Chapter XII: Retrospect (4)

[397] _Ibid._ 7th Ser., I. p. 491.

[398] B. P. Row and W. Stanley Martin, _Kent’s Capital_, 2nd edition, 1899, pp. 52-3. Murray, _Handbook for Kent_, 3rd edition, 1892, pp. 62-3.

[399] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. pp. 371-2.

[400] P. Vinogradoff, _Eng. Soc. in the Eleventh Century_, p. 468-9.

[401] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VIII. p. 305. For further evidence, see _Extracts from the Court Rolls of the Manor of Wimbledon_ (Surrey), 1866, pp. 297, 386.

[402] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 180. An extensive list of church chests is given in _Eng. Church Furniture_, by J. C. Cox and A. Harvey, 1907, pp. 291-307.

[403] _Eccles. Curiosities_, ed. W. Andrews, 1899, pp. 161-182.

[404] J. C. Jeaffreson, _op. cit._ II. p. 2.

[405] J. E. Thorold Rogers, _Six Centuries of Work and Wages_, 1899, p. 66.

[406] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 180.

[407] Quoted by Addy, _op. cit._ p. 179 and note.

[408] J. C. Cox, in _Curious Church Customs_, p. 1.

[409] J. C. Jeaffreson, _op. cit._ pp. 344-5. Cf. Barnabe Googe, _Popish Kingdome_, 1570, translated from the Latin of Naogeorgus, Bk IV. ll. 789-92.

[410] _Fabric Rolls of York Minster_ (Surtees Soc. XXXV. 1859), p. 271.

[411] W. Harrison, _Elizabethan England_, ed. Lothrop Withington, N.D., p. 65. The first edition of Harrison’s work was published in 1577.

[412] W. Harrison, _op. cit._ p. xxiii.

[413] E. Lega-Weekes, in _Notes and Queries_, 1910, 11th Ser., I. p. 346. Concerning Guilds, see E. L. Cutts, _Parish Priests and their People in the Middle Ages of England_, 1898, pp. 473-85.

[414] A. Jessopp, _Before the Great Pillage_, 1901, pp. 29-31. Parsonage houses are described by E. L. Cutts, _op. cit._ pp. 149-163.

[415] P. Stubbes, _Anatomie of Abuses in England_, 1583, ed. F. J. Furnivall, 1877-9, pp. 150-2. J. Brand, _Pop. Antiquities_, ed. Sir H. Ellis, 1843, I. pp. 276-284.

[416] F. A. Gasquet, _Par. Life in Mediaeval England_, pp. 233-7. J. C. Jeaffreson, _op. cit._ I. pp. 354-5. J. Brand, _op. cit._ I. p. 282. _Athenaeum_, 17 Sept. 1910, p. 333.

[417] J. C. Jeaffreson, _op. cit._ I. pp. 351-7. _Curious Church Customs_, pp. 151-2. _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, pp. 71-74.

[418] _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, p. 73.

[419] _Ibid._ pp. 117-8.

[420] A. W. Pollard, _Eng. Miracle Plays, Moralities, and Interludes_, 4th edition, 1904, pp. xiv, xvii. Mr Pollard reproduces many of the old plays, e.g. “Castell of Perseverance,” “Everyman,” etc. K. L. Bates, _The Eng. Religious Drama_, 1893, pp. 8-10. J. J. Jusserand, _Literary Hist. of the Eng. People_, 1909, III. chap. i. J. C. Cox, in _Curious Church Customs_, pp. 16-18.

[421] J. C. Cox, in _Curious Church Customs_, p. 17.

[422] E. Dale, _National Life and Char. in the Mirror of Eng. Literature_, 1907, pp. 249-50.

[423] E. K. Chambers, _The Mediaeval Stage_, 1903, II. p. vi (of preface), and “Book 3” of this volume especially.

[424] E. K. Chambers, _op. cit._ II. pp. 3 et seqq.

[425] _Ibid._ II. p. 79.

[426] _Before the Pillage_, pp. 49-50.

[427] E. K. Chambers, _op. cit._ II. p. 79; K. L. Bates, _op. cit._ pp. 11-17.

[428] _Ibid._ II. pp. 134-5. K. L. Bates, _op. cit._ pp. 33-34.

[429] _Ibid._ II. p. 134.

[430] _Ibid._ II. p. 134.

[431] S. O. Addy, _op. cit._ p. 181.

[432] _Curious Church Customs_, p. 17.

[433] J. C. Jeaffreson, _op. cit._ I. pp. 346-7. A. W. Pollard, _op. cit._ p. lvii. See account of Bale’s life in _Dict. Nat. Biog._

[434] _Curious Church Customs_, pp. 10-12. The question of morris-dancers is discussed at length by J. Brand, _Pop. Antiquities_, I. pp. 247-252, etc.

[435] _New Oxford Dict._, under “Morris.”

[436] J. M. Robertson, _Christianity and Paganism_, 1900, ch. xiv. (numerous authorities given). E. K. Chambers, _op. cit._ I. pp. 161-2.

[437] E. K. Chambers, _op. cit._ I. p. 163.

[438] J. Aubrey, _Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme_ (1686-7), ed. J. Britten, 1881, p. 5; cf. p. 213. Cf. P. Stubbes, _Anatomie of Abuses_, pp. 146-8.

[439] _Curious Church Customs_, pp. 13-14. Cf. T. S. Knowlson, _Origins of Pop. Superstitions and Customs_, 1910, pp. 205-7.

[440] C. J. Von Hefele, _Hist. of the Councils of the Church_, 1896, V. pp. 234-5.

[441] E. Stone, _God’s Acre: or Histor. Notices relating to Churchyards_, 1858, pp. 99-100.

[442] D. Wilkins, _Leges Anglo-Saxonicae_, 1781, p. 24. Cf. E. L. Cutts, _op. cit._ p. 69.

[443] E. Stone, _op. cit._ pp. 98-9. For detailed instances of laxity in Essex, see J. C. Cox and J. H. Round, _Vict. Hist. of Essex_, 1907, II. pp. 41 et seqq. Cf. P. Kalm, _Account of his Visit to England_ (1748), trans. J. Lucas, 1892, p. 42. In A.D. 1603, the vicar of Lydden, Kent, built a stable in the churchyard (_Home Counties Magazine_, 1911, XIII. p. 15).

[444] W. H. Beckett, _The Eng. Reformation of the Sixteenth Century_, 1890, p. 34.

[445] _Prideaux’s Churchwarden’s Guide_, ed. F. C. Mackarness, 1895, p. 321.

[446] _Antiquary_, 1899, XXXV. p. 361. Cf. _Notes and Queries_, 11th Ser., II. pp. 49-50. Cf. pp. 95-6.

[447] _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, pp. 109-110. For a bibliography of this subject, see _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., XII. pp. 342-3. Hawks were also taken to church in the days when hawking was popular.

[448] _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, pp. 114, 115.

[449] W. Jerrold, _Highways and Byways of Middlesex_, 1909, p. 213.

[450] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. p. 362.

[451] _Fabric Rolls of York Minster_, p. 248. See also E. L. Cutts, _op. cit._ pp. 205, 316-7.

[452] _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, p. 116.

[453] J. Nicholson, in _Curious Church Customs_, pp. 149-50.

[454] _Statutes of the Realm_, 1810, I. p. 98.

[455] G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. p. 274.

[456] Sir J. N. Lockyer, _Stonehenge_, 2nd edition, 1909, pp. 447-8.

[457] _Notes and Queries_, 10th Ser., VIII. p. 250.

[458] _Ibid._ pp. 296-7. Sir G. L. Gomme, _Folklore as an Histor. Science_, 1908, p. 45

[459] M. F. Davies, _Life in an Eng. Village_, 1909, p. 196.

[460] _Folk-Lore_, 1909, XX. p. 81; _Notes and Queries_, 2nd Ser., V. p. 247.

[461] T. F. Thiselton Dyer, _Brit. Pop. Customs_, 1876, pp. 156-7.

[462] _Folk-Memory_, p. 336.

[463] Alice B. Gomme, _Dict. of Brit. Folk-Lore_, 1898, II. p. 528.

[464] _Fabric Rolls of York Minster_, p. 255.

[465] _Ibid._ p. 270.

[466] B. H. Malkin, _Scenery, Antiquities, and Biography of S. Wales_, 1820, pp. 69-70.

[467] _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, p. 69.

[468] _Folk-Memory_, pp. 100, 125.

