Chapter II: Front Matter (2)

5. Mr. Cabell's style is notable for the elaboration of its rhythm, its careful avoidance of _clichés_, its preference for rare, archaic words and its allusiveness. Consider it from the point of view of sincerity, simplicity, clarity, and charm. Does it intensify or dull your interest in what he has to say? Study, for example, the following exposition of his theory of art:

For the creative artist must remember that his book is structurally
different from life, in that, were there nothing else, his book
begins and ends at a definite point, whereas the canons of heredity
and religion forbid us to believe that life can ever do anything of
the sort. He must remember that his art traces in ancestry from the
tribal huntsman telling tales about the cave-fire; and so, strives
to emulate not human life, but human speech, with its natural
elisions and falsifications. He must remember, too, that his one
concern with the one all-prevalent truth in normal existence is
jealously to exclude it from his book.... For "living" is to be
conscious of an incessant series of less than momentary sensations,
of about equal poignancy, for the most part, and of nearly equal
unimportance. Art attempts to marshal the shambling procession into
trimness, to usurp the rôle of memory and convention in assigning to
some of these sensations an especial prominence, and, in the old
phrase, to lend perspective to the forest we cannot see because of
the trees. Art, as long ago observed my friend Mrs. Kennaston, is an
expurgated edition of nature: at art's touch, too, "the drossy
particles fall off and mingle with the dust" (_Beyond Life_, p.
249).

In summing up Mr. Cabell's work, consider the following:

(1) Has he a definite philosophy?
(2) Has he a genuine sense of character or do his characters
repeat the same personality?
(3) Is he a sincere artist or "a self-conscious attitudinizer?"
(4) Is he likely ever to hold the high place in American
literature which by some critics is denied him today? If so,
on what basis?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Eagle's Shadow. 1904.
The Line of Love. 1905.
Gallantry. 1907.
Chivalry. 1909.
The Cords of Vanity. 1909.
The Soul of Melicent. 1913.
The Rivet in Grandfather's Neck. 1915.
The Certain Hour. 1916.
From the Hidden Way. 1916. (Verse.)
The Cream of the Jest. 1917.
Jurgen. 1919.
Beyond Life. 1919. (Essays.)
The Cords of Vanity. 1920. (Revised.)
Domnei. 1920. (New version of _The Soul of Melicent_.)
The Judging of Jurgen. 1920.
Figures of Earth. 1921.
Taboo. 1921.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Walpole, Hugh. The Art of James Branch Cabell. 1920.

Ath. 1919, 2: 1339. (Conrad Aiken.)
Bookm. 52 ('20): 200.
Cur. Op. 66 ('19): 254; 70 ('21): 537. (Portraits.)
Dial, 64 ('18): 392; 66 ('19): 225.
Harp. W. 49 ('05): 1598 (portrait).
Lond. Times, Nov. 24, 1921: 767.
Nation, 111 ('20): 343; 112 ('21): 914. (Carl Van Doren.)
New Repub. 26 ('21): 187.
Yale R. n.s. 9 ('20): 684. (Walpole.)

+George Washington Cable+--novelist.

Born at New Orleans, 1844. Educated in public schools, but has honorary higher degrees. Served in the Confederate army, 1863-5. Reporter on the New Orleans _Picayune_ and accountant with a firm of cotton factors, 1865-79. Since 1879, has devoted his time to literature.

Mr. Cable became at once famous for his studies of Louisiana life in _Old Creole Days_, and his pictures of this life have given him a permanent place in American literature. His stories should be read in connection with those of Kate Chopin and of Grace King (q.v.).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

*Old Creole Days. 1879.
*The Grandissimes. A Story of Creole Life. 1880.
*Madame Delphine. 1881.
The Creoles of Louisiana. 1884.
The Silent South. 1885. (Articles.)
Dr. Sevier. 1885.
Bonaventure. A Prose Pastoral of Louisiana. 1888.
Strange True Stories of Louisiana. 1889.
The Negro Question. 1890. (Articles.)
John March, Southerner. 1894.
Strong Hearts. 1899.
The Cavalier, 1901.
Bylow Hill. 1902.
Kincaid's Battery. 1908.
Posson Jone and Père Raphael. 1909.
The Amateur Garden. 1914.
Gideon's Band. 1914.
The Flower of the Chapdelaines. 1918.
*Lovers of Louisiana. 1918.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Harkins.
Pattee.
Toulmin.

Countryside M. 23 ('16): 274 (portrait).
Critic, 47 ('05): 426.
Harp. W. 45 ('01): 1082 (portrait).
Outlook, 69 ('01): 425; 93 ('09): 689. (Portraits.)
So. Atlan. Q. 18 ('19): 145.

+Abraham Cahan+--novelist.

Of Lithuanian-Jewish ancestry. Became editor of the _Arbeiter Zeitung_, 1891, and of _The Jewish Daily Forward_, 1897. A journalist who has done most of his work in Yiddish, but who has also written one remarkable novel in English: _The Rise of David Levinsky_, 1917.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Cambridge.
Van Doren.

Dial, 63 ('17): 521.
Nation, 105 ('17): 432.
New Repub. 14 ('17): 31.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1917.

+(William) Bliss Carman+--poet.

Born at Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, 1861. His ancestors lived in Connecticut at the time of the Revolution. A.B., University of New Brunswick, 1881; A.M., 1884. Studied at the University of Edinburgh, 1882-3, and at Harvard, 1886-8. Studied law two years. LL.D., University of New Brunswick, 1906. Came to live in the United States, 1889. Has been teacher, editor, and civil engineer.

