Chapter VI: Part II: Díl II (4)

=-ík--obuv= footwear, =obuvník= shoemaker; =zlato= gold, =zlatník= jeweler.

=-ín--čeleď= servant people, =čeledín= man servant, =voj= army, =vojín= soldier.

=-íř--uhel= coal, =uhlíř= coal seller, charcoal burner; =malovati= to paint, =malíř= painter.

=-ař--péci=, to bake =pekař=, =psáti= to write, =písař= writer, copyist.

=-ář--mýdlo= soap, =mydlář= soap maker; =řezati= to cut, to carve, =řezbář= carver.

=-ák--hloupý= silly, =hlupák= silly fellow; =město= city, =měšťák= city dweller.

=-áč--vous= beard, =vousáč= bearded man.

Přípony označující buď zaměstnání ženy, neb manželský stav s mužem uvedeného zaměstnání.

=-ka--malíř=, =malířka=, =uhlíř=, =uhlířka=, =mydlář=, =mydlářka=, =Čech=, =Češka=,=učitel=, teacher, =učitelka=, =lékař= physician, =lékařka=.

=-ice--holub= pigeon, =holubice=; =lev= lion, =lvice= lioness, =obuvník=, shoemaker, =obuvnice=, shoemaker’s wife, =sklepník= waiter, =sklepnice= waitress.

=-yně= (=kyně=)--=otrok=, slave, =otrokyně= woman slave; =bůh=, god, =bohyně= goddess, =žák popél=, =žákyně=, =umělec=, =umělkyně=.

=-í--pán= mister, =paní= mistress.

=-ová--mistr= (master), =mistrová=, pak u jmén =Novák=, =Nováková= etc.

Pozorujte, že některé přípony krátí kmenovou souhlásku: =sázeti= to set, =sazeč= typesetter, =síla= strength, =silák= strong fellow.

Přípony jmen přídavných.--Adjective suffixes.

=ivý=, (=-avý=)--=červ= worm, =červivý= worm-eaten; =láska= love, =laskavý= kind.

=-livý--trvání=--duration, =trvanlivý= durable; =zdání= appearance, =zdánlivý= apparent.

=-ovitý--suk= knot, =sukovitý= knotty; =kousek= little piece, =kouskovitý= consisting of little pieces.

=-ný--moc= power, =mocný= powerful; =práce= work, =pracný=, made by great work (effort).

=-ěný--naznačuje= původ (origin)--=dřevo= wood, =dřevěný= of wood; =sklo= glass, =skleněný= made of glass.

=-ní= (naznačuje původ místní, locality)--=sever= north, =severní= northern; =jih= south, =jižní= southern.

=-vý--hra= play, =hravý= playful; =krev= blood, =krvavý= bloody.

=-itý=, =atý=, =-natý--les= forest, =lesnatý= covered by forests; =hlas= voice, =hlasitý= loud.

=-ký=, =-ský--pán= lord, =panský= lordly; =bůh= god, =božský= godlike.

=-í--ryba= fish, =rybí= of the fish, =rybí tělo= body of the fish, etc.

Následuje-li přípona =-ní= neb =-ný=, =n=, obdržíme zdvojené =nn: den day denní= daily; =čin= act, =činný= active.

Přípona =-ký= po =k= dává zdvojené =k=: =měknouti=, =měkký=.

Přípony sloves.--Verb suffixes.

=-iti--barva= paint, =barviti= to paint, =soud= tribunal, =souditi= to judge.

=-ovati--chyba= mistake, =chybovati= to make mistakes, =dík= thank, =děkovati= to thank.

=-ěti--šedivý= gray, =šedivěti= to be getting gray.

=-ati--zelený= green, =zelenati= to be getting green, to show the green color, =hloub= (=hloubka=) depth, =hloubati= to think deeply, to ponder.

=-outi--žlutý= yellow, =žloutnouti= to be getting yellow, =starý= old, =stárnouti= to be getting old.

