Chapter III: Part II: Díl II (1)

TVAROSLOVÍ.--ETYMOLOGY.

LESSON VII. ÚLOHA VII.

The vocative case.

The vocative case is used in Bohemian in direct address, in calling somebody and in appealing. Ex. g. =Pane! dej mi chléb.= Sir, give me bread.

Declension of holub, tabulated.

Singular.

nominative =holub=, the pigeon,
objective =holuba=, the pigeon,
possessive =holuba=, of the pigeon,
dative =holubu=, =holubovi=, to the pigeon,
locative =o holubu=, =holubovi=, about the pigeon,
instrumental =s holubem=, with the pigeon,
vocative =holube!= pigeon!

Plural.

nominative =holubi=, the pigeons,
objective =holuby=,
dative =holubů=, =holubův=,
possessive =holubům=,
locative =holubech=, =holubích=,
instrumental =holuby=,
vocative =holubi!=

=Holub= is the stem--=kmen=.--The various cases are formed by adding to the stem the inflectional endings.

=Holub= is the type--=vzor=--of the declension of the masculine nouns =animate=, ending in hard consonant. (The neutral consonant is considered here hard). If we replace the stem by a line, the case endings will be more evident.

Nom. =--=, =--i=,
Obj. =--a=, =--y=,
Poss. =--a=, =--ů=, =--ův=,
Dat. =--u=, =--ovi=, =--ům=,
Loc. =--u=, =--ovi=, =--ech=, =--ích=,
Inst. =--em=, =--y=,
Voc. =--e=, =--i!=

Remarks on this declension. A.) In the singular, the objective and possessive cases end in =--a=, the dative and locative end in =--u=, or =--ovi=.

B.) In the plural the Nominative and Vocative cases end =--i=; Objective and instrumental end in =--y=. Exception nom. plur. =učitelé=, teachers, =andělé=, angels.

C.) If the stem vowel is =ů=, ex. =bůh=, this =ů= changes into =o= in all oblique cases, (all other cases except nominative singular), =bozi=, nom. pl., =boha=, of the god, etc.

D. =Hard consonants must soften= before =i= or =í= (locative plural), see lesson VI. on the necessary change.

E.) In the vocative the stem vowel shortens in =pane!= Sir! The hard consonants softens before =-e=, in this case: =bože!= God!, =bratře!= brother! With many nouns ending in =ch=, =h=, and =k= the vocative singular ends in =-u=, =hochu!= =vojáku!= =synu!=

F.) =e= before the final consonant is dropped out in the oblique cases, Ex. =pes=, dog, =psi=, =psu=, etc. =Orel=, eagle, =orla=, =orli=; =Turek=, Turk, =Turka.=

Infinitive and past participle of verbs.--Neurč. způsob a příčestí sloves.

I. pers. sing. Infinitive. Past participle.

=volám=, I call, =volati=, to call, =volal=, called,
=dám=, I give, =dáti=, to give, =dal=, given,
=znám=, I know, =znáti=, to know, =znal=, known, knew,
=chválím=, I praise, =chváliti=, to praise, =chválil=, praised,
=mluvím=, I speak, =mluviti=, to speak, =mluvil=, spoken, spoke,
=chodím=, I walk, =choditi=, to walk, =chodil=, walked.

Almost all the Bohemian verbs end in the infinitive of =-ti=. The participle (masculine) is very often formed by replacing the infinitive ending =-ti= by =-l=.--The past participle adds =-i= in masculine plural, =-a= in feminine singular, =-y= in feminine plural.

=Žák mluvil.= The pupil spoke. =Žáci mluvili.= The pupils spoke. =Sestra mluvila.= The sister spoke. =Sestry mluvily.= The sisters spoke.

The formation of the past tense.

Masculine form.

=Já jsem mluvil=, I spoke, I was speaking,
=ty jsi mluvil=, you spoke, you were speaking,
=on mluvil=, he spoke, he was speaking.
=My jsme mluvili=, we spoke, we were speaking,
=vy jste mluvili=, you spoke, you were speaking,
=oni mluvili=, they spoke, they were speaking.

There is no progressive form in Bohemian, therefore =mluvím= is both I speak or I am speaking, and the same is true for other tenses.

The feminine forms.

=Já jsem mluvila=, I spoke,
=ty jsi mluvila=, you spoke,
=ona mluvila=, she spoke,
=My jsme mluvily=, we spoke,
=vy jste mluvily=, you spoke,
=ony mluvily=, they spoke.

The past tense in Bohemian is formed from the past participle and present tense of the auxiliary =býti=, to be (=jsem=, =jsi=, =jsme=, =jste=). The auxiliary is left out in the third person. =On mluvil. Oni mluvili.=

When the personal pronoun is left out as is usually done, the auxiliary is placed after the participle: =já jsem mluvil=, or =mluvil jsem=, =my jsme mluvili=, or =mluvili jsme.=

Whenever the subject of the verb is masculine, the past participle has the masculine form; if the subject is feminine, the past participle has feminine form.

Oral Exercise.

Continue in all three persons, singular and plural, (follow the example in the Lesson VI):

=Já jsem chodil do školy= …
=Dal jsem knihu hochovi= …
=Chválil jsem žáka= …
=Mluvila jsem se sestrou= …

Vocabulary.

=hledati=, to look for, to seek,
=udělati=, to do, to make,
=učitel=, teacher,
=bratr=, brother,
=pes=, dog.

Exercise I.

Translate into English:

Nemluvil jsem s tetou. Učitel mluví s bratrem. Učitel mluvil s bratry. Znal jsem vojáka? Sestra chválila tetu. Kdo chodil do školy? Já jsem chodil do školy. Matka dala hochovi chleba. Koho jsi slyšel mluviti? Slyšel jsem mluviti pána o vojácích. Komu jsi dal knihu? Co jsi hledal? Hledal jsem psa. Zde jest pes. Kdo to udělal? Malý hoch to udělal.

Exercise II.

Translate into Bohemian:

The teacher is in school with the pupils. What are you looking for? I am looking for my book. Where is the big boy? The big boy is on the street. Who was praising the boy? The teacher was praising the boy. Brother walks with the dog. I see birds. The pigeons are birds. We called the soldiers and gentlemen. We did not know them.

LESSON VIII. ÚLOHA VIII.

Declension of the masculine nouns inanimate ending in a hard consonant.

Type,--=Vzor= =strom=--tree.

nom. =strom=, =stromy=,
Obj. =strom=, =stromy=,
Poss. =stromu=, =stromů=, =stromův=,
Dat. =stromu=, =stromům=,
Loc. =stromě=, =stromu=, =stromech=, =stromích=,
Inst. =stromem=, =stromy=,
Voc. =strome!= =stromy!=

=Remarks on this declension=: A.) In the singular the nominative and the objective is formed simple by the stem, the possessive, dative and locative take the ending =-u=,--In the plural the nom., object., instr. and voc. take the ending =-y=

B) =e= in ending =-ek= (diminutive ending) loses =e= in oblique cases, =stromek=, =stromky=, little tree.

C) =ě= in the loc. sing. softens the hard cons. in the same way. Ex. =Tábor=, camp, =v táboře=, in the camp; =sud=, barrel, =v sudě=, in the barrel. But since no sound =ě= comes after =s=, =l=, z==, words ending in these consonants add simple =e= in place of =ě=. (General rule in Bohemian). =Les=, forest, =v lese=, =kostel=, church, =v kostele=.

Irregular verbs.

First person. Infinitive. Past participle.

=Jsem=, I am, =býti=, to be, =byl=, was,
=mám=, I have, =míti=, to have, =měl=, had,
=jdu=, I go, =jíti=, to go, =šel=, gone, went,
=čtu=, I read, =čísti=, to read, =četl=, read,
=vidím=, I see, =viděti=, to see, =viděl=, seen, saw,
=slyším=, I hear, =slyšeti=, to hear, =slyšel=, heard.