In collaboration with Mary Perry King, Mr. Carman has produced several poem-dances (_Daughters of Dawn_, 1913, and _Earth Deities_, 1914), which it is interesting to compare with Mr. Lindsay's development of the idea of the poem-game.

Mr. Carman's most admired work is to be found in the _Vagabondia_ volumes, in three of which he collaborated with Richard Hovey (1894, 1896, 1900). His _Collected Poems_ were published in 1905, and his _Echoes from Vagabondia_, 1912.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Rittenhouse.
Bookm. 11 ('00): 519, 521 (portrait).

Canad. M. 40 ('13): 455 (portrait); 47 ('16): 425 (portrait);
56 ('21): 521.
Critic, 40 ('02): 155 (portrait), 161; 42 ('03): 397 (portrait).
Ind. 57 ('04): 1131, 1132 (portrait); 65 ('08): 1335 (portrait).
Lit. Digest, 50 ('15): 113.
R. of Rs. 46 ('12): 619 (portrait).

+Willa Sibert Cather+--novelist, short-story writer.

Born at Winchester, Virginia, 1875. A.B., University of Nebraska, 1895; Litt. D., 1917. On staff of _Pittsburgh Daily Leader_, 1897-1901. Associate editor of _McClure's Magazine_, 1906-12.

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

1. Miss Cather's special field is the pioneer life of immigrants in the Middle West. Points to be considered are: (1) her realism; (2) her detachment or objectivity; (3) her sympathy.

2. In what other respects does she stand out among the leading women novelists of today?

3. What is the value of her material?

4. Compare her studies with those of Cahan (q.v.), Cournos (q.v.), and Tobenkin (q.v.).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

April Twilights. 1903. (Poems.)
The Troll Garden. 1905. (Short stories.)
Alexander's Bridge. 1912.
The Bohemian Girl. 1912.
*O Pioneers. 1913.
The Song of the Lark. 1915.
*My Antonia. 1918.
Youth and the Bright Medusa. 1920. (Short Stories.)
One of Ours. 1922.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Overton.

Bookm. 21 ('05): 456 (portrait); 27 ('08): 152 (portrait);
53 ('21): 212 (portrait).
Lond. Times, June 23, 1921: 403.
Nation, 113 ('21): 92.
New Repub. 25 ('21): 233.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1915, 1918, 1920.

+George Randolph Chester+ (Ohio, 1869)--novelist, short-story writer. The
inventor of the _Get-Rich-Quick-Wallingford_ type of fiction.

For bibliography, see _Who's Who in America_.

+Winston Churchill+--novelist.

Born at St. Louis, 1871. Graduate of U.S. Naval Academy, 1894. Honorary higher degrees. Member of New Hampshire Legislature 1903, 1905. Fought boss and corporation control and was barely defeated for governor of the state, 1908. Lives at Cornish, New Hampshire.

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

As an aid to analysis of Mr. Churchill's work, consider Mr. Carl Van Doren's article in the _Nation_, of which the most striking passages are quoted below:

To reflect a little upon this combination of heroic color and moral
earnestness is to discover how much Mr. Churchill owes to the
element injected into American life by Theodore Roosevelt.... Like
him Mr. Churchill has habitually moved along the main lines of
national feeling--believing in America and democracy with a fealty
unshaken by any adverse evidence and delighting in the American
pageant with a gusto rarely modified by the exercise of any critical
intelligence. Morally he has been strenuous and eager;
intellectually he has been naïve and belated.

* * * * *

Once taken by an idea for a novel, he has always burned with it as
if it were as new to the world as to him. Here lies, without much
question, the secret of that genuine earnestness which pervades all
his books: he writes out of the contagious passion of a recent
convert or a still excited discoverer. Here lies, too, without much
question, the secret of Mr. Churchill's success in holding his
audiences: a sort of unconscious politician among novelists, he
gathers his premonitions at happy moments, when the drift is already
setting in. Never once has Mr. Churchill like a philosopher or a
seer, run off alone.

* * * * *

Even for those, however, who perceive that he belongs intellectually
to a middle class which is neither very subtle nor very profound on
the one hand nor very shrewd or very downright on the other, it is
impossible to withhold from Mr. Churchill the respect due a sincere,
scrupulous, and upright man who has served the truth and his art
according to his lights.... The sounds which have reached him from
among the people have come from those who eagerly aspire to better
things arrived at by orderly progress, from those who desire in some
lawful way to outgrow the injustices and inequalities of civil
existence and by fit methods to free the human spirit from all that
clogs and stifles it. But as they aspire and intend better than they
think, so, in concert with them, does Mr. Churchill.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

*The Celebrity. 1898.
Richard Carvel. 1899.
The Crisis. 1901.
Mr. Keegan's Elopement. 1903.
The Crossing. 1904.
The Title-Mart. 1905. (Play.)
*Coniston. 1906.
*Mr. Crewe's Career. 1908.
A Modern Chronicle. 1910.
*The Inside of the Cup. 1913.
A Far Country. 1915.
The Dwelling Place of Light. 1917.
A Traveller in War-Time. 1918.
Dr. Jonathan. 1919. (Play.)

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Cooper.
Harkins.
Underwood.

