Chapter XVII: Section II (4)

It is unfortunately impossible, from considerations of space, to do more than give a few examples of the climatic conditions to be met with, but those selected may suffice to give a general idea of what may be expected, as no very great differences will be found, in spite of the large area over which these islands are scattered.

Jamaica, a table for which is given below, has a rather heavier rainfall of 70 ins. (1,778 mm.), but not so high as that of Martinique, 94·5 ins. (2,399 mm.), though even this cannot be considered high for a tropical climate. Of the other islands, Nassau in the Bahamas has 54·41 ins. (1,382 mm.); Port Au Prince, Haiti, 55 ins. (1,397 mm.); St. Croix, 46·56 ins. (1,183 mm.); St. Kitts, 51 ins. (1,295 mm.); Guadeloupe, 64·4 ins. (1,635 mm.); and Barbados, 57·74 ins. (1,467 mm.)--figures which serve well to indicate the general uniformity of climate throughout the group.

The table for Jamaica is as follows, but it must be remembered that most of the troops are now quartered at camps at a moderate elevation above the town, where it is considerably cooler than at the sea level.

KINGSTON, JAMAICA. LAT. 17° 50′ N.; LONG. 76° 42′ W.

=========+===========+===========+===========+==============
Month | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean
| Monthly | Monthly | Relative | Monthly
| Maxima | Minima | Humidity %| Rainfall
+----+------+----+------+-----+-----+------+-------
| F. | ~C.~ | F. | ~C.~ | 7 | 4 | Ins. | ~Mm.~
| | | | | a.m.| p.m.| |
---------+----+------+----+------+-----+-----+------+-------
January |86·2|~30·1~|66·7|~19·3~| 84 | 63 | 3·79 | ~96·4~
February |85·3|~29·5~|67·0|~19·4~| 81 | 65 | 2·62 | ~66·5~
March |85·4|~29·6~|67·8|~19·9~| 84 | 65 | 2·86 | ~73·0~
April |86·5|~30·3~|71·1|~21·8~| 83 | 66 | 4·50 |~114·3~
May |87·8|~31·0~|73·2|~22·9~| 73 | 70 | 9·56 |~243·0~
June |89·0|~31·7~|73·4|~23·0~| 72 | 66 | 4·77 |~121·1~
July |89·8|~32·0~|73·3|~22·9~| 73 | 60 | 6·51 |~165·6~
August |89·9|~32·1~|73·3|~22·9~| 80 | 63 | 7·12 |~181·0~
September|89·3|~31·8~|74·1|~23·4~| 83 | 68 |10·37 |~263·0~
October |88·0|~31·1~|73·5|~23·1~| 88 | 69 | 6·50 |~165·1~
November |87·3|~30·7~|70·9|~22·2~| 85 | 68 | 6·53 |~176·0~
December |85·6|~29·8~|68·2|~20·2~| 83 | 58 | 5·53 |~140·0~
=========+====+======+====+======+=====+=====+======+=======

Even Trinidad, the most southerly of all the islands in no way rivals the East Indies either in temperature or rainfall, the total of the latter being 65·5 ins. (1,663 mm.). Its hottest months, March and September, have a mean temperature of 78·5° F. (25·8° C.), and its coldest, February, of 75·4° F. (24° C.); the absolute extreme temperature of the year being 89·5° F. (31·9° C.) and 64° F. (17·9° C.). The highest temperature for any island is 100° F. (37·8° C.) at Havana, but from its landlocked position this place appertains more to the climatic conditions of the mainland than to the islands in general.

SOUTH AMERICA.--The greater part of the tropical portion of the southern division of the western continent comes within the influence of the north-east Trades, which sweep up from the sea an enormous volume of watery vapour, which is precipitated gradually as the air current passes across the land. The second great factor in the determination of its climate is the position of the enormous mountain range of the Andes, quite close to the western coast, and of such a height as to cut off practically the last drops of moisture brought by the Trades, so as to leave the narrow belt of country between the Andes and the Pacific with a rainfall so scanty as to be in some instances almost negligible, as is the case with Lima, amounting to little more than an inch and a half in the year. So vast, however, is the amount of moisture imported by the Trades that the supply lasts out well, quite to the foot of the Andes, the rainfall of Manaos, half-way across, being rather greater than that of the east coast; but once the mountains are passed the change is abrupt and enormous. Unfortunately, however, when one sets one’s self to plot out the change as represented by a line of observations carried across the continent, one finds one’s self at once met by the difficulty that there is very little exact information to be obtained, as the all-absorbing interests of the ever-changing political barometer leaves the population little time to study the mercurial instrument, and they appear to be much fonder of playing with repeating rifles than with aneroids. Practically speaking, there is little exact information to be obtained for places at any distance from the coast, and on this account the tables given below refer almost exclusively to the littoral regions, and any attempt at anything beyond remarks of the most general character is out of the question.

Quite at the southern boundary of our limits we have the first-class observatory of San Paolo, which although but little outside the geographical, tropical zone, enjoys a temperature which shows that we are rapidly leaving warm climates behind, for the climate is already milder than most localities in the subtropical zone of the old world.

SAN PAOLO. 23° 33′ S.; 46° 38′ W. E.F., 2,400.

=======+===========+===========+===========+=====+============+======
Month | Mean | Mean | Mean |Rela-| Mean |Number
| Monthly | Monthly | Monthly | tive| Monthly | of
|Temperature| Maxima | Minima | Hu- | Rainfall |Rainy
+----+------+----+------+----+------+midi-+----+-------+ Days
| F. | ~C.~ | F. | ~C.~ | F. | ~C.~ | ty |Ins.| ~Mm.~ |
-------+----+------+----+------+----+------+-----+----+-------+------
January|68·2|~20·1~|77·2|~25·1~|61·7|~16·5~| 86 |7·08|~180~ | 18
Februa-| | | | | | | | | |
ry |68·9|~20·5~|78·8|~26·0~|62·7|~17·0~| 86 |8·23|~208~ | 12
March |67·4|~19·6~|77·2|~25·1~|61·8|~16·6~| 87 |5·96|~152~ | 19
April |63·5|~17·5~|73·4|~23·0~|57·5|~14·2~| 87 |2·84| ~72~ | 14
May |61·0|~16·1~|72·0|~22·2~|52·3|~11·2~| 80 |1·90| ~48·3~| 6
June |56·8|~13·8~|69·7|~20·9~|47·5| ~8·6~| 80 |0·48| ~12·3~| 4
July |61·0|~16·1~|71·0|~21·7~|52·8|~11·6~| 78 |1·93| ~48·9~| 10
August |61·0|~16·1~|69·7|~20·9~|55·2|~12·9~| 83 |2·30| ~58·4~| 17
Septem-| | | | | | | | | |
ber |62·0|~16·7~|72·8|~22·7~|55·0|~12·8~| 81 |1·02| ~26·2~| 7
October|65·8|~18·8~|78·0|~28·6~|58·5|~14·7~| 79 |0·77| ~20·0~| 5
Novem- | | | | | | | | | |
ber |64·4|~18·0~|76·0|~24·4~|57·2|~14·0~| 79 |3·57| ~89·5~| 14
Decem- | | | | | | | | | |
ber |80·5|~26·9~|79·0|~26·1~|63·5|~17·5~| 84 |8·74|~222~ | 23
=======+====+======+====+======+====+======+=====+====+=======+======

With a total rainfall of 44·77 ins. (1,137 mm.) and absolute extremes of temperature of 98° F. (36·5° C.) and 55° F. (12·9° C), the climate, though perhaps not bracing, can never be unpleasant. The shore is here washed by a warm southerly current from the equatorial regions, whereas on the west coast the inshore current is a northerly one from the antarctic regions. On this account it is necessary to go a good deal to the geographical north to select a place on the west coast for comparison of the rainfall in the same isotherm.

MOLENDO. LAT. 17° 5′ S.; LONG. 72° 0′ W. (THE PORT OF AREQUIPA IN SOUTH OF PERU.)

