ḲA of corn for each GUR of corn, 53, 121
precautions in depositing valuables, 53, 122, 123
responsibilities, 53, 120-126

Weaving:
accounts of, 300
establishments, 203

Weights and measures, tables of, 398

Widow:
cannot legally sell anything, 59, 177, 145, 147
children of second wife, their rights, 71
children’s inheritance, 58, 167-172, 71
could not marry and desert children in minority, 146
without consent of law court, 146
free to marry the man of her choice, 146
gift, made by deed, her own, 58, 171, 105
has, as a portion, one son’s share, 58, 172
has right to remain in husband’s house, 58, 172, 145
her conduct and character inquired into, 58, 172, 145
her rights, 145-147
marriage-portion her own, 58, 171, 172, 145
may leave, and be married again, 59, 172
can only take her marriage-portion, 58, 171, 172, 59, 172, 145, 146
children of both marriages share equally in the marriage-portion, 59,
173, 174, 145, 146;
or, if only one family, 59, 174, 146
may marry again, but children’s interests conserved, 59, 177, 145, 146
must give bonds as trustee with second husband, 59, 177, 146
gives inventory of property and obligation to preserve the property,
59, 177, 146

Wife:
as trustee of children of first marriage, 59, 177
bad, may be prosecuted, 55, 141
divorced without compensation, 55, 141, 141 _sq._
reduced to the status of slave, 55, 141
betrothal and marriage ceremony, 132
character of good, 55, 142
childless, her marriage-portion returns to her father’s house, 72, F
children of second wife take one-third of property, 71, D
conniving at her husband’s murder, impaled, 56, 153
consent of father-in-law, 128
deceased, her marriage-portion is the children’s, 57, 162
degraded to the condition of slave, 142
denies conjugal rights, its complications, 55, 142, 142;
may take her marriage-portion and return to her father, 55, 142, 142
deserted by husband, free to marry, 54, 136, 143
desertion by husband, involuntary, 143;
by husband, voluntary, 144
divorced, her legal rights, if a mother, 54, 137, 142
if not a mother, 55, 138, 142
dowry and marriage-portion, 128, 129, 130, 131
falsely accused, and cleared by oath, 54
financial responsibilities between husband and wife, 56, 151, 152;
question as to ante-nuptial, 56, 151
first home and home-going, 133
her marriage registered, 128
her pin-money, 132
her rights, if sent away, 140, 142
her trousseau, 129
if childless, it returns to her father’s house, 57, 163
husband has no claim to it, 57, 163
bride-price to be deducted from the marriage-portion, 57, 163
in monogamy and polygamy, 134
invalid cannot be put away, 56, 148, 142;
or divorced, 56, 148, 142;
but may claim her marriage-portion and go to her father, 56, 149, 142
laws and conditions of divorce, 141 _sq._ _See_ Divorce
marriage performed at “wedding-house,” 128
may be saved by husband from death penalty, 54, 129
may be a votary, 55, 144-146, 137
may claim separation on account of cruelty, 55, 142, 142
may sell a childless concubine, 55, 147, 135
must have marriage contract, 54, 128
not to be slandered, 53, 127
of captive and not maintained, 54, 134, 143
marries another, and returns to first, 54, 135, 143, 144;
children remain with their father, 54, 135, 143
penalty for adultery, strangling, 54, 129
results to a bad wife, 142
retains legal power over marriage deed of gift, 56, 150
may leave it to her child, but not to her kindred, 56, 150
rights if a widow, once or twice, 58, 171, 172, 59, 173, 174;
and of her children, 59, 172-174
second, different kinds of, 134
second, when allowed, 55, 137, 56, 138-141, 57, 148
shares of two wives and their families, 58, 167
slandered, cleared by ordeal, 54, 132
sold into slavery, 178
son’s wife, rude to mother-in-law, may be branded and sold, 140
undutiful and slanderous, may be drowned, 55, 143, 142
widow and childless, takes marriage-portion from the estate, 72, G
takes any marriage gift, 72, G
and it shall be adjudged an equivalent, 72, G
widow, on remarriage, takes her marriage-portion, 73, H
is succeeded in her marriage-portion by children of both marriages,
73, H
takes her marriage gifts, 73, H

Witchcraft:
and ordeal, 44, 2
laws against, 44, 1, 2

Witness:
examined on oath, 86
false, in civil suit, pays the expenses, 44, 3
for deposits, 53, 122, 123, 124, 125
must know the lost property, 45, 9
perhaps attached to law court, 81, 85
production of, 111
required for legal purchase, 44, 7, 45, 9
suffers death for perjury, 44, 3
the position considered, 85
time extended for production of, 45, 13
to a bond or deed, 229
to sign or seal, 151

Wool:
different kinds of, 299, 300
memoranda regarding, 299

Wounds:
cured by surgeon, 63, 215-218
by veterinary surgeon, 63, 224
in quarrel, 62, 206, 207, 63, 218

Writing, Babylonian and Assyrian, 151

FOOTNOTES

1 A. D. D., iii., p. 83.

2 A. D. D., vi., 218.

3 A. B. R., iii., pp. 24 ff.

4 A. B. R., iv., pp. 21 ff.

5 A. B. R., iv., pp. 41 ff.

M1 Character of the available material

6 Pages 147-62.

M2 Division of subject
M3 Laws and contracts
M4 Letters
M5 Chronologically treated
M6 The Code of Ḥammurabi