The last two verbs are not irregular but belong to a special class.

The past tense (and there is only one past tense in Bohemian) is formed for the first two persons from the past participle and the auxiliary =býti=; the third person is the participle alone. See preceding lesson.

=byl jsem=, I was (masc.), =byla jsem=, I was (fem.),
=byli jsme=, we were (masc.), =byly jsme=, we were (fem.),
=byl jsi=, you were (masc.), =byla jsi=, you were (fem.),
=byli jste=, you were (masc.), =byly jste=, you were (fem.),
=on byl=, he was (masc.), =ona byla=, she was (fem.).

In the same way =měl jsem=, I had; =ona měla=, she had. =Četli jsme=, we read (masc.); =ony četly= (fem.) they read.--=Šel= forms, however, an exception (the =e= is so called =pohyblivé e=, movable =e=, like =e= in ending =-ek= of the masculine nouns (declension)). The feminine form of =šel= is =šla=, the plural of =šel=, =šli=, the plural of =šla=, =šly=.

=On šel=, he went; plural =oni šli=, they went or they were going.

=ona šla=, she went; plural =ony šly=, they went, or they were going.

No auxiliary is employed in Bohemian in making question or negative statement. Negative form is made by simply prefixing =ne= (viz I. lesson); =nebyl jsem=, I was not; =nešel jsem=, I did not go. The only exception is =jest=, abbreviated =je=, is, but =není=, is not.

Questions are formed by interchanging pronoun and verb. =Ty máš peníze.= You have money. =Máš ty peníze?= Have you money? But since the pronoun is usually omitted, only question mark and in speaking accentuation indicates question. =Čtete knihu.= You read a book. =Čtete knihu?= Do you read a book? When the verb has for subject a noun then the verb =follows= the noun in a statement and =precedes= the noun in a question, except when an adverb why? =proč?=, when?, =kdy?=, where?, =kde?= =kam?= is used to introduce the question.

Hoch =byl= ve škole. The boy =was= in the school. =Byl= hoch ve škole? =Was= the boy in the school? Voják =četl= knihu. The soldier =read= the book. =Četl= voják knihu? Did the soldier =read= the book? Sestra =nemluvila=. The sister =didn’t talk=. Proč sestra =nemluvila=? Why =didn’t= the sister =talk=?

When translating into English the Bohemian verbs may be rendered by progressive form. Ex.: =Mluvil jsem=, I spoke or I was speaking.

=Proč=, why;
=dům=, (=domy=), house;
=stůl=, (=stoly=), table;
=tábor=, camp;
=les=, (=lesy=), forest;
=za=, behind (with instrumental);
=zahrada=, garden;
=dnes=, to day;
=včera=, yesterday;
=kde?= where? when speaking of a location.
=kde jest bratr?= where is the brother?
=kam?= where? when speaking of direction.
=kam jdete?= where do you go?
=na=, on, upon;
=česky=, Bohemian;
=anglicky=, English.

Oral Exercise.

Complete in all three persons singular and plural:

=Včera jsem byl ve škole= …
=Nemluvím česky= …
=Šla jsem do lesa= …
=Neviděla jsem vojáka= …

Exercise I.

Translate into English:

=Na stole jest kniha. Na stole byla kniha. Vojáci jsou v táboře. Kdo volal bratra? Ten starý pán volal bratra. Kam šel sedlák? Sedlák šel do kostela. V lese jsou stromy. Viděl jsem ptáky v lese. Šli jsme do lesa. Kam jste šli? Jsme v lese. Kde jste? V lese. Za domem jest veliký les. Proč jste nebyl ve škole? Viděl jste hochy ve škole?=

Exercise II.

Translate into Bohemian:

Where do you go? I go home. Where were you yesterday? I went into the forest. The boy reads a book. The boys read books. The boy was reading a book. The boys were reading books. The sisters were talking with teachers. Behind the house is a garden. Did you see the soldiers? The soldier was here.

IX.

Declension of feminine nouns ending in -a.

Vzor ryba.

Singular Plural

Nom. =ryba= =ryby=
Obj. =rybu= =ryby=
Poss. =ryby= =ryb=
Dat. =rybě= =rybám=
Loc. =rybě= =rybách=
Instrum. =rybou= =rybami=
Vocative =rybo!= =ryby!=

Notes on this declension: A. The possessive plural is formed from the simple stem, ryb, škol, žen. Where this stem ends in two or more consonants sestra, matka, bitva etc. it is necessary for the sake of euphony to introduce “movable =e=” before the last consonant. Ex. sest=er= of the sisters; mat=ek= of the mothers; bit=ev= of the battles.

B. If the stem vowel is =ou=, this is shortened into =u= in the possessive plural. Moucha, fly; m=u=ch, of the flies, louka, meadow; l=u=k, of the meadows; houba, mushroom; hub, of the mushrooms.

C. The ending for the dative and locative singular is =ě=. This changes into =e=, before l, s, z. Ve škol=e=, in the school, hus=e=, to the goose, koz=e= to the goat. The hard consonant softens before =ě= as was explained before, víra (belief) víře, ruka (hand) ruce, noha (foot) noze, moucha (fly) mouše.

D. Observe the final =y= is hard, ryb=y=; but in instrum. rybam=i=.

E. Dcera (daughter) has an ancient dat. and loc. =dceři=.

THE VERB.

The future tense of the verb to be. Budoucí čas slovesa býti.

=budu= I shall be,
=budeš= You will be,
on, ona, ono =bude=, he, she it will be,
=budeme= we shall be,
=budete= you will be,
oni, ony, ona =budou=, they will be.

The so-called “compound future tense,” of all Bohemian verbs is formed from the future forms of the auxiliary to be--budu, budeš, etc. and the infinitive of the verb.

Ex. Budu mluviti. I shall talk or I shall be talking.

Budeme míti, we shall have. Budeš slyšeti, you will hear. Učitel bude chváliti. The teacher will praise. Teta bude chváliti. The teacher will praise. Sestry budou mluviti. The sisters will talk. Míti, to have, to possess, is also used in the sense of to have to. ought to, in which case it is followed by the infinitive. Ex. Mám mluviti pravdu. I ought to speak the truth, I have to speak the truth. Máme pracovati. We ought to, we have to, work.

=Idioms.= Jak se máte? How are you? How do you do? Mám se dobře. I am well. Máme se dobře. We are well.

Míti se dobře, (špatně), to be well, (unwell), (se is a reflexive pronoun). Mám se špatně. I am not well.

Vocabulary:

=žena=, woman, wife
=pravda=, truth
=koza=, she goat
=kráva=, cow
=husa=, goose
=matka=, mother
=bitva=, battle
=ruka=, hand
=zítra=, tomorrow
=dobře=, well
=špatně=, unwell, badly
=na ulici=, on the street
=dělati=, dělám, to do, to make
=děkuji=, thank you
=mnoho=, (followed by poss. case) many

Oral Exercise:

Complete: Budu dnes pracovati, budeš dnes pracovati etc.

Já budu mluviti česky …
Šel jsem na ulici …
Mám se dobře …
Budu čísti knihu …
Znám já učitele? …
Budu se míti dobře …

Exercise I.

Translate into English:

Máme mluviti pravdu. Budeme mluviti pravdu. Sedlák má krávy a husy. Chudá žena má kozu. Žena sedláka zná hocha. Co budete dělati zítra? Budu čísti knihy. Budeme se míti dobře. Máme se dobře. Měl jsem se dobře. Jak se máte pane? Děkuji, dobře. Voják byl v bitvě. Hoch nešel do školy, neměl knihy. Máš míti knihy. Dáme to matce. Šel jsem s matkou na ulici. Sedlák má mnoho krav. Voják viděl mnoho bitev. Koupil jsem košík hub. Co děláte dnes?