=========+===========+===========+===========+============
Month | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean
| Monthly | Monthly | Monthly | Monthly
|Temperature| Maxima | Minima | Rainfall
+----+------+----+------+----+------+----+-------
| F. | ~C.~ | F. | ~C.~ | F. \ ~C.~ |Ins.| ~Mm.~
---------+----+------+----+------+----+------+----+-------
January |72·3|~22·4~|79·4|~26·3~|66·7|~19·3~|0 | ~0~
February |72·8|~22·7~|79·5|~26·4~|67·5|~19·7~|0·08| ~2~
March |71·5|~21·9~|78·0|~25·6~|66·0|~18·9~|0 | ~0~
April |68·2|~20·1~|74·8|~23·8~|63·4|~17·4~|0·08| ~2~
May |65·8|~18·8~|72·7|~22·7~|62·8|~17·1~|0·17| ~4~
June |63·0|~17·2~|68·5|~20·3~|57·8|~14·3~|0·6 | ~1~
July |60·9|~16·0~|66·0|~18·9~|55·7|~13·2~|0 | ~0~
August |59·5|~15·3~|65·0|~18·3~|54·7|~12·6~|0·23| ~6~
September|61·2|~16·2~|67·0|~19·4~|56·0|~13·3~|0·06| ~1~
October |63·3|~17·4~|70·0|~21·1~|57·3|~14·1~|0·08| ~2~
November |66·3|~19·1~|73·0|~22·8~|60·2|~15·7~|0·08| ~2~
December |70·8|~21·6~|78·2|~25·7~|64·7|~18·2~|0·06| ~1~
---------+----+------+----+------+----+------+----+-------
Year |60·4|~19·1~|72·7|~22·6~|61·0|~16·1~|0·83| ~21~
=========+====+======+====+======+====+======+====+=======

TABLE OF TEMPERATURE DATA OF PLACES IN SOUTH AMERICA.

==================+==========+==========+=====+===========+
Place | Latitude | Longitude| Ele-| Mean |
| | | va- |Temperature|
| | | tion| of Year |
| | | in +----+------+
| | | Feet| F. | ~C.~ |
| | | | | |
------------------+----------+----------+-----+----+------+
_Northern Coast, on Atlantic Seaboard._
Caracas, Venezuela|10° 30′ N.|66° 55′ W.|3,000|71·2|~21·8~|
La Guayra, port |10° 37′ N.|67° 0′ W.| -- |78·2|~25·7~|
Tovar |10° 26′ N.|67° 20′ W.|6,000|58.0|~14·4~|
_Western Littoral--Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru._
Medellin | 6° 10′ N.|75° 45′ W.|4,676|70·0|~21·1~|
Bogota | 4° 35′ N.|71° 14′ W.|8,650|58·0|~14·4~|
Quito | 0° 14′ S.|78° 32′ W.|9,300|56·3|~13·5~|
Antisana | 0° 21′ S.|78° 6′ W.|3,200|40·8| ~4·9~|
Guayaquil | 2° 10′ S.|79° 56′ W.| -- |80·7|~27·0~|
Lima |12° 4′ S.|79° 21′ W.| 530|66·2|~19·0~|
Anca |18° 25′ S.|70° 22′ W.| -- |67·5|~19·7~|
Salta |24° 46′ S.|65° 24′ W.|4,000|63·2|~17·3~|
Copiapo |27° 22′ S.|70° 23′ W.|1,200|61·5|~16·4~|
_North-East Coast--British Guiana._
Georgetown | 6° 50′ N.|58° 8′ W.| -- |79·0|~26·1~|
_Dutch Guiana._
Burnside | 5° 53′ N.|50° 23′ W.| -- |78·7|~25·9~|
Paramaribo | 5° 44′ N.|50° 13′ W.| -- |78·7|~25·9~|
_French Guiana._
Cayenne | 4° 56′ N.|52° 18′ W.| -- |79·5|~26·4~|
_Brazil, Amazon Coast._
Para | 1° 30′ S.|48° 24′ W.| -- |78·5|~25·8~|
_Interior of Brazil._
Manaos | 3° 8′ S.|60° 0′ W.| 150|79·0|~26·0~|
San Antonio | 9° 5′ S.|64° 0′ W.| -- |78·0|~25·6~|
Peruvian frontier |11° 30′ S.|68° 30′ W.| 650|77·4|~25·2~|
Cuyaba |15° 86′ S.|56° 7′ W.| 700|77·5|~25·3~|
Uberaba |19° 44′ S.|47° 45′ W.|2,600|70·3|~21·3~|
_Western Central Brazil._
Pernambuco | 8° 4′ S.|34° 51′ W.| -- |78·5|~25·8~|
Victoria | 8° 9′ S.|35° 27′ W.| 550|76·7|~24·8~|
Colony of Isabella| 8° 45′ S.|35° 42′ W.| 750|74·2|~23·4~|
Bahia |12° 59′ S.|38° 36′ W.| 200|77·8|~25·5~|
Rio Janeiro |22° 54′ S.|43° 10′ W.| 200|72·5|~22·3~|
Joinville |26° 19′ S.|49° 43′ W.| -- |68·0|~20·0~|
Villa Formosa |26° 13′ S.|58° 5′ W.| 250|70·2|~21·2~|
==================+==========+==========+=====+====+======+

==================+============+===========+
Place | Maximum | Minimum |
| Temperature|Temperature+
| of Year | of Year |
|-----+------+----+------+
| F. | ~C.~ | F. | ~C.~ |
| | | | |
------------------+-----+------+----+------+
_Northern Coast, on Atlantic Seaboard._
Caracas, Venezuela| 79·7|~26·5~|57·8|~14·3~|
La Guayra, port | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Tovar | -- | -- | -- | -- |
_Western Littoral--Colombia, Ecuador, and
Peru._
Medellin | 85·0|~29·4~|56·5|~13·6~|
Bogota | 72·0|~22·2~|45·8| ~7·7~|
Quito | 73·5|~23·1~|38·2| ~3·4~|
Antisana | 52·0|~11·0~|21·0|~-6·2~|
Guayaquil | 95·0|~35·0~|66·2|~19·0~|
Lima | 88·2|~31·2~|48·5| ~9·2~|
Anca | 82·4|~28·0~|56·0|~13·3~|
Salta |109·4|~43·0~|23·0|~-5·0~|
Copiapo | 87·3|~30·7~|37·4| ~3·0~|
_North-East Coast--British Guiana._
Georgetown | 90·0|~32·2~|70·0|~21·1~|
_Dutch Guiana._
Burnside | 92·8|~33·8~|68·7|~20·4~|
Paramaribo | 94·4|~34·6~|67·8|~19·9~|
_French Guiana._
Cayenne | 94·4|~34·6~|68·0|~20·0~|
_Brazil, Amazon Coast._
Para | -- | -- | -- | -- |
_Interior of Brazil._
Manaos | -- | -- | -- | -- |
San Antonio | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Peruvian frontier | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Cuyaba |105·8|~41·0~|48·2| ~9·0~|
Uberaba | 96·8|~36·0~|36·5| ~2·5~|
_Western Central Brazil._
Pernambuco | 97·5|~36·4~|64·5|~18·1~|
Victoria | 99·4|~37·4~|57·3|~14·1~|
Colony of Isabella| 91·2|~32·9~|56·2|~13·4~|
Bahia | 89·0|~31·7~|70·7|~21·5~|
Rio Janeiro | 97·7|~36·6~|55·2|~12·9~|
Joinville | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Villa Formosa |100·3|~38·0~|37·7| ~3·2~|
==================+=====+======+====+======+

==================+======================+======================
Place | Hottest Month | Coldest Month
|----------+-----------+----------+-----------
| Name | Mean | Name | Mean
| |Temperature| |Temperature
| +----+------+ +----+------
| | F. | ~C.~ | | F. | ~C.~
------------------+----------+----+------+----------+----+------
_Northern Coast, on Atlantic Seaboard._
Caracas, Venezuela| May |74·0|~23·3~| January |68·5|~20·3~
La Guayra, port |September |80·7|~27·0~|Feb.-Mar. |75·7|~24·3~
Tovar | April |59·6|~15·3~| January |54·5|~12·5~
_Western Littoral--Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru._
Medellin | February |71·0|~21·7~|November |68·5|~20·3~
Bogota |Mar.-April|58·7|~14·8~| July |56·8|~13·8~
Quito | Dec.-Jan.|56·7|~13·7~|Sept.-Oct.|56·2|~13·4~
Antisana | January |43·2| ~6·2~|July-Aug. |37·3| ~3·0~
Guayaquil | January |83·4|~28·5~| July |77·8|~25·5~
Lima | February |73·7|~23·2~| July |59·0|~15·0~
Anca | Dec.-Jan.|71·7|~22·0~| August |63·2|~17·3~
Salta | December |72·2|~22·3~| June |50·8|~10·5~
Copiapo | January |69·8|~21·0~| July |53·2|~11·8~
_North-East Coast--British Guiana._
Georgetown |Sept.-Oct.|80·7|~27·0~|Jan.-Feb. |77·5|~25·3~
_Dutch Guiana._
Burnside | October |80·0|~26·7~| February |77·3|~25·2~
Paramaribo | September|80·8|~27·1~| January |77·2|~25·1~
_French Guiana._
Cayenne |Sept.-Oct.|81·4|~27·4~| January |77·5|~25·3~
_Brazil, Amazon Coast._
Para | June |79·5|~26·4~| January |77·7|~25·4~
_Interior of Brazil._
Manaos | November |79·8|~26·6~| April |77·0|~25·0~
San Antonio | October |79·4|~26·3~| June |76·8|~24·9~
Peruvian frontier | December |80·0|~26·7~| June |72·2|~22·3~
Cuyaba |Sept.-Oct.|80·7|~27·0~| June |69·5|~20·8~
Uberaba | February |74·2|~23·4~| July |64·0|~17·8~
_Western Central Brazil._
Pernambuco | February |81·7|~27·6~| July |73·7|~23·2~
Victoria | February |79·5|~26·4~| July |72·8|~22·7~
Colony of Isabella| February |76·6|~24·7~| July |70·0|~21·1~
Bahia | February |80·8|~27·1~| July |73·7|~23·2~
Rio Janeiro | February |77·2|~25·1~| July |67·5|~19·7~
Joinville | February |75·5|~24·2~| July |61·5|~16·4~
Villa Formosa | January |79·2|~26·2~| July |61·3|~16·3~
==================+==========+====+======+==========+====+======

