Chapter XII: Retrospect (5)

[935] J. T. B. Syme and J. E. Sowerby, _English Botany_, 3rd edition, 1868, VIII. pp. 276-7. _Ency. Brit._, 9th edition, under “Yew.” A good description is given by W. Dallimore, _Holly, Yew, and Box_, 1908, pp. 153-8. For an account of the timber, see G. S. Boulger, _Wood_, 2nd edition, 1908, p. 371, and plate.

[936] Sir J. D. Hooker, _Student’s Flora_, 3rd edition, 1884, pp. 380-1. J. Lowe, _Yew-Trees of Great Britain and Ireland_, 1897, p. 20.

[937] G. S. Boulger, _Familiar Trees_, n.d., 2nd Ser., p. 58.

[938] Sir J. Evans, _Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain_, 2nd edition, 1897, p. 575. Sir A. C. Ramsay, _Geology and Geography of Great Britain_, 3rd edition, 1878, p. 358.

[939] _Science Gossip_, XXII. pp. 116, 150, 191, 262; XXIII. p. 21; xxiv. pp. 44, 93, 142. G. White, _Nat. Hist. of Selborne_, Harting’s edition, 1880, pp. 420-1. J. Carroll, in _Country Side_, III. p. 252. _Jour. Board Agric._ X. (1903), pp. 235-6. _Trans. Chem. Soc._ LXXXI. (1902), p. 874. Lowe, _Yew-Trees_, pp. 147 et seqq. E. Step, _Wayside and Woodland Trees_, 1904, p. 76, asserts that the “kernels” are not poisonous.

[940] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, lib. XVI., c. 20.

[941] Liddell and Scott, _Greek-English Lexicon_, 8th edition, 1883, s.v.

[942] Caesar, _De Bello Gall._, lib. VI., c. 20.

[943] Liddell and Scott, _Greek-English Lexicon_, W. Smith, _Latin Dict._, 19th edition, s.v.

[944] _Cent. Dict._, under “Yew.”

[945] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Series, IV. p. 532.

[946] _Cent. Dict._, _loc. cit._

[947] W. W. Skeat, _Etymol. Dict._, under “Yew.”

[948] O. Schrader, _Prehist. Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples_, trans. J. B. Jevons, 1890, pp. 226, 274-5. See also V. Hehn, _Wanderings of Plants and Animals_, ed. J. S. Stallybrass, 1885, pp. 407-8.

[949] A. de Candolle, quoted by Lowe, _op. cit._, p. 46. The exact source is not given, but one may infer, from the context, that the rule is given in _Notice sur la Longévité des Arbes_, 1831. I have not seen this work, as it is not in the British Museum.

[950] Quoted by Lowe, _Yew-Trees_, pp. 45-6.

[951] _Science Gossip_, XXIV. (1888), p. 167. De Candolle’s equation of the measurements of the largest yew at Fountains Abbey is consistent only on the basis of 12 lines to the inch (_Physiologie Végétale_, t. II. p. 1001).

[952] G. A. Hansard, _Book of Archery_, 1840, p. 328.

[953] Sir R. Christison, _Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin._, XIX. p. 11. Cited by Lowe: this volume is not in the British Museum.

[954] Lowe, _Yew-Trees_, p. 57.

[955] A. J. Harrison, in _Naturalists’ Journal_, 1905, p. 200. See also H. Marshall Ward, _Timber, and some of its Diseases_, 1889, pp. 44-7. S. H. Vines, _Students’ Text-Book of Botany_, 1896, pp. 197-9.

[956] _Yew-Trees_, pp. 42-3, and especially Chap. III.

[957] _Yew-Trees_, p. 43.

[958] _Ibid._, p. 45.

[959] _Yew-Trees_, pp. 45-6. Cf. De Candolle’s own precautions, _Physiologie Végétale_, t. II. pp. 977, 983-4.

[960] _Yew-Trees_, p. 64.

[961] _Life of Sir R. Christison_ (edited by his sons), 1886, II. p. 254.

[962] _Life of Sir R. Christison_, _loc. cit._

[963] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., X. p. 431.

[964] _Antiquary_, XX. 1889, pp. 219-20.

[965] J. Timbs, _Things not generally known_, new edition, p. 96.

[966] _Yew-Trees_, pp. 64-5.

[967] _Antiquary_, XX. pp. 219-20.

[968] _Folk-Memory_, pp. 353-7.

[969] Dr J. Horace Round, in a letter to the author, Nov. 9, 1906.

[970] _Life of Sir R. Christison_, II. p. 264. _Physiologie Végétale_, t. II. p. 1002.

[971] _Philosoph. Trans._ 1770, LIX. p. 37.

[972] _Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser., V. p. 376. Naturalists’ Jour. 1896, p. 99.

[973] _Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser., V. p. 477.

[974] J. C. Loudon, _Arboretum Britannicum_, IV. p. 2079.

[975] Murray, _Handbook for Kent_, 5th edition, 1892, p. 37.

[976] _Physiologie Végétale_, t. II. p. 1002.

[977] _Handbook for Kent_, l.c., Black’s _Kent_, p. 143.

[978] _Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser., V. p. 376.

[979] _Things not generally known_, pp. 96-7.

[980] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., XI. p. 334.

[981] Murray, _Handbook for Yorkshire_, 1874, p. 289; cf. 3rd edition, 1882.

[982] _Physiologie Végétale_, t. II. p. 1001.

[983] _Antiquary_, XX. pp. 219-20.

[984] _Notes and Queries_, 2nd Ser., XI. p. 162.

[985] _Science Gossip_, XXIV. p. 24.

[986] _Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser., V. p. 376.

[987] Murray, _Handbook for Surrey_, 5th edition, 1898, p. 67.

[988] Murray, _Handbook for Sussex_, 5th edition, 1893, p. 16.

[989] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., V. p. 154.

[990] _Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser., XII. p. 495.

[991] G. White, _Selborne_, Harting’s edition, 1880, p. 420. See also E. A. Martin, _Bibliography of Gilbert White_, 1897, p. 219.

[992] J. G. Strutt, _Sylva Britannica_, 1822, p. 1.

[993] _Notes and Queries_, 1st Ser., VIII. pp. 346, 447. _Handbook to English Ecclesiology_ (_Ecclesiol. Soc._), 1847, p. 190. Brand, _Pop. Antiq._, II. pp. 255-266 (whole question discussed). H. Friend, _Flowers and Flower Lore_, 1892, II. pp. 586-9.

[994] Boulger, _Familiar Trees_, II. p. 60.

[995] F. H. Stratmann, _Middle-English Dict._, ed. H. Bradley, 1891, p. 194.

[996] W. Caxton, _Liber Festivalis_, 1483, _Dominica in ramis palmarum_, sig. g (no pagination).

[997] _Notes and Queries_, 2nd Ser., V. pp. 391-2.

[998] _Notes and Queries_, 2nd Ser., V. p. 447.

[999] J. Brady, _Clavis Calendaria_, 1812, I. pp. 276-80.

[1000] _Yew-Trees_, p. 98, cf. _Folk-Lore_, XIII. p. 201.