Vocabulary.

=Rodina=, family
=dělník= dělníci, working-man
=můj otec=, my father
=osm=, eight
=denně=, daily
=práce=, work,
=přijíti=, přijdu (při-jíti), to come
=večeřeti=, večeřím, to eat supper
=noviny=, newspaper
=vypravuje=, tells, relates
=vydělává=, earns
=mzda=, wages
=slušná=, decent
=tvůj=, yours
=co se stalo za den=, what happened during the day,
=různý=, different, various
=bavíme se=, we amuse ourselves
=hra=, play, game

Rodina.

Můj otec pracuje v dílně, jest dělníkem. Dělá osm hodin denně. Vydělává slušnou mzdu. Po práci přijde domů, večeříme a pak otec čte noviny. Matka mu vypravuje, co se stalo za den doma. Vypravujeme o různých věcech a též se bavíme hrami.

Answer in Bohemian.

Čím (what) jest tvůj otec? Kde pracuje tvůj otec?

Kdy přijde otec domů? Kdy večeříte?

Co dělá otec večer? Bavíte se hrami? O čem (about what) vypravujete? Jaké noviny čtete?

X.

Definitions:

=Podstatná jména= jsou jména =předmětův= (osob, věcí a ideí).

=Nouns= are the names of =objects= (persons, things or ideas).

=Číslo. Number.= V češtině jest =jednotné a množné číslo=.

In Bohemian there is singular and plural number. The old Bohemian had also a third number =the dual=, used when speaking of two objects. It is now used only in few cases, see lesson XX.

=Rod, Gender.= Všechna podstatná jmena v češtině jsou rozdělena ve tři třídy dle =mluvnického= rodu. A sice =v=: rod =mužský=, rod =ženský=, neb rod =střední=.

All nouns in Bohemian are divided into three classes, according to their grammatical gender: masculine, feminine or neuter.

(Grammatical gender may differ from the =natural= gender denoting the sex. Děvče, the girl is neuter although denoting a female being. Inanimate things may belong to any gender e. g. stůl, table is masculine, okno, window is neuter, voda, water is feminine).

It is important to know the gender of nouns, because adjectives, pronouns and participles vary their endings according to the gender of the noun which they modify.

The following rule, which holds good in the majority of cases, will be useful in determining the gender of nouns:

Nouns ending in a hard or neuter consonant are masculine.

Nouns ending in =-a=, are feminine, also many in =-e= are feminine.

Nouns ending in =-o= are neuter, also many in =-í= are neuter.

=Being--Bytost.= In the masculine gender alone, a difference is made between nouns denoting animate beings, životné bytosti, and those denoting inanimate beings, neživotné bytosti.

=Skloňováním= nazýváme =změny=, kterými se slovo přizpůsobuje svému úkolu ve větě. Podstatné jmeno má sedm takových =změn=--=pádů=. =Changes=, by which a noun is adjusted to its purpose in the sentence, are called =declension=. Bohemian nouns have seven such =changes called--cases=. The use and office of cases is explained in Lesson XV.

Numbers. Čísla.

=1 jeden, 2 dva, 3 tři, 4 čtyři, 5 pět, 6 šest, 7 sedm, 8 osm, 9 devět, 10 deset, 11 jedenáct, 12 dvanáct.=

jeden, dva are masculine forms, =jeden=, =hoch=, =dva hoši=, =jedna=, =dvě=, are feminine forms =jedna sestra=, =dvě sestry=. All other numerals have but one form, for all genders.

Numerals beginning with pět, šest, sedm etc. are followed by the possessive plural.

Pět hochů five boys, deset domů … etc.

Vocabulary.

=den=, (dni) day
=pondělí=, (n.) Monday
=úterý=, (n.) Tuesday
=středa=, (f.) Wednesday
=čtvrtek=, (m.) Thursday
=pátek=, (m.) Friday
=sobota=, (f.) Saturday
=neděle=, (f.) Sunday
=místnost=, (f.) room
=jídelna=, (f.) dining room
=komora=, (f.) pantry
=osoba=, (f.) person
=děti=, children
=syn=, (synové m.) son
=dcera=, (f.) daughter
=již=, already
=ještě=, yet
=mladý=, young
=náš=, (naši) ours
=pokoj=, sitting room, parlor
=ložnice=, (f.) bedroom
=dřevník=, (m.) wood-shed.

Abbreviations: m--masculine; f--feminine, n--neuter. Plural form is given with nouns to show exceptions and declension to which they belong.

Oral exercise:

A. Complete: Mám dobrého přítele, máš dobrého přítele.…

Znám dva hochy …
Nemám se dobře …
Vidím pět domů …
Dal jsem to bratrovi …

B. Decline:

Dělník, les, dílna, hra.

D. Conjugate in the present, past and future (ex. chválím, chválíš … chválil jsem … budu chváliti):

baviti (bavím) to amuse (like chváliti) (chválím.) vydělávati, vydělávám (like volati volám.)

Exercise I.

Translate into English:

Dnes jest čtvrtek, zítra bude pátek. Včera byla středa. Za tři dny (In three days) bude neděle. Co jste dělal v pondělí? V pondělí jsem byl ve škole. Večer jsme četli noviny. Kolik vydělal bratr? Bratr vydělal deset dolarů. Jsem ještě mladý. Zde jest šest osob. Vidím dvě osoby. V dílně jsou dělníci, ve škole jsou žáci. Pět a pět je deset. Tři a tři je šest. Máme rybu k večeři. V neděli nepracujeme. Co budete dělat zítra? Sestry jsou v jídelně.

Exercise II.

Translate into Bohemian:

The old woman has five geese. I saw the old woman and the geese in the forest. The geese went before the woman. This soldier was in two battles. My father works in a shop. He is a workman (Inst.) I am a pupil. (Inst.) We shall read to morrow. Where were you yesterday?

Rodina II.

V naší rodině jest osm osob. Otec, matka a šest dětí. Čtyři synové a dvě dcery. Dva hoši chodí již do školy a dva jsou ještě doma. Jsou mladí. Náš dům má deset místností: kuchyni, pokoj, jídelnu, 4 ložnice, komoru a dřevník. Kolik místností má váš dům?

XI.

Declension of neuter nouns ending in -o.

=Vzor, type.= Město, city.

Singular Plural

Nom. and Vocative město měst=a=
Obj. město měst=a=
Poss. měst=a= měst
Dat. měst=u= měst=ům=
Loc. měs=tě=, měst=u= měst=ech=
Instr. měste=m= měst=y=.

The possessive plural is the simple stem like =ryb= in feminine declension. The “movable e” is here also introduced for the sake of euphony where the stem ends in two or three consonants. =Okno=, window, =oken=, =jablko= apple, =jablek=.

Final =ě=, follows the usual rules; a) it changes into e after s, l, z, ve skle, in the glass.

b) it softens the hard consonants (r into ř, h into z, ch into š, k into c). Ex.: mléko, milk, v mléce.

Locative plural also ends in =-ích= instead of =-ech=; ve slovích, ve slovech.

=IDIOMS.= Many idiomatic expressions are formed with the verb =míti= to have. =Míti hlad=, to be hungry. =Mám hlad=, I am hungry. =Míti žízeň=, to be thirsty. =Máte žízeň?= Are you thirsty? =Míti rád někoho, neb něco=, to like. =Mám rád bratra.= I like my brother. The Adverb =rád= (gladly) expresses the English to like. =Já rád čtu knihy.= I like to read books. (We read books gladly.) =My rádi pracujeme.= We like to work. (We work gladly.) =Ty rád čteš.= You like to read. =Hodina= (hodiny) hour. =Kolik= how many? (how much?). =Kolik jest hodin?= What time is it? =Jsou dvě hodiny.= It is two o’clock. =Jest šest hodin.= It is six o’clock. (Numerals higher than four are followed by the possessive pl.)