[469] A. Parey, _Chirurgical Works_, 1649. The incident is cited in _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VI. p. 325, but I have been unable to trace the original passage in T. Johnson’s translation of the _Workes_, 1649. (W. J.)

[470] _Folk-Lore_, XXI. 1910, pp. 60-78. Cf. Grimm, _Teut. Myth._, IV. p. 1344.

[471] Acts xix. 35.

[472] Sir W. M. Ramsay, in _Dict. of the Bible_, ed. J. Hastings, 1898, under “Diana of the Ephesians.”

[473] R. W. Rees, in _Eccles. Curiosities_, pp. 230-2.

[474] _Ibid._ p. 234. A good summary of the early opinions regarding fossils is given by K. A. von Zittel, _History of Geology and Palaeontology_, trans. M. M. Ogilvie-Gordon, 1901, pp. 10 et seqq. See also G. F. Richardson, _Introduction to Geology_, ed. T. Wright, 1851, ch. ii.

[475] E. A. Freeman, _Hist. of the Norman Conquest of England_, 3rd edition, 1877, I. p. 390. See also _Home Counties Magazine_, 1910, XII. p. 184.

[476] E. Stokes and J. H. Round, in _Vict. Hist. of Essex_, II. p. 209, and note.

[477] The stained shirt and other relics of Charles I. were formerly kept in the parish church of Ashburnham, Sussex, and were resorted to for the cure of the “king’s evil” so recently as A.D. 1860.

[478] _Notes and Queries_, 10th Ser., VI. p. 206.

[479] W. Durandus, _Rationale Divinorum Officiorum_, ed. J. M. Neale and B. Webb, 1843, pp. 79-80.

[480] G. Allen, _Evolution of the Idea of God_, R. P. A. reprint, 1903, p. 149.

[481] S. Baring-Gould, _A Book of Brittany_, 1901, pp. 198-9; F. M. Gostling, _The Bretons at Home_, 1909, pp. 159-60.

[482] F. Kauffmann, _Northern Mythology_, p. 10.

[483] See _Century Dict._ and _New Oxford Dict._, s.v.

[484] G. S. Tyack, _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, 1899, p. 31.

[485] Murray, _Handbook to Devon_, 11th edition, 1895, p. 22.

[486] _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., VII. p. 503.

[487] _Ibid._ VIII. p. 431. (Numerous examples given.)

[488] _Ibid._ V. pp. 104-5.

[489] C. A. Ward, in _Antiquary_, XIX. 1889, p. 237; M. E. C. Walcott, _Sacred Archaeology_, 1868, p. 238, art. “East”; _Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser., III. p. 37.

[490] _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., V. pp. 104-5; M. H. Bloxam, _Gothic Eccles. Architecture_, 9th edition, 1849, p. 314.

[491] _Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser., II. p. 352.

[492] _Ibid._ 4th Ser., X. pp. 413, 476.

[493] _Ibid._

[494] K. R. H. Mackenzie, _Royal Masonic Cyclopaedia_, 1877, art. “Orientation,” p. 537; “Grand Orient,” p. 291.

[495] W. A. Laurie, _Hist. of Free Masonry and the Grand Lodge of Scotland_, 1859, p. 414.

[496] Wordsworth, “On seeing the Foundation preparing for the erection of Rydal Chapel, Westmoreland” (1823), vv. 3, 4.

[497] M. L’Abbé Migne, _Dictionnaire d’ Archéologie Sacrée_ (in series, “Nouvelle Encyclopédie Théologique”), 1851, t. II. p. 475.

[498] C. A. Ward, in _Antiquary_, XIX. p. 233 n.

[499] Migne, _loc. cit._

[500] Gulielmus Durandus, _Rationale Divinorum Officiorum_, l. I., tr. J. M. Neale and B. Webb, 1843, p. 216.

[501] D. Rock, _The Church of our Fathers_, ed. G. W. Hart and W. H. Frere, 1903, I. pp. 172-6.

[502] J. Brand, _Popular Antiquities_, ed. Sir H. Ellis, 1841, II. p. 324.

[503] _Apost. Constit._ II. 57, “Ac primo quidem aedes fit oblonga, ad Orientem versa, ex utraque parte Pastophoria versum Orientem habens, et quae navi sit similis”; W. Smith and S. Cheetham, _Dict. of Christian Antiquities_, 1880, art. “Orientation.” The date of the “Constitutions” is discussed by the Rev. de Lacy O’Leary, in _The Apostolical Constitutions and Cognate Documents_, 1906, p. 69.

[504] Rock, _op. cit._ I. p. 173.

[505] C. A. Ward, _Antiquary_, XIX. p. 237 (authority given).

[506] Bloxam, _op. cit._ p. 314 n.; Migne, _op. cit._ p. 475; John, Bishop of Bristol, _Eccles. Hist. of Second and Third Centuries_, 2nd edition, N.D., pp. 62, 202.

[507] J. D. Mansi, continuation of _Sacrorum Conciliorum, nova ... Collectio_ (by P. Labbe and G. Cossart), 1902, t. XXXIV. p. 198.

[508] I. McBurney and S. Neil, _Cyclo. Univ. Hist._, 1855, p. 101, give the date of the first Christian churches as A.D. 224. Cf. Dr J. H. Blunt and Sir W. G. F. Phillimore, _Book of Church Law_, 5th edition, 1888, pp. 309-10, and 309 n. (authorities given); A. Lamson, _The Church of the First Three Centuries_, ed. H. Ierson, 1875, p. 405 n.

[509] M. E. C. Walcott, _Church and Conventual Arrangement_, 1861, pp. 61-2.

[510] J. Fergusson, _Illustrated Handbook of Architecture_, 2nd edition, 1859, p. 516 n.; cf. G. Baldwin Brown, _The Arts in Early England_, II. p. 22.

[511] E. B. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, 1891, II. pp. 426-7.

[512] Rock, _op. cit._ I. p. 173.

[513] Mgr X. Barbier de Montault, _Traité pratique de la Construction ... des Églises_, 1878, t. I. p. 18. Cf. E. H. J. Reusens, _Éléments d’Archéologie chrétienne_, 2nd edition, 1885, t. I. p. 348, t. II. pp. 13-14.

[514] F. T. Elworthy, _The Evil Eye_, 1895, p. 68.

[515] J. Fergusson, _Hist. of Architecture_, ed. R. Phené Spiers, 1893, I. pp. 514-5 n. A list is given showing the exact orientation of each church.

[516] Durandus, _op. cit._ p. 44; _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VII. pp. 469-70.

[517] Rock, _op. cit._ I. pp. 172-6.

[518] R. Phené Spiers, in his edition of Fergusson’s _Hist. of Architecture_, 1893, I. p. 506 n.

[519] Spiers, _loc. cit._ (authorities given). Concerning the origin of the Christian basilica, see O. M. Dalton, _Guide to Early Christian and Byzantine Antiq._ (Brit. Mus.), 1903, pp. 32-5.

[520] Spiers, _loc. cit._; B. Fletcher and B. F. Fletcher, _Hist. of Architecture_, 5th edition, 1905, pp. 136, 179-80.

[521] R. Sturgis, _Dict. of Archit. and Building_, 1902, III. p. 34 (Art. “Orientation”); Reusens, _op. cit._ t. I. p. 147.

[522] Sir E. Beckett, _A Book on Building_, 2nd edition, 1880, p. 85.

[523] Fergusson, _Illustrated Handbook of Architecture_, p. 516 n. The probable Western “orientation” of the crypts of the early minsters of Ripon and Hexham has been thought to be due to Italian influence (F. Bond, _Gothic Architecture in England_, 1905, p. 155 n.).

[524] W. Smith, _Concise Dict. Bible_, 1900, Art. “Temple.”

[525] For example, Psalm lxxxviii. 13; cxix. 147; Wisdom of Solomon, xvi. 28; Zech. xiv. 4. See also the remarks in _The Evil Eye_, pp. 65-6. Walcott, _Sacred Archaeol._, art. “Orientation,” has much curious lore.

[526] Ezek. viii. 16. The influence of the sun on architecture and mysticism is dealt with by W. R. Lethaby, _Architecture, Mysticism, and Myth_, 1892, pp. 174-200.

[527] II. Kings xxiii. 5, 11. Cf. Smith, _Concise Dict. Bible_, art. “Sun.”

[528] Dan. vi. 10.

[529] Jonah ii. 4.

[530] I. Kings viii. 43-5.

[531] _Antiquary_, XIX. pp. 235-6.

[532] Job xxxi. 26-8.

[533] _Prim. Culture_, II. p. 296.

