Chapter XII: Retrospect (3)

Stone-circles, near churches, 28, 29 n., 34, 66, 86;
connected with heathen worship, 24, 45, 66, 98;
and open-air courts, 34, 136;
Stanton Drew, 46, 47;
Duloe, 48;
churches on sites of, 45-9;
as dials, 253-8;
number of pillars in, 256;
gaps in, 256

Stonehenge, 48, 99, 219, 255;
Sir J. N. Lockyer on, 48, 253;
trilithons of, 219, 256;
barrows near, 261

Stone-rings (see Stone-circles)

Stowell, Lord, on use of coffins, 271

Strabo, and omens, 434

Strasburg (Germany), 447

Stratford-on-Avon, church, 230;
oxen near, 453

Strathfieldsaye (Hants.), 432

Strathfillan (parish in Argyle and Perth), 94

Streatham (Surrey), 207

Streatham Common (Surrey), 207

Streatley (Berks.), 349

Street, or Streat (Sussex), 101, 344

Strigils, in graves, 294

Strike-a-lights, 285, 293

Strutt, J. G., on yew at Pérone, 378-9;
Boldre maple, 384;
yews at Inchlonaig, 392

Stubbs (or Stubbes), Philip, on church-ales, 178;
dancing in church, 185

Studland (Dorset), 35

Stuttgart (Germany), 231

Suffolk, round church towers of, 123;
burial custom, 330;
burial on North side, 343

“Sugar-loaf” (= fossil echinoderm), 303

Sugolia (Hungary), 197

Suicides, burial of, on North side, 341, 351, 352;
unburnt, 357;
at crossroads, 357-9;
in open fields, 359

Summer-houses, 340

Sun, worship of, 202, 213, 218, 219, 255, 439;
bowing to the, 212;
praying towards, 218, 219;
burials facing, 249-52;
as determining orientation, 325

Sundials, attached to churches, 162, 163;
stone-circles used as, 255, 256-7

Sunken Kirk (Cambs.), 30

Sunninghill (Berks.), 432

“Sun of Righteousness,” 220, 244

Superstition, and sites of churches, 17, 18;
connected with church objects, 29;
and burial-places, 87;
building of churches, 103-4, 106;
and Christian burials, 286-7, 292-3, 294-7;
fossils, 303-4;
shells, 309;
teeth, 321-2;
funerals, 331;
baptisms and weddings, 332;
North side of churchyard, 341-3, 350-2;
yews in churchyards, 396;
yews at Christmas, 402;
horse-skulls, 440-1, 442, 444-5;
oxen, 442, 444, 451

Surrey, position of churches, 101;
yew trees, 404-5;
oxen, 465

Survivals, in burial customs, 268-323;
trees on graves, 270;
horse-burial, 431-2

Sussex, church towers, 124-5;
grave-mounds, 264;
barrow, 302;
gable ornaments, 441;
oxen in, 452, 454-5, 465, 472, 475;
size of ox-team, 459, 461;
ox-yoke, 461, 462;
shoeing of oxen, 472-3

Sutton, as place-name, 339

Swallowfield (Berks.), 378

Swanage (Dorset), 111

Swanscombe (Kent), 62, 349

Sweating sickness, 16

Sweden, burial customs of, 310;
rock-carvings, 421;
acoustic jars, 447;
sacred cows, 481

Swerford (Oxford), 62

Sweyn, nephew of Canute, 200

Swift, Jonathan, quoted, 230

Swindon (Glos.), 111

Swine (Yorks.), 352

Swinhope (Lincs.), 351

Switzerland, lake-dwellings, 249 n., 416, 421;
discovery of bows, 388;
horse in, 417;
oxen of, 477;
decoration of cows, 482

Sycamore, in churchyards, 384

Sykes, Sir Tatton, excavation of Duggleby Howe, 66

Symbolism, weathercock, 164;
of East and West, 217;
of sun, 219 n;
deflected chancels, 235-6, 240, 242;
in churches, 235-8;
of the Cross, 236;
graves, 264;
grave-gifts, 291, 295, 299, 318;
ashes, 316, 317;
evergreens, 323;
cardinal points, 324, 332;
of priest’s position in church, 337;
yew, 398, 400-1, 407;
of the ox, 485

Syme, J. T. B., on Welsh yews, 398

Sympathetic magic, 295, 322

Syncretism, 25

Synods, Exeter, 140, 196, 383;
Winchester, 140;
Westminster, 170;
Quinsext or Trullan, 186

Tabernacle, of Moses, 217, 223

Tacitus, use of _covinus_, 422;
on white horses, 433;
horse-skulls, 440

Tait, Prof. J., on “Toot Hill,” 70

Tandridge (Surrey), 370-1

Tankersley Park (Yorks.), 377

Taplow (Bucks.), 81, 86, 283

Tara, the king of, 402

Tartars, horses of the, 419, 472;
chariot-burial, 429

Tatsfield (Surrey), 331

Taunton (Somerset), 232

Tavern signs, 433, 485

Taxine, 362

“Taxus,” word discussed, 362

Taylor, Isaac, on place-names, 31, 32;
on determination of position, 325-6;
cardinal points, 339-40;
Domesday ox-team, 458

Taylor, Silas, on orientation of churches, 225, 227

Teeth, fossil, in barrows, 307;
abundance of, in graves, 321;
superstitions regarding, 321-2;
of horse, in barrows, 430

Teisterbant, meaning of name, 326

Telscombe (Sussex), 90

Temple, meaning of word, 210;
of Herod, 217;
of Solomon, 217

Temple Downs (Wilts.), 30

Temples, pagan, 28, 30-1

Tenby (Pembroke), 151

Tenison, Archbishop, and Lambeth burial-ground, 343

Tennyson, quoted, 405, 475, 496

Tertullian, reference to Christians, 2;
on sun-worship, 219

Teutonic invasion, 3;
settlement, 105-6;
use of word “church,” 146-7;
sun-worship, 219;
mythology, 334, 440;
horse cult, 433-4, 436, 441

Tewkesbury (Glos.), 140

Texel, meaning of name, 326

Thaxted (Essex), 133

Thegn-right, 73

Theodosius, Edict of, 26

Things (= popular assemblies), 65

Thomas, Mr Edward, quoted, 486

Thor, feasts to, 27, 28;
hammer of, 27, 198

Thracians, and white stones, 299

Thrapstone (Northants.), 346

Thruxton Tump (Hereford), 56

Thugs, and prayer towards the East, 217

Thunderbolts, 197

Thursley (Surrey), 384

Thuxton (Norfolk), 347

Tidenham (Glos.), 8

Tideswell (Derby), 153

Timbs, John, on Wrexham yews, 374

Tisbury (Wilts.), 377

Tissington (Derby), earthwork, 16;
well-worship, 92

Tithe-barns, use of, 159, 160, 171-2, 182;
Brand on, 176

Tiverton (Devon), church used as fortress, 118;
burial of gipsy at, 312

Tlingits, or Tlinkits (tribe), 251

Toll-holz (charm), 397

Tombs, simple, 268-9

Tombstones, vaulted, 260;
flat, 270, 347;
box-shaped, 275;
table, 275;
vertical, 347
(see also Headstones)

Toot-hills, 7, 51, 60-1, 70-3;
at Pirton, 60-1, 70;
meaning of term, 70-1;
at Macclesfield, 71;
Little Coates, 72

Tooting (Surrey), 89

Torrington (Devon), 496

Totemism, 281

_Totemism and Exogamy_, cited, 281, 436

Tothill, Tothill Fields, etc., 71

Tours (France), 231

Toussaint, M., on horse bones, 415

Touting Hills, 71

Towcester (Northants.), 59, 62

Tower of London, 285

Towers, church, used as fortresses, 107-18, 150;
portcullis in, 107;
Irish round, 118-22;
detached, 122-3;
circular, 123-4

Town armour, 158

Town halls, 138

Town meeting, 141

Townstall (Devon), 118

Toys, in graves, 312

Tozer, Mr Basil, on horseshoes, 423, 424

Tradition, concerning churches, 30-1, 103-4, 106;
yews, 392, 396, 404;
horse-skulls, 445-6;
ploughing oxen, 487, 492 (see also Folk-memory)

Trees, on barrows, 270, 400;
on graves, 270, 400;
in churchyards, 383-5, 401

Tree-trunks, for coffins, 274, 278

Tree-worship, 28, 400

Tregaron (Cardigan), 48

Trepanning, 321

Trephine, and yew trees, 365

Trevis (= beam used in shoeing oxen), 473

Trial by ordeal, 136, 354

Trilithons, 255

Trottescliffe (Kent), 40

Trullan Synod, 186

Tull, Jethro, on agriculture, 468

Tumulus, meaning of word, 51
(see also Barrow)

Tunbridge Wells (Kent), 454

Turanians, burial customs, 284

Turlagh, burial at, 352

Turner, Robert, on yew superstition, 395-6

Turner, Sir W., on Australian burial custom, 313

Turris, or bretasche, 53

Tusser, Thomas, quoted, 483

Tutt Hill (Suffolk), 71

Tweeddale, churchyards of, 343

Tweedside superstitions, 301

_Twelfth Night_, quoted, 154, 382

Twyford (Hants.), megalith, 45;
yew, 378

Tyack, Rev. G. S., on holy wells, 97;
church-ales, 180

Tylor, Prof. E. B., on value of details, 2;
orientation of churches, 213, 216-7, 219;
comparative burial customs, 251-2, 312;
animism, 279-81;
burial of coins, 296;
on grave-gifts, 279-82;
East and West, 332

Tyndall, John, his grave at Haslemere, 264

Tynemouth (Northumberland), 230

Tynwald Hill (I. of Man), 64

Uffington (Berks.), 433-4

Uganda, 358

Ulm (Germany), 126

Unbaptized children, burial of, 351, 353 n.