Oral exercise.

Complete in all persons singular and plural

Mám hlad, máš hlad etc.…
Měl jsem žízeň …
Mám ráda své rodiče … I like my parents.
Rád kreslím … I like to draw.
Budu se rád učiti … I shall like to study.

Decline: Okno window, jablko apple, slovo word, kladivo hammer.

Vocabulary.

=přítel= (vocative příteli!), m., friend
=laskavý=, kind
=laskavost=, kindness
=tužka=, f. (tužky), pencil
=čerstvý=, fresh
=ano=, yes
=ne=, no
=koupiti=, to buy
=prodati=, to sell
=večer=, m., evening
=také=, also
=trochu=, a little
=včera=, yesterday
=sklenice=, f. (sklenice) glass.

Exercise I.

Translate into English:

Včera večer v šest hodin jsem byl na ulici. Kam jdete, příteli? Jdu do města koupiti jablka. Hoch má tři jablka. Pán dal hochovi deset jablek. Jak se máte? Děkuji, mám se dobře. Jak Vy se máte? Také dobře. Píšeme pérem a tužkou. Můj syn má žízeň. Máte, prosím, trochu vody? Ano, zde jest sklenice vody. Sestra má ráda tetu. Nemáte rád učitele? Ano, mám ho (him) rád, jest velmi laskavý. Kolik jest hodin? Jsou dvě hodiny. Jest sedm hodin večer. Nemáte žízeň? Nemám žízeň, ale mám hlad. Za (behind) městem jest veliká zahrada.

Exercise II.

Change the following sentences into the plural:

Mám jablko. V městě jest velký dům. Mám péro a tužku. Hoch jde městem. Ulice města jest čistá. Píši pérem, nebo tužkou. Můj bratr jest učitelem. Teta koupila husu. Dělník pracuje ve městě.

Exercise III.

Change into singular:

Mluvíme se sestrami. V městech chválí sedláky. Na stromech rostou jablka. Chválíme slovy. Dobří žáci mají i pera a tužky. Kde máte knihy? Rádi jíme jablka. V zahradách je hodně stromů.

Exercise IV.

Translate into Bohemian:

I am thirsty. Here is a glass of fresh water. Thank you for your kindness, I like to drink a glass of pure fresh water. Does your brother like to read good books? Yes, sir, he likes books very much. He brought ten books yesterday. How many pencils has your friend?

Tři housky a jeden koláč.

Chlapec dostal hlad. Koupil si housku a snědl ji, ale ještě měl hlad. Koupil si druhou housku a snědl ji, ještě měl hlad. Koupil si třetí housku a snědl ji, a stále ještě měl hlad. Tedy si koupil koláče, a když jeden z nich snědl, měl dost, byl sytý. Tu se chlapec uhodil do hlavy a pravil:

“Jsem to hlupák! Proč jsem snědl tolik housek? Mohl jsem si raději hned koupiti jeden koláč.”

XII.

Přídavná jména.--The adjectives.

Určitá přídavná jména, end in the singular in =-ý=, =-á=, =-é=, in the plural in =-í=, =-é=, =-á=. e. g.

dobr=ý= hoch, good boy
dobr=á= teta, good aunt
dobr=é= slovo, good word
dobř=í= hoši, good boys
dobr=é= tety, good aunts
dobr=á= slova, good words.

Určitá přídavná jména the definite adjectives, agree with the noun they modify in number, gender and case.

Declension of definite adjectives. Singular:

Type, vzor, dobrý.

Masculine neuter feminine

Nom. and Vocative dob=rý= dob=ré= dob=rá=
Obj. (živ.) dobr=ého= dob=ré= dob=rou=
(než.) dob=rý=
Poss. dob=rého= dob=rého= dob=ré=
Dat. dob=rému= dob=rému= dob=ré=
Loc. dob=rém= dob=rém= dob=ré=
Inst. dob=rým= dob=rým= dob=rou=

The last four cases have equal forms for masculine and neuter.

In all genders the nominative case equals the vocative.

The objective case of the masculine gender has two forms: one for the animate, another for the inanimate declension.

Vidím =velikého= vojáka, I see a big soldier
Vidím =veliký= strom, I see a big tree.

Definite Adjectives: (Masculine form alone are given.)

=veliký=, also velký, big, large
=dobrý=, good
=veselý=, merry, jolly
=vysoký=, high
=nový=, new
=krátký=, short
=černý=, black
=červený=, red
=modrý=, blue
=malý=, small
=špatný=, bad
=smutný=, sad
=nízký=, low
=starý=, old
=dlouhý=, long
=bílý=, white
=zelený=, green
=žlutý=, yellow.

Verbs with ě or e as root vowel.

uměti to know, to be able to do.

=uměl=, =--a=, =--o=, known, knew, was able to do.
=umím=, I know
=umíš=, you know
=umí=, knows
=umíme=, we know
=umíte=, you know
=umějí=, they know.

This conjugation differs from the verb =slyšeti=, =viděti=, only in the third person plural: =umějí=, they know, but =slyší=, they hear.

Verbs conjugated like uměti

=Směti= (smím), to may
=sázeti=, to plant
=krájeti=, (krájím) to cut

Verbs conjugated like slyšeti

=seděti= (sedím), to sit
=boleti=, (bolí) to pain, ache
=bydleti=, (bydlí) to live, to dwell

=Uměti= and =směti=, to may are followed by infinitive:

Umím =psáti=. I know how to write. Smím jíti domů. I may go home.

Oral exercise:

A.) Complete in all persons singular and plural:

Neumím francouzsky. I don’t know French. Nesměl jsem odejíti. I might not leave. Budu krájeti chleba. I shall cut bread. Bydlel jsem ve městě. I lived in town. Smím k Vám přijíti? May I come to see you?

B.) Decline in singular:

Veliký les,
veselá sestra,
hodný pán,
červené jablko.

Exercise I.

Kde bydlíte? Bydlím ve velikém domě. Bydleli jsme v malém městě. Naši rodiče sázeli stromy, i my je (them) budeme sázeti. Sedláka bolela ruka. Bratra bolel zub. Nesmíš jíti ven. Čerstvý sníh jest bílý. Dala jsem jablko veselému hochu. Kdy čtete noviny? Čtu noviny v osm hodin ráno. Šel jsem s malým bratrem a s malou sestrou. Na vysokém stromě má černý pták hnízdo. Umíme čísti česky. Mluvíme česky. Nesmím zlobiti své (my) rodiče.

XIII.

Declension of definite adjectives. Plural.--Sklonění určitých přídavných jmen. Množné číslo.

Vzor, type dobrý.

Masc. Fem. Neuter

N. a Voc. (živ.) dobř=í= dobr=é= dobr=á=,
(než.) dobr=é=
Object. dobr=é= dobr=é= dobr=á=,
Poss. dobr=ých=
Dat. dobr=ým=
Locative dobr=ých=
Instrumental dobr=ými=.

In the nominative plural the masculine adjectives of the inanimate noun end in =-é=; the animate adjectives end in -í. The hard consonant must soften before i! Dobrý pán. Dobří páni.

velký hoch,
velcí hoši,
velký dům,
velké domy.

The last four cases have the same forms for all genders.

The adjectives frequently form the predicate. (After verb to be.)

Bratr jest hodný. Brother is good.
Bratři jsou hodní. The brothers are good.
Matka byla nemocná. Mother was sick.

Compound verbs.

Many verbs are formed by the addition of prefixes. Ex. take, retake.