[534] Grimm, _Teut. Myth._ II. p. 704. Cf. Westermarck, _Origin and Devel. of the Moral Ideas_ II. pp. 120-2.

[535] E. Barclay, _Stonehenge_, 1895, p. 97. With the instances given, we may compare the symbols used by the Greek and Roman churches in pronouncing the benediction: the Greek symbol, C, formed by curving the thumb and the third finger inwards; the Latin, the extension of the thumb and two fingers to represent the Trinity. Cf. _Evil Eye_, ch. VII.

[536] Smith, _Concise Dict. Bible_, art. “Sun.” Cf. _Evil Eye_, p. 65.

[537] Mal. iv. 2; Luke i. 78; 2 Pet. i. 19; Rev. ii. 28.

[538] See, _e.g._ Brand, _Pop. Antiq._ II. p. 318.

[539] J. M. Neale, _Hist. of Holy Eastern Church_ (General Introduction), 1850, I. p. 222.

[540] A. J. Butler, _Anc. Coptic Churches of Egypt_, 1884, I. p. 10.

[541] E. J. Simcox, _Prim. Civilisations_, 1897, II. p. 438.

[542] Consult Sir J. Norman Lockyer’s _Dawn of Astronomy_ (1894), especially chs. vii., viii., ix., xxx., xxxviii.; also _Stonehenge_, pp. 1-5. The views expressed, however, have been much canvassed (e.g. _Edinburgh Review_, CLXXX. 1894, pp. 418-432); S. Laing, _Human Origins_, 1892, pp. 136-149; E. J. Simcox, _op. cit._ II. pp. 438-440; W. M. Flinders Petrie, _Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh_, 1885, pp. 125-7 (for orientation of Pyramids). In England there is a tendency, in certain districts, for early churches to be ranged in a North-to-South line, and roughly at equal distances (F. J. Bennett, in _South-Eastern Naturalist_, 1904, pp. 29-36). Again, the churchyard yews of the Surrey villages, Alfold, Dunsfold and Hambledon, stand “almost in a mathematically straight line,” the Dunsfold tree being almost exactly midway (E. Parker, _Highways and Byways of Surrey_, 1908, p. 165). In all these cases the positions, where not determined by geographical and geological considerations, are, I think, accidental.

[543] Lockyer, _Dawn of Astron._, ch. xxxviii. For the orientation of Chaldaean ziggurats, or temple-observatories, see Laing, _Human Origins_, pp. 149-52. For Malabar, see Simcox, _op. cit._ II. p. 440. The oriented buildings of Mashonaland are probably co-eval with some of the Old Testament practices. See J. T. Bent, _Ruined Cities of Mashonaland_, 1892, pp. 120-149, 358-361. But Dr R. MacIver, in _Mediaeval Rhodesia_, 1906, argues for a Mediaeval date.

[544] _Handbook of Eng. Ecclesiology_ (Eccles. Soc.), 1847, pp. 39-41.

[545] Quoted in _Notes and Queries_, 2nd Ser., V. pp. 500-1. Mr Airy’s paper, _On Festival Orientation_, was read before the Beds. Archit. and Archaeol. Soc., 11th Nov. 1856. (I have not been able to examine a copy of the original paper; it is missing from the volume belonging to the British Museum. W. J.)

[546] _Jour. Anthrop. Inst._, XX. 1890, p. 17.

[547] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VII. p. 166.

[548] Sir H. Chauncy, _Histor. Antiquities of Hertfordshire_, 1700, pp. 43-4.

[549] Walcott, _Sacred Archaeol._, p. 238.

[550] P. Larousse, _Grand Dictionnaire Universel_, 1874, art. “Orientation.”

[551] Barbier de Montault, _op. cit._ t. I. p. 19. (See chap. iv. generally.) Walcott, _Sacred Archaeol._, art. “Orientation.”

[552] E. H. J. Reusens, _Éléments d’Archéologie chrétienne_, second edition, 1885, t. I. p. 146. Cf. Migne, _op. cit._ t. II. p. 475.

[553] Neale, _op. cit._, Pt. I. p. 222.

[554] Brand, _Pop. Antiq._, II. pp. 6-7; _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., IV. p. 133. The passage is based on a manuscript by Aubrey, written in 1678, entitled _Customs and Manners of the English_. During the Commonwealth, Domville ransacked the Cathedral libraries of Hereford and Worcester with great zeal, and was guilty of filching at least one document (_Dict. of Nat. Biog._, under “Domville, Silas”). Hence he may have got his information from early sources.

[555] _Dawn of Astron._, p. 96.

[556] _Notes and Queries_, 2nd Ser., V. pp. 500-1.

[557] W. Airy, _op. cit._

[558] _Geograph. Journal_, XXVII. 1906, p. 409.

[559] _Ency. Brit._, 10th edition, art. “Compass.” In the 11th edition, the European case is put more strongly.

[560] _Nature_, XIV. 1876, pp. 147-8. But the account given in the _Ency. Brit._, _loc. cit._, should be also read. It is contended that Mediaeval writers were accustomed to speak of a new contrivance as if it were already in common use.

[561] F. H. Butler, in _Ency. Brit._, art. “Compass.” The name is spelt “Borough” in the _Dict. Nat. Biog._, where a life of the explorer is given.

[562] _Ency. Brit._, _loc. cit._

[563] _Nature_, XIII. 1876, pp. 523-4; _Ency. Brit._, _loc. cit._ Cf. Prof. Ganot, _Physics_, tr. E. Atkinson, 12th edition, 1886, p. 631, where the figures are slightly different.

[564] J. Griffith, in _Nature_, LXXIX. 1908, p. 37.

[565] The references to these churches are very widely scattered, but many examples have been personally tested. See, among other references, Walcott, _Church and Conventual Arrangement_, pp. 61-2; _Handbook of Eng. Ecclesiology_ (Eccles. Soc.), pp. 40-41; _Notes and Queries_, 2nd Ser., Vols. X., XI. _passim_, 5th Ser., IV. p. 354, 7th Ser., I. and VII., 9th Ser., II.; _Bygone Hertfordshire_, ed. W. Andrews, 1898, p. 154; Rev. A. W. Lawson, _Hist. of W. Malling Church_, 1904, p. 2, &c.

[566] J. K. Huysmans, _La Cathédrale_, 13th edition, 1898, p. 158.

[567] Walcott, _Church and Conventual Arrangement_, p. 62.

[568] S. Baring-Gould, _A Book of Brittany_, 1901, p. 193.

[569] J. M. Neale and B. Webb, in the “Introductory Essay” to Durandus, _op. cit._ p. lxxxvii.

[570] G. Watson, in _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., II. p. 58.

[571] _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., II. p. 150.

[572] _Ibid._ 9th Ser., II. p. 393.

[573] _Ibid._ 2nd Ser., X. p. 312.

[574] _Ibid._ 9th Ser., II. p. 58.

[575] _Ibid._ 9th Ser., II. p. 172.

[576] _Ibid._ 7th Ser., VII. p. 333.

[577] _Ibid._ 2nd Ser., XI. p. 34, 7th Ser., VII. p. 470.

[578] J. C. Atkinson, _Memorials of Old Whitby_, 1894, pp. 147-51.

[579] The Rev. Canon G. Austen, Rector of Whitby, in a letter to the author, 5th April, 1909, states that two feast days seem to have been commemorated in honour of St Hilda, one on 25th August, the supposed date of the translation of the relics from Glastonbury, and the other on 17th November. A fair was held by proclamation on the former date.

[580] On the question of re-dedications see F. Arnold-Forster, _Studies in Church Dedications_, 1899, I. p. xi, II. pp. 396, 507, 509, 513.

[581] J. C. Cox, _Rambles in Surrey_, 1910, pp. 167-8.

[582] Neale and Webb, _op. cit._ p. lxxxvii.

[583] _La Cathédrale_, pp. 108-9.

[584] _Ibid._ p. 108.

[585] _Notes and Queries_, 2nd Ser., X. p. 357. Cf. J. C. Cox, _Rambles in Surrey_, 1910, pp. 167-68.

[586] _Notes and Queries_, 2nd Ser., XI. p. 34.

[587] _Church and Conventual Arrangement_, p. 62.

[588] _Illus. Handbook of Architecture_, II. p. 691. The nave and chancel of Manorbier church, South Pembrokeshire, vary to the extent of 16° (_Reliquary_, XV. 1909, p. 197), but whether the difference is due to re-building is not known.

