Chapter I: Introduction

A hundred years ago a prolonged residence in the Tropics was regarded with well-founded horror. The best the white settler in the lands of the sun dared hope for was “a short life and a merry one,” but too often the merriment was sadly lacking.

When Clive’s father made interest to get his son a writership under “Old John Company,” and packed off the troublesome lad to India, he probably regarded it as a last resource, and felt much as if he had signed the youth’s doom; but an age that hanged for sheep-stealing, or less, was like to be stern in its dealings with its children.

We know now that what the father took for vice was but evidence of the superabundant vitality of a genius, and being one, Clive naturally possessed the originality to modify his habits to his new surroundings, and so survived to become an Empire-builder and hero. Nor was the case exceptional, for looking back on the history of our great Indian dependency, one cannot fail to be struck with the high average ability of the few who survived to attain leading positions.

Furlough to Europe was almost impossible, and the hills were unknown, but in spite of this, many of these seasoned veterans who had learned their lesson lived, in the land of their adoption, to a green old age. But the rank and file, who could not or would not learn, died off like rotten sheep; and to this day it is the young and inexperienced, who have as yet not learned to adapt and protect themselves, who fall the readiest victims. At home it is, I believe, generally recognised that at the age of 26 a man is rather past his best from the athletic point of view, and it is hardly to be supposed that he is not equally at his fittest before that age, simply because he has shifted his domicile a couple of thousand miles to the south; but so fatal is the want of caution and intolerance of precaution inherent in early manhood, that most authorities recommend that, if possible, emigration to a hot climate should be postponed till the age of 25. This obstinate determination to carry to tropical parts habits of life suitable only to the more temperate parts of Europe was carried in old times to an almost incredible extent.

Now and again, in the guest-chamber of some native noble’s house, one may come across quaint old paintings and engravings which show our great grandfathers fighting or playing cricket in exactly the same costume as their contemporaries at home. No alteration whatever was made in the soldier’s dress, and his officers duelled, drank, and gambled in the same old Ramillies wigs that led such portentous gravity to those charming discussions with the enemy as to who should “fire first.” Even the earlier files of the _Illustrated London News_ show the same things, and looking at these old pictures, the wonder is not so much that many succumbed as that any survived. Even in Europe the conditions of military service were terribly unhealthy, and when transplanted to the Tropics the mortality was such as to give to India and other hot countries an evil reputation which they have not yet lived down.

The dire struggle of the Indian Mutiny led to the first attempts to clothe and treat the soldier in a somewhat more rational fashion, and since then great improvements have been effected; but a great deal more remains to be done, especially in the matter of utilising our recently gained knowledge of the causation of malaria, before our military statistics can be expected to show how little this evil reputation is due to the climate itself, and how much has really been caused by human misdirection. No amount of sanitary improvement can be expected to render Bombay a comfortable place of residence in the dog days, and apart from localities at considerable elevations, where the climate is really temperate, it is hopeless to expect that anything in the way of actual colonisation can succeed in the climates with which we are dealing; but with due care and attention to sanitary laws, as modified by the altered conditions, there is no reason why the rates of sickness and mortality should be much more formidable than elsewhere.

In the following pages the writer has endeavoured to put into popular form the principal points of personal hygiene as applied to hot countries, and as they are intended mainly for the non-professional reader, all technical terms have been, as far as possible, avoided, and words in popular use, such as germs, &c., have been substituted for the more exact nomenclature of science. Should any of his medical colleagues care to read a merely popular work, they can easily supply for themselves, in place of these vague, popular words, the more precise terminology in use amongst ourselves.

The climates of the hotter parts of the world vary even more widely than those of the temperate zone, so that it is often impossible to offer suggestions applicable to all of them; and on this account it is extremely important that the intending resident or visitor to them should be able to ascertain what is the exact nature of the climatic conditions with which he will have to cope, so that it is absolutely essential to include within the scope of a work like the present some account of the climates of the various countries included in the enormous area under consideration. On this account the little book has been divided into two distinct parts, the first of which is devoted to personal tropical hygiene, while the second, which deals with climate, is necessarily mainly a dry mass of tabulated information, of which only the few pages devoted to the country he proposes to visit is likely to interest the individual reader.

The inclusion of information of the sort is, however, quite essential, as it is by no means easily accessible, and, as a matter of fact, scarcely exists, except in the form of the official records of the various meteorological observatories, so that when collecting data for the compilation of this second part, or appendix, on tropical climates, the writer was a good deal surprised to find that he was engaged in the preparation of what is really a pioneer work on the subject in the English language.