Upper Beeding (Sussex), 344

Upsala, heathen temple at, 28;
tumulus, 276 n.

Upton (Notts.), 448

Uriconium, discoveries at, 479

Urn-field, at Aylesford, 261, 276

Urns, cinerary, 277, 292, 399;
burial in, 261, 451;
containing flint chips, 285

Urus, the, 477

Usher of school, his origin, 149, 154

Utterby (Lincs.), 351

Uttoxeter (Staffs.), 71

Vaigatch, 228

Vale of Pewsey (Wilts.), 453, 473

Vale of Pickering (Yorks.), 453

Varanger Fiord (Norway), 309

Variation of magnetic needle, 228

Vatican, museum of, 199;
St Peter’s church, 232

Vedic hymn, quoted, 283;
literature, 439

Veile, or Vejle (Denmark), 28

Venta Silurum (= Caerwent), 25

Verona (Italy), 216

Verulam, Roman station, 4

Vessels, models of, in churches, 203

Vestry, Easter, 141;
“open,” 141;
the word and the institution, 142;
origin of, 142-3;
“close,” 142;
records of, 271

Victoria, burial of, 432

_Victoria Histories_:
London, 9;
Cumberland, 50;
Kent, 52;
Cornwall, 310

Viking burials, 262, 294, 431

Village, stockaded, 16;
plays, 181-3;
fairs, 191, 193

Villas, Roman, 5, 6, 8, 9, 95

Vindomora, Roman station, 12

Vinogradoff, Prof. P., on gallows, 69 n.;
on cost of iron weapons, 158;
Domesday ox-team, 458

Virgil, and word _dexter_, 327;
chariot-burial, 429;
on white horses, 433;
story of the Carthaginians, 442;
the Golden Age, 483

Vishnu, mythology of, 307, 442

_Vision of William_, cited, 456, 457 n.

Vitruvius, on acoustic vessels, 447

Vogt, M. Carl, on domestication of the horse, 414

Von Hefele, C. J., on Trullan Synod, 186

Votive offerings, 203, 293

Vulgate, the, and use of the word “specula,” 71

Waith (Lincs.), 108

Wakefield (Yorks.), 344

Walcott, M. E. C., on orientation of churches, 212

Wales, churches of, near stone-circles, 48;
well-worship, 92, 94-5;
circular churchyards, 97, 99;
legends regarding churches, 104;
sports in churchyards, 197;
folk-lore, 246;
bards, 257, 398;
burial customs, 331;
well superstition, 332;
bone-caves, 417;
mummers, 442;
black cattle, 480;
pagan deities, 482

Wallace, Mr R. Hedger, on long-horned cattle, 479

Walnut trees, in churchyards, 384

Walrond, Col. F., on bows, 389

Walsall (Staffs.), 104

Walsingham (Norfolk), 192

Walter de Henley, on ploughing, 458, 467, 468;
speed of oxen, 467;
shoeing oxen, 468, 470-1

Waltham Abbey (Essex), 165

Walthamstow (Essex), 416

Walton (Norfolk), 122

Walton-on-the-Hill (Lancs.), 165

Walton-on-the-Hill (Surrey), 67

Walton-on-Thames (Surrey), 163

Wandsworth (London), 260

Ward, Mr John, on Roman sites, 495

Wareham (Dorset), 274

Warlingham (Surrey), 291

Warmsworth (Yorks.), 123

Warne, Charles, on Knowlton earthworks, 401

Warner, R., on tradition concerning the yew, 392

Warnford (Hants.), 162

Warrington (Lancs.), 56-7

Warry, Mrs C. King, on “church-gift,” 155

Watchet (Somerset), 95

Watching-lofts, 126

Watcombe (Berks.), 377

Wateringbury (Kent), 167

Watson, Mr G., on deflected chancel, 231

Watson, Mr William, quoted, 407

Weapons, in churches, 158-62;
in graves, 282-4, 293;
offered to, 285

Weathercocks, on churches, 164

Weatherston, Mr J., on horseshoes, 426

Webb, Mr E. A., on Chislehurst grave, 77

Webb, Mr and Mrs S., on meetings held in churches, 140-2

“Weeping chancels,” 228;
theories concerning, 233-8

Wehner, H., on orientation, 227

Welbourn (Lincs.), 240

Well (Lincs.), 206, 207

Wellesbourne (Warwick), 272

Wellington (Somerset), 347

Wellington, Duke of, burial of his horse, 432

Well-worship, 92-7, 442, 482

Welsh courts, old, 64;
poem quoted, 301;
bards, 398;
laws, 398

Wendish settlements, 341;
burials, 429

Wendover (Bucks.), 104

Wenlock Priory (Salop), 95

Wessex, superstitions, 296-7

West, prayer towards, 217, 333;
symbolism of the, 217, 332-3;
in place-names, 339-40

West Beckham (Norfolk), 222

West Dean (Sussex), 177, 344, 455

Westermarck, Prof. E., on primitive religion, 281;
burial of suicides, 358, 359 n.

West Malling, 230

West Mersea (Essex), 7

Westmeston (Sussex), 384, 443

Westminster Abbey, Roman remains, 9;
size of, 134;
orientation of, 223;
deflected choir, 232;
Ben Jonson’s grave in, 266;
burial of Lord Palmerston in, 310

Westminster Gate House, 139

Weston, as place-name, 339

Weston-in-Gordano (Somerset), 155

Weston-under-Redcastle (Salop), 165

West Tarring (Sussex), 496

West Wycombe (Bucks.), 15

Wexford (Ireland), 271

Weybridge (Surrey), 344

Wharfedale (Yorks.), 444

Whatley (Somerset), Roman villa, 9;
sarsens near church, 41;
squint, 151;
burial on North side, 345

Wheat, at funerals, 318

Wheels, of fortune, 202-3;
chariot, in barrows, 430

Whitby (Yorks.), parish church, 127, 234;
oxen employed near, 453

Whitby Abbey, used as a beacon, 127;
alinement of, 230, 239;
double dedication, 233-5;
Pugin’s opinion concerning, 236;
oxen, 453

Whitchurch (Oxford), 344

White, Gilbert, burial on North side, 343, 348;
connection with Faringdon, 344;
Selborne churchyard, 354;
yew, 378;
“shelter theory,” 383

White, H. Kirke, quoted, 335

White horses, 433-4;
carvings of, 433-4

Whitemoorstone Down (Devon), 256

Whitepark Bay (Antrim), 418, 418 n.

White pebbles, in graves, 299

Whitestaunton (Somerset), 95, 97

Whitsun-ales, 177

Whittlebury (Northants.), 84

Wickes (Essex), 123

Wickham, East and West (Kent), 340

Widdicombe (Devon), 345

Widford (Glos.), 7

Wiggonholt (Sussex), 418

William the Conqueror, at Hastings, 57;
and punishment by hanging, 68

William Fitzstephen, on horse-races, 422;
London market, 457;
his _Life of Becket_, 477

William of Malmesbury, on Glastonbury, 23;
racehorses, 422

Wills, stored in churches, 170

Willy Howe (Yorks.), 66-7

Wilson, Prof. J., on British oxen, 477;
Park cattle, 478;
polled cattle, 479;
Celtic shorthorn, 480

Wilson, Sir D., on Gaelic, 49

Wiltshire, barrows of, 249, 250, 288, 305;
prehistoric monuments, 253;
burial custom, 313;
superstition, 334;
oxen, 453, 473;
discovery in barrow, 483

Winchester, cathedral, 9, 10;
Synod of, 140;
Statute of, 192

_Windr-_, in place-names, 341

Wingham (Kent), 8

Winkelbury (Wilts.), Saxon burials at, 250, 285;
yew grove, 403

_Winter-_, in place-names, 341

Winterbourne, place-name, 341

Winterton (Lincs.), 342

Wisdom of Solomon, quoted, 217-18

Witches, legends concerning, 103-4, 106, 438;
horseshoe charm, 157;
amber charms against, 301;
and churchyard yew, 396;
Bede’s injunction, 397;
kept away by fox’s skull, 443