[589] F. Bond, _Screens and Galleries in Eng. Churches_, 1908, pp. 87-94; J. T. Page, in _Curious Church Customs_, ed. W. Andrews, 1898, pp. 168-170.

[590] T. Ely, _Manual of Archaeology_, 1890, p. 17.

[591] _Ibid._ p. 132.

[592] _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., II. p. 256. Barfreston church has been thus described, “Quite a gem as a specimen of highly-enriched Norman work” (Sir S. R. Glynne, _Notes on the Churches of Kent_, 1877, p. 42).

[593] Bond, _Gothic Arch. in England_, p. 632 and note.

[594] Murray, _Handbook for Lincs._, 2nd edition, 1903, p. 23.

[595] _Gothic Arch. in England_, p. 632.

[596] _Church and Conventual Arrangement_, p. 136.

[597] St Charles Borromeo, _Instructions on Eccles. Building_, ed. G. J. Wigley, 1857, p. 22. Cf. Latin edition of M. L’Abbé Van Drival, 1855, p. 35. St Charles’s actual words are: “Tuncque id saltem curetur, ut ne ad septentrionem, sed ad meridiem versus si fieri potest, plane spectet.”

[598] The circumstances connected with the building of this church are described by H. D. M. Spence (Dean of Gloucester) in _Early Christianity and Paganism_, 1902, pp. 485-8. The passage quoted occurs in the “Epistulae” of St Paulinus de Nola, Ep. XXXII. (_ad Severum_), § 13. One edition inserts “id est, tumulum” after “memoriam,” and Gulielmus de Hartel’s edition, 1894, gives “perspectus” as an alternative to “prospectus.”

[599] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VII. p. 334.

[600] Durandus, _Rationale Divinorum Officiorum_, L. vii. ch. 37.

[601] _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, p. 80.

[602] _Zech._ xiv. 4.

[603] Larousse, _Grand Dict. Universel_, Art. “Orientation.”

[604] _Martin Months Minde_, orig. edition, 1589 (the tract is not paginated). Cf. E. Arber, _Introd. sketch to the Martin Marprelate controversy_, 1880. (Eng. Scholar’s Lib., No. 8.) The nickname of the imaginary schismatic is obviously taken from the “Month’s Mind”--a commemorative service which was held on a day one month from the date of the death of the person. The authorship and genesis of the tracts are discussed in W. Pierce’s _Hist. Introduction to the Marprelate tracts_, 1908. For _Martin Months Minde_, see pp. 229, 328 of that work.

[605] J. J. Hissey, _Over Fen and Wold_, 1898, p. 399.

[606] _Pop. Antiquities_, II. p. 295.

[607] _Ibid._ p. 295.

[608] Mr P. M. Johnston gives these dates: nave, _c._ A.D. 1175; chancel, _c._ A.D. 1200-20.

[609] _Hamlet_, Act V. Sc. 1.

[610] _Cymbeline_, Act IV. Sc. 2.

[611] E. Howlett, in _Curious Church Customs_, ed. W. Andrews, 1898, p. 136.

[612] W. A. Craigie, _Scandinavian Folk-Lore_, 1896, p. 301.

[613] E. B. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, II. pp. 422-3.

[614] Sir T. Browne, _Hydriotaphia_, c. iii.; “Works,” ed. S. Wilkin, 1884, III. p. 30.

[615] _Pop. Antiquities_, II. p. 318.

[616] _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._ XLI. p. 53; cf. J. Romilly Allen, _Monumental Hist. of the Early Brit. Church_, 1889, p. 65 (concerning early Christian graves). R. A. Smith, in _Vict. Hist. Herts._, I. 1902, p. 258. Cf. the same writer in _Surrey Archaeol. Coll._, XXI. pp. 26-32.

[617] T. Wright, _The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon_, 2nd edition, 1861, p. 318. Cf. R. A. Smith, in _Vict. Hist. of London_, I. 1909, pp. 12 et seqq.

[618] R. A. Smith, _Guide to Early Iron Age_, 1905, p. 60.

[619] _Ibid._ p. 64.

[620] _Ibid._ p. 112.

[621] _Ibid._ p. 112. On the contrary, “Lake-Dwelling cemeteries,” in Switzerland, examined by Professor F. Forel, 1905-9, and ascribed to the Bronze Age, showed no orientation of the skeletons. (_Man_, IX. 1909, No. 92.)

[622] J. R. Mortimer, _Forty Years’ Researches_, 1905, pp. xxxvii-xxxviii.

[623] W. Greenwell, _British Barrows_, 1877, p. 26; R. A. Smith, _Vict. Hist. Herts._, I. 1902, p. 258.

[624] See, for example, _Naturalist_, 1909, p. 274.

[625] T. Rice Holmes, _Anc. Brit. and the Invas. of Julius Caesar_, 1907, p. 188. Dr Holmes has thoroughly sifted the evidence, and his generalizations deserve to be carefully read. See also C. H. Read, _Guide to the Bronze Age_, Brit. Mus. 1904, p. 55. On p. 46, Dr Read describes urn-burials, without existing mounds, near Ashford, Middlesex. The urns were arranged in straight lines, East to West, or in crescents facing East. For Saxon graves, see _Excav. in Cranborne Chase_, II. pp. 260-1. In the Jutish cemetery at Droxford, Hants, the skeletons lay towards all points of the compass. (J. Vaughan, _Lighter Studies of a Country Rector_, 1909, p. 138.)

[626] J. G. Frazer, _Totemism and Exogamy_, 1910, III. pp. 274-5; _Prim. Culture_, II. pp. 422-3.

[627] A. W. Howitt, _The Native Tribes of Australia_, 1904, pp. 453-5.

[628] _Guide to Bronze Age_, p. 16; T. Rice Holmes, _op. cit._ p. 103.

[629] Sir J. Norman Lockyer, _Stonehenge, and other British Monuments_, 1906, pp. 320 et seqq. This inquiry was to some extent anticipated by Prof. W. M. Flinders Petrie, _Stonehenge_, 1880, pp. 18-20 (discussion on the alinement of that monument to the Midsummer sunrise). The question of earthwork orientation is also referred to by A. H. Allcroft, _Earthwork of England_, 1908, pp. 337, 564, 589, &c.

[630] See Sir J. N. Lockyer’s contributions to _Nature_, LXXIX., LXXX. passim.

[631] Sir J. N. Lockyer’s theories have been adversely criticized by T. Rice Holmes, _Ancient Britain_, pp. 472-82; by C. W. Dymond, in _Antiquary_, N.S., IV. pp. 447-9; _Edinburgh Review_, CLXXX. 1894, pp. 418-432; A. R. Hinks in _Nineteenth Century_, LIII. 1903, pp. 1002-9. Among papers upholding the theory, see J. Griffith, in _Nature_, LXXIX. pp. 36-7; LXXX. pp. 69-72; J. Gray, in _Nature_, LXXIX. pp. 236-8. Mr Gray thinks that our stone circles were raised by a race which came from Asia during the Bronze Age--probably that of Akkadian type. See also A. L. Lewis, in _Jour. Royal Anthrop. Inst._, XXIX. 1909, pp. 517-29, dealing with Irish Cromlechs; E. Plunket, in _Nineteenth Century_, 1911, pp. 1036-53.

[632] Sir J. N. Lockyer, article in _Times_, 30th July, 1906.

[633] C. W. Dymond, in _Antiquary_, N.S., IV. pp. 447-9.

[634] T. Rice Holmes, _op. cit._ p. 473.

[635] J. Griffith, in _Nature_, LXXX. p. 71.

[636] G. Allen, _Evol. of Idea of God_, p. 41; cf. T. Wright, _The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon_, 2nd ed., 1861, p. 406. A similar view is taken by G. Baldwin Brown, in _The Arts in Early England_, 1903, I. pp. 266-7. See also T. Hearne, _Coll. of Curious Discourses_, 1775, I. p. 225.

[637] T. Rice Holmes, _op. cit._ pp. 178-9.

[638] _Guide to Early Iron Age_, p. 103.

[639] Sir A. J. Evans in _Archaeologia_, LII. pp. 315-88; _Guide to Early Iron Age_, pp. 114-16.

[640] J. de Baye, _Indus. Arts of Anglo-Saxons_, p. 123.

[641] B. C. A. Windle, _Life in Early Britain_, 1897, pp. 112-13.

[642] _Guide to Early Iron Age_, pp. 111-12; J. R. Mortimer, in _Trans. E. Riding Antiq. Soc._, III. 1895, pp. 53-62.

[643] T. Rice Holmes, _op. cit._ p. 178.