In contrast with the fairly liberal rainfall of the east coast we find places almost as rainless as Waddy Halfa in the Soudan.

Arequipa, _e.g._, though situated high up on the Andes, is nearly as dry as Lima, but receives a few trifling showers during the height of summer and autumn (January to March).

AREQUIPA. LAT. 16° 24′ S.; LONG. 71° 30′ W. E.F., 7,680.

=========+===========+========+==========
Month | Mean |Relative| Monthly
| Monthly |Humidity| Rainfall
|Temperature| |
+----+------+ +----+-----
| F. | ~C.~ | |Ins.|~Mm.~
---------+----+------+--------+----+-----
January |56·5|~13·6~| 65 |1·08| ~27~
February |55·4|~13·0~| 69 |5·28|~134~
March |56·0|~13·3~| -- |0·84| ~21~
April |53·2|~11·8~| 71 |0 | ~0~
May |49·0| ~9·4~| -- |0 | ~0~
June |47·5| ~8·6~| 44 |0 | ~0~
July |51·0|~10·6~| 45 |0 | ~0~
August |53·0|~11·7~| 52 |0 | ~0~
September|56·0|~13·3~| 55 |0·03| ~1~
October |56·7|~13·7~| 59 |0 | ~0~
November |57·2|~14·0~| -- |0 | ~0~
December |56·8|~13·8~| 65 |0·03| ~1~
Year |54·2|~12·3~| 59 |7·28|~185~
=========+====+======+========+====+=====

These Western figures must serve as a specimen, though only for a single year; for as already remarked, meteorology is but fitfully studied in South America.

Many towns and districts, especially on the northern and eastern coasts, are at a considerable elevation above the sea, and in estimating the probable climate of such localities the following scale of diminution of mean temperature for height in the equatorial Andes may be of service:--

Elevation } Sea-level 1,500 4,500 7,000 10,000 13,000 17,000 20,000
in Feet }
Temperature } 80° 77° 68° 59° 50° 40° 32° 20°
F. }

Or expressed in the metric system:--

Elevation } Sea-level 490 1,420 2,320 3,270 4,190 5,120 6,040
in Metres }
Temperature } 27° 25° 20° 15° 10° 5° 0° -5°
C. }

The tables given on pages 92, 93, compiled from Hann’s “Klimatologie” include some of the better-known sites in South America, but it will be observed that we are wofully wanting in detailed information as to places in the interior, by far the majority being places on the coast.

The small variation and remarkable uniformity of temperature in places spread over so large an area, when situated at all near the same level above the sea, is very remarkable, as also is the fact that nothing approaching the excessive temperature of Africa, the other great Southern Peninsula, is to be met with here.

Guiana, Venezuela, and the other countries of the north and north-eastern coasts, are no doubt steamy and unhealthy, but the greater part of Brazil seems to possess a climate by no means prohibitive of European energy, though doubtless the deltas of the great rivers, like similar situations elsewhere, are best avoided from the point of view of health.

Tables of the rainfall of a few places in each of the regions included in the preceding table will be found below:--

RAINFALL IN PLACES ON N. AND N.E. COAST, SOUTH AMERICA.

=========+=============+===========+=============+
Place | Cartagena, | Caracas, | George Town,|
| Colombia | Venezuela | Brit. Guiana|
| |(3,000 ft.)| |
---------+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-------+
Month | Ins.| ~Mm.~ | Ins.|~Mm.~| Ins.| ~Mm.~ |
---------+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-------+
January | 0 | ~0~| 0·37| ~9~| 6·92| ~176~|
February | 0 | ~0~| 0·33| ~8~| 4·88| ~124~|
March | 0·19| ~5~| 0·28| ~7~| 5·42| ~138~|
April | 0·13| ~3~| 1·03| ~26~| 6·43| ~163~|
May | 5·18| ~132~| 2·17| ~55~|10·95| ~279~|
June | 4·83| ~124~| 4·57|~116~|11·96| ~303~|
July | 3·12| ~79~| 4·82|~122~| 9·07| ~230~|
August | 5·0 | ~127~| 3·63| ~92~| 7·02| ~178~|
September| 7·23| ~184~| 5·37|~136~| 2·60| ~66~|
October |10·95| ~279~| 5·02|~128~| 2·38| ~60~|
November | 5·37| ~136~| 2·60| ~66~| 5·68| ~144~|
December | 0·98| ~25~| 1·03| ~26~|10·92| ~277~|
---------+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-------+
Year |43·67|~1,094~|31·14|~791~|84·23|~2,138~|
=========+=====+=======+=====+=====+=====+=======+

=========+=============+==============+=============
Place | Paramaribo,| Cayenne, | Para,
| Dutch Guiana| French Guiana| Brazil
| | |
---------+-----+-------+------+-------+-----+-------
Month | Ins.| ~Mm.~ | Ins.| ~Mm.~ | Ins.| ~Mm.~
---------+-----+-------+------+-------+-----+-------
January | 9·93| ~252~| 14·23| ~361~|11·97| ~303~
February | 6·12| ~155~| 12·43| ~316~|11·02| ~280~
March | 7·48| ~190~| 15·53| ~394~|12·98| ~329~
April | 9·82| ~249~| 15·16| ~385~|13·37| ~340~
May |11·97| ~304~| 19·25| ~489~| 7·64| ~194~
June |11·88| ~300~| 14·84| ~377~| 4·18| ~106~
July | 9·27| ~235~| 6·64| ~169~| 2·78| ~71~
August | 7·08| ~180~| 2·68| ~68~| 2·04| ~52~
September| 2·68| ~68~| 1·12| ~28~| 2·63| ~67~
October | 2·83| ~72~| 1·33| ~34~| 2·44| ~62~
November | 4·03| ~102~| 4·72| ~120~| 3·52| ~90~
December | 9·48| ~241~| 10·64| ~270~| 5·08| ~129~
---------+-----+-------+------+-------+-----+-------
Year |92·43|~2,348~|118·53|~3,011~|79·64|~2,023~
=========+=====+=======+======+=======+=====+=======

RAINFALL, WESTERN LITTORAL-COLOMBIA, ECUADOR AND PERU.