Bookm. 27 ('08): 729 (portrait); 31 ('10): 246 (portrait);
41 ('15): 607.
Bookm. (Lond.) 34 ('08): 152 (portrait).
Collier's, 52 ('13): Dec. 27, p. 5 (portrait).
Cur. Lit. 27 ('00): 108; 52 ('12): 196 (portrait).
Cur. Op. 55 ('13): 122, 341 (portrait).
Ind. 53 ('01): 2097; 61 ('06): 96. (Portraits.)
Lit. Digest, 47 ('13): 250, 426, 1278.
Nation, 112 ('21): 619. (Carl Van Doren.)
Outlook, 90 ('08): 93.
R. of Rs. 24 ('01): 588 (portrait); 30 ('04): 123 (portrait);
34 ('06): 142 (portrait); 37 ('08): 763 (portrait); 48 ('13): 46;
58 ('18): 328 (portrait).
Spec. 93 ('04): 124.
World's Work, 17 ('08): 10959 (portrait), 11016.

+(Charles) Badger Clark+ (Iowa, 1883)--poet.

Deals with cowboy life. For bibliography, see _Who's Who in America_.

+Sarah Norcliffe Cleghorn+--novelist, poet.

Born at Norfolk, Virginia, 1876, but since childhood has lived in Vermont. Studied at Radcliffe, 1895-6. In 1915 some of her lyrics were published in a volume of short-stories called _Hillsboro People_, by her friend, Dorothy Canfield Fisher (q.v.).

Socialist, pacifist, and anti-vivisectionist. Strong propagandist element in her work. _The Spinster_ is said to contain much autobiography.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A Turnpike Lady. 1907. (Novel.)
The Spinster. 1916. (Novel.)
Fellow-Captains. 1916. (With Dorothy Canfield Fisher.) (Essays.)
Portraits and Protests. 1917. (Poems.)

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Nation, 112 ('21): 512.
New Eng. M. n.s. 39 ('08): 236 (portrait).
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1916, 1917.

+Irvin S(hrewsbury) Cobb+ (Kentucky, 1876)--short-story writer, humorist,
dramatist.

His reputation is built upon his stories of Kentucky life and his humorous criticisms of contemporary manners. For bibliography, see _Who's Who in America_.

+Octavus Roy Cohen+ (South Carolina, 1891)--short-story writer. The
discoverer of the Southern negro in town life. For bibliography, see
_Who's Who in America_.

+Will Levington Comfort+ (Michigan, 1878)--novelist.

Work consists mainly of romances of Oriental adventure. His book, _Child and Country_, 1916, is on education (cf. _Book Review Digest_, 1916).

+Grace Walcott Hazard Conkling (Mrs. Roscoe Platt Conkling)+--poet.

Born in New York City, 1878. Graduate of Smith College, 1899. Studied music and languages at the University of Heidelberg, 1902-3, and in Paris, 1903-4. Lived also in Mexico. Has taught in various schools, and since 1914 has been a teacher of English at Smith College, where she has roused much interest in poetry. Mother of Hilda Conkling (q.v.).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Afternoons of April. 1915. (Collected poems.)
Wilderness Songs. 1920.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Poetry, 7 ('15): 152.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1915, 1920.

+Hilda Conkling+--poet.

Born at Catskill-on-Hudson, New York, 1910, daughter of Grace Hazard Conkling (q.v.). She began to talk her poems to her mother at the age of four. Her mother took them down without change, merely arranging the line divisions. Her earliest expression was in the form of a chant to an imaginary companion to whom she gave the name "Mary Cobweb" (cf. Poetry, 14 ['19]: 344).

Hilda Conkling's name is included in this list, not because her poems are remarkable for a child, but because they show actual achievement and the highest quality of imagination.

Her work is to be found in _Poetry_, 8 ('16): 191; and 10 ('17): 197, and one volume has been published, _Poems by a Little Girl_, 1920 (with introduction by Amy Lowell).

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 51 ('20):314.
Cur. Op. 68 ('20): 852.
Dial, 69 ('20): 186.
Lit. Digest, 65 ('20): June 5, p. 50.
Poetry, 16 ('20): 222.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1920.

+James Brendan Connolly+ (Massachusetts)--short-story writer. Writes
realistic sea stories. For bibliography, see _Who's Who in America_.

+George Cram Cook+ (Iowa, 1873)--dramatist.

Director of the Provincetown Players since 1915. With Susan Glaspell (q.v.) wrote _Suppressed Desires_ (1915) and _Tickless Time_ (1920).

Other plays are: The Athenian Women. 1917.
Spring. 1921. (Cf. _Literary Review_ of the _New York
Evening Post_, Feb. 11, 1922, p. 419.)

For complete bibliography, see _Who's Who in America_.

+Alice Corbin (Mrs. William Penhallow Henderson)+--poet, critic.

Born at St. Louis, Missouri. Lived many years in Santa Fé, New Mexico, which has furnished material for many of her poems. Associate editor of _Poetry_ since its foundation in 1912.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Spinning Woman of the Sky. 1912. (Poems.)
The New Poetry, An Anthology. 1917. (Compiled with Harriet Monroe, q.v.)
Red Earth. 1920.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 47 ('18): 391.
Freeman, 4 ('22): 468.
New Repub. 28 ('21): 304.
Poetry, 9 ('16-'17): 144, 232.

+John Cournos+--novelist.

Mr. Cournos' studies of the immigrant in America in _The Mask,_ 1920, and _The Wall_, 1921, attracted attention.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 51 ('20): 76.
Dial, 68 ('20): 496.
Freeman, 4 ('21): 238.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1920, 1921.