Wodin (see under Odin)

Woldingham (Surrey), 355, 356

Wolstan, monk of Winchester, 211

Wolves, teeth of, 301-2, 310

Woodbury Hill (Dorset), 193

Woodchester (Glos.), 8

Woodcuts (Dorset), 302, 403, 424

Woodcuts Common, 30

Wood-Martin, Mr W. G., on cromlechs in churchyards, 49, 86;
holy wells, 93;
Irish graves, 299;
the deiseal, 330

Woodnesborough (Kent), 74

Woodward, Dr H., on fossil teeth, 307

Woodyates (Dorset), 275;
horseshoes found at, 424

Wookey (Somerset), 382

Wool, stored in churches, 173;
in coffins, 313

Woollen, burial in, 271, 278-9

Woolwich and Reading Beds, 40

_Words and Places_, cited, 32

Wordsworth, W., quoted, 135, 209-10, 240-1, 355, 496

Worth (Sussex), 332

Worth Matravers (Dorset), 275

Wotjo (Australian station), 252

Wotton (Surrey), church porch, 153;
curious burial, 245

Wrabness (Essex), 123

Wrexham (Denbigh), 374

Wright, Mr A. G., on Alphamstone discoveries, 84, 85

Wright, Thomas, on Addington church, 45;
St Weonards mound, 56;
Roman inscriptions, 69;
grave-mounds, 83, 260;
yew found in cinerary urn, 399

Wroxeter (Salop), 7, 10

Wyatt, Mr J., on fossils used as beads, 307

Wyclif’s Bible, 71

Wylie, W. M., on Fairford graves, 288-9

Wyre Piddle (Worcester), 78-9

Xenophon, cited, 70

Yarnborough, or Yarnbury Camp (Wilts.), 193

Yateley (Hants.), 344

Yesso (Japan), 247

Yew, at St Weonards, 56;
Taplow, 81;
the churchyard, 160, 328, 348, 353, 360-407, 490-1;
botanical description, 360-1;
Irish variety, 361, 406;
indigenous tree, 361;
whether poisonous, 361-2, 385, 395;
origin of word, 362-3;
De Candolle on, 364-6, 368;
methods of estimating age, 364-74;
theory of annual rings, 366-8;
on Pilgrims’ Way, 374-5;
Fortingal, 375-6, 379, 403;
Brabourne, 376;
Hensor, 376;
Darley Dale, 376;
Kersal, 377;
Fountains Abbey, 377;
Watcombe, 377;
miscellaneous specimens, 377-8;
why planted in churchyards, 380-98, 407;
use on Palm Sunday, 380-2;
“Yew Cross,” 382;
symbolism theory, 382-3;
protection theory, 383-4;
why enclosed, 385;
bow theory, 385-94;
foreign yew formerly imported, 390-2;
in Irish folk-lore, 395, 401-2;
in witchcraft, 396-7;
in symbolism, 398, 400-1;
in magic, 399, 401-2;
vessels and implements made of, 402;
fossil condition, 403;
and open-air courts, 404;
position in churchyards, 404-6;
conclusions respecting, 406-7

Yggdrasil, magic tree of the Eddas, 328, 334

Yoke, used for oxen, 461-2;
description of, 462

York Fabric Rolls, quoted, 173

York, Minster Yard, 165;
cathedral, 170;
St Michael’s-le-Belfry, 191;
alinement of cathedral, 230, 232;
St Mary’s, 230;
ancient will referred to, 471

Yorkshire, holy wells of, 92, 97;
councils in churches and churchyards, 140;
dancing in churches, 185;
barrows, 249, 261-2, 276, 307, 417;
teeth superstition, 322;
churchyard trees, 406;
use of ox in, 452-3, 458, 465

Youatt, W., on horseshoes, 427;
on horse-sandals, 428;
ox-team, 461, 465;
ox-races, 467;
shoeing oxen, 473;
on the trevis, 474

Youens, Mr E. C., and horseshoe, 425-6

Youghal (Cork), 448

Young, Arthur, on use of ox in Yorkshire, 452;
Essex farmers, 454;
ox-collars, 461;
ox-labour, 467

“Young Men’s Wardens,” 175

Yspytty Kenwyn (Cardigan), 48

Yule-tide, 27

Zaborowski, M., on drawings of cave-horse, 414

Zodiac, and Gorsedd circles, 256

Zoological Gardens (London), 413, 478

Zoomorphic stones, ornament, 434

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] E. B. Tylor, in the preface to the second edition of _Primitive Culture_, 1873.

[2] T. Hodgkin, _Hist. of Eng._ (Vol. I. of _Polit. Hist. of Eng._, ed. W. Hunt and R. L. Poole), p. 76; E. Conybeare, _Roman Britain_, 1903, p. 258.

[3] R. Camber-Williams, in _Social England_, ed. H. D. Traill, 1894, I. p. 37, and F. T. Richards, same volume, p. 29.

[4] T. Hodgkin, _op. cit._ p. 76; Conybeare, _op. cit._ p. 259. Cf. W. E. Addis, _Christianity and the Roman Empire_, 1893, p. 48.

[5] Conybeare, _op. cit._ p. 259; O. M. Dalton, _Guide to the Early Christian and Byzantine Antiquities_ (Brit. Mus.), 1903, p. 3, and many other writers.

[6] See Conybeare, _op. cit._ p. 267, and his authorities.

[7] O. M. Dalton, _op. cit._ p. 2.

[8] Bede, _Eccles. Hist._, L. i. c. 7; _Vict. Hist. of Herts._, 1908, II. p. 483; F. Bond, _English Cathedrals_, 1899, pp. 208-9.

[9] C. Roach Smith, _Collectanea Antiqua_, 1861, v. p. 199, and art. in _Archaeologia_, XXIX. pp. 217-26. Some of the examples, along with others, are considered by J. R. Allen, _Monumental Hist. of the Early Brit. Church_, 1899, pp. 12-19, 20-31.

[10] _Proc. Geol. Assoc._ XXIII. p. 464.

[11] G. Maynard, in _Memorials of Old Essex_, ed. A. Clifton Kelway, 1908, p. 32. The list was compiled from R. Miller Christy’s _Durrant’s Guide to Essex_, 1887, _passim_.

[12] _Athenaeum_, 1889, p. 314. Examples from other districts will be found recorded in the _Victoria Histories_ for the respective counties.

[13] G. Baldwin Brown, _The Arts in Early England_, 1903, I. p. 270.

[14] O. M. Dalton, _op. cit._ pp. 3-4.

[15] J. Romilly Allen, _op. cit._ pp. 29-31, 40-1.

[16] J. C. Cox and A. Harvey, _Eng. Church Furniture_, 1907, p. 167. Cf. F. J. Haverfield and M. V. Taylor in _Vict. Hist. of Salop._, 1908, I. pp. 228, 238. The church at West Mersea has a double dedication (St Peter and St Paul); this fact is believed by some to indicate an early foundation.

[17] J. C. Cox and A. Harvey, _loc. cit._

[18] Murray, _Handbook for Oxfordshire_, 1894, pp. 195-6; A. H. Allcroft, _Earthwork of England_, 1908, p. 345 n.

[19] F. Seebohm, _Eng. Vill. Community_, 1896, p. 431 (map given).

[20] Seebohm, _loc. cit._

[21] _Vict. Hist. of Herts._, 1908, II. p. 119.

[22] Seebohm, _op. cit._ p. 433.

[23] _Ibid._ p. 436. Cf. Murray, _Handbook for Gloucestershire_, 1895, p. 10.

[24] F. Bond, _Eng. Cathedrals_, p. 235. The Westminster discovery is recorded by Mr Bond in _Westminster Abbey_, 1909, p. 3.

[25] _Collectanea Antiqua_, 1861, v. p. 199.

[26] A. H. Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 346 n. For other Sussex examples, see _Vict. Hist. of Sussex_, 1907, II. p. 333.

[27] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., x. p. 11. Cf. G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ II. p. 336.

[28] Murray, _Handbook for Devon_, 1895, p. 22.

[29] The discoveries now include a tessellated pavement, pottery, and a Roman lamp (_Antiquary_, 1911, N.S., VII. p. 162).

[30] W. Johnson, _Folk-Memory_, 1908, p. 88, et seqq.

[31] Conybeare, _op. cit._ pp. 265-6.

[32] _Essex Naturalist_, 1890, IV. p. 155.

[33] W. Harrod, _Norfolk Archaeology_, 1859, V. pp. 146-160 (plates and illustrations given); A. Suckling, _Hist. and Antiq. of Suffolk_, 1846, I. pp. 323-324; G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. p. 270; M. Stokes, _Three Months in the Forests of France_, 1895, pp. xxxii, 158-62; A. H. Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 344 n.

[34] C. Roach Smith, _Collect. Antiq._, V. p. 200.