[644] J. Douglas, _Nenia Britannica_, 1793, p. 126.

[645] Tyack, _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, p. 78; G. Baldwin Brown, _The Arts in Early England_, I. pp. 257-8.

[646] Douglas, _op. cit._ p. 126; Tyack, _op. cit._ p. 78; _The Arts in Early England_, 1903, I. pp. 266-7.

[647] J. J. A. Worsaae, _Pre-History of the North_, tr. H. F. M. Simpson, 1886, p. 192.

[648] J. de Baye, _op. cit._ p. 119 n.; _The Arts in Early England_, I. p. 263 n.; J. C. Keysler, _Antiq. Selectae_, 1720, pp. 108-9.

[649] Keysler, _loc. cit._

[650] O. Olufsen, _Through the unknown Pamirs_, 1904, p. 151.

[651] Mortimer, _Forty Years’ Researches_, 1905, pp. xix, xx, lxxviii, &c.

[652] G. Allen, _op. cit._ p. 31.

[653] E. Howlett, in _Curious Church Customs_, ed. W. Andrews, 1898, p. 134. See also list of references given in _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VIII. pp. 158, 491.

[654] E. Howlett, _op. cit._ pp. 133-4. Authority cited. For general examples, consult _Notes and Queries_, references _supra_.

[655] E. Howlett, _loc. cit._

[656] O. Manning and W. Bray, _Hist. and Antiquities of Surrey_, 1809, II. p. 146. This example is valuable as illustrating the growth of myth. A legend of the district, dating perhaps nearly as far back as the time of Manning and Bray, states that Mr Hull was “buried on horseback, upside down,” because he believed that, at the last day, the world would be “turned topsy-turvy.” (See Murray, _Handbook for Surrey_, 5th edition, 1898, p. 114; Black, _Guide to Surrey_, 5th edition, 1898, p. 126.)

[657] J. Earle, _Microcosmographie_, 1628, p. 31.

[658] W. Johnson, _Folk-Memory_, 1908, pp. 134-5; S. Baring-Gould, _A Book of Dartmoor_, 1900, pp. 64-6. The “statue-menhirs” are described in _La Revue préhistorique_, 5e Année, 1910, pp. 129-37.

[659] J. Romilly Allen, _Celtic Art in Pagan and Christian Times_, 1905, p. 186.

[660] _Folk-Memory_, pp. 132, 134, 136; S. Baring-Gould, _loc. cit._

[661] E. Clodd, _Story of Primitive Man_, 1898, p. 136; _Evol. of Idea of God_, p. 41.

[662] _Evol. of Idea of God_, pp. 50-1.

[663] _Ibid._ p. 55. (See ch. VII. generally.)

[664] _Ibid._ p. 55. For information on Tree-worship and Tree-spirits generally see J. G. Frazer, _The Golden Bough_, 1890, pp. 56-108.

[665] _New Oxford Dict._ and _Cent. Dict._ under “Bury,” “Barrow,” “Bergh.”

[666] Sir R. Phillimore, _Eccles. Law of the Church of England_, 1873, I. p. 857; E. Howlett, in _Curious Church Customs_, pp. 134-5; _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, p. 84; M. H. Bloxam, _Monumental Architecture_, 1834, p. 54.

[667] J. Romilly Allen, _op. cit._ p. 182. A description of stone coffin lids is given by G. Clinch, in _Old Eng. Churches_, 1903, pp. 180-3. Very small coffin lids of stone, probably memorials of children, and assigned to the late 13th or early 14th century, have been recorded from Deddington, Oxford, and from Houghton-le-Spring, Durham. (_Gent. Mag._, N.S., XVIII. 1865, pp. 327, 488-9.)

[668] G. Maynard, in _Memorials of Old Essex_, ed. A. Clifton Kelway, 1908, p. 37. For Roman coffins of clay and lead, see _The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon_, 2nd edition, 1861, pp. 313-5. The 4th edition, 1885, pp. 370-5, contains a fuller account of wooden coffins.

[669] _Guide to Bronze Age_, p. 54.

[670] Sir J. Evans, _Anc. Stone Impts of Gt Britain_, 2nd edition, 1897, p. 185; W. Greenwell, _British Barrows_, 1877, p. 376 n., gives a summary of discoveries of this kind.

[671] Sir J. Evans, _op. cit._ p. 398; J. R. Mortimer, _Forty Years’ Researches_, p. xxvii and note.

[672] Sir J. Evans, _op. cit._ p. 398.

[673] L. Jewitt, _Grave Mounds and their Contents_, 1870, pp. 143-7. Cf. Gen. A. Pitt-Rivers, _Excavations in Cranborne Chase_, II. pp. 3, 32, 40; III. pp. 15, 17, 321, etc.

[674] Sir A. Mitchell, _The Past in the Present_, 1889, pp. 242-3.

[675] _Folk-Memory_, p. 134.

[676] J. Romilly Allen, _Monumental Hist. of the Early Brit. Church_, 1889, p. 65.

[677] _Archaeologia_, XXXVII. p. 456-7.

[678] _De Macrobii Saturnaliorum fontibus_, L. vii. ch. 7.

[679] _Folk-Lore_, XII. 1901, pp. 361-2; 468-9.

[680] Sir A. J. Evans, in _Archaeologia_, LII. pp. 386-7.

[681] _Ibid._ p. 386. The exploration of “King Bjorn’s Tumulus,” near Upsala, afforded still another phase of transition. The mound, which belonged to the 4th period of the Northern Bronze Age, contained an oak stem, hollowed to serve as a coffin, but intended, as the relics proved, to hold the cremated remains of the deceased person. (_Reliquary_, XV. 1909, p. 148.) Cf. _Vict. Hist. of Kent_, I. pp. 434-5.

[682] _Mon. Hist. of the Early Brit. Church_, p. 65. Cf. D. Rock, _Church of our Fathers_, 1903, II. pp. 252-3.

[683] _Curious Church Customs_, p. 132; _Mon. Architecture_, p. 76.

[684] _Guide to Bronze Age_, p. 43.

[685] E. B. Tylor, _Prim. Culture_, 3rd edition, 1891, I. pp. 424, 425.

[686] Tylor, _op. cit._ I. p. 424. Cf. Lord Avebury, _Marriage, Totemism, and Religion_, 1911, passim.

[687] _Ibid._ p. 487.

[688] Cf. Tylor, _op. cit._ I. p. 485 with _Evol. of Idea of God_, pp. 30-31. See also J. J. A. Worsaae, _Pre-history of the North_, H. F. M. Simpson, 1886, p. 37.

[689] _Evol. of Idea of God_, p. 156.

[690] _Ibid._ p. 6. On the general question, reference should be made to Chapter iv. of the same work, and to H. Spencer, _Principles of Sociology_, III. ch. i. et passim. Cf. J. G. Frazer, _The Golden Bough_, 1890, 2 vols., passim; _Totemism and Exogamy_, I. p. 204; II. pp. 148 n., 327; IV. p. 32 etc.; Lord Avebury, _Origin of Civilisation_, 6th edition, 1902, chaps. vi., vii., viii.; E. Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, 1908, II. ch. xlvii.; A. Lang, _Origins of Religion_, R.P.A. edition, 1908, ch. xii.; G. Tyrrell, _The Faith of the Millions_, 1901, pp. 215-76; L. Hopf, _The Human Species_, authorized English edition, 1909, pp. 308-313; E. Metchnikoff, _Nature of Man_, tr. P. Chalmers Mitchell, 1906, ch. vii. See also _Athenaeum_, 5 June 1909, pp. 665-6. For a criticism from the mythological standpoint, see J. M. Robertson, _Christianity and Mythology_, 1900, pp. 40-51, 71-8; A. E. Crawley, _Origin and Function of Religion_ (_Sociological Papers_: Sociol. Soc.), 1907, pp. 243-277. The report of a valuable discussion is appended. S. Reinach, _Orpheus, Histoire Générale des Religions_, 1909, ch. i.; W. Crooke, in _Nature_, LXXXIV. pp. 414-5.

[691] Tylor, _op. cit._ I. pp. 483-4.

[692] _Ibid._ p. 501.

[693] W. Greenwell, _British Barrows_, p. 51.

[694] _Anc. Stone Impts._, p. 144.

[695] _Ibid._

[696] _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._ XL. 1884, p. 63.

[697] _Anc. Stone Impts_, pp. 282-3, 397.

[698] _Ibid._ pp. 144-5.

[699] J. Macpherson, _Ossian_, 1773, I. p. 290.