In Bohemian a great number of prefixes are used to give the verb a rich variety of meaning. As soon as a verb takes a prefix it obtains a perfect aspect, that is, it denotes an action which was, or will be completed. For this reason all verbs with prefixes =have no present tense=; =but= this present form signifies future. =No compound future tense can be formed with the verbs with prefixes.= Viz lesson XXXVI. for future discussion.

=jíti= to go,
=přijíti=, to come (to go to)
=přišel= jsem, I have come.
=přinésti= to bring
=najíti=, to find,
=jdu=, I go; =půjdu=, I shall go.
=přijdu=, I shall come
(We cannot say, budu přijíti!)
=odejíti=, to leave, to go away
=udělati=, to make and finish.

The past tense of compound verbs corresponds to the English perfect past. =Přišel jsem=, I have come.

Chytrý sluha.

Pán poslal sluhu pro hrušky. “Kup mi jen nejlepší,” řekl mu. V krámě mu dávali žádané hrušky, on je vrátil: “Ne,” pravil, “dejte mně jen nejlepší.”

Kupec odpověděl: “Ochutnej jednu, uvidíš, že jsou všecky dobré.”

“Jak poznám, že jsou všechny dobré, když ochutnám jenom jedinou?” mínil mladík.

Ukousl od každé hrušky a přinesl je pánovi. A pán ho za to vyhnal ze služby.

=dívka= (f.) (dívky) girl
=strýc=, m. uncle
=trhati=, to pick, to gather
=avšak=, but
=hloupý=, silly
=ochočiti=, to tame
=pečený=, baked, roasted
=hráti si=, to play
=ač=, although
=kdykoliv=, whenever
=patrno=, evident
=odpověděti=, to answer
=letěti=, to fly
=přiletěti=, to arrive flying
=povšimnouti si=, to notice
=pražádný=, none, not a bit
=síla= (síly), f. strength
=sprostý=, common, low
=tvor=, m. (tvorové), creature
=před=, before
=proto=, therefore
=slušnost=, decency
=utíkati=, to run away
=zavolati=, to call upon
=že=, that

Sokol a kohout.

Mladý sokol se dal tak ochočit, že přilétal pánovi na ruku, kdykoliv naň zavolal. Kohout však utíkal před pánem a křičel když se k němu blížil. Sokol si toho povšimnul a řekl kohoutovi: Ty kohoute nemáš pražádné slušnosti. Patrno že jsi sprostý tvor. Chodíš k pánovi jen když máš hlad. To já nedělám, hloupý ptáku! Mám síly dost a létati umím, avšak před pánem neutíkám.

Kohout odpověděl: Já ještě nikdy neslyšel o pečeném sokolu, ale slyšel jsem o pečeném kohoutu. Proto utíkám.

Exercise.--Change the above story into the plural.

Oral exercise.

A.) Complete in all persons singular and plural:

Našel jsem kohouta …
Najdu kladivo …
Neudělal jsem to …

B. Decline in singular and plural: pečený kohout, veselá dívka, staré město.

Exercise I.

Translate into English:

Přišel jsem navštívit strýce Jana. Strýc Jan jest sedlákem. Našel jsem strýce na zahradě. Trhal jablka. Učitel se ptal žáka, co udělal. Několik velkých hochů si hrálo na ulici. Stateční vojáci bojovali ve veliké bitvě. Malé dívky odešly domů. Přijdu ve dvě hodiny. Ve starých domech jsou malé světnice.

Exercise II.

Translate into Bohemian:

When did you come? I came at seven o’clock. What have you found? I found the old hammer. Where did you buy the pears? I bought them in the store. We shall come tomorrow. The good aunts are sick. What do you know about the big cities. In the forest are many big trees. What has the mother given to the little boys? She gave them good cakes.

XIV.

Possessive pronouns. Přisvojovací náměstky.

Possessive pronouns (like adjectives) agree with the nouns they modify in number, gender and case.

Masculine feminine neuter

Singular =můj=, my, mine =má=, moje; =mé=, moje
=tvůj=, thy, thine =tvá=, tvoje; =tvé=, tvoje

Plural =moji= (animate)
=mé=, moje (inanimate); =mé=, moje, =má=, moje
=tvoji= (animate) =tvé=, tvoje, =tvá=, tvoje.
=tvé=, tvoje (inanimate)

=jeho=, his; =její=, her, hers; =jeho=, its; =jejich=, their, have one form for =all= three genders, singular and plural.

Jeho bratr, jeho sestra, jeho srdce; jejich bratr, jejich sestry, jejich pole.

Masculine, feminine and neuter

Singular =náš= our, ours =naše=
=váš= your, yours =vaše=

Plural =naši= =naše=
=vaši= =vaše=

Similar to =můj, má, mé, is svůj, svá, své, the reflexive possessive pronoun=, used when referring to the subject of the sentence. Ex. =Já= jdu se =svým= bratrem. =I= go with =my own= brother.

=Reflexive pronoun se.= Vztažná náměstka se.

Umývám se, I wash myself, umýváme se, we wash ourselves, umýváš se a umýváte se, You wash yourself.

The Reflexive =se= is used for all three persons, both singular and plural. In Bohemian the reflexive pronoun is used with many verbs. Its declension and varied use will be taken up later on.

=Irregular verbs.= Nepravidelná slovesa. II.

=chtíti= to want.

Present indicative:

=chci=, =chceš=, =chce=; =chceme=, =chcete=, =chtějí=.

Past participle =chtěl=, wanted.

=Věděti= to know.

Present indicative

=vím=, =víš=, =ví=, =víme=, =víte=, =vědí=

Past participle, =věděl=, knew, known.

=jeti=, to go, to ride.

Present indicative

=jedu, jedeš, jede, jedeme, jedete, jedou.=

Past participate, =jel= went, rode ridden.

=Chtíti= is followed by infinitive.

=Chci mluviti.= I wish to talk.

The difference between: a) =uměti, věděti a znáti=.

=uměti nějakou věc=, to know an art, to be able to do a certain thing.

Umím čísti, I know, I can read. =Věděti něco=, to know something. Slyšel jsem to, vím to. I heard it, I know it. =Znáti= (znám), to know a person or a thing to be acquainted with it. Znám Vás. I know you.

b) =Jeti a jíti.=

=jeti= is used whenever we go somewhere by some means of transportation, =jíti= denotes merely walking.

=Jedu domů=, I go home, if I use some vehicle, car, horse, bicycle etc.

=Jdu domů=, if I merely =walk=. I went to New York is to be translated jel jsem, if train or other vehicle was used. But =šel jsem= do New Yorku if =I walked=.

The future of jíti, jdu, půjdu (prefix pů-), never budu jíti.

The future of jeti, pojedu (prefix po-); never budu jeti.

Oral exercise.

Complete in all three persons singular and plural:

Půjdu na procházku. I’ll go for a walk. Pojedu na venkov--I’ll go to the country. Chci pracovati--I wish to work. Nevěděla jsem to--I didn’t know it (fem.) Umím svou úlohu--I know my lesson. Znám mladou dívku, I know a young girl. Nevěděl jsem to, I didn’t know it.

Vocabulary.

=dvůr= (dvory) court-yard, yard
=lov= (lovy) chase
=krásný=, beautiful
=řádný=, respectable, decent
=ochočený=, tamed
=půl=, half
=spálený=, burned
=promluviti= (=mluvím=) to speak, to deliver a speech,
=přečísti= (čtu) to read over,
=uviděti= (=vidím=) to see, to perceive,
=užívati=, (užívám), to use,
=plný=, full,
=zdraví=, health.

Exercise I.

Translate into English:

Můj bratr mluví. Moji bratři mluvili. Tvůj bratr promluví. Kdy jste přečetl tu (that) velkou knihu? Má matka to chce věděti. Kohout sedláka běhá po dvoře. Má teta má velkou zahradu, plnou krásných květin. Sokol se dá ochočiti. Ochočení sokolové byli užíváni k lovu. Zdraví hlava všeho. Čistota půl zdraví. Veselá mysl půl zdraví. Máte jít domů. Když přišel, uviděl svůj dům spálený. Poznal jsem ho co (as) řádného hocha. Přečtu tu knihu zítra.