[35] F. J. Haverfield, in _Vict. Hist. of Norfolk_, 1901, I. p. 290. The whole series of Prof. Haverfield’s contributions to the _Victoria Histories_ will repay study. See also his valuable paper, _The Romanization of Roman Britain_, 1905, p. 33 (reprinted from the _Proc. Brit. Academy_, II.).

[36] Haverfield, in _Vict. Hist. of Norfolk_, I. pp. 314-5.

[37] _Vict. Hist. of Rutland_, 1908, I. p. 37; _Notes and Queries_, 3rd Ser., V. p. 173.

[38] _Vict. Hist. of Rutland_, 1908, I. p. 89; _Notes and Queries_, _loc. cit._

[39] _Notes and Queries_, 3rd Ser., V. p. 173.

[40] _Ibid._ 3rd Ser., VI. p. 37.

[41] _Naturalist_, XI. 1886, p. 27.

[42] _Vict. Hist. of Durham_, I. pp. 221, 350.

[43] _Ibid._ I. p. 350.

[44] _Notes and Queries_, 3rd Ser., IX. p. 332.

[45] W. Roy, _Milit. Antiquities_, 1793, p. 133.

[46] Murray, _Handbook for Sussex_, 5th edition, 1893, p. 46.

[47] Haverfield, in _Vict. Hist. of Hants._, I. p. 329.

[48] Allcroft, _op. cit._ pp. 564, 566; C. Warne, _Ancient Dorset_, 1872, pp. 101-105; _Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. Soc._ XVII. 1896, pp. 138, 140; _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., IX. p. 77.

[49] Murray, _Handbook for Gloucestershire_, 1895, p. 11.

[50] J. B. Cornish, in _Vict. Hist. of Cornwall_, I. p. 458.

[51] _Ibid._ I. p. 462.

[52] _Vict. Hist. of Sussex_, 1905, I. p. 479. (Most of the earthworks, cited from the _Vict. Histories_, are illustrated, in those volumes, by plans.)

[53] _Vict. Hist. of Berks._, I. p. 266.

[54] _Vict. Hist. of Kent_, 1908, _I._ p. 394.

[55] _Ibid._ I. p. 397.

[56] Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 134 n.; G. Clinch, in _Vict. Hist. of Bucks._, 1908, II. pp. 22-24.

[57] Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 134 n.; _Vict. Hist. of Bucks._, II. p. 26.

[58] J. C. Cox, in _Vict. Hist. of Derbyshire_, 1905, I. p. 372.

[59] _Ibid._ I. p. 374.

[60] Allcroft, _op. cit._ pp. 548-9.

[61] _Ibid._ p. 344 n.

[62] _Folk-Memory_, pp. 70-1.

[63] Seebohm, _op. cit._ p. 436.

[64] Dalton, _op. cit._ p. 3; G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ II. pp. 3, 122; H. M. Scarth, _Rom. Brit._, n.d., p. 213 n.; M. H. Bloxam, _Gothic Eccles. Architecture_, 1849, pp. 41-2.

[65] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. p. 279, II. pp. 118-9, 340; Dalton, _op. cit._ p. 3. Cf. _Collectanea Antiqua_, V. p. 167.

[66] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. pp. 270-3, II. p. 341; Dalton, _op. cit._ p. 3.

[67] A. P. Stanley, _Hist. Memorials of Canterbury_, 1875, p. 37.

[68] Bede, _Eccles. Hist._, L. i. cc. 26, 33.

[69] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ II. pp. 119, 294, 337; Bloxam, _op. cit._ p. 33; Dalton, _op. cit._ p. 3.

[70] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ II. pp. 122, 294, 337.

[71] _Vict. Hist. of Lancashire_, II. pp. 6, 553.

[72] B. Williams, in _Social Eng._ I. 1894, p. 36; Conybeare, _op. cit._ p. 265.

[73] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ II. p. 339.

[74] _Ibid._ II. pp. 260-3, 294.

[75] See discussion in _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., II. pp. 101, 158, 277, 429; III. pp. 11, 110, 275, 322, 374. Cf. _Archaeologia_, LIII. pp. 564-8.

[76] F. J. Haverfield, in _Vict. Hist. of Hants._, I. p. 284.

[77] G. E. Fox and W. St John Hope, in _Vict. Hist. of Hants._, I. p. 364. See also _Archaeologia_, LIII. pp. 564-8; G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. pp. 145-6, II. p. 11; F. Bond, _Gothic Archit. in England_, pp. 195, 215, 223; O. M. Dalton, _op. cit._ p. 3.

[78] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ II. pp. 125, 293.

[79] _Ibid._ I. p. 271.

[80] G. E. Fox and W. St John Hope, in _Vict. Hist. of Hants._, I. p. 364.

[81] _Ibid._, _loc. cit._

[82] A. Harnack, _Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries_, tr. J. Moffatt, 1905, I. pp. 391-97; O. M. Dalton, _op. cit._ p. 28. Cf. W. E. Addis, _Christianity and the Roman Empire_, 1893, pp. 17, 18, 185-90.

[83] Sir G. L. Gomme, _Folk-Lore as an Historical Science_, 1908, p. 321.

[84] G. S. Tyack, _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, 1899, p. 11; Conybeare, _op. cit._ p. 266.

[85] Bede, _Eccles. Hist._, L. i. c. 30.

[86] Bede, _op. cit._ L. i. c. 26. See also A. J. Giles’s edition, 1887, p. 29.

[87] J. Grimm, _Teutonic Mythology_, tr. from the 4th edition by J. G. Stallybrass, 1882, I. pp. 43, 86-7 (and generally, chaps, iv. and vi.), IV. p. 1313. [I quote Stallybrass’s translation throughout. It should be noted that the volumes are variously dated: I. 1882; II. and III. 1883; IV. 1888 (W. J.).] Cf. B. Thorpe, _Northern Mythology_, 1851, I. pp. 268-9.

[88] J. M. Robertson, _Christianity and Mythology_, 1900, p. 36 et passim; Canon E. L. Hicks, in _The Roman Fort at Manchester_, ed. F. A. Bruton, 1909, pp. 44-5; Sir J. Norman Lockyer, _Stonehenge_, 1906, pp. 178-88.

[89] _Jour. Amer. Folk-Lore_, XXII., 1909, pp. 144 et seqq.

[90] _Folk-Lore as an Hist. Science_, p. 329.

[91] Thorpe, _op. cit._ I. pp. 268-9. Cf. J. B. Bury, _Life of St Patrick_, 1905, pp. 107-8; W. G. Wood-Martin, _Traces of the Elder Faiths of Ireland_, 1902, I. pp. 140-1; M. Stokes, _Early Christian Architect. in Ireland_, 1878, pp. 92, 96; _Antiquary_, 1910, n.s. VI. pp. 184-8.

[92] _Jour. Amer. Folk-Lore_, ut supra. Cf. E. Dale, _National Life and Character in the Mirror of Eng. Literature_, 1907, pp. 61-75.

[93] W. Henderson, _Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties_, 1879, p. 3. See also L. Friedlander, _Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire_, tr. J. H. Freese, 1900, III. pp. 120-22, 210-14, for the struggle between Christianity and Paganism in Rome.

[94] F. Kauffmann, _Northern Mythology_, tr. M. S. Smith, 1903, p. 8. Cf. O. Montelius, _Civilization of Sweden in Heathen Times_, tr. F. H. Woods, 1888, p. 200.

[95] _Reliquary_, XIV. 1908, pp. 273-4.

[96] Thorpe, _op. cit._ II. pp. 221-5.

[97] C. F. Gordon-Cumming, _In the Hebrides_, 1883, p. 240. Cf. C. Warne, _Ancient Dorset_, p. 104, where it is asserted that the cathedral of Le Mans is built on the site of a stone-circle.

[98] Johannes Schefferus, _Lapponia, id est, Regionis Lapponum_, 1673, passim. An English edition by T. Newborough appeared in 1704.

[99] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. p. 271.

[100] A. L. Pitt-Rivers, _Excav. in Cranborne Chase_, I. 1887, pp. 23-5.

[101] A. H. Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 592.

[102] Pitt-Rivers, _op. cit._ I. pp. 23-25. Cf. _Archaeol. Jour._ VI. pp. 17-18, 19-24.

[103] A. H. Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 593 n. Cf. Haverfield, in _Vict. Hist. of Northampton_, I. p. 193, and, for Welsh evidence, _Cambrian Journal_, 1858, 2nd Ser., I. pp. 204-5; Sir R. Colt Hoare, _Anc. Hist. of North Wilts._, 1819, p. 42.

[104] _Antiquary_, n.s. I. 1905, pp. 133-8.

[105] R. Ashington Bullen, _Harlyn Bay_, 1902, pp. 69-70.