[700] Metchnikoff, _op. cit._ p. 130.

[701] _Hamlet_, Act IV. Sc. 5.

[702] 2 _K. Henry VI._, Act IV. Sc. 10.

[703] J. C. Cox, in _Curious Church Customs_, pp. 174-181.

[704] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., XII. p. 474; see also same volume, pp. 29, 112, 193, 517.

[705] E. A. Kilner, _Four Welsh Counties_, 1891, p. 129.

[706] _Anc. Stone Impts_, pp. 282-3, 397. For records of flint and pyrites, see e.g. _Anc. Stone Impts_, pp. 16, 313-4; _Vict. Hist. of Bedfordshire_, 1904, I. p. 169.

[707] Gen. A. Pitt-Rivers, _Excavations in Cranborne Chase_, II. 1888, pp. 34, 42, 252, 258.

[708] Pitt-Rivers, _op. cit._ p. 4.

[709] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, L. xxxvi. cc. 17, 28.

[710] _Hamlet_, Act V. Sc. 1.

[711] S. Baring-Gould, _The Deserts of Southern France_, 1894, I. p. 207. See also a valuable essay in J. G. Frazer’s _Psyche’s Task, ... the Growth of Superstition_, 1909, pp. 52-81.

[712] S. Baring-Gould, _op. cit._ p. 207. Cf. methods described by Leo Frobenius, _Childhood of Man_, ed. A. H. Keane, 1909, pp. 158-63; E. B. Tylor, _Anthropology_, 2nd edition 1889, p. 237. Cf. E. S. Hartland, at Brit. Assoc. Meeting, 1910 (_Nature_, LXXXV. p. 24).

[713] Herodotus, l. IV. (Melpomene), c. 73. Cf. Translation in Isaac Taylor’s edition, 1829, p. 297.

[714] Canon G. Rawlinson, _Hist. of Herodotus_, 4th edition, 1880, III. pp. 63-4. Rawlinson argues (III. pp. 198-200) that the Scythians were not Slavs, Celts, or Teutons, but a distinct race, and (III. pp. 201-8) that Scythia did not extend so far West as to touch the present Germany.

[715] J. Douglas, _Nenia Britannica_, 1793, p. 10. Cf. Pitt-Rivers, _Excav. in Cranborne Chase_, II. pp. 29, 33; IV. pp. 148-157, 164-5.

[716] W. M. Wylie, _Fairford Graves_, 1852, pp. 24-5. Pitt-Rivers records the finding of worn pebbles in a barrow: _Excav. in Cranborne Chase_, II. p. 33.

[717] J. Y. Akerman, _Remains of Saxon Pagandom_, 1853, pp. xvi, xvii; Baron J. de Baye, _Indus. Arts of the Anglo-Saxons_, tr. J. B. Harbottle, 1893, pp. 119-20, makes the same statement.

[718] R. A. Bullen, _Harlyn Bay_, 1902, p. 24.

[719] J. C. Atkinson, _Forty Years in a Moorland Parish_, 2nd edition, 1891, pp. 213-5, 220.

[720] Atkinson, _op. cit._ p. 432.

[721] _Guide to Bronze Age_, pp. 60-61.

[722] Atkinson, _op. cit._ p. 220. Cf. Mortimer, _Forty Years’ Researches_, p. xl; Pitt-Rivers, _Excav. in Cranborne Chase_, II. pp. 33-36, 45.

[723] Greenwell, _British Barrows_, p. 29.

[724] _Archaeologia_, XXXV. pp. 301-3.

[725] Durandus, _Rationale Divinorum Officiorum_, l. VII. c. 37. In the same way Durandus states that ivy and laurel were used because they were typical of eternal life. These plausible explanations have received acute comment in _Archaeologia_, XXXV. pp. 301-3.

[726] _Forty Years in a Moorland Parish_, p. 157.

[727] _Prim. Culture_, I. p. 483 n. (Long list of authorities given.)

[728] Quoted by R. A. Bullen, _Harlyn Bay_, p. 23 n.

[729] _Folk-Memory_, pp. 190-3.

[730] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, l. XXXVI. c. 27. The practice was common in the Late-Celtic period. (See _Archaeologia_, 1909, LXI. pp. 329-346.)

[731] P. Holland, edition of Pliny’s _Nat. Hist._, 1601, II. p. 587.

[732] É. Littré, translation of Pliny’s _Nat. Hist._, 1850, t. II. p. 521.

[733] _Anc. Stone Impts_, p. 422.

[734] Prof. G. Stephens, cited by Atkinson, _Forty Years in a Moorland Parish_, pp. 213-5.

[735] S. Baring-Gould, _Curious Myths of the Middle Ages_, new edition, 1888, pp. 560-1.

[736] _Folk-Lore_, X. p. 253. The Lincolnshire example is given in Vol. IX. p. 187. The burial of pins is recorded in _Antiquities and Curiosities of the Church_, ed. W. Andrews, 1897, p. 248.

[737] E. Howlett, in _Curious Church Customs_, pp. 42-3.

[738] B. Thorpe, _Northern Mythology_, 1851, I. p. 291.

[739] _Prim. Culture_, I. p. 494. J. J. M. De Groot, _Religious Systems of China_, 1892, pp. 278-9.

[740] _Forty Years in a Moorland Parish_, pp. 213-5.

[741] J. Romilly Allen, _Mon. Hist. of Early Brit. Church_, 1889, p. 34.

[742] Sir M. G. Duff, _Notes from a Diary_, 1904, I. p. 253. Cf. P. G. Hamerton, _Round my House_, 1876, p. 254.

[743] T. Hardy, _The Mayor of Casterbridge_, 1895, pp. 143-4. Cf. H. M. Neville, _A Corner in the North_, 1909, p. 102; _Folk-Lore_, XX. pp. 209-10.

[744] _Folk-Lore_, IV. 1893, p. 14; R. Munro, _Prehistoric Scotland_, 1899, p. 284.

[745] _Harlyn Bay_, p. 36.

[746] Sir J. Rhŷs, _Celtic Folklore, Welsh and Manx_, 1891, I. pp. 344-5 (authority given).

[747] W. G. Wood-Martin, _Traces of the Elder Faiths of Ireland_, 1902, I. p. 329; _Pagan Ireland_, pp. 110-14.

[748] _Folk-Lore_, IV. 1893, pp. 13-14.

[749] Rev. ii. 17.

[750] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, l. VII. c. 40.

[751] _Indus. Arts of the Anglo-Saxons_, pp. 79-83; C. Roach Smith, Introduction to Bryan Fausett’s _Inventorium Sepulchrale_, 1856, p. xxvii.

[752] Quoted by C. I. Elton, _Origins of Eng. Hist._, 2nd edition, 1890, p. 63.

[753] Elton, _loc. cit._ Cf. C. Roach Smith, Introd. to _Invent. Sepul._ pp. xxvi-xxvii.

[754] _Indus. Arts of the Anglo-Saxons_, pp. 78-9. Cf. Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, l. XXXVII. c. 3.

[755] W. Henderson, _Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties_, 1879, p. 145.

[756] _Origins of Eng. Hist._ pp. 144-5. Cf. J. J. A. Worsaae, _Indus. Arts of Denmark_, 1882, pp. 199-200; Elworthy, _Evil Eye_, p. 203. The general use of stones, teeth, etc. as Anglo-Saxon charms is discussed in the _Jour. Amer. Folk-Lore_, XXII. 1909, pp. 134, 135-6.

[757] E. Lovett, Lecture at Horniman Museum, London, 27 March, 1909.

[758] Gen. A. L. Pitt-Rivers, _Excavations in Cranborne Chase_, 1887 etc. II. pp. 68, 78, 79-86, 93, 94, 98, 102, 103, 106 etc. Cf. _Folk-Memory_, pp. 147-9, and illustration facing p. 296; _Athenaeum_, 15 July, 1911, p. 80.

[759] Worthington G. Smith, _Man the Primeval Savage_, 1894, pp. 334-9; also his article in _Vict. Hist. of Bedfordshire_, 1904, I. p. 169.

[760] _Anc. Stone Impts_, p. 227.

[761] _Man, the Primeval Savage_, pp. 273-4.

[762] _Anc. Stone Impts._, p. 469.

[763] _Nenia Britannica_, p. 158.

[764] _Anc. Stone Impts._, p. 467.

[765] J. G. Frazer, _Early Hist. of the Kingship_, 1905, pp. 157-8.

[766] _Man, the Primeval Savage_, p. 398. In this connection, see H. A. Burrows, in _Proc. Geol. Assoc._, IV. 1876, pp. 165-166.