The last three suffixes =ěti=, =ati= and =outi= form the so called inchoative verbs expressing a beginning and growing of an action.

Minulý a trpný přechodník mění se v přídavné jméno přidáním =-ý= pro mužský rod j. č. a dloužením koncovky v ostatních rodech a v množném čísle.

=Směl=, was allowed, =smělý=, =-á=, =-é= audacious. =Zlomen=, =zlomený=. =Stárnouti=, to be getting old; =sestárlý=, one who became (grew) old.

Tvoření příslovců z přídavných jmen, viz úlohu XVIII.

Slovesa složená.

Mnoho slov povstalo spojením dvou slovních pojmů: =zlo=, wrong; =čin=, deed; =zločin=, crime; =oko=, eye; =mžení= (=mihnutí=), twinkle; =okamžení=, an instant twinkle; =ostrý=, sharp; =vtip= wit; =ostrovtip=, sharpmindedness, cleverness; =sněhobílý=, snow-white; =krátkozraký=, shortsighted.

Slovesné příbuzenství.--Kinship of words.

Pro studenta češtiny jest velice důležité, by si uvědomil příbuznost a vznik slov, neboť jen tak vnikne rychle v bohatství a krásy jazyka. Každé slovo jest součástí veliké slovní rodiny; seznamujíce se s vaším slovem seznamte se s ostatními členy rodiny. Hledejte, jak, z čeho slovo povstalo a jaká jiná slova mohou býti z něho odvozena.

Příklad slovního příbuzenství:

=Seděti=, to sit; =poseděti si=, to sit for a while; =vyseděti=, to hatch; =odseděti=, to sit in prison to the end of the sentence; =sedati=, =sedávati=, to use to sit; =zasedati=, to sit parlament or similar body; =předseda=, president; =neposeda=, one who can not keep quiet; =zasedací síň=, chamber of sitting; =sedlák=, a farmer (settler); =selka=, farmer’s wife; =sedlačiti=, to farm; =usedlost=, farming place; =sedlo=, saddle; =sedlář=, saddler; =usedlý=, settled down; =osada=, village (settlement); =sad=, orchard; =sídlo=, settling place; =sázeti=, to plant, a z tohoto slovesa nová řada slov se dá udělati.

Cvičení:

Čtěte připojené články a studujte slova a) jak jsou odvozena, b) která slova se z nich odvoditi dají.

Jaro.

Jara skokem přibývalo. Lidé pracovali již v polích, nahoře na stráni vyhřívali se hadi a ještěrky, že se jich děti, jdouce na podzámecký vrch hledat fialek a konvalinek, vždy lekly. Ale babička jim říkala, aby se nebály, že do svatého Jiří žádné zvíře není jedovaté, že se může vzíti do ruky. “Ale potom”, dokládala, “když slunce už je vysoko, potom je v nich jed.”

Na louce za splavem rozkvétalo buličí oko, pryskyřník, na stráni modraly se podlíšky a zlatově leskly se petrklíče. Děti sbíraly mladé lupínky do polévky, přinášely housátkům kopřivy a babička, kdykoli šla do chléva, slibovala strace, že už co nejdřív půjde na pastvu.

Stromy úprkem obalovaly se listem, komáři vesele hráli ve vzduchu, skřivánek vznášel se vysoko v povětří. Děti ho slyšely, ale málokdy malého zpěváčka viděly. Také žežulku poslouchávaly a křičely do lesa: “Žežulko, pověz nám, jak dlouho budeme živy?” Někdy zakukala, ale někdy se Adélka na ni zlobila, že schválně nechce zakukati. Chlapci učili Adélku otloukati vrbové píšťalky; když pak jí píšťalka nepískala, dávali vinu, že při otloukání nedobře říkala.

Božena Němcová.