[1001] _Fam. Trees_, p. 61.

[1002] _Twelfth Night_, Act ii. Sc. 4.

[1003] Concerning the use of the yew at funerals, see Brand, _Pop. Antiq._, II. p. 312; Tyack, _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, p. 56; _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., IV. p. 532. The purely literary references might be greatly extended; consult, e.g., Lowe, _Yew-Trees_, _passim_, also T. N. Brushfield, in _Antiquities and Curiosities of the Church_, ed. W. Andrews, 1897, pp. 256-78.

[1004] Sir T. Browne, _Hydriotaphia_, ed. S. Wilkins, 1884, III. p. 25.

[1005] Sir R. Phillimore, _Eccles. Law_, 2nd edition, 1895, p. 1407. Brand, _Pop. Antiq._, II. p. 256. G. White, _Selborne_, p. 421. _Statutes of the Realm_, 1810, I. p. 221. The date of the Act said to be uncertain.

[1006] _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, p. 54. C. G. Prideaux, _Prac. Guide to the Duties of Churchwardens_, ed. F. C. Mackarness, 1895, p. 331. H. W. Cripps, _Laws relating to the Church and Clergy_, 1886, pp. 433-4.

[1007] _Yew-Trees_, p. 101. The error was apparently due to a misunderstanding of the reference in Brand’s _Popular Antiquities_, 1849, II. p. 256 n.

[1008] _Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser., XII. p. 113.

[1009] G. White, _Selborne_, pp. 421-2.

[1010] Daines Barrington, _Observations on the more ancient Statutes_, 1785, p. 191. See also J. Vaughan, _Lighter Studies of a Country Rector_, 1909, ch. xii. pp. 121-8.

[1011] Cedars and cypresses are common in Sussex churchyards.

[1012] _Yew-Trees_, pp. 131-2.

[1013] _Yew-Trees_, pp. 112-113. C. J. Longman and H. Walrond, _Archery_ (Badminton Library), 1894, p. 28.

[1014] _Archery_, p. 28. G. A. Hansard, _Book of Archery_, 1840, pp. 226-7.

[1015] _Archery_, p. 103. _Ency. Brit._, 11th edition, under _Archery_. J. Strutt, _Sports and Pastimes of the People of England_ (1801), Bk II. chap. i., gives several facts to prove that the Saxons were acquainted with the bow and arrow. For a more guarded view, see Baron J. de Baye, _Industrial Arts of the Anglo-Saxons_, trans. T. B. Harbottle, 1893, pp. 30-1.

[1016] _New Oxford Dict._, under “Bow” and “Arrow.”

[1017] _Ency. Brit._, l.c.

[1018] Sir J. Evans, _Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain_, 2nd edition, 1897, p. 411.

[1019] _Archery_, p. 16.

[1020] _Archery_, pp. 10-11. For a full account of the construction and distribution of the different kinds of bows, see H. Balfour, in _Jour. Anthrop. Inst._ XIX. 1889, pp. 220-254. See also Gen. A. Pitt-Rivers, _Evolution of Culture_, ed. J. L. Myres, 1906, pp. 45-184. A useful, concise account of the bow is contained in Dr H. S. Harrison’s _Handbook to the Weapons of War and the Chase_ (Horniman Museum), 1908, pp. 39-43.

[1021] _Yew-Trees_, p. 110. Sir John Evans possessed a flint flake, hafted in yew wood, which was found at Nussdorf, in Switzerland (see _Anc. Stone Impts._, p. 292).

[1022] _Archery_, p. 115.

[1023] _Ibid._ p. 115.

[1024] _Archery_, pp. 109-10. _Yew-Trees_, pp. 131-2. Daines Barrington, in _Archaeologia_, 1785, VII. pp. 46-48.

[1025] Chambers’s _Cyclopaedia_, Art. “Archery.”

[1026] _Archery_, p. 141.

[1027] The authorities for the facts given in this paragraph are very numerous. Most important is _Archery_ (Badminton Series), especially chs. vii. and ix. The bibliography given on pp. 472-499 is exhaustive, and a concise list of the statutes is presented on pp. 500-1. See also F. Grose, _Treatise on Ancient Armour and Weapons_, 1786, pp. 37-8. _Ency. Brit._, Art. _Archery_; J. Strutt, _Sports and Pastimes of the People of England_ (1801), ed. J. C. Cox, 1903, Book ii.

[1028] Sir A. C. Doyle, _The Song of the Bowmen_.

[1029] R. Ascham, _Toxophilus_, 1545, Arber’s reprint, p. 113.

[1030] _Archery_, p. 144.

[1031] J. Brady, _Clavis Calendaria_, 1812, I. p. 257.

[1032] R. Warner, _Collections for a History of Hampshire_, 1795, I. p. 104.

[1033] _Yew-Trees_, p. 103. Hansard, _Book of Archery_, p. 330. I cannot find any such legislation mentioned in _Statutes of the Realm_. The statement seems to be copied from Strutt (W. J.).

[1034] J. G. Strutt, _Sylva Britannica_, 1826, p. 28. Mr W. Adamson Foulis informs me that the island referred to must be Inchlonaig (= Yew Island).

[1035] _Yew-Trees_, p. 103. Cf. J. G. Strutt, _Sylva Brit._, 1826, p. 4, where the same statement is made.

[1036] _Yew-Trees_, p. 155.

[1037] _Book of Archery_, p. 330. Cf. T. S. Knowlson, _Origins of Pop. Superstitions and Customs_, 1910, pp. 222-5. (General question discussed.)

[1038] R. Warner, _Collections for a History of Hampshire_, 1795, I. p. 105 n.

[1039] _Book of Archery_, p. 332.

[1040] _Ibid._ p. 329.

[1041] _Pop. Antiquities_, II. p. 263.

[1042] Giraldus Cambrensis, _Topog. Hiberniae_, dist. III. c. 10, p. 739 in Camden’s edition, 1602. Cf. D. Rock, _Church of our Fathers_, ed. G. W. Hart and H. Frere, 1903, II. pp. 262-3.

[1043] Cf. Translation by T. Forester, in T. Wright’s edition of _Topog. Hiber._, 1887, p. 125; also J. F. Dimock’s edition of Giraldus’s works, 1867, V. pp. 135, 280.

[1044] _Topog. Hiber._ dist. II. c. 54. Camden’s edition, p. 734; Wright’s edition, p. 109.

[1045] Elton, _Origins_, p. 221 n. Some species of rhododendrons and azaleas are said to be productive of poisonous honey. (F. R. Cheshire, _Bees and Bee-keeping_, 1886, p. 291.) Laurel and ivy, though probably agreeable to bees, are similarly sources of bad honey. (A. Neighbour, _The Apiary_, 1878, pp. 297-8.)

[1046] R. Turner, _Botanologia_, 1664, pp. 362-3.

[1047] Tyack, _Lore and Legend_, p. 77.

[1048] W. Henderson, _Folk-Lore of Northern Counties_, 1879, p. 226.