[106] I. Taylor, _Names and their Histories_, 1896, p. 390. Cf. 1898 edition, p. 136, also his _Words and Places_, ed. A. Smythe Palmer, 1909, p. 237. For _kil_, see _New Oxford Dict._, s.v. For _llan_, see _Words and Places_, 1909, p. 328; _Cambrian Jour._, 1857, 1st Ser., IV. p. 101; 1858, 2nd Ser., I. p. 204; _Archaeologia Cambrensis_, 1850, 2nd Ser., I. p. 17.

[107] _Folk-Memory_, 1908, p. 139 et seqq.

[108] Sir G. L. Gomme, _Prim. Folk-Moots_, pp. 108-9, 129-30, 192, 227-33; H. N. Hutchinson, _Prehist. Man and Beast_, 1896, p. 258; R. W. Eyton, _A Key to Domesday_, 1878, p. 143. Cf. T. Cato Worsfold, _The French Stonehenge_, n.d. p. 40. Some curious information, to be read critically, will be found in W. Charleton’s _Chorea Gigantum, or Stone-Heng restored to the Danes_, 1663, pp. 42-50.

[109] _Folk-Memory_, pp. 144-5, 336.

[110] The stone is fully described by C. Warne, _Anc. Dorset_, 1872, pp. 137-9.

[111] Bede, _Eccles. Hist._ L. iii. c. 7.

[112] A. G. Langdon, _Old Cornish Crosses_, 1896, passim; W. Crossing, _Anc. Stone Crosses of Dartmoor_, 1887, passim.

[113] See F. W. Harmer, in _Geology in the Field_, ed. H. W. Monckton and R. S. Herries, 1901, Pt i. pp. 110-113.

[114] _Vict. Hist. of Cornwall_, I. pp. 407, 415, etc.

[115] _Ibid._

[116] Z. de Rouzic, _Les Monuments Mégalithiques_, 1901, pp. 29-30, 34; T. Cato Worsfold, _The French Stonehenge_, n.d., pp. 15-16; G. Allen, _Evol. of the Idea of God_, 1903, p. 147.

[117] _Folk-Memory_, pp. 133-6, and authorities quoted. This view is also taken by J. Romilly Allen in _Celtic Art in Pagan and Christian Times_, 1905, p. 186. Cf. A. G. Langdon, _op. cit._ pp. 4-7; W. Henderson, _Folk-Lore of Northern Counties_, 1879, p. 3, notices several Scottish examples.

[118] _Antiquary_, n.s. VI. 1910, pp. 21-26, illustration given.

[119] A description of the ruins will be found in _Harlyn Bay_, pp. 69-70; _Vict. Hist. of Kent_, 1908, I. p. 320; _South-Eastern Naturalist_, 1904, p. 32. For discussion of the word “sarsen” see _Folk-Memory_, pp. 260-2.

[120] _South-Eastern Naturalist_, _loc. cit._ See also A. E. Salter, in _Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc._ 1911, XIV. pp. 135-142.

[121] _Proc. Geol. Assoc._, 1906, XIX. p. 317.

[122] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., VIII. p. 365. Cf. 8th Ser., VII. p. 485; VIII. p. 431; and Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, L. xxvi. c. 29; L. xxix. c. 13.

[123] _Antiquary_, N.S. II., 1906, p. 120.

[124] _Harlyn Bay_, pp. 69-71.

[125] _Vict. Hist. of Cornwall_, 1906, I. p. 379.

[126] _Vict. Hist. of Yorkshire_, 1907, I. p. 369; _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, pp. 24-5; P. Royston, _Rudstone, a sketch of its History and Antiquities_, 1873, pp. 43-83.

[127] _Harlyn Bay_, p. 70.

[128] _S.-E. Naturalist_, 1909, p. 28, and Plate xx.

[129] G. E. Jeans (editor), Murray’s _Handbook for Isle of Wight_, 5th edition, 1898, p. 51.

[130] G. E. Jeans, _loc. cit._

[131] _S.-E. Naturalist_, 1909, p. 28; _Antiquary_, N.S., 1906, II. p. 80.

[132] H. Belloc, _The Old Road_, 1904, p. 64.

[133] _S.-E. Naturalist_, 1904, p. 32.

[134] Murray, _Handbook for Kent_, 5th edition, 1892, pp. 207-8; _Archaeologia Cantiana_, 1880, XIII. pp. 14, 16 (and plate); _Vict. Hist. of Kent_, 1908, I. p. 319; F. J. Bennett, _Ightham, the Story of a Kentish Village_, 1907, pp. 47-8.

[135] W. Boyd Dawkins, in _Vict. Hist. of Somerset_, 1906, I. p. 191; C. W. Dymond, _Guide to Stanton Drew_, 1896, p. 11 et seqq.; Sir J. Norman Lockyer, _Stonehenge and other British Monuments_, 1906, pp. 166-77.

[136] _Vict. Hist. of Cornwall_, I. p. 399.

[137] Sir J. Norman Lockyer, _op. cit._ p. 219.

[138] _Ibid._, _op. cit._ pp. 217-20.

[139] _Cambrian Jour._, 1858, 2nd Ser., I. p. 205.

[140] C. Cordiner, _Antiquities and Scenery of the North of Scotland_, 1780, p. 34; W. G. Wood-Martin, _Pagan Ireland_, 1895, p. 590.

[141] Sir D. Wilson, _Archaeology and Prehist. Annals of Scotland_, 1851, p. 10. See also T. Pennant, _Tour in Scotland_, 3rd edition, 1774, I. p. 274: chapter by Rev. Mr Shaw; C. Cordiner, _op. cit._ p. 34. Mr P. McIntyre informs me that, in conversation, _clachan_ is employed, and, in that case, the question should be written, _Am beil thu dol d’an clachan?_ The phrase is also given, with slight variations, by Lockyer, _op. cit._ pp. 219-20, and by H. N. Hutchinson, _op. cit._ p. 258 (Chap. XI., generally, of this book is worthy of study).

[142] G. E. Jeans, _op. cit._ p. 4. Cf. J. W. Hill, _Historical Directory of the I. of Wight_, 2nd edition, 1879, p. 130.

[143] W. G. Collingwood, in _Vict. Hist. of Cumberland_, 1901, I. p. 265. See also _Archaeologia_, 1773, II. pp. 48-53, where the tomb is said to be either British or Danish; _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._, N.S. XIV., 1908, p. 205.

[144] A. H. Allcroft, _Earthwork of England_, p. 403 n.

[145] J. H. Round, in _Quarterly Review_, CLXXIX., 1894, pp. 27-57; E. S. Armitage, in _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._ XXXIV., 1900, pp. 260-88: also a good summary by this writer in _Introd. to Eng. Antiquities_, 1903, pp. 119-124.

[146] G. T. Clark, _Mediaeval Military Architecture_, 1884, 2 vols., passim; I. Chalkley Gould, in _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., VI. p. 134. Cf. Paper by this writer in _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._, 1907, N.S., XIII. pp. 51-64.

[147] E. S. Armitage, _Introd. to Eng. Antiq._, p. 120; _New Oxford Dict._ under “Borough.”

[148] W. Gardner, in _Vict. Hist. of Warwick_, 1904, I. pp. 352-3; R. A. Smith, in _Vict. Hist. of Northampton_, 1902, I. p. 256; T. Davies Pryce, in _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._, N.S., XII. 1906, pp. 231-68.

[149] J. H. Round, in _Quarterly Review_, _loc. cit._, and in _Commune of London_, 1899, pp. 52-4: also in _Archaeologia_, LVIII. pp. 312-40; E. S. Armitage, _loc. cit._; W. H. St John Hope, in _Archaeol. Jour._ LXX. pp. 72-90; G. Neilson, _Scottish Review_, LIV. 1898, pp. 209-38; A. H. Allcroft, _op. cit._, Chap. xiii.

[150] I. C. Gould, in _Vict. Hist. of Herefordshire_, 1908, I. p. 230.

[151] _Archaeol. Cambrensis_, 3rd Ser., I. 1855, pp. 168-174; _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., VI. p. 77.

[152] _Vict. Hist. of Herefordshire_, I. p. 231.

[153] _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., VI. p. 77.

[154] _Vict. Hist. of Lancashire_, 1908, II. pp. 533-6.

[155] _Ibid._ II. pp. 521-2.

[156] _Ibid._ II. pp. 539-43.

[157] _Archaeologia_, LVIII. p. 333.

[158] Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 452.

[159] D. H. Montgomerie, in _Vict. Hist. of Herts._, 1908, II. pp. 117-8. In this connection see E. L. Cutts, _Parish Priests and their People in the Middle Ages in England_, 1898, Chap. xxvii. The manor-house long continued to have its chapel or oratory. See N. J. Hone, _The Manor and Manorial Records_, 1906, pp. 32-7. The private chaplain was a well-known personage in Addison’s time.

[160] _Archaeologia_, LVIII. p. 333.

[161] G. Baldwin Brown, _Arts in Early England_, II. p. 340. Cf. I. p. 274.