This being the case, it has been thought well to publish these outlines of tropical climatology also in a separate form for the use of the professional reader who may not care to be burdened with a booklet on health treated from the popular point of view; a step which has further necessitated that the paging and indexing of the two parts should be kept separate from each other, a plan which, in view of the moderate dimensions of the book, might otherwise have appeared rather superfluous.

LIST OF DRUGS, &c., MENTIONED IN THE TEXT.

_Bicarbonate of soda._

_Bismuthi salicyl._, in tabuloids of grains x. each.

_Book of litmus_ paper.

_Boracic acid_, in powder.

_Calomel_, in tabuloids of ¹⁄₂ grain each.

_Carbolic acid_, with sufficient glycerine added to keep it in a fluid
condition.

_Castor oil._

_Castor oil with resorcin_:--

℞ Ol. ricini ℥viii.
Resorcin ʒii.

Mix, and dissolve the resorcin by standing the bottle in hot water.

_Citrate of potash._

_Easton’s syrup_, put up in a bottle marked to its dosage.

_Ether sulphuric._ This drug is too volatile for storage in the
ordinary way in the Tropics and so should be put up in glass capsules
each holding a drachm.

_“Fever” or diaphoretic mixture_:--

℞ Liq. ammon. acetatis fortior, B.P., 1885 ʒss.
Sp. eth. nitrosi ♏xx.
Potas. nitratis gr. i.
Water to ʒii for each dose.

Dose.--To be put up in a bottle graduated to that dosage containing 8
oz. of the mixture, and taken diluted with four or five times its
quantity of water.

_Goa ointment_:--

Goa powder } āā ʒss.
Acid salicylic }
Lanolin ad ℥i.

_Gregory’s powder._

_Hydrochloric acid_, preferably in the dilute form.

_Opium_, in tabuloids of 1 grain each.

The “Patna” drug is preferable as a sedative before the administration
of ipecacuanha.

_Paint for “Dhobi’s itch”_:--

Liquor iodi fortior }
Pure carbolic acid } _partes æquales ad_ ℥ii.
Glycerine }

_Perchloride of mercury_, in tabuloids:--

¹⁄₄₀ grain } for internal administration.
¹⁄₆₄ grain }
2¹⁄₂ grain “soloids” for compounding an antiseptic solution.

_Permanganate of potash_, put up in packets of 2 oz. each, wrapped in
waterproof paper, for disinfecting wells.

_Phenacetin_; tabuloids of grains v. each.

_Phenyle_, “Little’s soluble.”

_Pills for hill diarrhœa_ and similar disturbances of the bowel:--

℞ Euonymini }
Pil. hydrargyri } āā grain i.
Pulv. ipecac. }

_Pulv. hydrargyri cum creta_, popularly known as grey powder.

_Pulv. ipecacuanhæ_, in tabuloids of 5 grains each.

_Quinine sulphate_ (or hydrochloride) _in powder_. The cork should be
fitted with a small wooden cup, to measure 5 grains approximately.

_Resorcin_, in tabuloids of grains v. each.

_Thymol_, in tabuloids of grains x. each.

_Tinct. camphoræ composita_, popularly known as “paregoric elixir.”

INDEX TO PART I., CLIMATE AND HEALTH IN HOT COUNTRIES.

[_For Index to Part II., “Outlines of Tropical Climatology,” see end of volume._]

Abdominal chills, danger of, and methods of protection from, 28, 32,
144-146, 149; infantile, 153
Aerated waters--
Cholera, safety of drinking, in outbreak of, 136; manufacture of,
neglect of necessary precautions in, 45-47; home manufacture of,
47-48
Africa, _Bilharzia_ prevalent in, 184
Africa, South--
Camping out in, 83
Clothing in, 25; suitable head-dress, 170
Sleeping sickness of, 164, 165
Sunstroke rare in, 166
mentioned, 113
Air, disinfecting powers of, 162
Aladdin’s Palace, 8
Alcohol, 62, 147
Allahabad, water supply of, 37
Alum--
Drinking water purified by, 43, 137, 138
Injuriousness of, in baking powder, 59
Rice, cooking of, used in, 60-61
America--
Head-dress in, 29, 171
North, mosquitoes in, 101
“American” cotton drill--
Tent manufacture, for, 85
Unsuitability of, for hot climates, 26
“Anglo-Indian gauze,” 23
Animals infected by plague, 156; sacredness of, in India, 156
Ankles, protection of, against mosquito bites, 117
_Anopheles_ mosquitoes--
Characteristics of, 102-104
Eggs of, figure of, 95
Larvæ of, 4, 97-99
Nets protecting against, 124
Antipyrin, use of, in malaria, 128
Ants, white, 6, 14, 18
Apples, avoidance of, during hot weather, 58
Assam, 182; plan of houses in, 5; protection against leeches in
riding, 29
Asses’ milk for feeding infants, 50, 152-153
Australia--
Bladder worm disease in, 184
Head covering in, 29
Tape worm parasites in meat in, 55