+Adelaide Crapsey+--poet.

Born at Rochester, New York, 1878. A.B., Vassar, 1902. Taught English at Kemper Hall, Kenosha, Wisconsin, 1903. In 1905, studied archæology in Rome. Instructor in poetics at Smith College, 1911; but stopped teaching because of failing health. Died at Saranac Lake, 1914.

She had begun an investigation into the structure of English verse, which she was unable to finish. Her poems were nearly all written after her breakdown in 1913, and reflect the tragic experience through which she was passing.

Some of them are written in a form of her own invention, the "cinquain" (five unrhymed lines, having two, four, six, eight, and two syllables).

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

1. Miss Crapsey's theories of versification should be remembered in studying her forms.

2. What is to be said of her verbal economy?

3. A comparison of her verses with those of Emily Dickinson has been suggested. Carried out in detail, it suggests interesting points of difference as well as of resemblance.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Poems. 1915.
Study in English Metrics. 1918.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Untermeyer.

Bookm. 50 ('20): 496.
Poetry, 10 ('17): 316.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1916, 1918.

+Gladys Cromwell+--poet.

Born in New York City, 1885. Educated in New York private schools and lived much abroad. In 1918, with her twin sister, she went into Red Cross Canteen work and was stationed at Chalons. As a result of depression due to nerve strain, both sisters committed suicide by jumping overboard from the steamer on which they were coming home. For their War service the French Government later awarded them the Croix de Guerre. Miss Cromwell's _Poems_ in 1919 divided with Mr. Neihardt's (q.v.) _Song of Three Friends_ the annual prize of the Poetry Society of America.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Gates of Utterance. 1915.
Poems. 1919.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Ath. 1920, 1: 289.
Bookm. 51 ('20): 216.
Dial, 68 ('20): 534.
Lond. Times, April 15, 1920: 243.
New Repub. 18 ('19): 189; 22 ('20): 65.
Poetry, 13 ('19): 326; 16 ('20): 105.

+Rachel Crothers+--dramatist.

Born at Bloomington, Illinois. Graduate of the Illinois State Normal School, Normal, Illinois, 1892.

Miss Crothers directs her plays and sometimes acts in them.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Criss Cross. 1904.
The Rector. 1906.
A Man's World. 1915.
The Three of Us. 1916.
The Herfords. (Quinn, _Representative American Plays_, under the
title _He and She_, 1917.)

For bibliography of unpublished plays, cf. _Cambridge_, III (IV), 765.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Eaton, W.P. At the New Theatre. 1910.
Moses.

New Repub. 9 ('16): 217.
Touchstone, 4 ('18): 25 (portrait).
World Today, 15 ('08): 729 (portrait).
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1915.

+Samuel McChord Crothers+--essayist.

Born at Oswego, Illinois, 1857. A.B., Wittenberg College, 1873, Princeton, 1874. Studied at Union Theological Seminary, 1874-7, and at Harvard Divinity School, 1881-2. Higher honorary degrees. Ordained Presbyterian minister, 1877. Pastorates in Nevada and California. Became a Unitarian, 1882. Pastor in Brattleboro, Vermont, 1882-6; in St. Paul, Minnesota, 1886-94; and of the First Church, Cambridge, since 1894. Preacher to Harvard University.

Dr. Crothers's essays are rich with suave and scholarly humor, and are written in a style suggestive of Lamb's.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Gentle Reader. 1903.
The Understanding Heart. 1903.
The Pardoner's Wallet. 1905.
The Endless Life. 1905.
By the Chrismas Fire. 1908.
Oliver Wendell Holmes and His Fellow Boarders. 1909.
Among Friends. 1910.
Humanly Speaking. 1912.
Three Lords of Destiny. 1913.
Meditations on Votes for Women. 1914.
The Pleasures of an Absentee Landlord. 1916.
The Dame School of Experience. 1920.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Pattee.

Bookm. 32 ('11): 631.
Critic, 48 ('06): 200 (portrait).
Cur. Op. 63 ('17): 406 (portrait).
Outlook, 102 ('12): 645 (portrait), 648.
So. Atlan. Q. 8 ('09): 150.

+James Oliver Curwood+ (Michigan, 1878)--novelist.

His material deals with primitive life in Canada. For bibliography, see _Who's Who in America_.

+Thomas Augustine Daly+--poet.

Born at Philadelphia, 1871. Left college without a degree. Honorary higher degrees. In 1889 became a newspaper man, and since 1891 has been connected as reviewer, editorial writer, and "columnist" with Philadelphia newspapers; associate editor of the _Evening Ledger_, 1915-8.

Mr. Daly has written good poetry in English, but is best known for the dialect verses which he has published in the columns edited by him. His most popular verses are in the Irish and Italian dialects.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Canzoni. 1906.
Carmina. 1909.
Madrigali. 1912.
Songs of Wedlock. 1916.
McAroni Ballads. 1919.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Untermeyer.

Am. M. 70 ('10): 750 (portrait); 89 ('20): June, p. 16.
Dublin R. 155 (4 s., 46) ('14): 116.
Outlook, 103 ('13): 261.
Poetry, 16 ('20): 278.

+Olive Tilford Dargan (Mrs. Pegram Dargan)+--poet, dramatist.

Born in Kentucky. Educated at the University of Nashville and at Radcliffe. Taught in Arkansas, Missouri, Texas, and Canada until she married. Traveled abroad, 1910-14. Winner of $500 prize offered by the Southern Society of New York for best book by Southern writer, 1916.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Semiramis and Other Plays. (Carlotta, The Poet.) 1904.
Lords and Lovers and Other Dramas. (The Shepherd, The Siege.) 1906.
The Mortal Gods and Other Dramas. (A Son of Hermes, Kidmir.) 1912.
The Welsh Pony. 1913. (Privately printed.)
Path Flower and Other Poems. 1914.
The Cycle's Rim. 1916.
The Flutter of the Goldleaf and Other Plays. 1922. (With Frederick
Peterson.)

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 37 ('13): 123 (portrait).
Outlook, 85 ('07): 328.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1913, 1914, 1916.

+Mary Carolyn Davies+--poet.

Born at Sprague, Washington, and educated in and near Portland, Oregon. As a freshman at the University of California, she won the Emily Chamberlin Cook prize for poetry, 1912, and also the Bohemian Club prize.

The poems of Miss Davies express "the girl consciousness" (Kreymborg).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Drums in Our Street. 1918. (Poems.)
The Slave with Two Faces. 1918. (Play.)
Youth Riding. 1919. (Lyrics.)
A Little Freckled Person. 1919. (Child Verse.)
The Husband Test. 1921.
Also in: Others, 1916, 1917.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Poetry, 12 ('18): 218.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1919.

+Fannie Stearns Davis.+ See +Fannie Stearns Davis Gifford+

+Margaret Wade Deland (Mrs. Lorin F. Deland)+--novelist, short-story
writer.

Born at a village called Manchester, now a part of Alleghany, Pennsylvania, 1857. Educated in private schools, and studied drawing and design at Cooper Institute. Later, taught design in a girls' school in New York City.

Mrs. Deland's father was a Presbyterian and her mother an Episcopalian (cf. _John Ward, Preacher_), and her home town is the "Old Chester" of her books.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Old Garden and Other Verses. 1887.
*John Ward, Preacher. 1888.
Florida Days. 1889.
Sidney. 1890.
The Story of a Child. 1892.
Mr. Tommy Dove and Other Stories. 1893.
Philip and His Wife. 1894.
The Wisdom of Fools. 1897. (Short stories.)
*Old Chester Tales. 1898.
*Dr. Lavendar's People. 1903. (Short stories.)
The Common Way. 1904.
The Awakening of Helena Richie. 1906.
An Encore. 1907.
R.J.'s Mother and Some Other People. 1908.
The Way to Peace. 1910.
The Iron Woman. 1911.
The Voice. 1912.
Partners. 1913.
The Hands of Esau. 1914.
Around Old Chester. 1915. (Short stories.)
The Rising Tide. 1916.
The Promises of Alice. 1919.
Small Things. 1919.
An Old Chester Secret. 1920.
The Vehement Flame. 1922.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Halsey. (Women.)
Overton.
Pattee.

Bookm. 25 ('07): 511 (portrait).
Critic, 44 ('04): 107 (portrait).
Cur. Op. 65 ('18): 178 (portrait).
Harp. 123 ('11): 963.
Harp. W. 50 ('06): 859, 1110. (Portraits.)
Ind. 61 ('06): 337 (portrait).
Outlook, 64 ('00): 407; 84 ('06): 730 (portrait); 99 ('11): 628.

+Floyd Dell+--novelist.

Born in Barry, Illinois, 1887. Left school at sixteen for factory work. Literary editor of the _Chicago Evening Post_. Literary editor of _The Masses_ and now of _The Liberator_.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Women as World Builders. 1913.
Were You Ever a Child? 1919. (Education.)
The Angel Intrudes, a Play in One Act. 1918.
Moon-Calf. 1920. Novel.
The Briary Bush. 1921. (Novel.)
Sweet and Twenty. 1921. (Comedy in One Act.)

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 53 ('21); 245.
Freeman, 2 ('21); 403.
Nation, 111 ('20): 670.
New Repub. 25 ('20): 49; 29 ('21): 78.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1919, 1920, 1921.

+Babette Deutsch (Mrs. Avrahm Yarmolinsky)+--poet, critic.

Born in New York City, 1895. A.B., Barnard, 1917. Later, worked at the School for Social Research. She attracted attention by her first volume of poems, _Banners_, 1919.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Poetry, 15 ('19): 166.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1921.

+John (Roderigo) Dos Passos+--novelist.

Mr. Dos Passos' presentation (_Three Soldiers_) of the experiences of privates in the U.S. Army during the War roused violent discussion.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

One Man's Initiation. 1917. 1920.
Three Soldiers. 1921.
Rosinante to the Road Again. 1921.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 54 ('21): 393.
Cur. Op. 71 ('21): 624 (portrait).
Dial, 71 ('21): 606.
Freeman, 4 ('21): 282.
Lit. Digest, 71 ('21): 29 (portrait).
Lond. Mercury, 5 ('22): 319.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1921.

+Theodore Dreiser+--novelist, dramatist.

Born at Terre Haute, Indiana, 1871, of German ancestry. Educated in the public schools of Warsaw, Indiana, and at the University of Indiana. Newspaper work in Chicago and St. Louis, 1892-5. Editor of _Every Month_ (literary and musical magazine), 1895-8. Editorial positions on _McClure's_, _Century_, _Cosmopolitan_, and various other magazines, finally becoming editor-in-chief of the Butterick Publications (_Delineator_, _Designer_, _New Idea_, _English Delineator_), 1907-10. Organized the National Child Rescue Campaign, 1907.

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

1. As Mr. Dreiser is considered by many critics the novelist of biggest stature as yet produced by America, the nature and sources of his strength and of his weakness deserve careful analysis. Observe (1) that his attitude toward life and his general method derive from Zola; (2) that his materials are drawn from his extensive and varied experience as a journalist; (3) that these two facts are exemplified in brief in his biographical studies, _Twelve Men_, which are "human documents."

2. Note the dates of _Sister Carrie_ and of _Jennie Gerhardt_, and work out Dreiser's loss and gain during the long period of silence between them.

3. _Hey, Rub-a-Dub-Dub_ (cf. _Nation_, 109 ['19]: 278) should be read by every student of Dreiser, for its revelation of his attitude toward humanity, which contributes largely to the greatness of his work, and of his failure to think out a point of view, which is a fundamental weakness. Note his admission: "I am one of those curious persons who cannot make up their minds about anything."

4. With what types of material does Mr. Dreiser succeed best? Why?

5. Discuss Mr. Dreiser's style in connection with the following topics: (1) economy; (2) realism; (3) suggestion; (4) taste; (5) rhythmic beauty. What deeply rooted defect is suggested by the following description of the Woolworth Building in New York:--"lifts its defiant spear of clay into the very maw of heaven"?

6. How far does Mr. Dreiser represent American life? Do you think his work will be for some time the best that we can do in literature?

7. Read Mr. Van Doren's article (listed below) for suggestion of other points for discussion. The following passage is especially significant:

Not the incurable awkwardness of his style nor his occasional
merciless verbosity nor his too frequent interpositions of crude
argument can destroy the effect which he produces at his best--that
of a noble spirit brooding over a world which in spite of many
condemnations he deeply, somberly loves. Something peasantlike in
his genius may blind him a little to the finer shades of character
and set him astray in his reports of cultivated society. His
conscience about telling the plain truth may suffer at times from a
dogmatic tolerance which refuses to draw lines between good and evil
or between beautiful and ugly or between wise and foolish. But he
gains, on the whole, more than he loses by the magnitude of his
cosmic philosophizing.... From somewhere sound accents of an
authority not sufficiently explained by the mere accuracy of his
versions of life. Though it may indeed be difficult for a thinker of
the widest views to contract himself to the dimensions needed for
realistic art, and though he may often fail when he attempts it,
when he does succeed he has the opportunity, which the mere
worldling lacks, of ennobling his art with some of the great lights
of the poets.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

*Sister Carrie. 1900.
*Jennie Gerhardt. 1911.
The Financier. 1912.
A Traveller at Forty. 1913. (Travel sketches.)
The Titan. 1914.
The Genius. 1915.
Plays of the Natural and the Supernatural. 1916.
A Hoosier Holiday. 1916. (Travel sketches.)
Free and Other Stories. 1918.
The Hand of the Potter. 1918. (Tragedy.)
Twelve Men. 1919. (Biographical studies.)
Hey-rub-a-dub-dub. 1920.
A Book about Myself. 1922.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Mencken, H.L., Prefaces.
Sherman, Stuart P., On Contemporary Literature, 1917.

Acad. 85 ('13): 133. (Frank Harris.)
Bookm. 34 ('11): 221 (portrait); 38 ('14): 673; 53 ('21): 27 (portrait).
Cur. Lit. 53 ('12): 696 (portrait).
Cur. Op. 62 ('17): 344 (portrait); 63 ('17): 191; 66 ('19): 175.
Dial, 62 ('17): 343, 507.
Egoist, 3 ('16): 159.
Ind. 71 ('11): 1267 (portrait).
Lond. Times, June 23, 1921: 403.
Nation, 101 ('15): 648 (Stuart P. Sherman); 112 ('21): 400. (Carl Van
Doren.)
New Repub. 2 ('15): supp. Apr. 17, Pt. II, p. 7.
No. Am. 207 ('18): 902.
Review, 2 ('20): 380. (Paul Elmer More.)
R. of Rs. 47 ('13): 242 (portrait).
Spec. 118 ('17): 139.

+William Edward Burghardt Du Bois+--man of letters.

Born at Great Barrington, Massachusetts, 1865. Of negro descent but with large admixture of white blood. A.B., Fisk University, 1888; Harvard, 1890; A.M., 1891; Ph.D., 1895. Studied at the University of Berlin. Professor of economics and history, Atlanta University, 1896-1910. Director of publicity of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and editor of the _Crisis_, 1910--.

Mr. Du Bois is a distinguished economist and primarily a propagandist for the equal rights and education of the negro, but he belongs to literature as the author of _Darkwater_.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Souls of Black Folk. 1903.
John Brown. 1909.
The Quest of the Silver Fleece. 1911.
*Darkwater. 1920. (Stories, sketches, essays.)

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Am. M. 66 ('08): May, pp. 61 (portrait), 65.
Freeman, 1 ('20): 95.
Lit. Digest, 65 ('20): May 1, p. 86.
Nation, 110 ('20): 726.
New Repub. 22 ('20): 189.
World Today, 12 ('07): 6 (portrait).
World's Work, 41 ('20): 159 (portrait).

+Finley Peter Dunne+--humorist.

Born at Chicago, 1867. Educated in Chicago public schools. Began newspaper work as reporter, 1885. On _Chicago Evening Post_ and _Chicago Times Herald_, 1892-7. Editor of the _Chicago Journal_, 1897-1900. Since 1900 has lived and worked in New York.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Mr. Dooley in Peace and in War. 1898.
Mr. Dooley in the Hearts of His Countrymen. 1899.
Mr. Dooley's Philosophy. 1900.
Mr. Dooley's Opinions. 1901.
Observations by Mr. Dooley. 1902.
Dissertations by Mr. Dooley. 1906.
Mr. Dooley Says. 1910.
Mr. Dooley on Making a Will and Other Necessary Evils. 1919.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Am. M. 62 ('06): 571 (portrait); 65 ('07): 173.
Bookm. 51 ('20): 674.
Cent. 63 ('01): 63 (portrait).
Cur. Lit. 38 ('05): 29 (portrait).
Harp. W. 47 ('03): 331 (portrait), 346.
Ind. 62 ('07): 741 (portrait).
Lit. Digest, 44 ('12): 427 (portrait).
No. Am. 176 ('03): 743. (Howells.)
New Repub. 20 ('19): 235.
Outlook, 123 ('19): 94 (portrait).
Spec. 90 ('03): 258; 125 ('20): 146.

+Charles Alexander Eastman (Ohiyesa)+--writer.

Born at Redwood Falls, Minnesota, 1858, of Santee Sioux ancestry, his father being a full-blood Indian, and his mother a half-breed. B.S., Dartmouth, 1887; M.D., Boston University, 1890. Government physician, Pine Ridge Agency, 1890-3. Indian secretary, Y.M.C.A., 1894-7. Attorney for Santee Sioux at Washington, 1897-1900. Government physician, Crow Creek, South Dakota, 1900-3. Appointed to revise Sioux family names, 1903-9.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Indian Boyhood. 1902.
Old Indian Days. 1907.
The Soul of the Indian. 1911.
The Indian Today. 1915.
From the Deep Woods to Civilization. 1916.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bk. Buyer, 24 ('02): 21 (portrait).
Chaut. 35 ('02): 335 (portrait), 339.
Outlook, 65 ('00): 83 (portrait).
R. of Rs. 33 ('06): 700 (portrait), 703.

+Max Eastman+--poet, essayist, critic.

Born at Canandaigua, New York, 1883. Both his parents were Congregationalist preachers. A.B., Williams College, 1905. From 1907 to 1911, associate in philosophy at Columbia. In 1911, began to give his entire time to studying and writing about the problems of economic inequality. In 1913, became editor of _The Masses_, a periodical which voiced his theories, and which in 1917 became _The Liberator_.

In his _Enjoyment of Poetry_, Mr. Eastman shows in an interesting way how poetry can be made to contribute to the enrichment of life.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Child of the Amazons and Other Poems. 1913.
The Enjoyment of Poetry. 1913.
Journalism Versus Art. 1916.
Understanding Germany. 1916.
The Colors of Life. 1918.
The Sense of Humor. 1921.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Untermeyer.

Countryside M. 23 ('16): 273 (portrait).
Cur. Op. 55 ('13): 126 (portrait).
Dial, 65 ('18): 611 (Louis Untermeyer); 66 ('19): 146. (Arturo
Giovannitti.)
Harp. W. 57 ('13): June 7, p. 20.
Lit. Digest, 54 ('17): 71 (portrait).
New Repub. 9 ('17): 303. (Hackett.)
Poetry, 2 ('13): 140; 3 ('13): 31; 13 ('19): 322.
Survey, 30 ('13): 489.

+Walter Prichard Eaton+--critic, essayist.

Born at Malden, Massachusetts, 1878. A.B., Harvard, 1900. Dramatic critic on the _New York Tribune_, 1902-7, and the _New York Sun_, 1907-8, and on the _American Magazine_, 1909-18.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The American Stage of Today. 1908.
At the New Theatre and Others. 1910.
Barn Doors and Byways. 1913.
The Man Who Found Christmas. 1913.
The Idyl of Twin Fires. 1915.
New York. 1915.
Plays and Players. 1916.
Green Trails and Upland Pastures. 1917.
Newark. 1917.
Echoes and Realities. 1918. (Poems.)
In Berkshire Fields. 1919.
On the Edge of the Wilderness. 1920.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 28 ('09): 412; 29 ('09): 473. (Portraits).
Country Life, 25 ('14): Jan., p. 110 (portrait).
Lit. Digest, 53, ('16): 1711 (portrait).

+"Albert Edwards."+ See _Arthur Bullard_.

+T(homas) S(tearns) Eliot+--poet, critic.

Born at St. Louis, Missouri, 1888. A.B., Harvard, 1909; A.M., 1910. Studied at the Sorbonne, Paris, and at Merton College, Oxford. Teacher and lecturer in London since 1913.

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

1. Is Mr. Eliot's poetry derived from a keen sense of life experienced or from literature? What echoes of earlier poets do you find in his work?

2. Does the adjective _distinguished_ apply to his work? What are the sources of his distinction? What evidences of fresh vision of old things do you find? of unexpected and true associations and contrasts? of a delicate sense for essential details that make a picture? of the power of suggestive condensation? of ability to get an emotional effect through irony?

3. Consider the following quotation from Mr. Eliot as illuminative of his method of work: "The contemplation of the horrid or sordid by the artist is the necessary and negative aspect of the impulse toward beauty."