[767] _Man, the Primeval Savage_, p. 273.

[768] _Anc. Stone Impts._, p. 470.

[769] _Essex Naturalist_, XIV. 1905, p. 24.

[770] _Origins of Eng. Hist_., pp. 144-5.

[771] _Guide to Bronze Age_, p. 62.

[772] _Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. and Antiq. Field Club_, XVII. 1896, p. 75.

[773] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VIII. p. 112.

[774] _The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon_, p. 425.

[775] _Origins of Eng. Hist._, pp. 144-5.

[776] _Jour. Anthrop. Inst._, VI., 1877, p. 323.

[777] G. von Düben, _Om Lappland och Lapparne_, 1873, p. 251. Much curious lore on kindred topics will be found in Jean Scheffer’s _Lapponia_, 1673 (there is a useful English edition, published by Thos. Newborough, 1704).

[778] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VIII. p. 112.

[779] _Ibid._ VII. p. 507.

[780] Possibly collected by masons for making mortar, during alterations (W. J.).

[781] _Curious Church Customs_, p. 141. Cf. _Guide to Bronze Age_, pp. 109, 126, for Siberian and Indian examples.

[782] M. D. Conway, _Autobiography and Experiences_, 1904, II. p. 77. The incident is not mentioned in Evelyn Ashley’s _Life of Lord Palmerston_, 1879, nor in the Marquis of Lorne’s _Viscount Palmerston_, 1892. Cf. Cornish Customs, as described in _Vict. Hist. of Cornwall_, 1906, I. p. 367.

[783] _Guide to Bronze Age_, p. 139.

[784] _Guide to Early Iron Age_, pp. 127, 129, 140.

[785] _Indus. Arts of the Anglo-Saxons_, p. 88; _The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon_, p. 425.

[786] Sir T. Browne, _Hydriotaphia_. See “Works,” ed. S. Wilkin, 1884, III. p. 13.

[787] _Notes and Queries_, 1st Ser., II. p. 230.

[788] _Ibid._ p. 269.

[789] D. Rock, _Church of Our Fathers_, 1903, II. p. 101.

[790] J. R. Allen, _Mon. History of the Early Brit. Church_, pp. 34, 65.

[791] J. R. Allen, _op. cit._ pp. 34, 243; _Surrey Archaeol. Coll._ III. p. 394; XI. p. 12. There is a good collection of such objects in the Cathedral library at Chichester.

[792] _Prim. Culture_, I. pp. 494-5.

[793] _Nature_, LVII., 1898, pp. 257-8.

[794] _Prim. Culture_, I. pp. 492-4.

[795] See e.g. _The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon_, p. 425.

[796] _Ibid._ pp. 327-8.

[797] _Guide to Bronze Age_, pp. 60-3.

[798] _Hydriotaphia_, ch. v. (Browne’s “Works,” ed. S. Wilkin, III. p. 40).

[799] _Notes and Queries_, 10th Ser., I. p. 388; 4th Ser., VIII. p. 169. Cf. Gen. iii. 19, xviii. 27; Job xxxiv. 15; Eccles. iii. 20, xii. 7 etc.

[800] Horace, _Carm._ l. I. xxviii. 35 (_licebit injecto ter pulvere curras_). Cf. Evan Daniel, _The Prayer Book_, 12th edition, n.d. p. 411.

[801] _British Barrows_, p. 5.

[802] _Notes and Queries_, 4th Ser., VIII. p. 107.

[803] E. Daniel, _op. cit._ p. 410; J. H. Blunt, _Annotated Book of Common Prayer_, 1903 (new impression, 1899), p. 481 n. See also authorities given in _Notes and Queries_, 4th Ser., VIII. pp. 107, 169.

[804] _Church of Our Fathers_, II. pp. 397-8; _Notes and Queries_, 4th Ser., VIII..p. 169.

[805] _Catholic Encyclopedia_, ed. C. G. Herbermann and others, 1908, III. p. 75.

[806] W. E. Addis and T. Arnold, _Catholic Dict._, 1893, p. 393; J. H. Blunt, _loc. cit._

[807] _Notes and Queries_, 4th Ser., VIII. p. 107.

[808] _Ibid._

[809] J. H. Blunt, _loc. cit._ Cf. _Church of Our Fathers_, II. p. 388.

[810] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VI. pp. 267, 356.

[811] I Cor. xv. 36-8; St John xii. 24.

[812] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VI. p. 356.

[813] _Excav. in Cranborne Chase_, II., 1887, p. 196.

[814] _Ibid._

[815] O. Olufsen, _Through the Unknown Pamirs_, 1904, p. 151.

[816] E. Metchnikoff, _Nature of Man_, tr. P. Chalmers Mitchell, 1906, pp. 140-1.

[817] Brand, _Pop. Antiquities_, II. pp. 237-45.

[818] _Ibid._, II. p. 240. Pagan feasts at interments were forbidden to Christians in Saxon times (_Indus. Arts of the Anglo-Saxons_, p. 120 n.).

[819] _Forty Years in a Moorland Parish_, pp. 226-7.

[820] _Ibid._ pp. 226-7. Cf. J. W. Clark and T. McKenny Hughes, _Life and Letters of Adam Sedgwick_, 1890, I. p. 27.

[821] Grant Allen, _Falling in Love: Essays_, new edition, 1891, p. 296-7. Cf. Imaginative description given by R. S. Lineham, _The Street of Human Habitations_, 1894, pp. 43-8.

[822] _Indus. Arts of the Anglo-Saxons_, pp. 120-1. Cf. _The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon_, p. 408.

[823] _Harlyn Bay_, p. 35.

[824] _Evol. of the Idea of God_, pp. 26, 31, 32, 33.

[825] B. Spencer and F. J. Gillen, _The Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, 1904, pp. 588, et seqq., p. 593, and ch. xxi. generally.

[826] _Harlyn Bay_, p. 35. Cf. _Antiquities and Curiosities of the Church_, ed. W. Andrews, 1897, p. 249.

[827] _Lore and Legend of the English Church_, p. 63. The sanctity attached to objects connected with the church and churchyard is discussed in Gomme’s _Folk-Lore as an Histor. Science_, pp. 197-9.

[828] _Evil Eye_, p. 437.

[829] _Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties_, p. 145. Cf. _The Golden Bough_, I. pp. 193-207. The Incas preserve such relics and place them in the tomb. (_Folk-Lore_, VI. p. 301.)

[830] _Folk-Lore_, V. p. 343; VI. p. 301.

[831] _Rationale Divinorum Officiorum_, l. VII. c. 37.

[832] _Prim. Culture_, I. p. 495; _Nature of Man_, pp. 140-1.

[833] See e.g. _Folk-Lore_, XII. 1901, p. 211.

[834] Isaac Taylor, in _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser. IV. p. 335.

[835] Taylor, _loc. cit._ Cf. O. Schrader, _Prehist. Antiquities_, trans. F. B. Jevons, 1890, p. 254. Certain passages in the Bible, e.g. Gen. xiii. 9, may be studied in this connection.

[836] Sir J. Rhŷs, _Celtic Philology_, 2nd edition, 1879, p. 10; _Folk-Lore_, XII. p. 211; I. Taylor, _loc. cit._

[837] Rhŷs, _loc. cit._

[838] _Folk-Lore_, XII. p. 210.

[839] _Notes and Queries_, 1st Ser. V. p. 332.

[840] Schrader, _op. cit._ p. 256. O. Seyffert, _Dict. Class. Antiquities_, ed. H. Nettleship and J. E. Sandys, 1899, p. 86. Cf. Liddell and Scott, _Greek Lexicon_, under δεξιός.

[841] _Folk-Lore_, XII. p. 211.

[842] _Ibid._ pp. 210-11.

[843] C. F. Gordon-Cumming, _In the Hebrides_, 1883, p. 247.

[844] R. S. Hawker, in _Notes and Queries_, 1st Ser. V. pp. 253-4. Cf. W. R. Lethaby, _Architecture, Mysticism, and Myth_, 1892, ch. viii. pp. 174-200.

[845] _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser. IV. pp. 261-2.

[846] W. Andrews, ed. _Curious Church Customs_, p. 137.

[847] _Ibid._

[848] Tyack, _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, p. 96.

[849] _Prim. Culture_, II. p. 48.

[850] _Ibid._ II. p. 61.

[851] J. Deniker, _Races of Man_, 1900, p. 317.

[852] R. Kipling, _The Ballad of East and West_.