Bacon fat, nutritive value of, 79
Baids, or native doctors, 126
Baking powders, ingredients of, 59
Bamboo matting, use of, for building purposes, 5
Bancroft, Dr., 100
Barracks in India, advisability of protecting against mosquitoes, 122
Basel Mission, Cannanore, fabrics manufactured by, 27, 28
Beef tea, 62
Bengali, 14, 145
Benger’s food, 149, 154
Bhindi, the, 58
_Bhisti_ (Mahomedan water carriers) unclean methods of, 38-39;
character of, 39-40
Bhraman, 138
Bile, functions of, and relation to dysentery, 143
_Bilharzia_, 184
Bismuth, salicylate of, administration of, in infantile diarrhœa, 151
Blackwater fever, 127
Bladder worm, 183-184
Blood-worm disease, 90, 93, 97, 183
Blue pill, 150
Boer felt hats, 170-171
Boils--
Perchloride of mercury lotion a preventive against, 178
Prickly heat as sequelæ of, 177
Bombay, 12
Bottle feeding of infants, danger of, in the tropics, 151
Brand’s extract, 142
Bread, 59
_British Medical Journal_ cited, 74
Buffalo milk, butter made from, 52
Bugs, 115
Bungalow, Indian, _see under_ India.
Burglars, precautions against, 68-69
Burmah, 114; plan of houses in, 5; protection against leeches in
riding, 29
Bushire, Subsabad Residency at, 8
Butter, danger of germs in, 51-52; making at home, 52; buffalo milk
for, 52; tinned, 52

Calcutta, 12, 65, 123
Calomel, administration of, in heatstroke, 176
Campagna, Italian, 119
Camps, choice of site for, 87; difficulties as to conservancy, 87-88;
water supply for, 88
Canal irrigation--
Dangers of, 109
Officials of, Government, protection of houses of, against
mosquitoes, suggested, 122
Cancer, 109
Cannanore, Basel Mission at, fabrics manufactured by, 27, 28
Cape Colony--
Sunstroke in, rarity of, 29
Tape-worm parasites in meat at, 55
Ticks, protection against, in riding, 28
Carbonic acid--
Action of, on cholera germs, 48, 133
Compressed, supply of, in steel cylinders, 47
Castor oil, administration of, in malaria, 127-128; in dysentery, 147;
in infantile diarrhœa, 151, 154
Castor oil shrub, antipathy of mosquitoes to, 116
Cawnpore--
Tent manufacture at, 84
“Twilled lining” manufactured at, 27
Water supply of, 37
“Cawnpore tent club hat,” 30, 169
Ceilings, lath and plaster, non-employment of, in India, 17
Ceiling cloths, defects of, 16-17
Celli, Prof. A., plan of, for wire gauze protection against
mosquitoes, 118-121
Centipedes, 22, 115
Cgaleka campaign, 57
_Chang_ houses, 5-6
Charcoal, properties of, as fuel for cooking purposes, 64
Cheese, 52-53, 79
Children in the Tropics--
Clothing of, 33-34, 117
Feeding of, 76 _et seq._
Hill stations, advisability of sending to, 79-81
House accommodation of, 6, 10
Infants, _see that title_
Treatment of, 81-82, 171
China, washing of clothes in, 24
Chittagong--
Health of European residents in, 2
Houses in, 2
Chloral hydrate, subcutaneous injection of, in cholera cases, 141
Chlorodyne, danger of, in dysentery, 146
Cholera--
Contraction of, through food fouled by flies, 48
Conveyance of, 35-36
Discharges in, infection from, 142
Germ of, destruction of, in wells, 42; prolonged action of CO₂, on,
48; conditions of development of, 132; killing, by boiling water,
133
Infection, risk of, 132, 140, 142
Melons causing, popular fallacy as to, 58-59
Nursing of cases, precautions to be taken in, 140
Preventive measures against, 134-139
Symptoms of, 140-141
Treatment, 141-142
“Cholera belt,” 144, 145
Chrysanthemum, unopened flowers of, mosquitoes destroyed by burning,
114
Clay, beaten, as roofing material, 18
Clerestory windows, 8
Climate, influence of, in development of mosquitoes, 99
Clothing in the Tropics--
Children, of, 33-34
European, 25
Evening dress in India, 28; arranging, to protect against
mosquitoes, 117-118
Foot-wear, 31-32
Head-dress, suitable, 29-30
Principles of, 22
Protection against mosquitoes, arranging as, 117-118
Riding dress, 28-29
Starched materials, unsuitability of, for hot climates, 26
Underclothes, 22-23, 27-28
Washing of, 23-25
Women’s, 33
Cod-liver oil, 79
Cold baths, 67-68
“Comforters,” baby’s, danger of, 74
Conservancy--
Difficulties as to, in camp life, 87-88
Oriental plans of, 134; round worm disease due to lack of, 182
Constipation, danger of, in tropical climates, 175
Consumption, 74, 109
Cooking, need for, and economy of good cooking, 62-63
Cork as material for hats in India, 169
Cornices, 15
Corsets, inappropriateness of, in hot climates, 33
Corrugated iron as roofing material, 6, 17-18
Cows--
Condition of, in Indian villages, 50
Milk, drawback of, as infants’ food in India, 153
Cucumbers, 58, 136
_Culex_--
Breathing arrangements of, 96
Characteristics of, 102-103
Eggs of, figure of, 95
Larvæ of, 98
“Culinary Jottings from Madras” (Wyvern), 54; _quoted_, 55
Curry as food for children, 76