[1049] W. G. Black, in _Antiquary_, VI. 1882, pp. 12-15. Among the Anglo-Saxons, it was customary to consecrate charms by bringing them in contact with the church. See _Jour. Amer. Folk-Lore_, XXII. 1909, p. 153.

[1050] _Macbeth_, Act. iv. Sc. I.

[1051] _Cent. Dict._, s.v.

[1052] Milton, _Lycidas_, ll. 100-1.

[1053] M. D. Conway, _Demonology and Devil-lore_, 1879, I. pp. 44-45.

[1054] W. G. Black, _l.c._

[1055] _Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser., XII. p. 191; _Folk-Lore_, XIII. p. 96.

[1056] _Notes and Queries_, 1st Ser., VIII. p. 244.

[1057] Rock, _Church of Our Fathers_, II. pp. 262-3.

[1058] J. T. B. Syme and J. E. Sowerby, _Eng. Bot._, VIII. p. 281.

[1059] W. H. Ablett, _Eng. Trees_, 1880, p. 154.

[1060] _Notes and Queries_, 6th Ser., II. pp. 184-5.

[1061] C. H. Coote, _The Romans of Britain_, 1878, p. 427.

[1062] Statius, _Thebaïd_, VIII. vv. 9, 10.

[1063] Cf. Coote, p. 427.

[1064] _Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser., XII. p. 8.

[1065] T. Wright, _The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon_, 1861, p. 328.

[1066] _Yew-Trees_, p. 101.

[1067] Brand, _Pop. Antiquities_, II. p. 312; Hansard, _Archery_, p. 331. Pepys mentions a churchyard near Southampton where the graves were “sowed with sage” (_Diary_, ed. Richard, Lord Braybrooke, 1887, p. 98).

[1068] G. Allen, _Evolution of the Idea of God_ (R. P. A. edition, 1903), p. 55.

[1069] _Gentleman’s Magazine_, LI. p. 10.

[1070] J. Macpherson, _Poems of Ossian_, 8th edition, I. p. 240, quoted by Lowe and others. (I cannot discover the passage. W. J.)

[1071] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., IX. p. 77; _Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. Soc._, XVII. 1896, pp. 135, 138-140. The earthworks are described by A. H. Allcroft, _Earthwork of England_, 1908, pp. 564, 566.

[1072] Sir J. Rhŷs, _Celtic Folklore_, 1891, II. p. 424.

[1073] E. O’Curry, _Manners and Customs of the Irish_, 1873, II. pp. 193-4. Cf. J. B. Bury, _Life of St Patrick_, 1905, p. 76.

[1074] Gomme, _Ethnology in Folklore_, p. 60.

[1075] R. Forby, _Vocab. of East Anglia_, 1830, I. p. 413.

[1076] _Manners and Customs of the Irish_, l.c. Buckets made of yew have been discovered in Anglo-Saxon graves at Linton Heath (Cambs.) and Roundway Down (Wilts.). _Indus. Arts of the Anglo-Saxons_, p. 102. Cf. _Folk-Lore_, XIII. p. 96.

[1077] _Naturalists’ Journal_, 1895, p. 99.

[1078] _Nat. Jour._, l.c.; J. G. Strutt, _Sylva Britannica_, 1826, p. 28. Strutt gives a fine illustration of the Fortingal yew.

[1079] Murray, _Handbook for Derbyshire_, 3rd edition, 1892, p. 30.

[1080] Sir G. L. Gomme, _Primitive Folk-Moots_, 1880, p. 133.

[1081] Murray, _Handbook for Surrey_, 5th edition, 1898, p. 67.

[1082] _Church of Our Fathers_, p. 178.

[1083] I have not yet observed a yew growing on a British burial mound, but Gen. A. Pitt-Rivers, in describing a British barrow which he opened on Winkelbury Hill, seems to supply an instance. He states that he found no relics within the mound, and that this absence was probably due to a dead yew, locally called a “scrag,” which he removed. Gen. Pitt-Rivers calls the yew an “insertion,” but was the tree “inserted” alive or dead? A dead yew would scarcely work much havoc. He continues--and the addition is noteworthy--“I afterwards learnt that the people of the neighbourhood attached some interest to it, and it has since been replaced by Sir Thomas Grove.” (_Excav. in Cranborne Chase_, II. 1888, p. 258.) Cf. _Folk-Lore_, XIII. p. 96; Prof. H. Conwenz, in _Brit. Assoc. Report_, 1901, p. 839.

[1084] W. Watson, _The Father of the Forest_, V. I.

[1085] J. Cossar Ewart, in _Ency. of Agriculture_, ed. by C. E. Green and C. Young, 1908, II. p. 427. W. Watts, _Geology for Beginners_, 2nd edition, 1907, p. 300. H. A. Nicholson, _Manual of Palaeontology_, 1889, II. pp. 1360-3, claims _Phenacodus_, a fossil animal from the lowest Eocene of North America, as representing the five-toed ancestor of the horse. On the general question of ancestry, see p. 411 n. _infra_. An acute criticism of the modern theory is offered in J. Gerard’s _The Old Riddle and the Newest Answer_, 5th edition, 1908, pp. 93-106.

[1086] J. Cossar Ewart, _op. cit._ II. p. 426.

[1087] W. Watts, _op. cit._ p. 300.

[1088] _Ibid._ p. 300.

[1089] R. Lydekker, _Guide to the Specimens of the Horse Family_ (Brit. Mus.), 1907, p. 5.

[1090] Lydekker, _loc. cit._ Ewart, _op. cit._ II. p. 428.

[1091] _Guide ... Horse Family_, pp. 8-9.

[1092] The following authorities may also be consulted: W. Ridgeway, _The Origin and Influence of the Thoroughbred Horse_, 1905, pp. 1-12. E. Ray Lankester, _Extinct Animals_, 1905, pp. 134-42. C. W. Saleeby, _Organic Evolution_, 1905, pp. 56-64. R. Lydekker, in _Knowledge_, XXV. 1902, pp. 100-2, and N.S. III. 1906, pp. 472-4. _Guide to Fossil Mammals and Birds_ (Nat. Hist. Mus., South Kensington), 8th edition, 1904, pp. 22-6. R. S. Lull, “Evolution of the Horse Family,” in _Amer. Jour. Science_, 4th Ser., XXIII. pp. 161-82. _Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc._ LXV. 1909, pp. cxix-cxx, where there is an allusion to gaps in the pedigree.

[1093] C. H. Read, _Guide to the Stone Age_, 1902, pp. 48, 49. Many representations of horses and horse-heads have been detected among the coloured drawings (ochre and black) on the walls of two Palaeolithic caves at Combarelles and Font-de-Gaune, explored in 1901. (See Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p. 85.)

[1094] B. C. A. Windle, _Life in Early Britain_, 1897, pp. 28, 29. _Cavernes du Périgord_, by MM. E. Larty and H. Christy, 1864, should be specially consulted.

[1095] _Guide to Stone Age_, p. 65. W. Boyd Dawkins, _Early Man in Britain_, 1880, p. 184.

[1096] Ewart, in _Ency. of Agric._ II. p. 434. Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p. 82, claims two distinct species, “at least,” of Palaeolithic horses.