Exercise II.

Translate into Bohemian:

Did you know that respectable gentleman? Have you read that old book through? You ought to know this (to). Will you go to Washington? (by train). Did you go (walk) to Washington? Who knows this gentleman? Who knows how much are five and five? We can work well. The farmer has a big yard with many (s mnoha) cows and geese. My father spoke some (několik, follow by possessive) kind words. Our old mother came here. Our soldiers march through the city. Your garden is big.

Den a noc.

(Look for the words in the vocabulary at the end of the book). Den má dvacet čtyři hodiny. (Also čtyřiadvacet hodin). Noc jest ta část dne, kdy nám slunce nesvítí. Když slunce započíná svítiti, říkáme tomu ráno, nebo jitro. Poledne jest půl dne; hodiny ukazují dvanáct hodin. Půlnoc jest půl noci. Odpoledne jest doba mezi polednem a večerem. Večer slunce zapadá, tmí se. Lidé se zdraví: Dobré jitro! Dobrý den! Dobré odpoledne! Dobrý večer! Dobrou noc!

XV.

It is very important that the student of Bohemian master the declension of nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals. This is to be acquired not only by memorizing the case endings but also by thorough understanding of the meaning and use of the cases.

=Case questions.= To each case a set of questions corresponds, which help us to determine the case. The boy knows the soldier. =Who= knows the soldier? The =boy= knows the soldier.

=Whom= does the boy know? The boy knows the =soldier=. We see, that the question who? asks for and =determines= the nominative case, and the question whom? asks for and determines the objective case.

Nominative =Kdo?, co?= who?, what?
Objective =Koho?, co?= whom?, what?
Possessive =Koho?, čí?, čeho?= whose?, of what?
Dative =Komu?, čemu?= to whom?, to what?
Locative =O kom?, o čem?= about whom?, about what?
Instrumental =S kým?, s čím?= with whom?, with what?

The last question is used in asking for things, the first (and second of the possessive) is used in asking for animate beings.

No question corresponds to the vocative case. This is used in calling somebody, and has no connection with the sentence. It is inserted in the sentence and separated from it by a comma.

The Use of the Individual Cases.

The =nominative= is the case of the subject of a sentence.

The =objective= (or =accusative=) is the case of the direct object of a positive, transitive verb. (Transitive verbs express action which is =transferred= upon something. Ex. =to see= some one, =to have= something etc. are transitive verbs.)

(Intransitive verb: to go, jíti).

Negative transitive verbs require their object in the possessive case. Vidím matku. I see mother. But: Nevidím =matky=. Nemáme dělníků. However in modern colloquial Bohemian this use of the possessive is being replaced by the objective.

=Possessive= (or genitive) is used as the English possessive. (In Bohemian the possessive comes after the name of the possessed object. Mother’s child. Dítě matky.) The possessive is further used:

b) to express the object of the negative transitive verb.

c) to denote parts and quantities, libra kávy, sklenice vody.

d) after numerals higher than four, after indefinite numerals trochu, několik etc. několik hochů, trochu vody.

e) after verbs: tázati se (koho) to ask for information, žádati (něčeho) to demand, báti se (koho) to fear.

f) after superlative and comparative viz latter lesson.

The =dative= is the case of the indirect object. (In translation the English preposition =to= is used mostly to express dative.) The dative is used after verbs: povídati (komu) to tell, věřiti (komu) to believe, radovati se (čemu) to rejoice (something), učiti se (čemu) to study a thing, rovnati se (komu) to equal somebody, věřiti (komu) to believe.

The =locative= case is used only after prepositions. See lesson XVI.

The =Instrumental= case is used to express an instrument or cause of an action. Píši pérem. I write with a pen. It is used after a passive verb where in English the preposition by denotes actor. Bylo to učiněno =vojákem=. It was done by the =soldier=. It is used where in English the preposition through is used. Jdu =lesem=. I walk =through the forest=. It is used with the preposition =s=, with, along, to denote association. Mluvím s matkou. I talk with the mother.

Exercise I.

Determine case in following sentences. Translate them.

Dělníku, zde jsou tvé peníze. Teto, máme vás rádi. Bratr koupil dům. V domě jest několik pokojů. Koupil jsem bušel bramborů. Díváme se okny. Vojáci mluvili se sedláky. Učíme se českému jazyku čili češtině. Po neděli přijde pondělí. V zahradě je mnoho květin. Neuvidím více bratra. Sokol se nebál pána. Krávy sedláka jsou tučné. Dni v zimě jsou krátké. Dáme dar matce. Učitel opravil žákům úlohy.

Exercise II.

Answer the following questions or complete sentences and determine their cases:

Kdo mluví ve škole? Co jest na stole? Kdo má peníze? S kým mluvíte? Čím píšete? S kým jdete? Na čem leží kniha? V čem zůstáváte? O kom mluví sedlák? Co máte? Koho vidíte? Koho slyšel váš bratr? Komu věříte? Komu dáte sklenici vody? Čemu se divíte? Stromy čeho jsou vysoké?

XVI.

Prepositions. Předložky.

The prepositions are followed in Bohemian by definite cases--váží se s jistým pádem. Therefore, to complete the theory of the use of cases we will take in this lesson the study of the prepositions. This study is the more important because the lack of case forms in English is made up by suitable prepositions and the use of prepositions in both languages varies considerably.

=No preposition is used with the first and fifth case.=

Prepositions with the objective.

=Mimo= besides, except, =Mimo= vojáky byli tam i občané. =Besides= soldiers there were also civilians.

=Ob= (seldom used now) expresses a change. =Ob= den., every second day.

=Pro= for. Jdu =pro= svého bratra. I go for my brother.

For is used in different sense in English than in Bohemian:

=For= ten cents. =Za= pět centů.
Train =for= Prague. Vlak =do= Prahy.
I worked =for= two weeks. Pracoval jsem =po= dva týdny.

=Přes=, over, across. =Přes= pole a lesy. Across the fields and the woods.

=Přes= noc. Over night. =Přes= sto dollarů. Over hundred dollars.

=Skrze= through, =Skrze= Vás, through you.

Prepositions with the possessive.

=Bez= without. =Bez= chleba. Without bread.

=Dle= according to. =Dle= posledních zpráv. According to the latest news.

=Podle= (dle) zákona. According to the law.

=Vedle= next to, alongside of. =Vedle= našeho domu. Next to our house.

=Do= in, into. Jdu =do města=. I go into the city. Dvakráte do roka. Twice a year.

Do is used in different sense in Bohemian than in English.

Zaplatím to =do= roka. I’ll pay that =within= a year.

To bych =do něho= neřekl. I shouldn’t think that =of him=.

Není nám nic =do= toho. It is not our affair.

Není mi =do= smíchu. I do not feel like laughing.

Jdu =do= školy. I go to school.

=Kromě= aside of, except, besides. Každý den =kromě= neděle. Every day except Sunday.

=Kolem=, about. =Kolem= těla. About the body. =Kolem= poledne. About noon.

=Okolo= around. Zeď =okolo= zahrady. Wall around the garden. But: Šel jsem =okolo=. I went (passed) by.

=Místo= instead of. =Místo= otce přišel syn. Instead of the father came the son.

=Od=, from (somebody). =Od= mé matky. From my mother. =od--k, from--to.= Od domu k domu. From house to house.

=U=, at, by, Byl =u= tety. He was at the aunt’s house. Stál =u= domu. He stood by the house. But:

=At= noon. =V= poledne.
=At= five o’clock. =V= pět hodin.
=By= sea, =by= land. Po moři, po zemi.
Límec =u= kabátu. The collar =of= the coat.