[853] Peter Heylyn, _Cosmographie_, 1652, p. 22.

[854] M. D. Conway, _Demonology and Devil-Lore_, 1879, I. pp. 83 et seqq.; II. p. 115.

[855] R. Jefferies, _Wild Life in a Southern Country_, 1889, p. 33.

[856] Grimm, _Teut. Myth._ II. pp. 493, 802; III. p. 1001; IV. p. 1605.

[857] _Teut. Myth._ II. p. 802. F. Kauffmann, _Northern Mythology_, tr. M. Steele Smith, pp. 95-6.

[858] Job xxvi. 6, 7; Isa. xiv. 12, 13; Jer. iv. 6; Eph. ii. 2, vi. 12, etc.

[859] _King Henry VI_, Pt I. Act v. Sc. 3.

[860] _Par. Lost_, V. l. 726. (Cf. ll. 689, 755-6.)

[861] Milton, _Sonnet_ xv. l. 7.

[862] H. Kirke White, _Christiad_, V. viii. (cf. V. xi.).

[863] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser. VI. p. 235.

[864] E. S. Armitage, _Introd. to Eng. Antiquities_, 1903, p. 116.

[865] _Antiquary_, XIX. p. 234.

[866] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., IX. p. 53.

[867] Durandus, _Rationale Divinorum Officiorum_, L. 4, c. 23.

[868] Discussion in _Notes and Queries_, 10th Ser., VI. pp. 428, 512-3. Numerous authorities cited.

[869] Eccles. xi. 3; Miles Coverdale, _Remains_, ed. G. Pearson (Parker Society), 1846, p. 258.

[870] F. Seebohm, _English Village Community_, 1896, p. 23.

[871] Grimm, _Teut. Myth._, II. p. 34.

[872] H. Belloc, _The Old Road_, 1904, pp. 60-1; cf. F. C. Elliston-Erwood, _The Pilgrims’ Road_, 1910, p. 84.

[873] I. Taylor, in _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., IV. p. 335.

[874] “There is no Northgate, Eastgate, or Westgate in Middlesex: what then is Southgate?” (Leigh Hunt, _Autobiography_, new edition, 1885, p. 25.)

[875] S. O. Addy, _Evolution of the English House_, 1898, pp. 34-5.

[876] T. W. Shore, _Origin of the Anglo-Saxon Race_, 1906, pp. 226, 229, 304.

[877] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VIII. p. 204.

[878] _Lore and Legend of the English Church_, p. 80. Cf. Brand, _Pop. Antiquities_, II. p. 293; other instances given.

[879] E. Stone, _God’s Acre_, 1858, p. 390.

[880] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VIII. p. 276.

[881] _Notes and Queries_, 1st Ser., V. p. 126.

[882] Letter from R. S. Hawker, in _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., VI. p. 235.

[883] T. F. Thiselton-Dyer, _Domestic Folk-Lore_, 1881, p. 62.

[884] Brand, _op. cit._ II. p. 293. (Particulars given.)

[885] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VIII. p. 276.

[886] Brand, _op. cit._ II. p. 292 et seqq. See also _God’s Acre_, pp. 390-1.

[887] G. White, _Selborne_, ed. J. E. Harting, 1880, p. 418.

[888] G. Masters, _Lambeth Parish Church_, 1904, p. 75.

[889] J. T. Micklethwaite, in _The Builder_, LVI. (1889), p. 184.

[890] M. H. Bloxam, _Monumental Architecture_, 1834, p. 262.

[891] _Ibid._

[892] _Reliquary_, XV., 1909, p. 22.

[893] _Durham Arch. Trans._, V. p. 103. (Quoted in _Notes and Queries_, 10th Ser., IX. p. 56.) See also _Notes and Queries_, 10th Ser., VIII. pp. 452-3. _Proc. Soc. Antiq._, VII. p. 299.

[894] _Hamlet_, Act iv. Sc. 5.

[895] Further references on the general subject will be found in _Notes and Queries_, 6th Ser., I. pp. 105, 466; 8th Ser., XI. p. 428; XII. pp. 17, 91, 175, 357. T. Hearne, _Collection of Curious Discourses_, 1771, I. p. 226. J. Savage, in _Memorabilia_, 1820, pp. 316-8. Note also the horizontal stones with inlaid brasses, dating from the 13th century (H. W. Macklin, _Monumental Brasses_, 1898, pp. 48, 51). _Proc. Soc. Antiq._, XX. p. 220.

[896] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VIII. p. 496.

[897] _Ibid._

[898] _Ibid._, 1st Ser., VIII. p. 207.

[899] _Ibid._, 1st Ser., VI. pp. 112-113.

[900] _Ibid._, 9th Ser., VII. p. 113.

[901] _Notes and Queries_, 1st Ser., V. p. 332.

[902] L. C. Miall, _Round the Year_, 1896, pp. 79-80 (cf. p. 229).

[903] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., VI. p. 132.

[904] _Ibid._

[905] Brand, _op. cit._ II. p. 297. _Notes and Queries_, 1st Ser., II. p. 55; V. p. 126.

[906] Brand, _op. cit._ II. p. 297.

[907] T. Thompson, _History of the Church and Priory of Swine_, 1824, p. 145.

[908] Brand, _Pop. Antiquities_, II. p. 294.

[909] C. F. Gordon-Cumming, _In the Hebrides_, 1883, p. 185.

[910] J. Burn, _History of Parish Registers in England_, 1829, p. 96 n.

[911] T. F. Thiselton-Dyer, _Old English Social Life_, 1898, p. 148.

[912] _Notes and Queries_, 1st Ser., II. p. 55. Cf. A. Jessopp, _Before the Great Pillage_, 1901, p. 28 n.

[913] Quoted by H. Hems, in _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., VII. p. 113. I cannot find the exact words attributed to Durandus, though they are in harmony with his remarks in the _Rationale_, lib. V., c. 14, 15, concerning unbaptized and still-born children, as well as those persons who die in mortal sin.

[914] G. Baldwin Brown, _The Arts in Early England_, 1903, I. p. 374.

[915] Durandus, _Rat. Div. Officiorum_, lib. V., c. 12. Sir R. Phillimore, _Eccles. Law_, 1873, II. p. 1761. E. S. Armitage, _op. cit._ p. 116. The subject is discussed by G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. pp. 254-6.

[916] S. Baring-Gould, _A Book of the West_, 1899, II. pp. 38-40.

[917] Phillimore, _op. cit._ II. 842-3, 1758, 1780. G. Baldwin Brown, _op. cit._ I. p. 362. E. L. Cutts, _Parish Priests and their People in the Middle Ages of England_, p. 53.

[918] I. Taylor, in _Notes and Queries_, 9th Ser., VII. pp. 112-3.

[919] G. White, _Selborne_, p. 418.

[920] Wordsworth, _A Parsonage in Oxfordshire_, ll. 1-2.

[921] J. Evelyn, _Diary_, ed. W. Bray, n.d. (Chandos Classics), p. 397.

[922] The churches of Sompting and Clapham, Sussex, at the foot of the Downs, seem to have been originally unenclosed.

[923] W. Greenwell, _British Barrows_, 1877, pp. 12-13; cf. T. Rice Holmes, _Ancient Britain_, p. 188.

[924] J. R. Mortimer, _Forty Years’ Researches_, pp. xxvi-xxvii. J. C. Atkinson, letters in _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VIII. p. 335.

[925] T. Wright, _The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon_, 2nd edition 1861, p. 329.

[926] W. Andrews, _Curious Church Customs_, p. 144.

[927] E. Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, 1908, II. pp. 255-6.

[928] A. Lang, in _Folk-Lore_, 1909, XX. pp. 88-9.

[929] Westermarck, _op. cit._ II. Chap. xxv. which is full of curious lore concerning suicide. Cf. J. G. Frazer, _Totemism and Exogamy_, 1910, II. p. 508; III. p. 152.

[930] Westermarck, _op. cit._ II. p. 256 n.

[931] A. Lang, _loc. cit._

[932] Westermarck, _op. cit._ II. p. 255.

[933] H. T. Stephen, _Commentaries on the Laws of England_, ed. J. Stephen, 1868, IV. p. 152, et seqq. Sir R. Phillimore, _op. cit._ II. p. 860.

[934] _Notes and Queries_, 1st Ser., V. p. 189. The burials of which particulars are given occurred at the church of St Nicholas, Newcastle. An invaluable bibliography of “Suicide” is given in _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., IX. pp. 489-91. Westermarck, _op. cit._, also gives voluminous references.