=had=, snake
=ještěrka=, lizard
=fialka=, violet
=konvalinka=, lily of the valley
=buličí oko=, butter cup
=pryskyřník=, ranunculus
=petrklíč=, primrose
=kopřiva=, nettle
=skřivánek=, lark
=žežulka=, cuckoo

Lidská radost.

Hoj, ta lidská radost,
ptáček neposeda:
každou chvilku sobě
jinou haluz hledá.

Což pak té haluzce,
vzpomínka jí zbyla,
o kterou ta radost
jednou zavadila.--

Hůře ale srdci,
opuštěné sněti,
kam po celý život
radost nepřiletí.

J. Pokorný-Pikulík.

Translate following fables into idiomatic Bohemian:

The trumpeter taken prisoner.

A trumpeter marched into battle in the =van= of the army and put courage into his comrades by his =warlike tunes=. Being captured by the enemy, he begged for his life, and said: “Don’t put me to death; I have killed no one; indeed I have no weapons but carry with me only my trumpet here”. But his =captors= replied: “That is only the more reason why we should take your life; for, though you do not fight yourself, you =stir up others to fight=.”

=trumpeter=, trubač
=van=, předvoj
=warlike melodies=, válečné melodie
=captor=, ten, kdo někoho zajal
=stir up=, povzbuzovati
=others to fight=, jiné k boji

The Fox and the Grapes.

A hungry fox saw some fine bunches of grapes hanging from a vine that was trained along a high =trellis=, and did his best to reach them by jumping as high as he could into the air. But it was all in vain for they were just out of reach: so =he gave up jumping=, and walked away with an air of dignity and unconcern, remarking: “=I thought those grapes were ripe=, but I see now they are quite sour.”

=trellis=, mřížka
=he gave up trying=, přestal zkoušet
=thought those grapes were ripe=, myslel, že ty hrozny jsou zralé
=fox=, liška (ta feminine).

The Hunter and the Woodman.

A hunter was searching in the forest for the =track= of a lion, and =catching sight= presently of a woodman engaged in felling a tree, he went up to him and asked him if he had noticed a lion’s =footprints= anywhere about, or if he knew where his =den= was. The woodman answered: “If you will come with me, I will show you the lion himself.” The hunter turned pale with fear, and his teeth =chattered= as he replied: “Oh, =I’m not looking for the lion, thanks=, but only for his tracks.”

=hunter=, honec
=woodman=, drvoštěp
=tracks=, stopy
=catching sight=, zahlédnuv
=footprints=, stopy
=den=, jeskyně, doupě
=chattered=, cvakaly
=Oh, I’m not looking for the lion, thanks.= O, já nehledám lva, díky.

Diogenes the Wise Man.

At Corinth, in Greece, there lived a very wise man whose name was Diogenes. Men came from all parts of the land to see him and hear him talk.

But =wise= as he was, he had some very =queer ways=. He did not believe that any man ought to have more things than he really needed; and he said that no man needed much. And so he did not live in a house, but slept in a =tub= or =barrel=, which he rolled about from place to place. He spent his days sitting in the sun, and saying wise things to those who were around him.

At noon one day, Diogenes was seen walking through the streets with lighted lantern, and looking all round as if in search of something.

“Why do you carry a lantern when the sun is shining?” some one said.

“I am looking for an honest man”, answered Diogenes.

When =Alexander the Great= went to Corinth, all the foremost men in the city came out to see him and to praise him. But Diogenes did not come; and he was the only man for whose opinions Alexander cared.

And so, since the wise man would not come to see the king, the king went to see the wise man. He found Diogenes, lying on the ground by his tub. He was =enjoying the heat and the light of the sun=.

When he saw the king and a great many people coming, he sat up and looked at Alexander. Alexander greeted him and said: “Diogenes, I have heard a great deal about your wisdom. Is there anything that I can do for you?”

“Yes,” said Diogenes. “You can stand a little on one side, so as not to keep the sunshine from me.”