=Z=, =(ze)=, out of, from something. =Ze= železa. Made of iron. But:

=Z bídy.= On account of poverty.
=Z jara.= In the beginning of the Spring.
=Z kapsy.= Out of the pocket.
=Z Prahy.= From Prague.

Prepositions with the dative.

=K=, =ke=, =ku=, to, towards. Jdu =k= bratrovi. I go to my brother. =Ke= druhé hodině. Around (toward) two o’clock.

=Proti= against. =Proti= nepříteli. Against the enemy.

=Naproti=, opposite. =Naproti= knihovně. Opposite the library. (Jdu tetě =naproti=. (Naproti is an adverb here.) I go =to meet= my aunt.)

Prepositions with the locative.

=O=, about, Mluvíme =o= knize. We speak about the book.

=Po=, after, following. =Po= bratrovi přišla sestra. After the brother came the sister. After dinner. =Po= obědě.

=Při=, at, by, =Při= hostině. At the banquet.

=V, ve,= in, at, =V= městě, in the city.

Some prepositions are followed by two or even three cases.

=Mezi=, between, among; =nad=, above; =pod=, under, below; =před=, before are followed by the =objective= when they denote a =direction= of motion, in answer to =kam?= Where to?

When they denote, =position=, =location= in answer to =kde?= Where at?, they are followed by the =instrumental=.

Jdu =mezi lidi= (kam). I go among the people. =Mezi lidmi= (kde?) Among the people.

Slunce vyšlo =nad horu= (kam?) a stojí =nad horou= (kde?) The sun rose above the mountain and stands above the mountain.

Schoval se =pod stůl=, (kam?); jest schován =pod stolem=. (kde?) He hid under the table; he is hidden under the table.

Vyšel jsem =před dům= (kam?), stojím =před domem=. (kde?) I stepped before the house. I am standing before the house.

NOTE! Před týdnem. A week ago. (Týden zpátky is an anglicism.)

=Na, on, v, in,= is followed by the =objective= when it denotes a =direction= of motion in answer to kam? Where to?; and is followed by the =locative= when it denotes a location in answer to kde? Where at?

Dej knihu =na stůl= (kam?) Kniha jest =na stole= (kde?) Lay the book on the table. The book lies on the table.

=V=, connects only rarely with the ob. Ex. Upadl v nemoc. He became sick.

=Za=, behind, followed by the =accusative= in answer to =kam=? Where to? (direction), and is followed by the =instrumental= in answer to =kde=? Where at? Position. Schovej se za stůl (kam?) Hide behind the table. Sedíme za stolem. We sit behind the table.

=Za=, =during=, expressing time is followed by the possessive (genitive). Za krásného dne. During a beautiful day.

=S=, =se=, with when denoting =an association= is followed by the instrumental. S hochem, with the boy.

=S=, =se=, =off= from, in answer to odkud? from where?, is followed by the possessive. Skočil s vozu. Jumped off the wagon.

Distinguish =z=, out of, =z= mouky, and =s=, with, =s= moukou.

When a word is preceded by a preposition, they both are pronounced as one word and the accent which naturally falls upon the first syllable, goes over on the preposition. Ve’vodě. Not ve vo’dě. In the so-called =compound verbs= “ve složených slovesech” the prepositions form =prefixes=, e. g. přijíti, =na=jíti. See lesson XXXIV.

Exercise I.

Translate into English and note the use of prepositions.

Princezna na hrášku.

V jednom městě žil jeden princ. Chtěl se oženiti s nějakou opravdovou princeznou. Vyjel si do světa pro nevěstu. Mnoho cestoval, ale nenašel, čeho hledal. Bylo sice dost princezen, ale jsou-li to skutečně princezny, nedalo se zjistit. Vždycky v tom bylo něco podezřelého. I vrátil se domů bez nevěsty, všecek smuten, protože by byl rád měl za ženu skutečnou princeznu.

Jednou večer nastala hrozná bouřka; blýskalo se a hřmělo, lilo se jako z konve, to bylo strašně! Tu zaklepal někdo na dvéře a starý král vyšel otevřít.

Venku před domem u vrat stála jakás princezna. Ale, pane, ta vypadala od lijáku a bouřky! Voda tekla jí s vlasů a se šatů, nabírala se jí do střevíčků špičkami a patami vytékala ven. A přece tvrdila o sobě, že je pravou princeznou.

“Však uvidíme!” pomyslila si stará královna. Ale neříkala nic. Šla do ložnice, sňala s postele všechny peřiny, položila je vedle na židli, pak položila na dno hrášek, na ten dala dvacet slamníků a ještě dvacet prachových peřin.

Na to přivedla princeznu k posteli, aby šla spát. Ráno, když přišla k snídani, tu se jí ptali, jak se jí to spalo.

“Ale špatně,” řekla princezna. “Celou noc jsem ani oka nezamhouřila! Co to jen v té posteli bylo? Ležela jsem na něčem tvrdém, takže mám záda samé modřiny. To je hrůza!”

Teď všichni viděli, že je to skutečná princezna protože skrze dvacet slamníků a dvacet prachových peřin ucítila hrášek. Tak citlivý nemůže býti nikdo než opravdická princezna.

Ten princ si ji tedy vzal za ženu, protože teď už věděl, že má skutečnou princeznu.

Exercise II.

Translate into Bohemian:

Go to the baker and buy bread for ten cents! When I came with the bread, we sat down to the table. The baker lives opposite our house. Before his door stands a tree. Next to him lives a butcher. There are many people in the butcher’s store. Go for your brother! We went to the park. Many birds sat on the trees. We seated ourselves on the bench. They built a house of bricks. Take the book off the table. Two years ago I was in France. They called for Mr. Smith. The painting hung on the wall over the piano. The farmer came to town.

XVII.

Měkké sklonění.

The declensions of holub, strom, ryba and slovo, are called hard. The remaining declensions are called soft. The nouns of these declensions end either in a soft consonant or in a neutral one, which, however, has a soft quality.

The types of masculine soft declensions are muž for the animate and meč for the inanimate.

Type Vzor =muž= man.

Sing. Plural.

N. mu=ž= muži (=mužové=)
O. mu=že= mu=že=
P. mu=že= mu=žů=, mužův,
D. mu=ži=, mu=žovi= mu=žům=
L. mu=ži= mu=žích=
I. mu=žem= mu=ži=
V. mu=ži!= mu=ži=, mu=žové=!

Poznámky k tomuto sklonění.

All masculine animate nouns ending in a soft consonant are declined like muž. E. g. =malíř= painter, =kovář= blacksmith. Those ending in =-ec= have movable =e= in the possessive singular. =o=tec father, o=tce=, ku=pec= merchant, ku=pce=. These nouns have o=tče!= ku=pče!= in the vocative. Nouns ending in =-tel= fall into this declension. Ex.: =učite=l teacher, =kazatel= preacher (plural nom. =učitelové=, =kazatelové=), =cvičitel= instructor, cvičitelé, =kůň= horse, plur. =koně=, inst. plur. =koňmi=. Nouns ending in =-ce= e. g. =zrádce= (voc. zrádče!) traitor also fall into this declension. In =kněz= priest, final =z= changes into =ž= in N. P. =kněží=, L. P. o =kněžích=, D. P. =kněžím=.

Type vzor =meč=, sword.

sing. plural
Nom. m=eč= m=eče=
Object. m=eč= m=eče=
Poss. m=eče= m=ečů=, (me=čův=),
Dat. m=eči= m=ečům=
Loc. m=eči= m=ečích=
Instr. m=ečem= m=eči=
Voc. m=eči=! m=eče=!