[1097] Ewart, _Trans. Highland and Agric. Soc. of Scotland_, 5th Ser., XVI. 1904, pp. 230-68. A. C. Haddon, _Nat. Home-Reading Union Mag._ (Gen. Course), XV. p. 114.

[1098] T. Rice Holmes, _Anc. Brit. and the Invas. of Jul. Caes._, 1907, p. 56 n.

[1099] Herodotus, _History_, l. vii., c. 15.

[1100] G. Rawlinson, translation of _Hist. of Herodotus_, 4th edition, 1880, IV. p. 72 n. Ridgeway, _op. cit._ pp. 23, 117, 130, 192, gives particulars of the use of the lasso by other peoples.

[1101] A. Doigneau, _Nos Ancêtres Primitifs_, 1905, pp. 129-30.

[1102] _Ibid._ pp. 129-30.

[1103] _Guide to Stone Age_, pp. 39-40. S. Baring-Gould, _Deserts of Southern France_, 1894, I. p. 151. Ridgeway, _op. cit._ pp. 83-4.

[1104] Baring-Gould, _loc. cit._ The exploration of the Kesserloch cavern, at Thaingen, Baden, showed that the horse had been used for food in the Magdalenian period. See _Nature_, LXXIX. 1909, p. 343.

[1105] N. Joly, _Man before Metals_, 4th edition, 1887, p. 265 and note.

[1106] Ewart, _Trans. Highland and Agric. Soc. of Scotland_, 5th Ser., XVI. pp. 237-42. For a contrary English view, see Ridgeway, _op. cit._ pp. 89-91.

[1107] B. Tozer, _The Horse in History_, 1908, p. 4.

[1108] _Guide to Horse Family_, p. 14. Mr R. Lydekker, in a letter to the author, dated Jan. 6, 1909, stated that little is known of the Walthamstow skull exhibited in the Zoological Department (S. Kensington). There are other horse skulls from Pleistocene river-gravels to be seen, however, in the Geological Department. Most of our bone-caves (e.g. Kent’s Cavern, near Torquay) have yielded horse remains; and many specimens have been obtained from brick-earths and raised beaches. J. Cossar Ewart, _Trans. Highland and Agric. Soc. of Scotland_, 5th Ser., XVI. 1904, p. 233.

[1109] Lord Avebury, _Pre-historic Times_, 6th edition, 1900, pp. 160-1.

[1110] Ridgeway, _op. cit._ pp. 91-2.

[1111] W. Greenwell, _British Barrows_, 1877, p. 750.

[1112] _Ibid._ p. 136.

[1113] _Ibid._ p. 220.

[1114] _Ibid._ p. 262 n.

[1115] J. R. Mortimer, _Forty Years’ Researches_, 1905, pp. 25, 26, 37, 41 etc.

[1116] _British Barrows_, pp. 122, 127-9, 482, 543, 549. Dr W. Wright, in _Jour. of Anatomy_, N.S. XIX. 1905, esp. pp. 441-2.

[1117] W. Boyd Dawkins, _Cave Hunting_, 1874, p. 166. Rev. R. A. Gatty has recorded the discovery of bones of a young horse in Neolithic pit-dwellings near Hornsea, Yorkshire (_Chambers’s Journal_, 6th Ser., Feb. 1909, p. 109). For the Whitepark Bay discoveries, see _Jour. Roy. Hist. and Archaeol. Assoc. of Ireland_, 4th Ser., VII. pp. 122-3, 123 n. Professor J. Cossar Ewart thinks that “it is extremely probable that in Neolithic, as in Pleistocene times, Britain possessed several species of wild horses.” (_Trans. Highland and Agric. Soc. of Scotland_, 5th Ser., XVI. p. 242.) W. F. Gwinnell, in _S.E. Naturalist_, 1907, p. L. F. Keller, _Lake Dwellings of Switzerland_, 2nd edition, 1878, I. pp. 592, 595, records, with reserve, the discovery of iron horseshoes at the Early Iron lake settlement at Starnberger See, Bavaria.

[1118] _Nature_, LXXXI. p. 223; LXXXV. p. 22. _Naturalist_, 1911, p. 174.

[1119] _Forty Years’ Researches_, p. 198.

[1120] Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p. 478. Cf. O. Schrader, _Prehist. Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples_, 1900, p. 263.

[1121] W. E. Gladstone, _Homer_ (Macmillan, 1889), pp. 137-8. Homer’s references to chariots are discussed by A. Lang, in _Anthropology and the Classics_, ed. R. R. Marett, 1908, pp. 55-6. Cf. _Athenaeum_, May 7th, 1910, pp. 557-8.

[1122] Herodotus, _Hist._ l. V. c. 9. Cf. Rawlinson’s translation, III. p. 215, and Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p. 94. For a discussion concerning Herodotus as an observer and speculator on ancient customs see J. L. Myers, in _Anthropology and the Classics_, ed. R. R. Marett, 1908, pp. 121-68.

[1123] Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p. 94. V. Hehn, _Wanderings of Plants and Animals_, ed. J. S. Stallybrass, 1885, pp. 35-68, has some valuable information on this phase of the subject.

[1124] Rawlinson, _op. cit._ II. pp. 352-3.

[1125] Job xxxix. 19-25.

[1126] 2 Sam. viii. 4.

[1127] _Guide to Bronze Age_, p. 104.

[1128] _Ibid._ pp. 140-1.

[1129] _Spectator_, Sept. 19, 1908, p. 407. See also, especially, Ridgeway, _op. cit._ Chap. V. (“The Development of Equitation”).

[1130] Caesar, _De Bell. Gall._, l. IV. cc. 24, 33; l. V. cc. 8, 11, 12, 13, 15. Cf. E. Conybeare, _Roman Britain_, 1903, pp. 93, 99.

[1131] _De Bell. Gall._, l. V. c. 16. On the question of early chariots see Ridgeway, _op. cit._ pp. 215, 217, 481-2. Tozer, _op. cit._ pp. 20-1, 24-6.

[1132] Schrader, _Prehist. Antiquities_, p. 263.

[1133] C. T. Lewis and C. Short, _Lat. Dict._, under the words cited.

[1134] P. H. Newman, in _Social England_, ed. Traill, 1894, I. p. 225.

[1135] _The Horse in History_, pp. 75-6.

[1136] _Chambers’s Encyclopaedia_, 1906, Art. “Horse.”

[1137] Gulielmus Malmsburiensis, _Gesta Regum Anglorum_, l. II. c. 135.

[1138] See edition of Fitzstephen’s work, edited by “An Antiquary” (S. Pegge), 1772, pp. 37-8, 67-8. Cf. H. Morley’s translation, prefixed to the edition of Stow’s _Survey of London_, 1890, pp. 26-7.

[1139] _Chambers’s Encyclopaedia_, _loc. cit._

[1140] Tozer, _op. cit._ pp. 207, 236. For the question of horse-breeding generally, see Ridgeway, _op. cit._, especially pp. 358-60.

[1141] Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p. 502. Tozer, _op. cit._ pp. 42, 83.

[1142] Tozer, _op. cit._ p. 73. The iron shoes of mules were detachable (Catullus, _Carm._, XVII. ll. 25-6).

[1143] Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p. 502. J. Beckmann, _History of Inventions, Discoveries, and Origins_, tr. W. Johnston, 4th edition, 1846, I. p. 444. See Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ l. XXXIII. c. 49.

[1144] Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p. 502.

[1145] _Ibid._ p. 503. Cf. Syer Cumming, in _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._, VI. p. 411.

[1146] R. Berenger, _Hist. and Art of Horsemanship_, 1771, p. 322. [I have not seen the original drawing by Father B. De Montfaucon, but have read his remarks on horseshoes, in _L’Antiquité expliquée_, tr. D. Humphreys, 1722, IV. pp. 50-1.] J. Beckmann, _op. cit._ I. pp. 451-2, gives several reasons against the genuineness of the Childeric shoe.

[1147] Tozer, _op. cit._ p. 83. Gen. A. Pitt-Rivers, _Excavations in Cranborne Chase_, I. pp. 83-4, 97, 247; II. p. 139; III. pp. 84, 138, 141. The hippo-sandal is discussed in I. pp. 77-9. C. Roach Smith, _Collectanea Antiqua_, III. pp. 128-9; also his _Illustrations of Roman London_, 1859, pp. 145-6. F. Keller, _Lake Dwellings of Switzerland_, I. pp. 592, 595. G. Payne, in _Archaeologia Cantiana_, 1897, XXII. p. 73. Cf. W. Youatt, _The Horse_, 1888, pp. 440-1. For the Northumberland horseshoe see H. M. Neville, _A Corner in the North_, 1909, pp. 110-11. For the merits of shoeing horses see _Encyclopaedia of Agriculture_, ed. C. E. Green and D. Young, 1908, Art. “Horse shoeing.” A somewhat popular account of the horse’s foot is given in Sir Charles Bell’s _The Hand_, 8th edition, 1885, pp. 61-64.

[1148] Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p. 503. Mr L. Jewitt, _Grave-Mounds and their Contents_, 1870, asserts (p. 201) that horseshoes are occasionally met with in burials of the Roman-British period and (p. 264) that they have been recorded from Anglo-Saxon graves in Berkshire. The conclusions reached by Prof. T. McKenny Hughes, in _Proc. Camb. Antiq. Soc._, X. 1904, pp. 249-58, should be consulted; they vary somewhat from those given in the text. On the general question, see _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._, VI. pp. 406-18; _Antiquary_, 1911, N.S., VII. p. 275.

[1149] This form was also formerly used around Cerne Abbas, Dorsetshire.

[1150] See list of references, p. 424 _supra_.

[1151] J. G. Keysler, _Antiquitates Selectae Septentrionales et Celticae_, 1720, pp. 115, 168-9, 518.

[1152] Virgil, _Aeneid_, l. VI. ll. 885-7.

[1153] J. R. Allen, _Celtic Art in Pagan and Christian Times_, 1904, pp. 64-5, 94-5, R. A. Smith, _Guide to Early Iron Age_ (Brit. Mus.), 1905, pp. 50, 73, 90 etc. L. Jewitt, _op. cit._ pp. 201, 264-5. J. R. Mortimer, _Forty Years’ Researches_, pp. 358, 359. Ridgeway, _op. cit._, deals fully with the subject. The _Naturalist_, 1905, pp. 264-5, also gives a list of chariot-burials. _Archaeologia_, 1906, LX. pp. 281 et seqq., pp. 311-2. R. Munro, _Prehistoric Scotland_, 1899, pp. 247-50.

[1154] _British Barrows_, pp. 454, 455.

[1155] _Ibid._ p. 456.

[1156] B. C. A. Windle, _Remains of the Prehistoric Age in England_, 1904, p. 287.

[1157] J. J. A. Worsaae, _Pre-history of the North_, tr. H. F. M. Simpson, 1886, p. 192; also (by the same writer), _Industrial Arts of Denmark_, 1882, pp. 190-2.

[1158] Baron J. de Baye, _Indus. Arts of the Anglo-Saxons_, p. 18. Prof. É. Metchnikoff, who cites the case of Duguesclin, gives an additional instance from Treves, A.D. 1781. See _Nature of Man_, tr. P. Chambers Mitchell, 1906, p. 141. See also _Prim. Culture_, I. p. 474.

[1159] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., XII. p. 158. See, especially, E. P. Squarey, _The “Moot” and its Traditions_, 1906, pp. 34-5.

[1160] R. Southey, _Letters of Espriella_, 1st edition, 1807, I. pp. 52-3.

[1161] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., VI. p. 73.

[1162] G. Rawlinson, in his edition of Herodotus, 1880, III. p. 63 n.

[1163] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, l. VIII. c. 64.

[1164] E. Howlett, in _Curious Church Customs_, ed. W. Andrews, 1898, p. 129.

[1165] G. S. Tyack, _Lore and Legend of the Eng. Church_, 1899, p. 245. M. H. Bloxam, _Monumental Architecture of Great Britain_, 1834, pp. 96, 102.

[1166] Tacitus, _De Moribus Germaniae_, c. 10.

[1167] J. Grimm, _Teutonic Mythology_, trans. J. G. Stallybrass, 1883, II. p. 655.

[1168] Herodotus, _Hist._, l. I. c. 189; l. VII. c. 55. Grimm, _op. cit._ IV. p. 1483, concerning sacred horses alluded to by Plutarch.

[1169] Herodotus, _Hist._, l. IV. c. 52.

[1170] Rev. vi. 2, and xix. 11.

[1171] See the authorities cited by J. Timbs, _Curiosities of Science_, 6th edition, 1862, p. 191.

[1172] See the details collected in _Folk-Memory_, 1908, pp. 323, 325.

[1173] _Folk-Memory_, pp. 323-6; _Archaeologia_, XXI. 289-98; _Vict. Hist. of Berks._, 1906, pp. 188-92.

[1174] _Guide to Early Iron Age_, p. 29.

[1175] _Ibid._ pp. 115-6.

[1176] J. Stevens, in _Jour. Archaeol. Assoc._, XL. 1884, pp. 64-6.

[1177] Concerning the development of the interlacing ornament from animal forms, and the further question of the supposed Scandinavian origin of some of these animal figures, see J. Romilly Allen, _Celtic Art in Pagan and Christian Times_, 1904, pp. 249-50.

[1178] Grimm, _Teut. Myth._, I. p. 49.

[1179] _Ibid._ II. p. 664.

[1180] J. M. Kemble, _The Saxons in England_, 1876, II. p. 429.

[1181] Keysler, _op. cit._ p. 326. Dufour’s French translation gives the number of each kind of victim as 89, but this is evidently an error.

[1182] Kemble, _op. cit._ II. p. 429.

[1183] Bede, _Eccles. Hist._, l. II. c. 13.

[1184] _Ibid._

[1185] Grimm, _Teut. Myth._, II. p. 665.

[1186] Grant Allen, _Evolution of the Idea of God_, R.P.A. edition, 1903, p. 122. J. G. Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 1890, II. pp. 24-5; Frazer, _Totemism and Exogamy_, 1910, III. p. 391. Cf. _Folk-Lore_, XI. pp. 257-8.

[1187] Keysler, _op. cit._ pp. 322-48.

[1188] _Ibid._ pp. 322-3.

[1189] _Ibid._ p. 348.

[1190] W. Boyd Dawkins, _Cave Hunting_, 1874, p. 132.

[1191] Keysler, _op. cit._ p. 339.

[1192] _Ibid._ p. 340.

[1193] W. Boyd Dawkins, _op. cit._ p. 132.

[1194] _Ibid._ pp. 132, 133.

[1195] Grimm, _Teut. Myth._, III. p. 1049; IV. pp. 1302, 1304, 1619.

[1196] Grimm, _op. cit._ IV. p. 1050.

[1197] _Ibid._ p. 1619.

[1198] L’Abbé V. Dufour, _Une Question Historique_, 1868, translated from Keysler’s _Antiquitates_, p. 65.

[1199] Dufour, _op. cit._ p. 66.

[1200] _Ibid._ p. 67.

[1201] _Notes and Queries_, 10th Ser., X. 1908, p. 245.

[1202] A. de Gubernatis, _Zoological Mythology_, 1872, I. pp. 283-357.

[1203] Doigneau, _Nos Ancêtres Primitifs_, p. 127. Dr J. G. Frazer, _Golden Bough_, II. pp. 64-5, refers to the Roman custom, at the October chariot-race, of cutting off the tail of the right-hand horse of the victorious team, and states that this was done to ensure a good crop: the horse represented the corn spirit.

[1204] Herodotus, _Hist._, l. II. c. 39. For superstitions respecting the sanctity of the human head, see _Golden Bough_, I. pp. 187-93.

[1205] _Teut. Myth._, IV. p. 1483.

[1206] _Ibid._ II. p. 661.

[1207] _Zool. Myth._, I. p. 303.

[1208] _Teut. Myth._, II. p. 661.

[1209] _Ibid._ p. 660.

[1210] _Ibid._ p. 660.

[1211] M. Braitmaier, in _Folk-Lore_, XI. pp. 322-3, and plates II-VI.

[1212] _Notes and Queries_, 3rd Ser., VII. p. 10.

[1213] _Notes and Queries_, 10th Ser., XI. pp. 71-2, 395.

[1214] P. Maylam, _“The Hooden Horse,” an East Kent Christmas Custom_, 1909, pp. 72-91, 110-20. _Athenaeum_, Feb. 19, 1910, p. 214. In _Folk-Lore_, XXI. 1910, pp. 248-9, it is argued that the “hoodening horse” dates, at least, earlier than the Robin Hood period. Cf. W. Henderson, _Folk-Lore of the N. Counties_, 2nd edition, 1879, pp. 70-1.

[1215] _Daily Chronicle_, Jan. 2, 1908. Much horse lore of a similar kind may be found in the volumes of _Folk-Lore_, especially XI. and XIII.

[1216] Virgil, _Aeneid_, lib. I. ll. 144 et seqq.

[1217] J. Conington, in a note in _Works of Virgil_, ed. G. Long, 1884, II. p. 52 n.

[1218] _Zool. Myth._, I. p. 333.

[1219] At Burpham, Sussex, the paws of a fox were nailed on the door of the blacksmith’s shop “for luck” (1911).

[1220] Sir G. L. Gomme, _Ethnology in Folk-Lore_, 1892, pp. 35-6. (Many instances cited.) Mr Baring-Gould’s experience is related in _Folk-Lore_, IV. p. 6.

[1221] _Notes and Queries_, 1st Ser., V. p. 274.

[1222] _Jour. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc._, N.S. III. 1897, pp. 89-103, 192-206.

[1223] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., VIII. p. 248.

[1224] _Ibid._ Additional instances are given in _Folk-Lore_, XII. 1901, pp. 348-9.

[1225] _Notes and Queries_, 4th Ser., III. p. 564.

[1226] Sir G. L. Gomme, _Folk-Lore Relics in Early Village Life_, 1883, pp. 34-7. (Other examples given.)

[1227] _Notes and Queries_, 4th Ser., IV. p. 66.

[1228] _Ibid._ 4th Ser., III. p. 500.

[1229] _Ibid._ 6th Ser., I. p. 424.

[1230] Grant Allen, _Evol. of the Idea of God_, p. 122.

[1231] Sir E. Beckett, _Book on Building_, 2nd edition, 1880, p. 281.

[1232] G. M. Hills, in _Jour. Archaeol. Assoc._, XXXV. p. 97.

[1233] L’Abbé Cochet, in _Gentleman’s Magazine_, N.S., XV. pp. 540-3.

[1234] For confirmatory evidence, see E. E. Viollet-le-Duc, _Dictionnaire raisonné de l’Architecture française du xie au xvie siècle_, 1865, s.v. “Pot” (t. VI. pp. 471-2).

[1235] É. Didron, _Annales archéologiques_, 1862, t. XXI. p. 297.

[1236] Didron, _loc. cit._

[1237] _Notes and Queries_, 6th Ser., III. p. 168.

[1238] _Bygone Hertfordshire_, ed. W. Andrews, 1898, p. 157.

[1239] _Papers read at the Royal Institute of British Architects_, 1853-4, pp. 133-4.

[1240] _Jour. Archaeol. Assoc._, 1873, XXIX. p. 306; 1879, XXXV. p. 95.

[1241] _Notes and Queries_, 6th Ser., III. pp. 412-3. _Rept. Norfolk and Norwich Archaeol. Soc._ 1861, p. iii.

[1242] _Jour. Archaeol. Assoc._, XXXV. pp. 95 et seqq.; cf. XXXVIII. pp. 218-21; see also XVI. pp. 359-63. There is an interesting article on “Acoustic jars,” by G. C. Yates, in _Antiquities and Curiosities of the Church_, ed. W. Andrews, 1897, pp. 34-43.

[1243] _Jour. Archaeol. Assoc._, 1882, XXXVIII. pp. 218-21.

[1244] Quoted from the 1770 edition of A. Young’s _Six Months’ Tour through the North of England_, I. pp. 162-3, in _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., II. p. 266.

[1245] W. Marshall, _Rural Econ. of Yorkshire_, 1788, I. p. 261.

[1246] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., II. p. 266.

[1247] _Ibid._, 7th Ser., II. p. 354.

[1248] _Ibid._, 8th Ser., VII. p. 470.

[1249] _Ibid._, 7th Ser., II. p. 318.

[1250] _Ibid._, 8th Ser., VII. p. 396.

[1251] _Ibid._, 8th Ser., VII. p. 469.

[1252] A. Young, _Six Weeks’ Tour through the Southern Counties_, 1769, pp. 73-4.

[1253] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., II. pp. 372-3.

[1254] _Ibid._, 7th Ser., II. p. 317. A good description of Sussex oxen is given by W. H. Hudson, in _Nature in Downland_, 1900, Chap. III.

[1255] W. de Gray Birch, _Domesday Book_, 1887, p. 222; P. H. Newman, in _Social England_, ed. H. D. Traill, 1894, I. p. 214.

[1256] Another probable mode was to employ four yoke of two each.

[1257] Bartholomew Anglicus, _Mediaeval Lore_, ed. R. Steele, 1905, p. 143. For “langhaldes,” see _Cent. Dict._; for “spanells,” _Eng. Dial. Dict._ and Funk’s _Standard Dict._ (1906), s.v.

[1258] _Social England_, ed. H. D. Traill, 1894, I. p. 128.

[1259] _Seneschaucie_, reprinted with Walter de Henley’s _Le Dite de Hosebondrie_, tr. E. Lamond, 1890, p. 113.

[1260] _King Henry IV._, 2nd Pt, Act iii. Sc. 2.

[1261] R. Burns, _My ain Kind Dearie O_, v. 2.

[1262] R. Carew, _Survey of Cornwall_, 1769, p. 23.

[1263] Fitzstephen’s _Descrip. of the City of London_, ed. by “An Antiquary” [S. Pegge], 1772, pp. 39, 70. Cf. Translation by H. Morley, in his edition of Stow’s _Survey of London_, 1890, p. 27. See also P. Vinogradoff, _Eng. Society in the Eleventh Century_, 1908, p. 154.

[1264] _Notes and Queries_, 2nd Ser., II. p. 195. Cf. _Piers the Plowman_, VI. 289-90: “and a cart-mare to drawe a-fielde my donge.”

[1265] _Le Dite de Hosebondrie_, p. 11.

[1266] W. J. Corbett, in _Social England_, II. p. 545. Note, however, that towards the end of the sixteenth century (A.D. 1577) William Harrison, in Holinshed’s _Chronicle_, speaks of “our cart or plough horses (for we use them indifferently),” Bk. III. c. 1 (edition 1807, 1. p. 370).

[1267] W. L. Rham, _Dict. of the Farm_, new edition, 1858, p. 202.

[1268] On this theory, a bovate represents one-eighth of a carucate.

[1269] Birch, _Domesday Book_, pp. 225-6. For contrary view, see J. H. Round, _Feudal England_, 1909, pp. 35-36. Dr Round argues that not only was the _caruca_ a plough team of eight oxen, but that the number was fixed. Also P. Vinogradoff, _Villainage in England_, 1892, pp. 252-3. The number of oxen was perhaps partly dependent upon the practice of co-aration, or co-operative ploughing. See G. Slater, in _Geogr. Jour._, 1907, XXIX. p. 39. P. Vinogradoff, _Eng. Society in the Eleventh Century_, 1908, pp. 154, 164-5. See also F. Seebohm, _Eng. Vill. Community_, 1896, pp. 62-5, 74, 85, 123.

[1270] Publications of Surtees Society, No. 83, p. 65.

[1271] _Ibid._, No. 87 (_Life of St Cuthbert in Eng. Verse_), p. 170.

[1272] _Ibid._, p. 176.

[1273] G. Roberts, _Social Hist. of the People of the Southern Counties of England_, 1856, p. 487. Cf. D. Defoe, _Tour thro’ the whole Island of Great Britain_, 1724, I. pp. 59-60. Timber taken by road from Sussex to Maidstone, and thence by river to Chatham, sometimes required three years for the journey.

[1274] R. E. Prothero, in _Social England_, V. p. 455. Cf. N. J. Hone, _The Manor and Manorial Records_, 1906, pp. 41-3. See Addenda, p. 497 _infra_.

[1275] Birch, _Domesday Book_, p. 225.

[1276] Rham, _Dict. Farm_, p. 202.

[1277] W. Youatt, _Cattle, their Breeds, Management, and Diseases_, new edition, 1876, p. 42.

[1278] _Notes and Queries_, 8th Ser., VII. p. 470.

[1279] _Reliquary_, 1905, XI. p. 223.

[1280] Rham, _Dict. Farm_, p. 385.

[1281] _Reliquary_, XI. p. 223.

[1282] Youatt, _Cattle_, p. 42.

[1283] Marshall, _Rural Econ. Yorks._, I. pp. 266-7.

[1284] Rham, _Dict. Farm_, p. 250.

[1285] Cf. _Country Life_, 1911, XXX. pp. 719-20.

[1286] J. E. Thorold Rogers, _Six Centuries of Work and Wages_, 1889, p. 77. Rham, _Dict. Farm_, p. 203.

[1287] A. Fitzherbert, _Boke of Husbandry_ (1534), ed. Skeat, 1882, p. 16. Concerning the academic question whether the _Boke of Husbandry_ is the work of Anthony or of John Fitzherbert, see the _Dict. of Nat. Biog._, under “Fitzherbert, Sir Anthony”--decision in favour of Sir Anthony.

[1288] Rham, _Dict. Farm_, p. 385. Rogers, _Six Centuries_, p. 76. N. J. Hone, _The Manor and Manorial Records_, 1906, p. 81.

[1289] Rogers, _Six Centuries_, p. 76.

[1290] Youatt, _Cattle_, p. 42.

[1291] _Le Dite de Hosebondrie_, pp. 10-13.

[1292] A. Young, _Six Months Tour, N. of England_, 1771, IV. pp. 116-137.

[1293] _Ibid._, p. 144.

[1294] _Boke of Husbandry_, p. 15.

[1295] _Ibid._, p. 15.

[1296] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., II. p. 317.

[1297] W. J. Corbett, in _Social England_, II. p. 545.

[1298] Gen. A. L. Pitt-Rivers, _Excavations in Cranborne Chase_, 1887, etc., I. p. 84. Figure given on Plate XXVII.

[1299] E. Conybeare, _Rom. Brit._ 1903, p. 177 n. (authorities given). W. Ridgeway, _The Origin and Influence of the Thoroughbred Horse_, 1905, p. 504. Cf. T. McKenny Hughes, in _Proc. Camb. Antiq. Soc._, X. 1904, pp. 256-7.

[1300] J. Beckmann, _Hist. of Inventions, Discoveries, and Origins_, tr. W. Johnston, 4th edition, 1846, I. p. 443. Cf. Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, l. XI. c. 105.

[1301] Beckmann, _l.c._ This writer, and the authorities whom he quotes, deserve careful study. On the whole, Beckmann sums up somewhat against the theory that horses were usually shod in classical times. This conclusion is in practical agreement with that of Professor Hughes, _loc. cit._ See Aristotle, _Hist. Animal._ l. II. c. 2, § 6.

[1302] Catullus, _Carm._ xvii. ll. 25-6. Cf. Beckmann, I. p. 445.

[1303] P. Vinogradoff, _Villainage in England_, 1892, p. 15.

[1304] Rogers, _Six Centuries_, p. 76.

[1305] _Le Dite de Hosebondrie_, p. 13.

[1306] _Boke of Husbandry_, p. 16.

[1307] _Ibid._, p. 16.

[1308] Pub. Surtees Soc., No. 65, p. 250 n.

[1309] _Ibid._, No. 65, p. 250 n.