This answer was so different from what he expected, that the king was much surprised. But it =did not make him angry=; it only =made him admire= the strange man all the more. When he turned to ride back, he said to his officers:

“Say what you will; if I were not Alexander, I would like to be Diogenes.”

=Corinth=, Korint
=wise=, moudrý
=queer ways=, divné způsoby
=in a tub=, ve škopku
=honest man=, poctivý člověk
=in a barrel=, v sudu
=spent his days=, trávil dny
=lantern=, lampa
=enjoying the heat and the light of the sun=, těšil se teplu a
slunečnímu světlu
=did not make him angry=, nerozhněvalo ho
=made him admire=, vzbudilo jeho obdiv
=I would like to be Diogenes=, rád bych byl Diogenem
=Alexander the Great=, Alexander Veliký

The Fox and the Crow.

A crow was sitting on a branch of a tree with a piece of cheese in her beak when a fox observed her and set his wits to work to =discover some way of getting the cheese=.

Coming and standing under the tree he looked up and said: “=What a noble bird= I see above me! Her beauty is without =equal=, the =hue of her plumage exquisite=. If only her voice is as sweet as her looks are fair, she ought without doubt to be queen of the birds.” The crow was =hugely flattered= by this, and just to show the fox that she could sing she gave a loud crow. Down came the cheese, of course, and the fox, =snatching it up=, said: “You have a voice, madam, I see: =what you want is wits=.”

=to discover some way of getting the cheese=, aby vynašla, jakým
způsobem by se zmocnila sýra.
=What a noble bird=, jaký to vzácný pták
=without equal=, nemá sobě rovné
=the hue=, barva
=of her plumage is exquisite=, jejího peří jest nádherná
=hugely flattered=, jíž bylo nesmírně polichoceno
=snatching it up=, uchvátivši jej
=I see: What you want is wits.= Vidím, čeho se ti nedostává, jest důvtip.

The Crow and the Pitcher.

A thirsty crow found a pitcher with some water in it, but so little was there that, try as she might, she could not reach it with her =beak=, and it seemed =as though she would die of thirst= within sight of the remedy. At last she =hit upon a clever plan=. She began dropping =pebbles= into the pitcher, and with each pebble the water rose a little higher until at last it =reached the brim=, and the knowing bird was enabled to =quench her thirst=:

=Necessity is the mother of invention.=

=as though she would die of thirst=, jako by měla zahynouti žízní
=crow=, vrána
=pitcher=, džbánek
=beak=, zobák
=hit upon a clever plan=, připadla na chytrý nápad
=pebbles=, oblázky
=reached the brim=, dosáhla okraje
=quench her thirst=, uhasiti žízeň
=necessity=, potřeba, nouze
=invention=, vynález

ERRATA.

Transcriber’s Note: the errata have been corrected as part of the process of producing this e-text (as has the spelling of the above heading, printed as “ERATA”).

Page 23--third line from the top, “sestra” (not setra).
” 36--lesson X, second line, “jména” (not jmena).
” 37--third line, “many í are neuter” (not i).
” 40--sixth line, “péro” (not pero).
seventh line, “pérem” (not perem).
” 43--twenty second line, “English perfect” (not English perject).
” 49--fifth line from the bottom, “pro svého bratra” (not pro mého
bratra).
” 51--second line from the top, “I go to my brother” (not to the
brother).
sixteenth line from the bottom, “above the mountain” (not
above the mountains).
” 52--fifteenth line from the bottom, “bylo strašné! na dvéře” (not
bylo strašně na dveře).
” 55--fourteenth line from the bottom, “kůrka” (not kurka).
” 58--in story “Kyselé hrozny”, first two letters in second and third
lines are missing, read “chut” (not ut), and “marně” (not
arně).
” 61--third line from the top dative dualis ruka and noha is rukám,
nohám (not rukoum, nohoum).

Few minor errors in punctuation the kind reader will correct himself.