Daniels _cited_, 95
“Dhobi’s itch,” 24, 178-179
Diarrhœa--
Hill, 149-150
Infantile, 150-155
Relation to dysentery, 149
Tomato skin, due to, 58
Diet in dysentery, 148-149
Digestion, partial suspension of, in malaria, 127-128
Dill water, undesirability of administering, to infants, 74-75
Dog, bladder worm in, 183-184
Drainage, surface, plan to be followed near houses, 4
Dress, _see_ Clothing
Drinking-water, _see_ Water
“Dungaree” material, 26
Dysentery--
Causation of, 33, 143, 141
Characteristics of, 142-143
Conveyance of, 35
Germ of, 142
Pathology of, 143
Relation to diarrhœa, 149
Treatment, 146-149
Dyspepsia, 35

Egg albumen--
Infants, feeding, with, 154
Meat extracts, in, 61-62 _and notes_
Eggs, 56
Egypt--
_Bilharzia_ prevalent in, 184
Head covering in, 29
“Elgin” helmet, 169
“Equatorial Rowing Club,” 25
Eucalyptus plant, antipathy of mosquitoes to, 116
Euonymin, 150
Europeans in tropical climates, immunity of, from native diseases, 180

Fainting, 167-168
Feet, swelling of, in hot countries, 32; footwear in the Tropics,
31-32
Felt for hats in India, 169
“Fever mixture,” 128
“Field officer’s Kabul” tent, 85
Filariasis, 93, 183
Filters, danger of ordinary form of, 135
Fish as food in hot climates, 56; tinned, 61; killed by mosquitoes, 94
Fisher. Dr. T., _cited_, 74
Flannel, wearing, next the skin, 22-23
Fleas, 94, 115
Flies--
Danger of, to food supplies, 48
Method of freeing tents from, 86-87; of freeing houses, 115
Ophthalmia introduced through, 34
Sleeping sickness, concerned in, 164-165
Flukes, 184
Foods (for particular foods, _see_ their names, as milk, bread, meat,
&c.)
Bad, consequence of, 35
Changes in, producing infantile diarrhœa, 150, 151
Cooking of, disease germs destroyed by, 48
Dealing with, precautions necessary, 48-49; unclean methods of
natives, 51, 59
Infants, of, rapid deterioration of, in tropical countries, 150
Tinned, 61-62
Forest officials, government protection of houses of, suggested, 122
Fruit, 58-59; tinned fruits, 61

Gardens, danger of, in malarious places, 2-3, 109; watering of, in
India, 109-112
Gauze, metallic, protection of houses by means of, 68-69, 118-123, 166
Gauze bags, mosquitoes destroyed in, 113
_Ghi_, 111
Gnats, _see_ mosquitoes
“Gnats or mosquitoes,” 114
Goa powder, application of, in Dhobi’s itch, 179
Goat’s milk for feeding infants, 152-153
Gram, tops of, as a substitute for spinach, 57
_Graphic_, 170
Grassi, Prof., 90
Gregory’s powder, administration of, in infantile diarrhœa, 151, 154
Guinea worm, 183

Haffkine’s plague protective emulsion, 160
Hands, swelling of, in hot climates, 32
Hankin, 131, 137
Haqims, or “native doctors,” 126
Heat stroke, 174-176
Hill diarrhœa, 149-150
Hill stations--
Children, advisability of sending, to, 79-81
Sickness in, prevalence of, 81
Himalayas, prevalence of diarrhœa in, 149
Hindu repugnance for meat, 60
Hindu _kahar_, reasons for employment of, 38-39
Honduras, plan of houses in, 5
Hookworm, 181-182
Hornets, 115
Horse sickness, prevention of, Mr. Power’s experiments, 113
Hospitals, plague, 160
Houses in tropical countries--
_Chang_ houses, 5-6
Cooling, after heat of the day, methods of, 69-70
Flooring, materials suitable for, 15
Indian bungalow, ground plan of, showing well placed doors and
windows, 7; sketch of common type, 10; plan showing adaptation of
Celli method of wire gauze protection, 121, 122
Light, question of, 9-10, 60, 69
Materials appropriate for building, 14-15
Plan, suggested, for house of moderate dimensions, 20-21
Plinth, construction of, 3-5
Principles of building, epitome of, 19-20
Roofing materials, 15-18
Rooms, height of, necessary, 11-12
Site, suitable, choice of, 1-3
Storeys, number of, desirable, 4-5, 12
Ventilation of, 6-9, 13, 68-69
Verandahs, function of and building of, 10-11
Wire gauze protection of openings, method of, 118-123, 166
Hutchison, Robert, M.D., on “Patented Food and Patent Medicines,”
_quoted_, 61-62, _notes_
Hydrochloric acid, 161

_Illustrated London News_, 170
Incense, mosquitoes driven from houses by burning, 114
India (_see also_ names of places)--
Animal life in, sacredness of, 156
Bhistis, the, character of, 39-40
Bungalows in, ground plan of, showing doors and windows well placed,
7; sketch of common type of, 10; plan of, showing Celli method of
wire gauze protection, 121, 122
Calls, hours for paying, 172
Children in, reason for frequent feebleness of, 10
Clothing in (_see also title_ Clothing)--
Evening dress, 28, 117, 118
Tussur serge outer garments, 29
Cotton fabrics manufactured in, 27
Gardens, method of watering, 109-112
Head-dress, suitable, in, 29, 169-173
Houses in, non-employment of lath and plaster ceilings in, 17
Infants in, 73
Kitchens in, appliances for and superintendence of, 63-64
Meat in, tape-worm parasite found in, 55
“Mutton Clubs,” 54
Natives, tact required for management of, 158-162
Outfit for, obtaining, in England, 26
Plague in, 155 _et seq._
Prisons, medical officers of, 148
Sleeping sickness, fly concerned in, found in, 165
Swimming baths in, disuse of, 67
Tent life in, 83-88
Tent making industry in, 84
Washing of clothes in, 24
Water supply--
Carriers, Mahomedan and Hindu, methods of, 38-39
Precautions to ensure purity, _see under_ Wells
Infants--
“Comforters,” dangers of, 74
Death-rate high in Tropical Climates, 150
Diarrhœa among, 150-155
Dill water, danger of, to, 74-75
Disorders of, treatment of, 74-5
Feeding of, 75-76, 150-154
Fresh air, need for, 73-74
Hot climates for, advantages of, 73
Milk for, 50; on voyages, 51
“Infants’ Food,” 74, 75
Inoculations, protective, against plague, 158, 160
Insect pests, destruction of, 115
Internal worms, 179 _et seq._
Ipecacuanha, administration of, in dysentery, 147-148; in diarrhœa,
150
Ismailia, malaria at, 107
Italy--
Children of, diet of, 79
Malaria in, prevention of, 118-119
Mosquitoes in, survival of larvæ of, during winter months, 100
Villas in, “ideal models for tropical climates,” 113

Jæger materials, 23
Jellies, disease germs cultivated in, 43
Jungle, avoidance of, in choice of dwelling site, 2

“Kabul Tent,” 85
“Kamarband,” 144-145
Kidneys--
Function of, suspended in cholera attacks, 141
Strain on, from excessive meat eating, 60
Kitchens, Indian, appliances for and superintendence of, 63-64
Koch, 131

“La Martinière,” Lucknow, 80
Lablab bean, 57
Lahore, tent manufacture at, 84
Lamb, unsatisfactoriness of, in hot countries, 54
Larvæ, wintering, breeding of, 101
Laurence Military Asylum, 80
Laveran, malaria research work of, 90
Lentils, 60
Lettuces, avoidance of, during cholera outbreaks, 135
Light--
Disinfecting powers of, 162
Exclusion of, in tropical houses, 9-10
Plague germs destroyed by, 156
Protection against mosquitoes, as, 100-101, 116-117
Lime, clearing of water supplies by, 43, 137, 138
Lime not to be used in combination with perchloride of mercury, 162
_Liquor ammoniæ acetatis_, administration of, in malaria, 128
Liver functions, disturbance of, in dysentery, 143, 146
_Lobán_, 114
London, business hours in, 65
Lucknow--
Historical residency ruins at, 14
“La Martinière,” 80
Water supply of, 37
_Lumbrici_, 180

Macaroni and cheese, children’s dietary, in, 79
Maclean, Prof., _cited_, 89-90
Madras, 64
Mahomedan countries, water carrying in, 38
Maize cobs, mosquitoes driven out of houses by burning, 114
Malaria--
Causation, early theories and research work as to, 89-91
Cold baths, relapse induced by, 67-68
Parasite of, life history of, 91-92, 105-106
Prevention of, 28, 106 _et seq._
Quinine, value of, in treating, 104, 125-129
Seasonal prevalence of, 104, 105
Site of houses in reference to, 1-3
Spread of, danger of single case in helping, 104-105, 125
Temperature, influence of, in development of, 92
Treatment of, 125-129
Malay, house materials in, 14
Malay Archipelago, 114
Manson, Sir Patrick (F.R.S.), research work as to malaria causation,
90
_Mashak_, 38-39
Massage in relief of cholera cramps, 141
Meat (_see also_ mutton, veal, &c.)
Cooking, need for thoroughness in, 55-56
Extracts, nutritive value of, 61, _and note_, 62
Hanging of, 54
Indian “mutton clubs,” 53-54
Preservation of, by sulphur fumes, 55
Quality of, obtainable in hot countries, 53-4
Tinned, 61
Meat juice, feeding infants with, 154
Melons, 53, 59, 136
Mercury, perchloride of, administration of, in dysentery, 147, 148;
in infantile diarrhœa, 151; lotion, application of, in prickly heat,
178
Mexican _sombrero_, 171
“Miasma,” 89
Midges, mosquitoes distinguished from, 93
Milk--
Asses’, for feeding infants, 50, 152-3
Boiled, digestibility of, 49-50
Children’s diet, in, 77
Cholera conveyed by, 132
Cows’, as food for infants in India, 50, 75, 153; sterilisation of,
and need for, native ignorance and frauds as to, &c., 49, 51
Disease transmitted by, 49
Dysentery, in, 146, 149
Goats’, as food for infants, 50, 75-76, 152-153
Puddings of, disease germs cultivated in, 48
Quality of, testing, 51
Sterilisation of, 49
Minced food for children, 77-78
“Moon-blindness,” 13
Mosquitoes--
_Anopheles_, _see that title_
Biting animals, method of, 94
Breeding, situations favouring, 101-102
_Culex_, _see that title_
Danger of encouraging, near dwellings, 2-3
Disease carriers, as, 22, 93
Eggs, depositing of, 94-95; diagram of various forms of, 95
Food of, distinction between male and female as to, 94
Geographical distribution of, 101
Habits of, 93-94
Larval existence, duration of period of, 98, 99
Life history of, 94 _et seq._
Light and heat, tolerance of, 100-101, 116, 117
Malaria, relation to, 90, 92, 93
Midges distinguished from, 93
_Myzorrhynchus sinensis_, figure of larvæ of, 97
Nets, patterns of, 87, 123-125
_Panoplites_, figure of eggs of, 95
Perpetuation of the species, maintenance of, during winter months,
99-100
Protection against--
Breeding places, destruction of, 108-112
Dress, modifying, as a protection, 117-118
Gauze bags, by means of, 115
Houses, precautions to be taken in, 113-115
Italian method of protecting houses, 118-123
Light--a protective agent, 100-101, 116-117
Ointments, &c., by means of, 116
Rainy season, prevalence during, 102, 104, 125
_Stegomyia_, _see that title_
Travelling, incapability of, 100
Mutton, 54
_Myzorrhynchus sinensis_, figure of larva of, 97

Naini Thal, water supply of, 37
Naphthol β, administration of, in infantile diarrhœa, 151
Natal, head covering in, 29
Natives of tropical countries, unclean habits of, 63-64, 181
_Neem_ tree, leaves of, mosquitoes destroyed by burning, 114
Negroes, 145
Nettle-rash, 77
Nuttall _cited_, 95

Oatmeal porridge, 79
Onions, 58
Ophthalmia, protection of children from, 34
Opium, administration of, in dysentery, 146, 148

“Pandemic waves,” 131
_Panoplites_, diagram of eggs of, 95
Paraffin, use of, in destroying mosquitoes, 108, 110-112
Paregoric, administration of, in infantile diarrhœa, 151
“Patent Foods and Patent Medicines,” Robert Hutchison, M.D., _quoted_,
61-62, _notes_
Persia--
Ankle boots in, 31
Houses, system of ventilation of, 8-9; ground plan of European
Bungalow, 9; double verandahs for, 11
Persian Gulf, clothing in, 25
Phenacetin, use of, in malaria, 128
Phenyl for disinfecting against plague, 161
Pith, suitability of, for Indian sun hats, 29
Plague--
Animals affected by, 156, 157
Conditions favouring spread of, 155-156
Evacuation of infected sites, 159-160
Infection from, 157, 163
Low civilisation, a disease of, 155
Prophylaxis against, personal, 156-157; public, 157 _et seq._
_Pomfret_, Bombay, 56
Pork, ptomaine poisoning due to, in hot countries, 54
Potassium, permanganate of, water supplies purified by, 42, 137, 138,
139
Poultry, fattening of, in hot countries, 54
Power, Mr., 113
Prickly heat, 23, 34, 66, 177-179
Protective cordons, value of, in plague outbreak, 161
Ptomaine poisoning from eating pork, 54
Pugaree, 30
Pulses, food value of, 59-60
Pumpkins, 58
Punjab--
Houses in, plan of building, 9; sketch of common type of bungalow,
10; materials of native dwellings, 14
Northern, clothing in, 25
mentioned, 6
Punkahs--
Combining use of, with that of mosquito net, 123-124
Height of rooms giving adequate swing for, 11-12
Protection against mosquitoes afforded by, 123
Pulling, art of, 71
“Puttialla” breeches, 28-29
Pyjamas--danger of short coat, 28

Quarantine, value of, in plague outbreaks, 161
Quicklime, drinking water purified by, 137, 138
Quinine--
Disinfectant action of, 125-126
Malaria, in treatment of, 101, 125-129

Rain water, bathing in, for prickly heat, 177-178
Rainy seasons, prevalence of mosquitoes during, 102, 104, 125
Rajputana, 6
Rats attacked by plague, 156, 157; destruction of, as a protective
measure in plague outbreaks, 160-161
Resorcin, administration of, in infantile “wind” attacks, 75; in
diarrhœa, 151; in dysentery, 147
Rheumatism, 109
Rice, cooking of, 60-61
Rodents, _see_ Rats
Rome--
Business hours in, 65
University of, 118
Roofs--
Materials suitable for, 15-18
Sleeping places, as, 12-13
Ross, Major Ronald, F.R.S., research work on malaria causation, 90
Round worms, 180, 181