=========+=============+=============+==========+
Place | Medellin, | Quito, | Lima, |
| Colombia | Ecuador | Peru |
---------+-----+-------+-----+-------+----+-----+
Month | Ins.| ~Mm.~ | Ins.| ~Mm.~ |Ins.|~Mm.~|
---------+-----+-------+-----+-------+----+-----+
January | 2·18| ~55~| 3·24| ~82~|0·07| ~1~|
February | 2·52| ~64~| 3·88| ~99~|0 | ~0~|
March | 5·28| ~134~| 4·84| ~123~|0 | ~0~|
April | 6·93| ~176~| 6·95| ~177~|0 | ~0~|
May | 7·77| ~197~| 4·62| ~117~|0·13| ~3~|
June | 6·62| ~168~| 1·33| ~34~|0·37| ~9~|
July | 4·13| ~105~| 1·08| ~27~|0·39| ~10~|
August | 5·13| ~130~| 2·22| ~56~|0·33| ~8~|
September| 6·42| ~163~| 2·57| ~65~|0·27| ~7~|
October | 7·37| ~187~| 3·87| ~98~|0·13| ~3~|
November | 5·87| ~149~| 3·97| ~101~|0 | ~0~|
December | 2·67| ~68~| 3·57| ~91~|0 | ~0~|
---------+-----+-------+-----+-------+----+-----+
Year |62·88|~1,596~|42·13|~1,070~|1·64| ~41~|
=========+=====+=======+=====+=======+====+=====+

=========+==============+===========+===========
Place |Iquitos, East | Salta, | Tucuman,
|Slope of Andes| Peru | Peru
---------+------+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----
Month | Ins. | ~Mm.~ | Ins.|~Mm.~| Ins.|~Mm.~
---------+------+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----
January | 10·24| ~260~| 5·68|~144~| 7·38|~187~
February | 9·83| ~250~| 5·44|~138~| 6·63|~168~
March | 12·24| ~311~| 4·64|~118~| 6·27|~159~
April | 6·48| ~165~| 0·92| ~23~| 1·78| ~45~
May | 10·00| ~254~| 0·37| ~9~| 1·14| ~29~
June | 7·43| ~189~| 0·03| ~1~| 0·52| ~13~
July | 6·53| ~167~| 0 | ~0~| 0·52| ~13~
August | 4·62| ~117~| 0·07| ~2~| 0·23| ~6~
September| 8·70| ~221~| 0·27| ~7~| 0·63| ~16~
October | 7·24| ~184~| 0·48| ~12~| 3·14| ~79~
November | 8·52| ~216~| 1·88| ~48~| 4·33|~110~
December | 11·47| ~291~| 2·93| ~74~| 5·75|~146~
---------+------+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----
Year |103·33|~2,625~|22·64|~575~|38·23|~971~
=========+======+=======+=====+=====+=====+=====

RAINFALL, INTERIOR AND EAST COAST.

=========+===========+=============+=============+
| Merida, | Manaos, | Cuyaba, |
Place | Yucatan-- | Brazil-- | Brazil-- |
| Interior | Interior | Interior |
---------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-------+
Month | Ins.|~Mm.~| Ins.| ~Mm.~ | Ins.| ~Mm.~ |
---------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-------+
January | 1·02| ~26~| 9·37| ~238~|10·03| ~255~|
February | 0·53| ~13~| 9·84| ~250~| 8·58| ~218~|
March | 0·70| ~1~|11·88| ~301~| 8·70| ~221~|
April | 0·17| ~4~|13·08| ~332~| 3·52| ~90~|
May | 0·96| ~24~| 7·33| ~186~| 2·14| ~54~|
June | 5·88|~149~| 6·02| ~153~| 0·72| ~18~|
July | 3·86| ~98~| 2·88| ~72~| 0·34| ~8~|
August | 7·76|~197~| 2·40| ~61~| 0·37| ~9~|
September| 4·50|~114~| 1·74| ~44~| 3·63| ~92~|
October | 2·95| ~75~| 4·13| ~105~| 4·27| ~108~|
November | 4·12|~104~| 7·65| ~194~| 7·68| ~195~|
December | 1·24| ~31~|10·48| ~266~| 8·67| ~220~|
---------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-------+
Year |33·86|~860~|85·12|~2,202~|59·00|~1,498~|
=========+=====+=====+=====+=======+=====+=======+

=========+==============+=============+=============
| Pernambuco, | Bahia, |Rio Janeiro,
Place | Coast, | Coast, | Coast,
| Brazil | Brazil | Brazil
---------+------+-------+-----+-------+------+------
Month | Ins. | ~Mm.~ | Ins.| ~Mm.~ | Ins. | ~Mm.~
---------+------+-------+-----+-------+------+------
January | 4·34| ~110~| 3·58| ~91~| 4·68| ~119~
February | 5·98| ~152~| 3·43| ~87~| 4·34| ~110~
March | 5·92| ~150~| 7·87| ~200~| 5·38| ~137~
April | 10·96| ~277~|14·34| ~364~| 4·57| ~116~
May | 14·81| ~378~|12·28| ~312~| 3·63| ~92~
June | 15·18| ~386~|11·54| ~293~| 1·85| ~47~
July | 28·27| ~718~| 8·98| ~228~| 1·64| ~41~
August | 12·60| ~320~| 4·93| ~125~| 1·85| ~47~
September| 6·83| ~173~| 3·15| ~80~| 2·28| ~58~
October | 1·03| ~26~| 4·88| ~124~| 3·08| ~78~
November | 1·14| ~29~| 6·83| ~173~| 4·28| ~109~
December | 2·04| ~52~| 3·63| ~92~| 5·43| ~138~
---------+------+-------+-----+-------+------+------
Year |117·00|~2,971~|85·39|~2,169~|43·00|~1,091~
=========+======+=======+=====+=======+=====+=======

_Bermuda_ (St. George), lat. 32° 22′ N., long. 64° 30′ W.--This group of Islands is becoming a favourite health resort with Americans, who are able in a couple of days (600 sea miles) to exchange the turmoil of Wall Street for the holy calm of the Atlantic. The climate is extremely pleasant, without being too relaxing, the mean temperature of the year being 69·4° F. (20·7° C).

Jan. April August October
62° F. 64° F. 79° F. 69·5° F.
(16·6° C.) (17·8° C.) (26·2° C.) (20·7° C.)

The month of March, with a mean of 61° F. (16° C.), is cooler than February, and the absolute annual extremes of temperature are 91·5° F. (33° C.), and 43° F. (6° C.). The relative humidity stands very constantly about 70 per cent., and the cloudiness of the sky rather higher. The general direction of the wind is S.W., bearing more to the north in winter, and southerly in summer and autumn. There are on the average 159 days on which rain falls during the year, producing a total of 45·28 ins. (1,150 mm.) of rain; the most rainy month being October, and the least so April and June. There is very little variation during the twenty-four hours, so that the climate is well suited for delicate chests.

These islands depend for water almost entirely on rain caught and stored in tanks, so that the amount obtained during the last shower is said to be one of the main subjects of conversation and interest among the islanders.

_Madeira_ (Funchal). Lat. 32° 37′, Long. 16° 55′ W.--Situated off the coast of Africa, in nearly the same latitude as the preceding, this well-known health resort has a slightly lower mean annual temperature of 65·5° F. (18·6° C.); the mean of the coldest month, February, being 59·6° F. (15·4° C.), and of the hottest, August, 72·7° F. (22·6° C.)

During twenty-five years the absolute extremes of temperature were 90·7° F. (32·7° C.) and 43·6° F. (6·5° C.). The air is drier than that of Bermuda, the relative humidity averaging 68 per cent.; March, with 65 per cent., being the driest, and July, with 70 per cent., the moistest month.

The amount and distribution of the rainfall is as below:--

=================+====+====+====+====+====+====+
|Jan.|Feb.|Mar.|Apl.|May |June|
-----------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+
Rainfall {Ins. |4·18|3·18|2·87|2·13|0·92|0·53|
{Mm. | 106| 81| 73| 54| 23| 13|
No. of rainy days|10·7| 8·6| 9·4| 7·3| 5·3| 2·3|
=================+====+====+====+====+====+====+

=================+====+====+=====+====+====+====
|July|Aug.|Sept.|Oct.|Nov.|Dec.
-----------------+----+----+-----+----+----+----
Rainfall {Ins. |0·03|0·08| 0·67|2·38|5·28|4·67
{Mm. | 1| 2| 17| 60| 134| 119
No. of rainy days| 0·8| 1·0| 3·3| 7·9|10·5|11·6
=================+====+====+=====+====+====+====

The total rainfall is thus under 27 inches, and owing to the occurrence of east winds coming from the African desert, the air often becomes very dry during its continuance. Madeira has earned a high reputation for the treatment of cases of consumption, but has been less recommended for such cases since the introduction of the open-air treatment; and it should be recognised that neither this nor any other climate can do more than retard the progress of advanced cases. It is an excellent country, however, in which to live in the open air, and cases that find Funchal too relaxing can obtain a somewhat more bracing climate on the higher ground of the interior of the island.

In any case Madeira forms an excellent resort for those who, without being actually ailing, find themselves unable to withstand the damp and cold of our English winters.

NOTES ON THE OBSERVATION OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA.

Few houses will now be found without a thermometer and barometer, and many people are fond of keeping a register of their observations. Moreover, where the observer chances to be stationed in an out-of-the-way place, even a casual domestic register of this sort may be of considerable value. . . . The instruments required are the wet and dry bulb thermometers, a rain gauge, and a barometer.

Those who have to move about in the backwaters of civilisation, will probably find the mercurial barometer rather a “white elephant,” as it requires great care and attention whenever it is necessary to move it; and for such, a good aneroid is a more desirable possession. It is, of course, important that the instrument should be compared, whenever opportunity occurs, with a standard mercurial instrument; but for merely observing extent of fluctuation an aneroid is quite accurate enough for all practical purposes. The rain gauge must of course be set up in some open and unsheltered position near the ground level, and the thermometers should be hung in a north verandah (for the northern hemisphere) against a piece of felt which will help to protect them from the heat radiated from the wall. The aneroid, on the other hand, may be hung in any position where it is well protected from the weather--on the ground-floor. The direction of the wind can easily be observed by means of a small triangular flag or burgee hoisted to a pole, which, unless the neighbourhood be a very open one, is best lashed up in a tree so as to project above its branches.

Those, however, who desire to take up the study of their local meteorology seriously, will do well to obtain a little pamphlet, entitled “Hints to Meteorological Observers,” by W. Marriott, published at 1s. 6d., under the auspices of the Royal Meteorological Society, by E. Stanford, 12, Long Acre, W.C., which contains complete instructions on the subject.

From the point of view of the tropical resident, it is unfortunate that some of the tables in this publication are hardly carried high enough, but the instructions will enable anyone to amplify them. On this account, I append a table for calculating relative humidity of a less elaborate sort, but more extended than that furnished in the pamphlet, as this is one of the most important of all climatic factors from a sanitary point of view.

The table is only worked out to half degrees of difference between the wet and dry bulb instruments, and for the most part to 4° intervals of the dry thermometer, but it is easy, by reading between the lines, to fill up the gaps, where any marked interval exists; and it will be observed that at the lower right-hand corner of the second table, the numbers progress in regular arithmetical progression, so that it is not difficult to infer the percentages in cases of somewhat higher degrees of temperature and dryness.

TABLE FOR CALCULATING THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF THE ATMOSPHERE % BY THE DRY AND WET BULB THERMOMETER.

==========+========================================
Difference| READING OF THE DRY BULB THERMOMETER.
of Wet +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
and Dry | | | | | | | | | | |
Bulbs |32°|34°|36°|38°|40°|44°|48°|52°|56°|60°|
----------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0·5 | 92| 94| 95| 95| 96| 96| 96| 96| 97| 97|
1 | 87| 89| 91| 91| 92| 92| 92| 93| 93| 93|
1·5 | 81| 84| 86| 87| 88| 88| 88| 89| 89| 90|
2 | 76| 80| 82| 83| 84| 84| 85| 86| 87| 88|
2·5 | 70| 75| 78| 79| 80| 81| 82| 83| 83| 84|
3 | 65| 71| 74| 76| 76| 78| 79| 80| 81| 82|
3·5 | 60| 66| 70| 72| 73| 75| 76| 77| 78| 79|
4 | 56| 62| 66| 69| 70| 72| 73| 74| 75| 76|
4·5 | 52| 58| 62| 65| 66| 69| 70| 71| 72| 74|
5 | 48| 55| 59| 62| 63| 65| 67| 69| 70| 71|
5·5 | 45| 52| 56| 59| 61| 62| 64| 65| 67| 69|
6 | 41| 49| 53| 56| 58| 60| 62| 63| 65| 66|
6·5 | 38| 46| 50| 53| 55| 57| 59| 61| 62| 64|
7 | 35| 43| 47| 50| 52| 55| 57| 59| 60| 62|
7·5 | 32| 40| 44| 48| 49| 52| 54| 56| 58| 60|
8 | 30| 37| 42| 45| 47| 50| 52| 54| 56| 58|
8·5 | 29| 35| 40| 42| 44| 48| 50| 52| 54| 56|
9 | 27| 33| 38| 41| 42| 46| 48| 50| 52| 54|
9·5 | 25| 31| 36| 38| 40| 43| 46| 48| 50| 52|
10 | 23| 30| 34| 36| 38| 41| 44| 46| 48| 50|
10·5 | 21| 28| 32| 34| 36| 40| 42| 44| 46| 48|
11 | 19| 26| 30| 32| 34| 38| 40| 43| 45| 46|
11·5 | 17| 24| 28| 30| 32| 36| 38| 41| 43| 45|
12 | 16| 23| 27| 29| 31| 34| 36| 39| 41| 43|
12·5 | 15| 21| 28| 27| 29| 32| 34| 37| 39| 42|
13 | 14| 20| 24| 26| 28| 31| 33| 36| 38| 40|
13·5 | 13| 18| 23| 25| 27| 30| 32| 35| 36| 38|
14 | 12| 17| 22| 24| 25| 28| 30| 33| 35| 37|
14·5 | 11| 16| 21| 22| 24| 26| 29| 31| 34| 36|
15 | 10| 15| 20| 21| 23| 25| 28| 30| 33| 35|
15·5 | 10| 14| 18| 20| 22| 24| 26| 28| 31| 33|
16 | 9| 13| 17| 19| 21| 23| 25| 27| 30| 32|
16·5 | 8| 12| 16| 18| 20| 22| 23| 26| 29| 31|
17 | 7| 12| 15| 17| 19| 21| 22| 25| 27| 30|
17·5 | 7| 11| 14| 16| 18| 20| 21| 24| 26| 28|
18 | 6| 10| 13| 15| 17| 19| 20| 23| 25| 27|
18·5 | --| --| --| --| --| --| 19| 22| 24| 26|
19 | --| --| --| --| --| --| 18| 20| 23| 25|
19·5 | --| --| --| --| --| --| 17| 19| 21| 24|
20 | --| --| --| --| --| --| 17| 18| 20| 23|
==========+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+

==========+========================================
Difference| READING OF THE DRY BULB THERMOMETER.
of Wet +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----
and Dry | | | | | | | | | |
Bulbs |64°|68°|72°|76°|80°|84°|88°|92°|96°|100°
----------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----
0·5 | 97| 97| 97| 97| 98| 98| 98| 98| 98| 98
1 | 94| 94| 94| 95| 95| 95| 95| 95| 95| 95
1·5 | 91| 91| 92| 93| 93| 93| 93| 93| 93| 93
2 | 88| 89| 89| 89| 90| 90| 91| 91| 91| 91
2·5 | 85| 85| 86| 87| 87| 87| 88| 88| 88| 89
3 | 82| 83| 83| 84| 85| 85| 85| 85| 86| 87
3·5 | 80| 81| 82| 82| 83| 83| 83| 83| 84| 85
4 | 77| 78| 79| 80| 80| 81| 81| 81| 82| 83
4·5 | 75| 75| 76| 79| 78| 78| 79| 79| 80| 81
5 | 72| 73| 74| 75| 76| 76| 77| 77| 78| 79
5·5 | 70| 71| 72| 73| 74| 74| 75| 75| 76| 77
6 | 68| 69| 70| 71| 72| 72| 73| 73| 74| 75
6·5 | 65| 67| 68| 68| 69| 70| 70| 71| 72| 73
7 | 63| 65| 65| 66| 67| 68| 68| 69| 69| 70
7·5 | 61| 62| 63| 64| 65| 66| 66| 67| 68| 69
8 | 59| 60| 61| 63| 64| 64| 65| 66| 67| 68
8·5 | 57| 58| 60| 61| 62| 63| 63| 64| 65| 66
9 | 55| 56| 58| 59| 60| 61| 61| 62| 63| 64
9·5 | 53| 54| 55| 57| 58| 59| 60| 61| 62| 63
10 | 52| 53| 54| 56| 57| 57| 58| 59| 60| 61
10·5 | 50| 51| 52| 54| 55| 56| 57| 58| 59| 60
11 | 48| 50| 51| 52| 53| 54| 55| 56| 57| 58
11·5 | 46| 48| 49| 50| 52| 53| 54| 55| 56| 57
12 | 45| 46| 48| 49| 50| 51| 52| 53| 54| 55
12·5 | 43| 45| 46| 47| 48| 49| 51| 50| 53| 54
13 | 42| 43| 45| 46| 47| 48| 50| 51| 52| 53
13·5 | 40| 41| 43| 45| 46| 47| 48| 49| 50| 51
14 | 39| 40| 42| 43| 45| 46| 47| 48| 49| 50
14·5 | 37| 39| 40| 42| 43| 45| 46| 47| 48| 49
15 | 36| 38| 39| 41| 42| 43| 44| 45| 46| 47
15·5 | 35| 37| 38| 39| 41| 42| 43| 44| 45| 46
16 | 34| 35| 37| 38| 39| 40| 42| 43| 44| 45
16·5 | 33| 34| 36| 37| 38| 39| 41| 42| 43| 44
17 | 31| 33| 34| 36| 37| 38| 39| 41| 42| 43
17·5 | 30| 32| 33| 35| 36| 37| 38| 39| 40| 41
18 | 29| 31| 32| 34| 35| 36| 37| 38| 39| 40
18·5 | 28| 30| 31| 33| 34| 35| 36| 37| 38| 39
19 | 27| 29| 30| 32| 33| 34| 35| 36| 37| 38
19·5 | 26| 28| 29| 31| 32| 33| 34| 35| 36| 37
20 | 25| 27| 28| 30| 31| 32| 33| 34| 35| 35
==========+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+====

INDEX.

Abdominal chills, 32
Abusher, August climate of, 16
Abyssinia, climate of, 33-34
Addi Ugri, climate of, 45-47; table, 46
Aden, Gulf of, climate of, 46-47
Adis-Ababa, climatic table, 34
Africa, climatic characters of, 22 _et seq._
Central, Lake region, climate of, 34-35
East Coast, climate of, 39-40
North, 23, 25
West Coast--
Climate of, 36-39
Contraction of tropical zone on, 3
Agra, climatic table, 56-57, 63
Agustia Peak, temperature table of, 61
Air--
Heating of:--an indirect process, 4; effects of rapid local, 6-7
Temperature of, observation of, 11
Akyab, climatic data for, 63, 64
Alexandria, climate of, 28, 29
Algeria, climate of, 22-24
Algerian Sahara, summer climate in, 16
Algiers--
Climatic table, 24
Monthly mean temperatures, table of, 23, 24
mentioned, 25
Allahabad, climatic table for, 56-57
Amboina (Seram), temperature chart for, 74
America, climate of, 81 _et seq._
Central, climate of, 84-87
South--
Climate of, 90-96
Winds prevalent in, 6
West Coast, contraction of tropical zone on, 3
Andes--
Influence of, on South American climate, 90
Scale of diminution of mean temperatures for height above sea in, 94
Aneroid barometers, 98-99
Angola, mean temperature in, 39
Antananarivo, rainfall in, 40-41
Antilles, lesser, 88
Antisana, temperature table for, 92
Apia, Samoa, climatic data for, 79, 80
Arab civilisation, 39
Arabia, climate of, 53
Arakan, coast climate of, 64
Arequipa, 91; climatic table, 94
Asia--
Climate of, 47 _et seq._
Northerly current over, 8
Asia Minor, 26
Asmara, mean monthly temperatures, 45
Assam--
Rainfall in, 58
Temperature tables for stations in, 61
mentioned, 54, 62
Assouan, winter climate of, 30
Australia--
Climate of, 77-79
Contraction of tropical zone on West Coast of, 3

Bagdad, climatic table for, 49
Bahia Coast, Brazil--
Rainfall, 96
Temperature table, 93
Baker (explorer), 32
Ballot, Prof. Buys, law of winds as related to barometric pressures,
8-9
Bangala, temperature data, 36
Bangalore, climatic table, 56-57
Bangawanji (Java), rainfall at, 75
Bangkok, climatic table for, 67
Banjoewangie, temperature chart for, 74
Barbados, rainfall at, 89
Baryermassing (Sumatra), temperature chart for, 74
Batavia--
Climatic tables for, 72, 74
Observatory at, 72
Bathurst, climate of, 36-37
Bayombong (Lugon), temperature chart for, 74
Behar, 54
Beirut, climatic table for, 48
Belgaum, climatic tables for, 56-57, 61
Belize, climatic tables for, 86, 87
Bellary, climatic tables for, 56-57, 61
Beluchistan, climate of, 53
Benares, 54; climatic table for, 56-57
Bengal, climate in Bay of, 62-64
Lower, 54
Benguela district, climate of, 39
Benkulen (Sumatra), rainfall at, 75
Bermuda, climate of, 96-97
Bhamo, climatic table for, 65
Bight of Benin, 31
Biskra, temperature table for, 23, 24
Blackwater fever, 31
Blanford, 62, 63
Blantyre, rainfall of, 35
Bogota, temperature table for, 92
Bohol, temperature chart for, 74
Boliano, C. (Lugon), temperature chart for, 74
Bolobo, climatic data for, 36, 37
Bombay--
Climatic tables for, 56-57, 61, 63
Hill stations, 60
otherwise mentioned, 46, 47
Brazil, climatic tables, 93, 95
Brazzaville, temperature data for, 36
Brisbane, climatic table for, 77
Bua (Fiji), rainfall at, 80
Buitenzorg (Java), temperature chart for, 74
Burmah, climate of--lower, 64; upper, 65
Burnside, temperature table for, 92
Bushire, 50; climatic table for, 51

Cairo, 28, 29
Calcutta, 61, 64; climatic tables, 56-57, 58, 61, 63
California, climate of, 28, 81-82
Cameroon district, rainfall of, 38
Cameroon, rainfall of, 9
Campbell, Staff-Surg. J., (R.N.), 67
Canton, climate of, 70
Cape Colony, 41
Cape Verd Islands, climate of, 37
Caracas, Venezuela, climatic tables for, 92, 95
Carlotta (Negros), temperature chart for, 74
Carnarvon (Australia), rainfall at, 79
Cartagena (Colombia), rainfall at, 95
Catgut, hygroscopic properties of, 15
Cayenne, climatic tables, 93, 95
Cedar Keys, 84
Ceylon, climate of, 59-60
Cherapunji, Assam, rainfall of, 9
Cheren, mean monthly temperatures of, 45
Chest disease, localities favouring treatment of--
Algeria, 23
Cyprus, 26
Egypt, 28
Fars, plateau of, 52
Madeira, 98
Somaliland, 46
Chihuahua, rainfall at, 85
China--
Climate of 68-72
Seas, typhoons in 7, 70
Southern, 6
Chindwara, 58
Chittagong, temperature table, 61
Chochin, rainfall at, 59
Clark, Major S. F., _quoted_, 69-70
Climate--
Artificial alterations in, 10
Factors determining, 1-11
Coban, temperature table, 86
Cochin China, climatic data, 56-57, 68
Cold, effect on the skin, 12
Colombo, climatic tables, 59, 63
Columbia, climate of, 92, 96
Colon, climatic table of, 86, 87
Congo basin, climate of, 35-37
Mouth of, temperature data, 36
Consumption, localities favouring treatment of, _see_ chest disease
Continental climates, variations in temperature in, cause of, 5
Convection, 4
Coolgardie, rainfall at, 78
Copiapo, temperature table of, 92
Cordoba, temperature table of, 84
Cossach, rainfall, 78-79
Costa Rica, rainfall, 87
Culiacan, temperature table of, 84
Cuyaba, Brazil, climatic tables, 93, 96
Cyclones, 7, 63-64
Cyprus, climate of, 26-27

Dacca, temperature table of, 61
Dalrymple, Dr., _quoted_, 28
Damascus, temperature table, 48
Darien, Isthmus of, 81
Darjeeling, temperature tables, 61, 63
Dashtistan, rainfall of, 50-51, 53
Debunja, rainfall of, 9
Deccan, plateau of, climate of, 59
Deesa, climatic tables of, 56-57, 63
Deforestation, influence of, on rainfall, 9
Dew, formation of, 14-15
Dew point, definition of, 14
Dhubri, climatic tables for, 56-57
Dodabetta Peak, temperature table of, 61
Doldrums, the, 6
Drizzle, unhealthiness of, 17-18
Durban, climatic table of, 40
Dust in the atmosphere, deleterious influence of, 19-20
Dust storms, 7-8, 46
Dutch, observatory of, at Batavia, 72
Dysentery, 25, 68

East Cape, New Guinea, 76
East Indies, 89
Ecuador, climatic data for, 92, 96
Egypt, climate of, 27-30
“Egypt as a Winter Resort,” 28
El Paso, rainfall of, 82
England, climate of, mentioned, 9
Equator, seasons at, 3
Equatorville, temperature data of, 36
Erythrea, colony of, climate of, 42-46
Erzerum, temperature variations in, 26
Euphrates Valley, climate in, 48-49
Evaporation from the body, 12

False Point, temperature table of, 61
Fars Plateau, 52
Fiji Islands, rainfall in, 80
Florida, climate of, 83-84
Formosa, Island of, climate of, 70-72
Freemantle, rainfall of, 78

Galveston, climate of, 82-83
Gamboa, temperature table, 86
Georgetown, climatic tables, 92, 95
Géryville, temperature table of, 23, 24
Ghenda, temperature of, 45
Goalpara, temperature table, 61
Gout, 28
Granular ophthalmia, 30
Greytown, climatic tables, 86, 87
Guadeloupe, rainfall of, 89
Guatemala, climatic tables of, 86, 87
Guayaquil, temperature table of, 92
Guiana, British, temperature tables, 92, 95
Dutch, temperature tables, 92, 95
French, temperature tables, 93, 95
Guinea, Gulf of, climate of, 37-39
New, British, climate of, 74, 76
Gujarat, 57
Gulf stream, 9, 83

Hai-Fong, rainfall at, 68
Haidrababad, climate of, 59
Hair, hygroscopic properties of, 15
Hall, Dr., 84
Hann’s “Klimatologie,” _cited_, iii.-iv., 34, 36, 48, 62, 71, 95
Harmattan, 36, 37, 38
Havana, 90; climatic table, 88
Hazaribagh, climatic tables, 56-57
Health, effect of temperature on, 11-14
Heart affections, Egypt as a resort for, 28
Heat apoplexy, 13, 36, 42, 51, 70
Heatstroke, 43
Helouan, sulphur baths at, 28
Hilo, temperature chart of, 79
Himalayas, 54
“Hints to Meteorological Observers,” 99
Hong Kong--
Climate of, 69-70
Meteorological observations at, 69
Honolulu, Hawaii, climatic tables, 79, 80
Hue, rainfall at, 68
Humidity, relative, of air at--
Addi-Ugri, 46; Adis-Ababa, 34; Alexandria, 29; Algiers, 24;
Arequipa, 94; Bagdad, 49; Bangkok, 67; Batavia, 72; Brisbane, 77;
Bushire, 51; Cairo, 29; Cochin China, 68; Colombo, 59; Galveston,
82; Havana, 88; Hong-Kong, 69, 70; Kassala, 33; Kingston, Jamaica,
89; Los Angeles, 81; Luxor, 30; Manila, 73; Massawa, 43;
New Orleans, 83; Nikosia, Cyprus, 26; Old Calabar, 38; Omdurman,
33; Port Louis, Mauritius, 41; Red Sea Basin, 41; Sahara, 31; San
Paolo, 91; Singapore, 66; Suakim, 44; Valetta, 25; Wadi Halfa, 32;
Zi-ka-Wei, 71; Zoruba, 35
Tables for calculating, 100-101
Hurricanes, West Indian, 7
Hyderabad, climatic table of, 56-57
Hygrometers, 15

Iloilo (Sebu), temperature table of, 74
India--
Bengal zone, climate of, 58
Central Provinces, climate of, 58-59
Climate of, 53 et seq.
Climatic divisions of, 53-54
Coast climate, 59
Hill stations, climatic chart of, 60 _et seq._
“Malta fever” in, 25
North-West Frontier, climate of, 54, 55-58
Northern, 49, 60
Persian frontier zone, climate of, 54-55
Rainy season, cause of, 6
Sub-tropical, maximum temperatures in, 3
Winds in, 6
Indian Ocean, cyclones in, 7
Indo-Malay Peninsula, 64-65, 69
Iquitos, East, rainfall of, 96
Irrawaddy, 65
Irrigation in California, 81
Isabella Colony, Brazil, temperature table of, 93
Isothermal lines, 1
Isotherms, tropical and sub-tropical zones bounding, 3
Ispahan, climatic table of, 52
Italy, South, 25

Jacobabad, temperature in, 2, 54, 63
Jacksonville, 83
Jaffa, climatic data, 48
Jaipur, climatic table, 56-57
Jaluit, temperature chart of, 79
Jamaica, 88; climate of, 89
Java, 72
“Java winds,” 66
Jerusalem, climatic table of, 48
Jhánsi, climatic tables of, 56-57, 61
Joinville, temperature table of, 93
Jubulpur, climatic tables of, 56-57, 61
Jupiter, American Town, 83

Kamsin, 42
Kanai, temperature table of, 79
Karachi, 53
Karoo, 31
Kassala, climatic data for, 33
Khandwa, climatic table of, 56-57
“Khamseen,” 27, 29
Khathiawar, rainfall at, 58
Kidney affections, Egypt as a resort for, 28
Kilung, rainfall at, 71
Kingston, Jamaica, climatic table of, 89
“Kiti” breezes, 67
“Klimatologie,” _see_ Hann’s “Klimatologie”
Korat plateau, 68
Kota Raja (Sumatra), rainfall at, 75
Kupang (Timor), rainfall at, 75
Kurrachi, climatic tables for, 56-57, 63
Kuttak, temperature table of, 61

La Guayra, temperature table of, 92
Lahat (Sumatra) temperature table of, 74
Lahore, climatic tables of, 56-57, 61, 63
Land, thermal capacity as compared with that of sea, 4
Lawson, Capt. I. A., “Wanderings in Interior of New Guinea,” _cited_,
76
Leh, temperature table of, 63
Leon, climatic data for, 84, 85
Lesuha, (Fiji), rainfall at, 80
Levuka, temperature table of, 79
Light, influence of, 18
Lima, 94; climatic data, 90, 92, 96
Los Angeles, climatic table of, 81
Luluaberg, temperature data of, 36
Luxor, winter climate of, 30

Madagascar, climate of, 40-41
Madeira, climate of, 5, 97, 98
Madras, 53--
Climatic data, 56-57, 61, 63, 64
Health resorts in, 60-61
Malaria in--
Africa, 31, 32
America, 81
Bengal, 58
Cochin China, 68
Cyprus, absence in, 27
Egypt, comparative absence in, 30
Florida, in, 84
Indian stations, 57
Malta, 25
Mauritius, 41
Panama, in, 84
Persia, scarcity in, 51
Malay Archipelago--
Climate on, 72-76, 80
Contraction of tropical zone on coast of, 3
Malion (Lugon), temperature chart for, 74
Malta, climate of, 24-26
“Malta fever,” 25
Mamlaro, 76
Manaos, climatic data of, 90, 93, 96
Mandalay, climatic table, 56-57, 65
Manila (Lugon) climatic tables, 73-74
Marine climates, uniformity of, 5
Marriott, Mr. W., 21
Martinique rainfall, 89
Marseilles, 22
Marshall Islands, rainfall at, 80
Massawa, climatic data for, 42, 43, 45
Massey, Dr. Yale, _quoted_, 39
Matamoros, climatic data, 84, 85
Mauritius, climate of, 41
Maximum and minimum thermometers, 10
Mazatlan, climatic data, 84, 85
Medellin, climatic data, 92, 96
Mediterranean Basin, climate of shores of, 22-30
Meerut, climatic tables, 56-57, 61
Menado (Celebes), rainfall, 75
Menam, R., flooding of delta, 67-68
Mercara, temperature of, 61
Mercurial thermometers, 98
Merida (Yucatan), rainfall at, 96
Mesopotamia, 47
Meteorological data, observations of, 98-99
Mexico, 81; climatic data, 84, 85
Moisture in the atmosphere, 10, 14-16
Molendo, climatic table for, 91
Monsoon, 6 and n.; S.W. monsoon, 60, 66, 67, 70-71; N.E. monsoon, 67,
68; N.W. monsoon, 72
Montery, temperature of 84
Mosquitoes, disease carried by, 16, 19, 86, 88
Mosul, climatic data for, 48
Moulmein, rainfall at, 64
Mountain chains, influence of distribution of, on climate, 9
Multan, climatic tables, 56, 57, 61, 63
Muskat, 53
Mysore, climate of, 59

Nagpur, climatic tables, 56-57, 61, 63
Nassau, rainfall at, 89
Natal, climatic table of, 40
Nelson, Cape, 76
Nerbudah Valley, temperature in, 58
New Caledonia, rainfall in, 80
Guinea, 74, 76
Hebrides, rainfall in, 80
Orleans, climatic table of, 83
York, 81
Newera Eliya, temperature table of, 63
Nigeria, British, climatic data for, 38
Nihilgerris, hill stations in, 60
Nikosia, Cyprus, climatic tables of, 26, 27
Nile--
Annual overflow of, 30
Upper, valley of, climate of, 10
Northern hemisphere, 9
Noumea, climatic tables, 79, 80
Nyassaland, 35

Old Calabar, climatic table of, 38
Omdurman, 33, 47
Ootacamand, climate of, 60-61, 62
Oparu, temperature table of, 79
Orissa, rainfall at, and Central Provinces, India, temperature table
for stations, in 58, 61
Orleansville, temperature table of, 23, 24
Oudh, 54