All masculine inanimates ending in a soft consonant are declined like meč. Ex.: Koš basket, nůž (nože) knife, plášť mantle, pokoj room, pokoj--mír also means peace; stroj, machine. Many nouns ending in =-l= are declined like meč, e. g. =úl=, beehive, =kotel=, boiler.

Imperative. Rozkazovací způsob.

The imperative in Bohemian has distinctive forms for each of its three persons:

2nd person singular =chval!= Praise (thou)!
1st person plural =chvalme!= Let us praise!
2nd person plural =chvalte!= Praise (you)!

In some idiomatic expressions the third person singular of the imperative occurs. Dej Bůh! May God give. Chval každý duch Hospodina. Praise every soul the Lord!

The second person singular is the fundamental imperative form, the imperative root. The first person plural is formed by the addition of -me, the second person plural is formed by the addition -te to the imperative root. Ex.

chval praise!
chval=-me= let us praise!
chval=-te= praise! (you)

mluv speak!
mluv=-me= let us speak!
mluv=-te= speak! (you)

When the second person singular of the imperative ends in =-i=, this =-i= changes into =ě=. =čti!= read! =čtěme!= let us read! =čtěte!= read! =jdi!= go! =jděme!= let us go! =jděte!= go!

The negative form is made by prefixing =ne-= to the position. =Nemluv!= Don’t speak! =Nemluvme!= Don’t let us speak! =Nemluvte!= Don’t speak!

Imperative of verbs studied so far:

volati to call, =volej!= call!
Znáti, to know, =znej!= know!
dáti to give, =dej!= give!
prositi to ask for, to beg, =pros!= ask!
slyšeti to hear, =slyš!= hear!
psáti to write, =piš!= write!
klepati to knock, =klepej!= knock!
bráti to take, =ber!= take!

Oral exercise.

Decline:

Dobrý otec, nový stroj, mladý učitel, malý nůž.

Exercise I.

Muž nese v koši jablka. Zámek se otevírá klíčem. Dej mi (mě) nůž, hochu! Četli jsme pohádku o princi a princezně. Dobrý přítel nad zlato. Přátele poznáš v neštěstí. V pokoji sedí matka a čte. Jdu k učiteli učiti se čísti. Na kraji lesa rostou květiny. Kde jsi našel tolik krásných květin? Jdu k lékaři. Kovář kuje železo. Sedláci užívají mnoho strojů. Zavolej otce, Josefe! Nemluvme, ale dejme pozor! Pište úlohu! Neberte to! Dej pozor, hochu! Živ buď s rozumem, obejdeš se bez lékařů. Bičem nepřešvihneš obušku. Lepší kůrka v pokoji nežli bochník v rozbroji. Zajíce v pytli nekupuj.

Exercise II.

Translate into Bohemian:

The teacher reads us from a book. In the basket are flowers. Where is your mantle? We go to our friends. The priest sits in the room. He is reading. The soldiers fight (bojují) with swords. The doctor is not at home. The boy bought some cookies (koláče). Please give me a piece of bread. Call your father! Let’s go home, boys! The strong blacksmith talks with the farmers. April showers bring forth May flowers. Lost time is never found again.

Pohádka.

Byl jeden král
ten dával bál,
přišly myšky zapískaly,
pavoučkové tancovali.

Přiběh’ kocour veliký,
tu byl konec muziky,
myšky se vám ulekly,
šup--do dírky utekly.

XVIII.

Měkké sklonění ženského rodu. Soft declension feminine gender.

=Nouns= ending in =e= or =ě=.

=Type, vzor růže, rose.=

Singular Plural.
Nom. a Voc. =růže= =růže=
Object. =růži= =růže=
Poss. =růže= =růží=
Dat. =růži= =růžím=
Loc. =růži= =růžích=
Inst. =růží= =růžemi=

Poznámky k tomuto sklonění

Feminine nouns, ending in the nominative singular in =e= or =ě= belong to this declension. E. g. =duše=, soul, =polovice= one half; all those ending in =-yně= (feminine ending) =otrokyně= slave woman, =žákyně= girl pupil, =sokyně= woman rival etc.

Many nouns of this declension have dropped =e= or =ě= in the nominative and objective: =zem= (země) earth, =dlaň= palm, =vášeň= passion, =obec=, community.

In the possessive plural some nouns of this declension drop =í=, especially those ending in -ice, =slepice= (slepic) hen, =ulice= (ulic), street. Those ending in yně, use both forms: =bohyně= goddess p. =bohyní= i =bohyň= of the goddesses.

Nouns ending in a soft consonant.--Type vzor řeč, speech.

N. a V. =řeč= =řeči=
O. =řeč= =řeči=
P. =řeči= =řečí=
D. =řeči= =řečem=
L. =řeči= =řečech=
I. =řeči= =řečmi.=

Feminine nouns ending in a soft consonant are declined like řeč.

Ex.: =věc=, thing; =pomoc=, help; ending in =-t=: =kost=, bone; =radost=, joy.

Some nouns of this declension, especially those ending in =-l= and =-ň=, =ď= form nom. and instr. plural like =růže=. Ex.: hůl, stick, hole, holemi; dlaň, palm, dlaně, dlaněmi; loď, ship, lodě, loděmi.

Adverbs. Příslovce.

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. Příslovce určují slovesa, přídavná jmena a příslovce.

Příslovce způsobu, Adverbs of manner, odpovídající na otázku jak? how? are often formed from the definite adjectives by replacing the final vowel by =-ě=. Ex.

=silný=, =-á=, =é=, strong, =silně=, strongly,
=hlasitý=, =-á=, =é=, loud, =hlasitě=, loudly,
=nový=, =-á=, =é=, new, =nově=, newly, recently,
=špatný=, =-á=, =é=, bad, =špatně=, badly,
=pilný=, =-á=, =é= diligent, =pilně=, diligently.

As shown before, =-ě= changes =r= into =ř=, =h= into =z=, =ch= into =š= and =k= into =c=. =dobrý= good, =dobře= well, =vysoký= high, =vysoce= highly, =dlouhý= long, =dlouze= at length, =suchý= dry, =suše= dryly, =tichý=, =tiše=, =hladký= smooth, =hladce= smoothly.--After l, e is added. =rychlý= quick, =rychle= quickly, =smělý= audacious, =směle= audaciously.

Imperative of the verb: to be. Rozkazovací způsob slovesa býti.

=Buď!= be thou, =buďme!= =buďte!=

Verbs ending in first person singular in =-i=. Type pracovati, to work.

=pracuji= I work, =pracujeme= we work,
=pracuješ= you work, =pracujete= you work,
=pracuje= works, =pracují= they work.

Imperative: =pracuj=, =pracujme=, =pracujte=.

Verbs of this division: =milovati= to love; =kupovati= to be buying.

Oral exercise:

Decline: Drahá vlast, pilná žákyně, řecká bohyně, tmavá noc.

Practice in imperatives: Běž rychle! běžme rychle! běžte rychle!

Continue as indicated above: Dělej to dobře! Choď rovně! Dej pozor! (Pay attention)! Piš svou úlohu jasně! (Write your lesson clearly!) Buď poslušný! (Be obedient!)

Exercise II.

Translate into English:

V zahradě kvetla krásná růže. Mám rád květiny. Naší vlastí jsou Spojené Státy. Kočka chytila myš. Venuše byla u Řeků bohyní krásy. Choď do školy a uč se! Nežádej chleba! Pišme úlohy! To jest veliká tíž (nebo tíže). Naše obec má krásné parky. Proste o pomoc! Volej přítele! Spěte! Dobrou noc! Pracujme pilně. Buďte tiše! Udělal jste to špatně. Žádostem zlým a vášním odpírejte. Jazyk bez kostí, ale kosti láme. Přijď rychle! Váš stroj běží hladce. Dělal jste to špatně. Pracuj pilně! Milujme svou vlast.

Exercise III.

Translate into Bohemian: