Chapter XV: THE LEMUROIDA (continued)

THE GENERA LEMUR AND CHEIROGALE.

Called by the French _Makis_--Restricted to Madagascar--Their
Activity--Different Species--How to Distinguish them--THE
RING-TAILED LEMUR--Reason for the Name--Tail--Colour of
Body--Eye--Hand and Foot--Geographical Range--Anatomical
Peculiarities--Playfulness in Captivity--THE WHITE-FRONTED
LEMUR--Specimen in the Zoological Gardens--THE LEMUR OF
MAYOTTE--Where Found--Colour--Manner of Life--THE MONGOOSE
LEMUR--Description of one sent to Buffon--THE RUFFED
LEMUR--Described by Ellis--Domesticated Specimens--THE
BLACK LEMUR--Geographical Range--Hand--Foot--GENUS
CHEIROGALE--Bushy Tails--Resemblance to the
Hapalemur--Nocturnal Habits--Difficult to Distinguish--THE
FORKED-CROWNED CHEIROGALE--Wonderful Powers of
Leaping--Cry--Reason for the Name--A Nest-making
Variety--Specimens in the Jardin des Plantes--Resemblance to
the Galagos 225

CHAPTER XVI.

THE LEMUROIDA (_concluded_)--THE GALAGOS.

THE GALAGOS--DEMIDOFF’S GALAGO AND THE MOUSE GALAGO--THE
SENEGAL GALAGO--THE SENNAAR GALAGO--THE MAHOLI GALAGO--THE
GRAND, OR THICK-TAILED GALAGO--MONTEIRO’S GALAGO--THE
AFRICAN SLOW LEMURS--VAN BOSMAN’S POTTO--GENUS
ARCTOCEBUS, OR BEAR MONKEY TRIBE--THE ANGWÁNTIBO--THE
ASIATIC SLOW LEMUROIDS--THE SLOW LORIS--THE SLENDER
LORIS--GENUS TARSIUS--THE SPECTRE TARSIER, OR TARSIUS--THE
MALMAG--GENUS CHEIROMYS--THE AYE-AYE--The Puzzle of the
Naturalists--Opinions regarding it--Specimen Examined
by Owen--Feeding--Teeth--Hands--Classification of the
Lemuroida--Geographical Distribution 236

CHIROPTERA, OR WING-HANDED ANIMALS.

THE BATS.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION--CLASSIFICATION OF BATS--THE FRUIT-EATING BATS.

One of Æsop’s Fables--Opinions of the Ancients regarding
Bats--Scaliger’s Statement of the Puzzle--Opinions of the
Middle Ages--The True Position of the Bats--The Wing of the
Bat--General Structure: The Breast-bone, Arms, Fingers,
“Wing-membrane,” Wings, Skull, Ribs, Pelvis, Legs--In
Repose--Walking--The Teats--Organs of the Senses--“Blind
as a Bat”--The Eyes--Spallanzani’s Experiments--The Bat’s
Power of Directing its Flight in the Darkest Places--Their
Food--In Winter-Quarters--A Battue of Bats--FRUGIVOROUS AND
INSECTIVOROUS BATS 259

CHAPTER II.

SUB-ORDER I.--MEGACHIROPTERA, OR LARGE BATS.

PTEROPIDÆ, OR FRUIT-EATING BATS.

Characteristics of Fruit-eating
Bats--Distribution--Diet--Flying Fox of Ceylon: its
Habits, as described by Sir E. Tennent--The Flight of the
_Pteropidæ_--Known to the Ancients--The Fruit Bats in the
Zoological Gardens--INDIAN FLYING FOX--Diet--Dissipated
Habits--GREAT KALONG--Linnæus’s Description--In their
Dormitories--NICOBAR, MANED, JAPANESE, AND GREY
FRUIT BATS--GREY-HEADED FRUIT BAT--GOULD’S FRUIT
BAT--ROUSSETTE--EGYPTIAN FRUIT BAT--HOTTENTOT FRUIT
BAT--MARITIME FRUIT BAT--MARGINED FRUIT BAT--WHITE’S FRUIT
BAT--HAMMER-HEADED BAT--HARPY BAT--GREATER HARPY BAT--CLOAKED
FRUIT BAT--DWARF LONG-TONGUED FRUIT BAT--BLACK-CHEEKED FRUIT
BAT--FIJIAN LONG-TONGUED FRUIT BAT 266

CHAPTER III.

SUB-ORDER II.--MICROCHIROPTERA, OR INSECTIVOROUS BATS.

HORSESHOE BATS AND MEGADERMS.

INSECTIVOROUS BATS--Mr. Dobson’s Objection to
the Name--Characteristics--Nasal Appendages--THE
VESPERTILIONINE AND EMBALLONURINE ALLIANCES--The Fur
in the two Alliances--THE HORSESHOE BATS--General
Characteristics--Distribution--Diet--Carnivorous
Propensities--GREATER HORSESHOE BAT--General
Appearance--“Nose Leaves”--Habitat--THE LESSER HORSESHOE
BAT--Habitat--THE MOURNING HORSESHOE BAT--THE AUSTRALIAN
HORSESHOE BAT--THE ORANGE BAT--PHYLLORHINÆ--THE DIADEM
BAT--Character of their “Nose Leaves”--Captain Hutton’s
Account of their Habits--THE PERSIAN TRIDENT BAT--THE
MEGADERMS--THE LYRE BAT--Characteristics--Called Vampire
by Europeans in India--Mr. Blyth’s Account of a Megaderm’s
Blood-thirstiness--THE CORDATE LEAF BAT--THE AFRICAN
MEGADERM--THE DESERT BAT 279

CHAPTER IV.

VESPERTILIONIDÆ, OR TRUE BATS.

The Genus _Vespertilio_ and the Family Vespertilionidæ--
Characteristics: Nostrils--Tail--Ears--Dentition--Diet--Distribution
--LONG-EARED BAT--Ears--Distribution--Asleep--In Captivity--
BARBASTELLE--Characteristics--Distribution--Habits-- Flight--In
Captivity--BIG-EARED BAT--TOWNSEND’S BAT--The Genus _Nyctophilus_--
Its True Place--Characteristics--GEOFFROY’S NYCTOPHILE--PIPISTRELLE
--Distribution--Diet--NOCTULE--Natural Food--Mr. Daniell’s
Observations--SEROTINE--PARTI-COLOURED BAT--HAIRY-ARMED BAT--NEGRO
BAT--KUHL’S BAT--NILSSON’S BAT--COROMANDEL BAT--THICK-FOOTED BAT--
TEMMINCK’S BAT--WELWITSCH’S BAT--NEW ZEALAND BAT--MOUSE-COLOURED
BAT--NATTERER’S BAT--DAUBENTON’S BAT--WHISKERED BAT--BLACK AND
ORANGE BAT--PAINTED BAT--HARPY BAT--RED BAT--SCHREIBER’S BAT--BROWN
PIG BAT-- STRAW-COLOURED BAT 292

CHAPTER V.

EMBALLONURIDÆ, OR THICK-LEGGED BATS.

Characteristics of the _Emballonuridæ_, or THICK-LEGGED
BATS--CUVIER’S FURY--The Genus _Saccopteryx_--STRIPED
SACK-WINGED BAT--The Pouch or Sac in the
Wing-membrane--Dentition--MOUNTAIN BAT--TOMB BAT--Origin
of its Name--Dentition--The Peculiar Sac or Pouch under
the Chin--Other Species of the Genus (note)--EGYPTIAN
RHINOPOME--Difficulty of Assigning its True Place in the
System--Characteristics--GREAT HARE-LIPPED BAT--Seba’s
Description--Linnæus’s Mistake--Dentition--Distribution--The
Genus _Nyctinomus_--CESTONI’S BAT--PALE CHESTNUT
MASTIFF BAT--Distribution--Habits--SMOKY
MASTIFF BAT--Habits--COLLARED BAT--Hideous
Ugliness--Characteristics--NEW ZEALAND SHORT-TAILED
BAT--Characteristics--Mr. Dobson on the Wing-membrane, Thumb,
and Foot 312

CHAPTER VI.

PHYLLOSTOMIDÆ, OR VAMPIRES.

Distinguishing Marks of the
_Phyllostomidæ_--Location--Diet--Blood-sucking
Propensities--Exaggerations of the Older Writers--Testimony
of Azara--Darwin’s Evidence--Bat-bites--The Witness of
Bates, Wallace, Fraser, Prince Maximilian--Conclusion of
the Whole Matter--The Desmodonts and Javelin Bat--The
Tongue in the Genus _Phyllostoma_--BLAINVILLE’S
BAT--Extraordinary Development of Face and Head--OWL-FACED
BAT--JAVELIN BAT--Allied Species--VAMPIRE BAT--Mr.
Bates’ Testimony to its Inoffensiveness, and
Description of its Habits--NEUWIED’S LARGE-LEAFED
BAT--GREAT-EARED LEAF BAT--SORICINE BAT--REDMAN’S
BAT--SEZEKORN’S LEAF BAT--SPECTACLED STENODERM--JAMAICAN
STENODERM--DESMODUS--Classification--Dentition--Blood-sucking
Propensities--The Bites--Stomachs of Desmodus, Frugivorous
and Insectivorous Bats--Concluding Remarks 324

ORDER INSECTIVORA.

CHAPTER I.

COLUGOS--BANGSRINGS--JUMPING
SHREWS--HEDGEHOGS--TANRECS--RIVER SHREWS.

Functions of the Insect-eaters in the Order of Nature--Their
Leading Peculiarities--Classification--COLUGOS--Various
Opinions regarding their Place--COLUGO, OR
FLYING LEMUR--The _Patagium_--Parachute-like
Membrane--Dentition--Offspring--Diet--BANGSRINGS--TANA--FERRUGINOUS
BANGSRING--HORSFIELD’S BANGSRING--LOW’S
PTILOCERQUE--SHORT-TAILED BANGSRING--JUMPING
SHREWS--ELEPHANT SHREW--ALGERIAN JUMPING
SHREW--PETRODROME--RHYNCHOCYON--HEDGEHOG--Characteristics--
Distribution--Diet--Attacks Snakes and Vipers--Taste
for Eggs and Game--Its “Spiny Skin”--“Rolled
up”--Enemies--Female and Young--LONG-EARED HEDGEHOG--COLLARED
HEDGEHOG--BULAU--TANRECS--TANREC--TENDRAC--TELFAIR’S TENDRAC--RICE
TENDRAC--EARED EARTH SHREW--AGOUTA--ALMIQUI--WEST AFRICAN RIVER
SHREW 342