Pachmari, temperature table of, 61
Pacific Islands, climate of, 79-80
Padang (Sumatra), temperature chart for, 74
Palembang (Sumatra), temperature chart for, 74
Palermo, 45
Palestine, climate of, 47-49
Panama, Isthmus of, climate of, 84-86
Papar (Borneo), temperature chart for, 74
Papiti, temperature chart of, 79
Para, climate of, 93, 95
Parallels of latitude, 1
Paramaribo, temperature data, 92, 95
Patna, climatic table of, 56-57
Peak, the, Hong Kong, climate at, 69-70
Pensacola, 83, 84
Pernambuco, climatic data, 93, 96
Persia--
Climate, 50-52
People, 50
Persian Gulf, climate in, 16, 49, 53
Perspiration, function of, 12
Peru, climatic data, 91, 92, 96
Peruvian frontier, temperature table of, 93
Peshawar, climate of, 5, 55, 56-57, 61, 63
Petella, Dr. Giovani, 42, 43, 44-45
Polynesian Islands, 80
Poona, climatic data of, 56-57, 60, 61
Port Au Prince, Haiti, rainfall at, 89
Blair, climatic tables, 63, 64
Darwin, climatic table of, 78
Louis, climatic data of, 41
Moresley, climatic table of, 76
Prickly heat, 43, 55
Puebla, temperature table of, 84
Punjab, the, 7, 54, 55, 58, 61

Qara Valu (Fiji), rainfall at, 80
Queensland, 77
Quetta, temperature table for, 63
Quezaltenango, temperature table of, 86
Quito, climatic data, 92, 96

Radiation, 2
Rain, scarcity of, in Red Sea district, 41
Gauge, 10, 98
Rainfall, _see_ names of places
Rainy seasons in:
Congo basin, 36; Erythrea, 45; Gulf of Guinea, 37; India, 53, 60;
double rainy seasons, 36, 37, 72
Rajputana, 7, 54, 57
Rangoon, climatic tables, 56-57, 63, 65
Rauenstein, E. G., _cited_, 34
Rawal Pindi, 54
Red Sea region, climate of, 16, 41-47, 49
Revolving storms, _see_ typhoons
Rheumatism, 28
Rheumatoid arthritis, 28
Rio Janeiro, temperature table of, 93
Rivas, rainfall at, 87
Rohilkhand, 54, 55
Royal Army Medical Corps Journal, _quoted_, 69-70
Royal Meteorological Society Library, 21

St. Croix, rainfall at, 89
St. Kitts, rainfall at, 89
Sahara, 23, 31
Saigon, rainfall at, 68
Salta, climatic data for, 92, 96
San Antonio, temperature table of, 93
José, temperature table of, 86
Paolo, observatory at, 90; climatic table, 91
Salvador, climatic tables, 36, 86, 87
Sanatorium on Mount Troödos, 26
Sandakan, climate of, 74
Sandwith, Dr., 28, 30
Sanford, 83
Saugor, 58, 61
Sarawak, rainfall at, 75
Scind, climate of, 54, 55
Scorpions, 76
Sea, thermal capacity compared to that of land, 4
Sea-level, elevation above, influence of, on climate, 1-2
Secunderabad, temperature table of, 61
Selangor, rainfall at, 64
Sex, relation to health in the tropics, 18
Shanghai, 69
Shillong, 9, 62
Sholapur, temperature tables, 61, 63
Siam, climate of, 66-68
Siberian Steppes, 8
Sibsagar, climatic tables, 56-7, 61, 63
Sierra Leone, climate of, 37
Silchar, temperature table, 61
Simla, climatic tables, 56-57, 63
Sind, 57
Singapore, climate of, 65-66, 73
Singkel (Sumatra), rainfall at, 75
Sironcha, temperature table of, 61
Skin, influence of temperature on, 12
Sleeping sickness, 31, 32
Smyrna, climatic data for, 48
Snakes, poisonous, 76
Solly, Dr., _quoted_, 82, 83-84
Somaliland, climate of, 46
Soudan, climate of, 3, 31-33
Southern Hemisphere, currents of, 9
Sresnewsky, 15
Stanley’s Pool, 36
Stevenson, R. L., 79
Straits Settlements, climate of, 65-66
Suakim, climate of, 43-44, 47
Sub-tropical zone, isotherm bounding, 3
Suez, Gulf of, 42
Suleiman Range, 54, 55
Sunstroke in New York, 81
Surat, rainfall at, 58
Sweat glands, working of, 12, 13
Syrian Coast, climate of, 25

Taboga Island, climatic data, 86, 87
Takao Anping, rainfall in, 71
Tana, temperature table of, 79
Tancredi, Capt., 45
Tanganyika, climatic data, 34-35
Taurus Mountain range, 26
Teheran, climatic table of, 52
Tel, The, 23
Temperature (for temperatures of places _see_ place names)
Air of, effect on body temperature and health, 11-13
Determination of, 10
Diurnal range of, influence on health, 13-14
Sub-tropical, 2-3
Tropical, 2-3
Ternata (Jilolo), rainfall, 75
Tevandrum, temperature table, 61
Texas, rainfall at, 82
Thandiani, 61
Thermometers--
Maximum and minimum, 10
Wet and dry bulb, 98; calculation of relative humidity by, 100-101
Tongatabu, climatic data, 79, 80
Tongking, range of temperature of, 68
Tovar, temperature table, 92
Trade winds, 5-6, 80, 86, 88, 90
Trichinopoly, climatic tables, 56-57, 61
Trinidad, temperature of, 89-90
Troödos, Mount, climate of hill station on, 26, 27
Tropic of Cancer, 53
Tropical climates, uniformity of, 5
Zone--
Definition of, 3
Isotherms bounding, 3
Maximum and minimum temperatures of, 2-3
Narrowing of, through influence of sea currents, 3-4
Tucuman, rainfall at, 96
Typhoons, 7, 70

Uberaba, temperature table of, 93
Uganda, climate of, 34

Valetta, climatic table, 25
Vanua Levu, temperature table of, 79
Vaso-motor nerve system, function of, 12
Vegetation, connection with rainfall, 9-10
Venezuela, 95
Vera Cruz, climatic data, 84, 85
Victoria (Brazil), temperature table, 93
Victoria Nyanza, climate of region of, 34
Villa Formosa, temperature table, 93
Vivi, temperature of, 36
Vizagapatam, temperature table of, 61

Wadi Halfa, climate of, 22, 32, 94
Wakujrui Pass, climatic conditions on, 2
“Wanderings in the Interior of New Guinea” (Lawson), _cited_, 76
Water, scarcity of, in Siam, 68; Australia, 77, 79
Wellington, temperature tables, 61, 63
West Indies, climate of, 64, 88-90; hurricanes in, 7
Wet and dry bulb instruments, 10
Winds--
Direction and force of, at
Alexandria, 29
Cairo, 29
Galveston, 83
Luxor, 30
Malay Archipelago, in, 73
Panama, 86
Port Moresley, 76
Red Sea region, 42
Siam, 67
Singapore, 66
Suakim, 44
West Indies, 88
Harmattan, 36, 37, 38
Health, influence on, 19-20
Kamsin, 42
Land and sea breezes, 4-5
Monsoons, _see that title_
Trades, _see_ Trade winds
Worms, internal, 30, 68
Wyndham, climatic table for, 78

Yellow fever, 31, 84, 88

Zambesi, climate in, 39
Zanzibar Island, climatic data for, 40
Zi-ka-Wei, climatic chart, 71; observatory at, 69
Zoruba, climatic data for, 35
Zymotic diseases, freedom of Massawa from, 43

Transcriber’s Notes

Some tables and illustrations have been moved; some tables have been
re-arranged. Due to their width, several of the tables are best viewed
in a wide window.

Unusual or archaic spelling and inconsistencies in spelling (including
between text and indexes), use of diacriticals, lay-out, hyphenation,
etc. have been retained, except as mentioned below. Non-English words
(including geographical names) have not been corrected, except as
mentioned below.

Depending on the hard- and software used, not all elements may display
as intended.

The geographic and climatological data in Part II are given here as
printed in the source document. In general they do not appear to be
very reliable (see also the first paragraphs of Part II, Section II
and the author’s remarks with some of the individual tables). There
are inconsistencies in the data, and the conversion from degrees
Fahrenheit to Celsius (or vice versa) and from inches to millimetres
(or vice versa) has apparently not always been done with the same
conversion factors or accuracy. Only obvious typographical errors in
the data (where the location of the error could be identified) have
been changed; see below under Changes. Similarly, the results of
calculations (such as sums and means) do not always agree with the
data on which they are supposed to be based; here, too, corrections
have only been made in case of obvious typographical errors where the
location of the error could be identified. A good deal of caution in
using the data is advisable.

Figures 3 and 12 are (apart from the caption) identical in the source
document.

Page I-57 and index: Cgaleka is possibly a typographical error for
Chaleka or Chalekah