Salads, danger of, 58
Sambon _cited_, 95
Sand dunes as sites of houses, 2
Santonin, round worms expelled by, 181
Scandinavia, mosquitoes in, 101
_Science Siftings_ quoted, 74
Scorpions, 22, 115
Scurvy--
Infantile, due to sterilised milk, 49
Vegetable food, prevented by, 57
Sea water bathing for prickly heat, 177
Silk as wearing material in the tropics, 23
Singapore, 25
Sleeping arrangements in the tropics, 32; outdoor, 124
Sleeping sickness, 93, 164-166
Small-pox, 163-164
Smoke, mosquito destruction by means of, 113-115
Snakes, poisonous, 22
Solah hats, 29-30, 169-170
“Soothing Syrups,” 74
Soups--
Disease germs cultivated in, 48
Tinned, 61
Soy bean, 57
Spinach, 57
Spine, protection of, from sun’s rays, 30-31
Sprue, 150
Stagnant water, danger of, in malarial countries, 101, 102
Starched materials, unsuitability of, for hot climates, 26
Steel girders--
_Chang_ houses, for, 6
Substituting for wooden beams, advisability of, 15
_Stegomyia_--
Characteristics of, 102
Eggs of, figure of, 95
Family of, 97
Stimulants, use of, in malaria, 128-129
Straw, damp, mosquitoes driven out of houses by burning of, 114
Subterranean chambers in extreme heat, 13-14
Sugar in children’s diet, 77
Sulphur fumes--
Meat preserved by, 55
Mosquitoes destroyed by, 114-115
Plague, disinfection against, by, 161
Sulphuric acid, effect of, on the cholera germ, 137
Sun-dried bricks, properties of, as building material, 14-15
Sunshades, 33
Sunstroke, 29, 166-174
Swimming baths, disuse of, in India, 67
“Swiss Cottage Tent,” 85
Symes, Dr. J. O., _cited_, 74
Symmonds, Mr., of Rosa, 124

_Taikhana_, 13-14
Tape-worms--
Danger of, from uncooked meat, 55
Life history of, 183
“Tatties,” description and use of, 70
Tea for cleansing teeth, 45
Temperature limits within which malaria can be developed, 92
Tents--
Construction of, principles to be followed in, 84-86
English and Indian makes, 83-84, 86
Terraced roofs, suitability of, in tropical climates, 18
Thatch as roofing material, 15-16
Theobald, Mr., _cited_, 95
Thermantidote, description and use of, 70-71
Thread worms, 180-181
Thur dal, 60
Thymol as vermifuge, 182
Ticks, 94
Tiles as roofing material, 17
Timber, drawback to use of, in tropical buildings, 5-6, 15
Tinned provisions, 61-62
Tobacco, mosquitoes destroyed by fumes of, 114
Tomatoes, 58, 136
Total abstinence and health, 62
Train inspections, value of? in plague outbreaks, 161
Trees, avoidance of, in choice of dwelling sites, 2
Trousers, arranging, to protect against mosquitoes, 117, 118
_Trypanosomes_, 164, 165
Turban, the, 30
Tussur serge for outer garments, 29
“Twilled Lining” suitable for underwear in tropical climates, 27-28
Typhoid fever--
Contraction of, through fly-fouled food, 48
Conveyance of, 35
Hill stations, endemic in, 80

Vaccination, importance of revaccination, 163-164
Veal, unsatisfactoriness of, in hot countries, 54
Vegetables, 3, 56-57, 61
Ventilation--
Hats, of, 30
Persian Houses, in, 8-9
Tents, of, 85-86
Thatched roofs favouring, 15
Tropical houses, in, 6-8, 13, 68-69
Verandahs, roofing materials for, 17
Vermin, building materials harbouring, 15, 16
Voyage to the East, clothing for, 26

Water--
Aerated waters, _see that title_
Boiling of, for drinking purposes, need for, and for personal
superintendance of, 44-45, 133, 135
Contaminated, consequences of drinking--need for personal
supervision of supply, 35-37, 131, 132
Filtering, danger of, 44, 135
Hill diarrhœa due to mineral matter in, 149
Indian towns, supply to, 37-38
Sources of supply--
Rivers, 43
Springs, 43
Wells, _see that title_
Washing of clothes, 23-25
Wells--
Methods of becoming infected in India, 134
Purification of, methods of, 42, 43, 88, 134, 136-139
Reliability of, 40-41
Wet-nursing in the tropics, advisability of, 151-152
Women in hot climates, 71-72; suitable head-dress for, 171-178
Wood, _see_ Timber
Woollen materials, washing of, 23
Working hours in the tropics, 65-66
Worms, internal, prevention of diseases caused by, 179 _et seq._
Wyvern, “Culinary Jottings from Madras,” _quoted_, 54-55; _cited_, 64

Yellow fever, 93, 95, 97, 102