[162] _Vict. Hist. of Lancashire_, II. pp. 529-30.

[163] _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., VI. p. 11.

[164] Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 548 n.

[165] F. Seebohm, _Village Community_, p. 434. Cf. A. R. Goddard, in _Vict. Hist. of Bedford_, 1904, I. pp. 296-7.

[166] Seebohm, _loc. cit._

[167] _Vict. Hist. of Hertford_, II. pp. 117-8.

[168] R. A. Smith, in _Vict. Hist. of Northampton_, I. p. 256. Cf. II. p. 408.

[169] R. A. Smith, _op. cit._ I. p. 256; _Proc. Soc. Antiq._, VII. p. 316-21.

[170] _Vict. Hist. of Northampton_, II. p. 405.

[171] _Ibid._ I. p. 256.

[172] _Vict. Hist. of Kent_, 1908, I. p. 407.

[173] _Ibid._ I. pp. 208, 363.

[174] _Surrey Archaeol. Coll._, XII. p. 162.

[175] _Surrey Archaeol. Coll._, XII. pp. 155, 162; _Vict. Hist. of Surrey_, I. p. 250; J. C. Cox, _Rambles in Surrey_, 1910, pp. 126-7.

[176] _Vict. Hist. of Hereford_, I. p. 240; _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., VI. p. 171.

[177] _New Oxford Dict._ under “Moot.”

[178] Sir G. L. Gomme, _Prim. Folk-Moots_, 1880, Chap. ii. Cf. Seebohm, _op. cit._ p. 434.

[179] Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 542.

[180] Sir G. L. Gomme, _op. cit._ pp. 62, 105, 106, 112, 215, etc.; R. W. Eyton, _A Key to Domesday_, 1878, p. 143.

[181] Addy, _Evol. of the Eng. House_, 1898, pp. 197-8.

[182] _Archaeologia_, XXII. p. 200 Cf. S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 178 (and authorities given).

[183] _Archaeologia_, _loc. cit._ Cf. _Archaeol. Jour._, I. p. 154.

[184] _Ibid._

[185] F. Kauffmann, _Northern Mythology_, pp. 22-3. Cf. P. H. Mallet, _Northern Antiquities_, tr. Bishop Percy, 1847, p. 291 (Iceland evidence).

[186] See instances given in _Jour. Brit. Arch. Assoc._, N.S. XIV., 1908, p. 208.

[187] _Trans. E. Riding Antiq. Soc._, 1895, III. pp. 13-14; J. R. Mortimer. _Forty Years’ Researches_, 1905, pp. 23-4, 26-7.

[188] _Forty Years’ Researches_, p. 23 n.

[189] _Ibid._ p. 295. Moot-hills are also referred to on pp. lxxxv, 25-26, 261, 264, 294.

[190] Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 523.

[191] _Forty Years’ Researches_, pp. 36, 388, 390.

[192] _Ibid._ pp. 388-94.

[193] _Ibid._ p. 388.

[194] Sir G. L. Gomme, _Prim. Folk-Moots_, 1880, p. 86.

[195] _Forty Years’ Researches_, p. 396.

[196] _New Oxford Dict._, under “Gallows” and “Gallows-tree.” Cf. _The Anglo-Saxon Poems of Beowulf_, ed. B. Thorpe, 1889, p. 257; Sir E. F. Du Cane, _The Punishment and Prevention of Crime_, 1885, pp. 10-11; Sir J. Fitzstephen Stephen, _Hist. of the Criminal Law of England_, 1883, I. pp. 59, 458. Cf. P. Vinogradoff, _Villainage in England_, 1892, p. 170, with regard to the expression _terra ad furcam et flagellum_. This expression is declared to have no connection with the lord’s power to punish by gallows and whip, but to refer to base holdings, occupied by tenants who work with pitchfork and flail. See also letters from Prof. W. W. Skeat and others in _Notes and Queries_, 11th Ser., I. p. 458; _Ency. Brit._, 11th edition, under “Gallows.”

[197] _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._, 1884, L. p. 70; _Folk-Memory_, p. 166; T. Wright, _Hist. of Ludlow_, pp. 13-14, also his _The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon_, 1861, p. 326.

[198] _Nineteenth Century_, 1887, p. 57.

[199] Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 540. In this connection see W. Greenwell, _British Barrows_, 1877, p. 28 n.

[200] _New Oxford Dict._ under “Toot”; Skeat, _Etymol. Dict._ under “Tout”; J. Tait, in _Class. Assoc, of Eng. and Wales_; _Ann. Rept._, Supplementary Vol. II., 1909, pp. 1-3; _Home Counties Magazine_, IX. p. 315, X. pp. 75-7.

[201] Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 421 n.

[202] Sir J. Rhŷs, _Celtic Folklore, Welsh and Manx_, 1891, I. p. 311. See also J. G. Kohl, _Ireland_, 1843, pp. 17-18.

[203] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 153. Cf. _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._, 1873, XXIX. pp. 264-5, describing a “Toot Hill,” which proved to be a barrow; cf. _Vict. Hist, of Stafford_, 1908, I. p. 377. Further evidence is given in _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._, 1906, N.S. XII. pp. 249-54.

[204] _Jour. Anthrop. Inst._, 1890, XX. p. 9.

[205] F. J. Bennett, Sketch _Hist. of Marlborough in Neolithic Times_, 1891, p. 11.

[206] _Vict. Hist. of Oxford_, 1907, II. 346.

[207] _Vict. Hist. of Durham_, 1905, I. pp. 208, 363.

[208] _Vict. Hist. of Warwick_, 1904, I. pp. 353. 360-1.

[209] Cf. E. A. Webb, G. W. Miller, and J. Beckwith, _History of Chislehurst_, 1899, pp. 49, 52, 261.

[210] _Antiquary_, 2nd Ser., II. pp. 120, 160.

[211] _Ibid._

[212] _Ibid._ Cf. _Vict. Hist. of Cornwall_, I. p. 360.

[213] _Vict. Hist. of Cornwall_, I. pp. 369-70.

[214] _Repts. Associated Architect. Societies_, 1888, XIX. pp. 427-8; G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. p. 263.

[215] _Nature Notes_ (Selborne Soc.), 1907, XVIII. p. 223.

[216] A. and C. Black, _Guide to N. Wales_, 1900, p. 45.

[217] _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._, 1857, XIII. p. 313; R. A. Smith, in _Vict. Hist. of Kent_, I. p. 385.

[218] _Archaeologia_, 1787, VIII. p. 449; _Vict. Hist. of Kent_, I. p. 385.

[219] Two stone axes have recently been discovered in Seale churchyard, Surrey (_S.-E. Naturalist_, 1910, p. xxxvii).

[220] _Archaeol. Jour._, 1846, III. pp. 105-15; D. Rock, _Church of Our Fathers_, ed. G. W. Hart and W. H. Frere, 1903, II. pp. 262.

[221] R. A. Smith, in _Vict. Hist. of Buckingham_, 1905, I. p. 199.

[222] J. Stevens, in _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._, 1884, XI. p. 62.

[223] R. A. Smith, _op. cit._ I. p. 200.

[224] _Ibid._; J. Stevens, _op. cit._ p. 63.

[225] J. Stevens, _op. cit._ p. 63.

[226] R. A. Smith, _op. cit._ I. p. 200.

[227] In addition to the references given, these may be noted: _Proc. Soc. Antiq._ X. pp. 19-20; _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._, XXXIX. pp. 431-33, XL. pp. 61-71; _Antiquary_, 2nd Ser., II. p. 80; P. H. Ditchfield, _Our English Villages_, 1889, p. 23.

[228] T. Wright, _Hist. of Ludlow_, 1852, pp. 13-14. The mound near Eccleston church, Cheshire, seems to be a barrow (W. Shone, _Prehist. Man in Cheshire_, 1911, pp. 55-6).

[229] _Nineteenth Century_, 1887, pp. 40-59.

[230] R. A. Smith, _Vict. Hist. of Hertfordshire_, 1902, I. p. 257.

[231] _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._, N.S. III. p. 205. The whole question is thoroughly discussed by R. A. Smith in _Vict. Hist. of London_, 1909, I. pp. 124-5.

[232] J. De Baye, _Indus. Arts of the Anglo-Saxons_, trans. T. R. Harbottle, 1893, p. 125.

[233] _Vict. Hist. of Buckinghamshire_, I. p. 198; De Baye, _loc. cit._; J. Y. Akerman, _Remains of Saxon Pagandom_, 1853, p. xx.

[234] _Vict. Hist. of Bucks_, _loc. cit._; _Archaeologia_, XXXV. pp. 379-82.

[235] _Vict. Hist. of Northampton_, I. p. 215. The Norman church of Fordington, Dorchester (Dorset), was also built over a Roman cemetery.

[236] W. G. Wood-Martin, _Traces of the Elder Faiths of Ireland_, 1902, II. p. 313. Cf. _Pagan Ireland_, p. 590 et seqq.