[1310] Isa. v. 28. Cf. Smith, _Dict. of the Bible_, Art. “Horse.”

[1311] T. McKenny Hughes, in _Proc. Camb. Antiq. Soc._, X. 1904, pp. 256-7. J. J. Hissey, _Over Fen and Wold_, 1898, p. 127.

[1312] The number of nails required for an ox-shoe varied locally. See, e.g., the illustration in Youatt’s _Cattle_, p. 569, where three nails only are shown.

[1313] Youatt, _Cattle_, pp. 569-70. On the general question, see also T. McKenny Hughes, _loc. cit._

[1314] Marshall, _Rural Econ. Yorks._, II. p. 182. Arthur Beckett, in _The Spirit of the Downs_, 1909, pp. 285-290, has a good description of a South Down ploughing match, in which oxen competed.

[1315] _Rural Econ. Yorks._, I. pp. 262-3. Cf. H. M. Neville, _A Corner in the North_, 1909, pp. 247-50.

[1316] H. E. Forrest, in _Naturalist_, 1908, p. 330.

[1317] Caesar, _De Bell. Gall._, l. VI. c. 28. The value of this passage is seriously questioned by Professor J. Wilson, in _Evolution of British Cattle_, 1909, Ch. I.

[1318] _Naturalist_, 1908, p. 330. Chambers’s _Cyclopaedia_, Art. “Cattle.” Lord Avebury, _Pre-hist. Times_, 6th edition, 1900, p. 286, says that the urus survived in Germany until the sixteenth century.

[1319] Lord Avebury, _l.c._

[1320] _Naturalist_, 1908, p. 361.

[1321] W. Boyd Dawkins, _Early Man in Britain_, 1880, p. 261.

[1322] R. Hedger Wallace, “White Cattle,” in _Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow_, v., N.S. Pt 2 (1897-8), pp. 220-273. Mr Wallace gives twenty-one pages of bibliography. This excellent paper may be referred to on many points. J. Wilson, _Evol. of Brit. Cattle_, especially pp. 22-3, 38-40, 61-9, and the whole of Chap. iii. See also R. Lydekker, in _Knowledge_, XXV. pp. 101-2; H. Woodward, _Guide to Fossil Mammals and Birds_ (S. Kensington), 8th edition, 1904, pp. 43-4. An article on Park Cattle appeared in _Nature Notes_, IX. 1898, pp. 46-9.

[1323] Chambers’s _Cyclopaedia_, Art. “Cattle.” Cf. J. Wilson, _Evol. of Brit. Cattle_, p. 17. (The view taken is in harmony with that of Professor T. McKenny Hughes.)

[1324] H. A. Nicholson, _Manual of Palaeontology_, 3rd edition, 1889, II. p. 1352.

[1325] _Ibid._, 3rd edition, 1889, II. p. 1352.

[1326] H. A. Nicholson, _Manual of Palaeontology_, 3rd edition, 1889, II. p. 1352. _Naturalist_ 1908, p. 332.

[1327] N. Joly, _Man before Metals_, 4th edition, 1887, p. 268.

[1328] T. Rice Holmes, _Anc. Brit. and the Invas. of Jul. Caesar_, 1907, p. 152 n.

[1329] J. Grimm, _Teutonic Mythology_, tr. J. S. Stallybrass, 1883, IV. p. 1302.

[1330] _Ibid._, l.c.

[1331] 1 Sam. vi. _vv._ 7 et seqq.

[1332] _Teut. Myth._, IV. p. 1302.

[1333] _Ibid._, I. p. 49.

[1334] Bede, _Ecclesiastical Hist._, l. I. c. 30.

[1335] _Teut. Myth._, II. p. 665.

[1336] S. Baring-Gould, _A Book of Brittany_, 1901, pp. 231-3.

[1337] _Teut. Myth._, II. p. 664.

[1338] A. de Gubernatis, _Zoological Mythology_, 1872, I. p. 258. The whole of Chap. 1, Section 5, will repay attention.

[1339] _Zool. Myth._, I. p. 247.

[1340] J. M. Kemble, _The Saxons in England_, 1876, II. p. 429.

[1341] Greenwell, _British Barrows_, pp. 168, 230. References are also given to Bateman’s discoveries of ox skulls in Derbyshire barrows. J. R. Mortimer, _Forty Years’ Researches_, pp. 9, 10, 18, 22, etc. A barrow near Bridlington yielded a dagger-knife of bronze, with two plates of ox-horn, of which the hilt had been composed (Evans, _Anc. Stone Impts_, p. 265).

[1342] R. Colt Hoare, _Anc. Hist. of South Wilts_, 1812, I. p. 199.

[1343] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, l. VIII. c. 70.

[1344] Virgil, _Georg._, l. II. line 537. Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, l. VIII. c. 70. For parallel practices see Westermarck, _Origin and Devel. of the Moral Ideas_, II. pp. 330-1, 493, 494.

[1345] W. Smith, _Dict. Greek and Roman Antiq._, Art. “Nummus.” For the Athenian sacrifice of the ox, see J. G. Frazer, _Golden Bough_, II. pp. 38, 39, 41; and for the sacred cattle of Egypt, see II. pp. 59-61.

[1346] Grimm, _Teut. Myth._, II. p. 665.

[1347] _Ibid._, II. p. 664.

[1348] D. Defoe, _A Tour thro’ the whole Island of Great Britain_, 1724, I. p. 60. It will be well to note the reference, since the passage is incorrectly ascribed to other writers. G. Roberts, _Soc. Hist. of the S. Counties of England_, 1856, p. 487, cites Fuller as the author; and Lord Avebury, _Scenery of England_, 1902, pp. 440-7, attributes the statement to Arthur Young. About the close of the seventeenth century, carriage-teams of oxen were popular among Roman Catholics, who were prevented by the Penal Laws from possessing a horse (Tozer, _The Horse in History_, p. 264). Such a carriage-team was used by Lord Sheffield so late as the close of the eighteenth century (_Notes and Queries_, 10th Ser., XI. p. 136). See also L. V. Lucas, _Highways and Byways in Sussex_, 3rd edition, 1907, p. 286, where another instance is recorded from Sussex.

[1349] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., II. p. 317.

[1350] E. C. Brewer, _Dict. of Phrase and Fable_, under “Ox.”

[1351] T. Percy, _Reliques of Anc. Eng. Poetry_, ed. H. B. Wheatley, 1891, III. p. 112.

[1352] _Zoological Mythology_, I. p. 258.

[1353] _Survey of Cornwall_, p. 24.

[1354] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., XI. p. 62. R. Southey, _Commonplace Book_, ed. J. W. Warter, 1876, Ser. IV. p. 388.

[1355] _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser., XI. p. 236.

[1356] J. Ingelow, _High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire_, vv. 5, 23. Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_, chs. xxxix., xlv. See also _Notes and Queries_, 11th Ser., IV. p. 466.

[1357] E. Thomas, _The South Country_, 1909, p. 129.

[1358] Deut. xxv. 4.

End of Project Gutenberg's Byways in British Archaeology, by Walter Johnson