7 Cf. Appendix.

M7 Later copies

8 B. A. S., III., pp. 473-523.

9 Jurisprudentiæ, pp. 5-35.

10 B. A. S., IV., pp. 78-87.

M8 Bibliography of this Code

11 T. and T. Clark, Edinburgh.

M9 Mosaic parallels
M10 The legal phrase-books

12 Z. A., VII., p. 16 ff.

M11 Their plan
M12 Sumerian family laws

13 Page 115 of Delitzsch’s edition.

14 Dr. B. Meissner has made excellent use of them in his
_Altbabylonische Privatrecht_.

15 H. W. B., p. 218a.

M13 Legal documents
M14 Real character of the contract tablets
M15 Their external form
M16 How kept
M17 The parties possessing copies
M18 Scope of legal documents
M19 General works on the subject
M20 Different epochs represented
M21 Local features
M22 Characteristics of each group
M23 First period: the early Babylonian

16 Such as that published by Professor G. Barton, in the _American
Oriental Society’s Journal_, 1902, pp. 19-28.

17 First published by Professor H. V. Hilprecht, in _Old Babylonian
Inscriptions_, I., plates vi., vii., viii.; again with additions and
corrections by Professor V. Scheil, _Receuil de Travaux_, XXII., p.
29-36.

_ 18 Heft XVI._ of the _Mittheilungen aus den Orientalischen Sammlungen,
Berlin, 1901_.

19 Pages vii-xviii and 1-58.

20 From the _E. A. Hoffman Collection of Babylonian Clay Tablets in the
General Theological Seminary, New York_.

21 Pages 322-29.

22 IV., pp. 69-86; V., page 3.

23 III., pp. 118-46.

M24 The second period: the First Dynasty of Babylon

24 Parts I., III., V., VII., IX., X.

25 XVIII., p. 73, XIX., pp. 54 ff., Nos. 1, 3, 11, 17, 20, 46, 48, 56,
330.

26 XVII., p. 30, XIX., p. 58, No. 335.

27 XXII., p. 153 f.

M25 Present location of the tablets: London
M26 Paris

28 Pl. 41.

M27 Berlin
M28 Philadelphia

29 V., pp. 74-76; and VI., pp. 59, 60.

30 J. S., 41, 42, 43, 142, and Kh. 19, 198.

M29 Constantinople
M30 Publications

31 Page 589 f.

32 Page 103 f.

M31 The chronological system
M32 Key to the order of events in a reign

33 P. S. B. A., 1884, pp. 193-204.

M33 The chronicle of the king

34 P. S. B. A., XXI., pp. 11-17, January, 1899.

35 Pages 338-409.

36 Pages 342-43.

M34 Other kings mentioned

37 B. A. S., IV., pp. 382 ff.

M35 Era of Isin

38 See Lindl, B. A. S., IV., pp. 384-85.

M36 Various historical identifications

39 B1 58, 346. B2 318, 2439a, 2527, V. A. Th. 863.

40 B2 318.

41 B3 380, 2378.

42 B. A. S., IV., p. 363, foot-note.

43 L. H., III., p. 220, note 16.

M37 The third epoch: the Kassite kings

44 Vol. XIX., pp. 56 ff., Nos. 70, 133, 147, 266, 572.

45 Pages 85-89.

46 B. A. S., II., pp. 111-205.

47 III.1, p. 154 f., 164 f.; IV., p. 56 f.

48 The so-called _Caillou de Michaux_ was published I. R. 70, and
discussed by Oppert, _Doc. Jur._, pp. 87 ff., and Boissier,
_Recherches sur quelques contrats babyloniens_, K. B., IV., pp. 78
ff. A fine charter from the time of Merodach-baladan I. was
published IV. R. 38, discussed by Oppert, _Doc. Jur._, pp. 129 ff.,
and K. B. IV., pp. 60 ff. Another of the same date was published, K.
B. IV., pp. 164 ff.

M38 The Cappadocian tablets

49 P. S. B. A., November 1, 1881.

_ 50 Abhand. d. phil. hist. Classes der K. Sachs. Ges. d. Wiss._ 1893,
No. IV.

51 Z. A., IX., pp. 62-81.

52 K. B., IV., pp. 50-56.

53 P. S. B. A., XXII., p. 106 f.

M39 The Elamite contracts

54 Pages 169-94.

M40 The fourth epoch: Assyria
M41 Aramaic dockets
M42 The collections of tablets

55 Deighton, Bell & Co., Cambridge, England.

M43 Their peculiar style

56 Vol. XX., pp. 202 ff.

M44 The plan of arrangement in the volume
M45 Contemporary Babylonian documents
M46 Fifth epoch: the second Babylonian empire
M47 Persian Empire, and later
M48 Classification

57 Pages xi-xx.

58 Pages xi-xviii.

M49 Monographs

59 In the _Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft_, 1896, No.
3.

M50 Nature of the oldest Babylonian laws
M51 Data hitherto uncertain
M52 Evidence that there were very ancient codes
M53 Codes antecedent to that of Ḥammurabi
M54 Sumerian laws found in the phrase-books
M55 Repudiation of father by son
M56 Repudiation of mother by son
M57 Disinheritance of son by father
M58 Disinheritance of son by mother
M59 Repudiation of husband by wife
M60 Repudiation of wife by husband
M61 Responsibility of employer

_ 60 Sumerische Lesestücke_, p. 112.

61 H. W. B., p. 542.