[237] _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._, 1908, N.S. XIV. pp. 206-8. The cross is illustrated and discussed in _Vict. Hist. of Cumberland_, 1901, I. pp. 254-7; J. Nicolson and R. Burn, _Hist. and Antiquities of Westmorland and Cumberland_, 1777, II. pp. 478-9; W. Hutchinson, _Hist. of Cumberland_, 1794, I. p. 80 et seqq.

[238] T. W. Shore, _Archaeol. Remains of Streatham, Balham and Tooting_, 1903, p. 20. In connection with entrenched woodlands, notice Caesar, _De Bell. Gall._, V.C. 21, ‘_Oppidum autem Britanni vocant, cum silvas impeditas vallo atque fossa munierunt_’ (when the Britons have fortified a tangled woodland with rampart and ditch, they call it a town).

[239] T. H. Huxley, _Elem. Physiology_, 1885, p. 365.

[240] Chambers’s _Encyclopaedia_, Art. “Bone.”

[241] P. Kalm, _Acct. of his visits to England_ (1748), trans. J. Lucas, 1892, p. 42; W. Cobbett, _Rural Rides_, ed. Pitt Cobbett, 1886, II. p. 15. Cf. _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., II. p. 126.

[242] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., III. pp. 456-8, IV. p. 72.

[243] W. G. Wood-Martin, _op. cit._ II. p. 47, and generally pp. 46-115; also his _Pagan Ireland_, pp. 157-164, and especially p. 160; J. Bonwick, _Irish Druids and Old Irish Religions_, 1894, pp. 240-1; W. Henderson, _Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties_, pp. 2-3.

[244] O. Montelius, _Civilization of Sweden in Heathen Times_, tr. F. H. Woods, 1888, p. 200 n.

[245] G. S. Tyack, _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, 1899, p. 15.

[246] _Ibid._

[247] Sir J. Rhŷs, _Celtic Folk-Lore_, 1901, I. pp. 363-4, 396-7.

[248] _Ibid._ pp. 397-400.

[249] A. L. Leach, _Guide to Tenby_, 1898, p. 66.

[250] G. S. Tyack, _op. cit._ p. 15.

[251] _Ibid._

[252] _Ibid._

[253] _Ibid._

[254] F. J. Haverfield, in _Vict. Hist. of Somerset_, 1906, I. p. 334.

[255] S. Baring-Gould, _A Book of the West_, 1899, II. pp. 39-40; R. C. Hope, _The Legendary Lore of the Holy Wells of England_, 1893, pp. 9-38.

[256] J. Sydenham, _Antient Colossal Figure at Cerne, Dorsetshire_, 1842, p. 9.

[257] _Jour. Anthrop. Inst._, 1890, XX. pp. 9, 15.

[258] J. Stow, _Survey of London_, ed. H. Morley, 1890, pp. 46-7; Stow’s authority is Fitzstephen. See also H. B. Woodward, _Geol. of the London District_ (Mem. Geol. Surv.), 1909, p. 120.

[259] G. S. Tyack, _loc. cit._

[260] In addition to the works already cited, these are useful: Sir G. L. Gomme, _Ethnology in Folk-Lore_, 1880, ch. iv. and table on p. 105; also his _Folk-Lore as an Historical Science_, 1908, pp. 163-4, 323, 326; W. S. Walsh, _Curiosities of Popular Customs_, 1898, pp. 987-90; _Folk-Lore_, _passim_, especially Vols. III. and IV.; Sir J. Rhŷs, _Celtic Folk-Lore_, I. pp. 332-5, 354-400. May-day customs are treated at some length by J. G. Frazer, _The Golden Bough_, 1890, I. pp. 72-86. R. C. Hope, _op. cit._, gives extensive lists for the English counties. Some curious facts will be found in J. Aubrey’s _Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme_, 1686-7, pp. iii, 34, 58 etc. Sir Norman Lockyer, _Stonehenge_, 1906, ch. xxi.; T. S. Knowlson, _Origins of Pop. Superstitions and Customs_, 1910, pp. 193-205.

[261] Rev. E. Owen, in _Antiquities and Curiosities of the Church_, ed. W. Andrews, 1897, pp. 229-35.

[262] _Ibid._, p. 230. Cf. Gomme, _Prim. Folk-Moots_, 1880, pp. 98-103.

[263] W. Borlase, _Observations on the Antiquities of Cornwall_, 1769, p. 117; J. Toland, _Hist. of the Druids_, 1726, p. 108; _Archaeologia Cambrensis_, 2nd Ser., 1850, I. p. 5.

[264] _Cambrian Journal_, 1856, II. p. 97; _Archaeologia Cambrensis_, 2nd Ser., 1850, I. p. 11; Allcroft, _op. cit._ pp. 594-5.

[265] E. Owen, _loc. cit._; G. S. Tyack, _op. cit._ pp. 12-13.

[266] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. p. 269.

[267] _Ibid._

[268] _Neolithic Man in N.E. Surrey_, pp. 108-9.

[269] D. MacRitchie, _The Testimony of Tradition_, 1890, pp. 85-6, cf. pp. 70-1.

[270] _Lore and Legend of the English Church_, p. 20.

[271] _Ibid._ pp. 21, 23. Cf. E. Clodd, _Tom Tit Tot_, 1898, pp. 47-9.

[272] _Lore and Legend_, &c. pp. 20, 23-4. Cf. A. Beckett, _The Spirit of the Downs_, 1909, pp. 261-2; _Folk-Lore_, 1909, XX. p. 315.

[273] _Folk-Memory_, pp. 280-4, 343.

[274] Murray, _Handbook to the Lakes_, 1889, p. 103. _Notes and Queries_, 3rd Ser., XI. p. 60.

[275] _Notes and Queries_, 3rd Ser., X. p. 49. _Lore and Legend of the English Church_, p. 49.

[276] J. H. Parker, _Glossary of Architecture_, 1850, under _Pile-Tower_.

[277] S. O. Addy, _Evolution of the Eng. House_, 1898, p. 169. A. H. Allcroft, _op. cit._ p. 529 n.

[278] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 172.

[279] _Notes and Queries_, 3rd Ser., XI. p. 160.

[280] T. Sheppard, _Hull Museum Publications_, No. 4, 1901, pp. 1-5.

[281] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ II. pp. 339, 341, 342.

[282] F. Bond, _Gothic Architecture in England_, p. 590.

[283] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. pp. 166-7, 305-6.

[284] _Ibid._, II. p. 56.

[285] Murray, _Handbook for Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire, and Huntingdonshire_, 1895, p. 147.

[286] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 169.

[287] _Notes and Queries_, 3rd Ser., X. p. 473.

[288] E. A. Freeman, in _Archaeol. Cambr._, 1850, N. S. I. p. 44. G. T. Clark, _Mediaeval Milit. Archit._, pp. 114, 117.

[289] E. A. Freeman, _loc. cit._, pp. 45-6.

[290] Quoted by A. L. Leach, _Guide to Tenby_, 1898, p. 69.

[291] Quoted by A. L. Leach, _loc. cit._ A good description of the church, from an artist’s point of view, is given by S. C. and A. M. Hall, in _Tenby_, 1860, pp. 86-93.

[292] _Archaeol. Cambr._, N. S. II. p. 168. Cf. p. 172.

[293] A. H. Allcroft, _Earthwork of England_, p. 529 n.

[294] G. S. Tyack, _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, p. 50.

[295] J. E. Thorold Rogers, _Six Centuries of Work and Wages_, 1889, p. 66.

[296] Eleanor Hull, _Early Christian Ireland_, 1905, p. 206.

[297] _Ibid._, pp. 206-7.

[298] _Ibid._, p. 108.

[299] _Ibid._, pp. 108-9, 200.

[300] A. C. Haddon, _Evolution in Art_, 1895, p. 90.

[301] E. Hull, _op. cit._ pp. 208, 213-4. Cf. p. 247.

[302] E. Hull, _op. cit._, _passim_, and esp. Chap. XX. M. Stokes, _Early Christian Architecture in Ireland_, 1878, Chaps. V. and VI., and pp. 137-141. S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ pp. 173-5.

[303] G. T. Clark, Letters reprinted in _Early Christian Architecture in Ireland_, pp. 137 et seqq.

[304] J. Romilly Allen, _Celtic Art in Pagan and Christian Times_, 1905, pp. 195-6. For detached towers, see _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., IX. pp. 169-70, 277; X. pp. 18, 356 and references there given.

[305] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 173.

[306] A. Jessopp, _Before the Great Pillage_, 1901, pp. 59-60. See also S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 172. _Eccles. Curiosities_, ed. W. Andrews, 1899, pp. 153-60.

[307] F. Bond, _English Cathedrals_, 1899, p. 217.

[308] _New Oxford Dict._, and Skeat’s _Etymol. Dict._ under _Belfry_.

[309] St Catherine’s Chapel, Abbotsbury Hill, Dorset, is even a better example of the beacon-chantry (Perpendicular).

[310] Murray, _Handbook for Kent and Sussex_, 1863, p. 17.

[311] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 170.

[312] _Antiquary_, 1896, XXXII. p. 350.

[313] F. Arnold-Forster, _Studies in Church Dedications_, 1899, II. p. 510.

[314] _Ibid._ II. p. 510 n. Cf. _Surrey Archaeol. Coll._ XV. pp. 158-9; XVI. p. 248. J. C. Cox, _Rambles in Surrey_, 1910, p. 213.

[315] F. Bond, _Westminster Abbey_, 1909, p. 33.

[316] _Ibid._ p. 28. Cf. Mandell Creighton, _Hist. Essays and Reviews_, ed. L. Creighton, 1903, p. 276.

[317] _Ibid._ p. 30.

[318] J. E. Thorold Rogers, _op. cit._ p. 66.

[319] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., XII. pp. 167, 269, 412.

[320] F. A. Inderwick, _The King’s Peace_, 1895, p. 20.

[321] Sir G. L. Gomme, _Prim. Folk-Moots_, 1880, p. 59.

[322] F. A. Inderwick, _op. cit._ p. 12. The various courts are briefly described on pp. 12-17. See also P. Vinogradoff, _Villainage in England_, 1892, pp. 354-96.

[323] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 181.

[324] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., XII. p. 32.

[325] S. and B. Webb, _English Local Government_, Book I.: _The Manor and the Borough_, 1908, I. p. 113 n.

[326] S. and B. Webb, _op. cit._ I. p. 375.

[327] T. Longley, before the Louth Antiq. and Nat. Hist. Soc., April 21, 1908.

[328] J. Fergusson, _Hist. of Architecture_, 3rd edition, 1873, II. p. 413.

[329] J. C. Jeaffreson, _A Book about the Clergy_, 2nd edition, 1870, I. p. 339.

[330] _Antiquary_, 1896, XXXII. p. 350.

[331] J. C. Jeaffreson, _op. cit._ I. pp. 339-40. See especially, for an account of the Worcester Consistory Court, _Reliquary_, 1892, N. S. VI. pp. 230-234.

[332] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 182.

[333] J. C. Jeaffreson, _op. cit._ I. p. 340.

[334] _Ibid._ I. p. 342.

[335] W. J. Loftie, _In and Out of London_, N. D., pp. 101-2.

[336] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 177.

[337] F. A. Inderwick, _op. cit._ p. 13.

[338] _Fabric Rolls of York Minster_ (Surtees Soc. XXXV. 1859), p. 256.

[339] J. C. Jeaffreson, _op. cit._ I. p. 341.

[340] _Prim. Folk-Moots_, pp. 53, 59, 115.

[341] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 181.

[342] S. and B. Webb, _op. cit._ I. p. 113, cf. pp. 13, 34.

[343] _Ibid._ I. p. 131.

[344] S. and B. Webb, _Eng. Local Govt._, Book 1.: _The Parish and the County_, 1906, pp. 37-40.

[345] _The Parish and the County_, I. pp. 37, 38 n.

[346] _Ibid._ I. pp. 37, 39.

[347] F. W. Maitland, in _Law Quarterly Review_, 1893, IX. p. 227.

[348] _The Parish and the County_, I. pp. 43 et seqq.

[349] _Notes and Queries_, 10th Ser., XII. p. 148.

[350] _Archaeologia Cantiana_, XIII. pp. 141-2.

[351] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 183.

[352] J. C. Cox and A. Harvey, _Eng. Church Furniture_, 1907, pp. 350, 353. _Notes and Queries_, 11th Ser., II. pp. 428-9, 513-4.

[353] _New Oxford Dict._, Skeat’s _Etymol. Dict._, under “Church.” Cf. _Century Dict._, which is in substantial agreement.

[354] _New Oxford Dict._, _loc. cit._

[355] G. Baldwin Brown, _The Arts in Early England_, 1903, I. pp. 251-2.

[356] S. O. Addy, _Evol. of the Eng. House_, p. 187.

[357] _Ibid._ pp. 182-3, 187.

[358] _Ibid._ pp. 173, 187. Cf. Sir G. L. Gomme, _Prim. Folk-Moots_, p. 157.

[359] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ pp. 191-6.

[360] _Ibid._ p. 186. Cf. G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. p. 324 n., II. p. 303.

[361] J. H. Parker, _Glossary of Architect._, 1850, under “Squint.” Cf. R. Sturgis, _Dict. of Architect. and Building_, 1901, under “Hagioscope” and “Squint”: B. and B. F. Fletcher, _Hist. of Architect._, 1905, p. 692.

[362] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ pp. 183-4.

[363] _The Inventories and Account Rolls ... of Jarrow and Monk-Wearmouth_ (Surtees Society, Vol. XXIX.), p. xxvi.

[364] _New Oxford Dict._ under “Basilica.”

[365] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. p. 298.

[366] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ pp. 185-6. J. Evelyn, _Diary_ (ed. W. Bray, 1818), “Chandos Classics” edition, N.D. p. 19; cf. p. ix. Dr J. C. Cox, in his _Rambles in Surrey_, 1910, p. 118, considers that the porch must have had an upper room in Evelyn’s day. G. S. Tyack, in _Eccles. Curiosities_, ed. W. Andrews, 1889, p. 27. _Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser., XI. pp. 366, 394, 472; XII. pp. 37, 277, 334. _Twelfth Night_, Act III. Sc. 2.

[367] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 185.

[368] J. H. Parker, _op. cit._ under “Parvise.” _Antiquary_, 1899, XXXV. p. 179.

[369] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. p. 370.

[370] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., X. p. 396; XI. pp. 9-10, 136.

[371] _New Oxford Dict._ under “Parvis.” See also discussion in _Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser., XI. pp. 49, 91, 149, 197.

[372] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. pp. 370-1. S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 180. _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., II. pp. 168, 238, 413.

[373] C. King Warry, _Old Portland Traditions_, 1908, pp. 50-1. Cf. _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., VIII. pp. 81, 134, 248, 432.

[374] Chaucer, _Wife of Bath’s_ ‘_Prologue_,’ l. 6 (W. W. Skeat’s edition, 1894, p. 320).

[375] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. p. 371. G. S. Tyack, in _Eccles. Curiosities_, pp. 25-6. J. Brand, _Popular Antiquities_, ed. Sir H. Ellis, 1849, II. pp. 133-5. F. A. Gasquet, _Parish Life in Mediaeval England_, 1906, pp. 209-10.

[376] _Prideaux’s Churchwarden’s Guide_, ed. F. C. Mackarness, 1895, p. 321.

[377] _Antiquary_, 1899, XXXV. p. 178.

[378] _Notes and Queries_, 10th Ser., XI. pp. 422-4. See also 12th Ser., II. pp. 130-1.

[379] P. Vinogradoff, _Eng. Society in the Eleventh Century_, 1908, p. 30.

[380] J. C. Cox, in _Curious Church Customs_, ed. W. Andrews, pp. 179-80.

[381] _Ibid._ p. 180.

[382] _Antiquary_, 1910, N. S., VI. p. 122. It has been stated that every parish church in the Isle of Wight formerly possessed its gun. Brading gun, now preserved at Nunwell, is the only specimen left. (_Notes and Queries_, 11th Ser., II. p. 176.)

[383] _Notes and Queries_, 11th Ser., I. p. 346, II. p. 16. An attempt has been made to connect the Robin Hood Dancers with a survival of the solar myth, and to show that certain place-names, said to be compounded from _Robin Hood_, designate pagan sites (_Notes and Queries_, 11th Ser., I. pp. 493-4). _Folk-Lore_, 1910, XXI. p. 248 n.

[384] Olaus Magnus, _Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus_, 1555, l. xvi. c. 21.

[385] _Ibid._ l. xvi. c. 20.

[386] _Reliquary_, 1892, N. S., VI. pp. 65-67. Cf. Dissertation by Olaus Magnus, _op. cit._ l. I. cc. 32, 33. Several Saxon dial-stones are described in _Surrey Archaeol. Coll._, XV. pp. 74-77; XXI. pp. 86-88. See also J. C. Cox, _Rambles in Surrey_, 1910, p. 190. G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ II. p. 131.

[387] _Antiquary_, 1899, XXXV. p. 360.

[388] _Bygone Hertfordshire_, ed. W. Andrews, 1898, p. 153.

[389] _Trans. East Riding Antiq. Soc._, 1895, III. pp. 48-9.

[390] G. S. Tyack, _op. cit._ p. 74.

[391] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., XII. p. 297.

[392] _Ibid._ XII. p. 486.

[393] _Ibid._ IX. p. 479.

[394] G. S. Tyack, _op. cit._ p. 74.

[395] J. Nicholson, in _Curious Church Customs_, p. 157.

[396] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., IX. p. 479.