4. It is interesting to make a special study of Mr. Eliot's management of verse.

5. What, if any, temperamental defect is likely to interfere with his development?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Poems. 1920.
The Sacred Wood. Essays on Poetry and Criticism. 1921.
The Waste Land. 1922.
Also in: The Little Review, 4 ('17): May, June, September.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Ath. 1920, 1: 239.
Dial, 68 ('20): 781; 70 ('21): 336.
Freeman, 1 ('20): 381; 2 ('21): 593. (Conrad Aiken.)
Lond. Times, June 13, 1919: 322; Dec. 2, 1920: 795.
Nation, 110 ('20): 856.
Poetry, 10 ('17): 264; 16 ('20): 157; 17 ('21): 345.
New Statesman, 16 ('21): 418.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1920, 1921.

+John Erskine+--essayist, poet.

Born in New York City, 1879. A.B., Columbia, 1900; A.M., 1901; Ph.D., 1903. Taught English at Amherst and Columbia. Since 1916, professor at Columbia. Co-editor of the _Cambridge History of American Literature_.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Moral Obligation to be Intelligent, and Other Essays. 1915.
The Shadowed Hour. 1917. (Poems.)
Democracy and Ideals, a Definition. 1920.
The Kinds of Poetry, and Other Essays. 1920.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Dial, 70 ('21): 347.
Outlook, 126 ('20): 377 (portrait).
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1920.

+Theodosia Faulks (Theodosia Garrison: Mrs. Frederic J. Faulks)+--poet.

Born at Newark, New Jersey, 1874. Educated in private schools.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Joy o' Life and Other Poems. 1909.
Earth Cry and Other Poems. 1910.
The Dreamers. 1917.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 16 ('02): 16 (portrait); 47 ('18): 398.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1917, 1921.

+Edna Ferber+--short-story writer, novelist.

Born at Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1887. Educated in the public and high schools of Appleton, Wisconsin. Began newspaper work at seventeen as reporter on the _Appleton Daily Crescent_. Later, employed on the _Milwaukee Journal_ and the _Chicago Tribune_.

Miss Ferber's special contribution to American Literature thus far has been through her studies of American women in business.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Dawn O'Hara. 1911.
Buttered Side Down. 1912.
Roast Beef Medium. 1913.
Personality Plus. 1914.
Emma McChesney & Co. 1915.
Fanny Herself. 1917.
Cheerful--By Request. 1918.
Half Portions. 1920.
$1200 a Year. 1920. (Comedy.)
The Girls. 1921. (Novel.)

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Overton.

Bookm. 54 ('21): 393; 54 ('22): 434 (portrait), 582.
Cur. Op. 54 ('13): 491 (portrait).
New Repub. 29 ('22): 158. (Hackett.)
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1917, 1918, 1920, 1921.

+Arthur Davison Ficke+--poet.

Born at Davenport, Iowa, 1883. A.B., Harvard, 1904. Studied at the College of Law, State University of Iowa. Taught English at State University of Iowa, 1905-7. Admitted to the bar, 1908. Under the name "Anne Knish" joined Witter Bynner (q.v.) under the pseudonym "Emanuel Morgan" in writing _Spectra_. Mr. Ficke's knowledge of art, especially Japanese art, has an important bearing upon his work.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

From the Isles. 1907.
The Happy Princess. 1907.
The Earth Passion. 1908.
The Breaking of Bonds. 1910.
Twelve Japanese Painters. 1913.
Mr. Faust. 1913.
*Sonnets of a Portrait Painter. 1914.
The Man on the Hilltop. 1915.
Chats on Japanese Prints. 1915.
Spectra. 1916. (Under pseudonym "Anne Knish," with Witter Bynner, q.v.)
An April Elegy. 1917.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Untermeyer.

Forum, 55 ('16): 240, 675.
Poetry, 4 ('14): 29; 6 ('15): 39, 247; 10 ('17): 323; 12 ('18): 169.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1915.

+Dorothy Canfield Fisher (Dorothea Frances Canfield Fisher, Mrs. John
Redwood Fisher)+--novelist.

Born at Lawrence, Kansas, 1879. Ph.B., Ohio State University, 1899; Ph.D., Columbia, 1904. Secretary of Horace Mann School, 1902-5. Studied and traveled widely in Europe and speaks several languages. Spent several years in France, doing war work.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Squirrel-Cage. 1912.
Hillsboro People. 1915. (Short stories, with poems by Sarah Cleghorn,
q.v.)
*The Bent Twig. 1915.
The Real Motive. 1916.
Fellow-Captains. 1916. (With Sarah Cleghorn, q.v.) (Essays.)
Self-Reliance. 1916.
Understood Betsy. 1917.
Home Fires in France. 1918.
The Day of Glory. 1919.
*The Brimming Cup. 1921.
Rough-Hewn. 1922.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Overton.

Bookm. 42 ('16): 599; 48 ('18): 105; 53 ('21): 453.
Dial, 65 ('18): 320.
Lit. Digest, 69 ('21): June 11, p. 57.
New Repub. 5 ('16): 314.
R. of Rs. 45 ('12): 759 (portrait).
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1915, 1917-9, 1921.

+F(rancis) Scott (Key) Fitzgerald+--novelist, short-story writer.

Born in 1896.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

This Side of Paradise. 1920.
Flappers and Philosophers. 1920. (Short stories.)
The Beautiful and Damned. 1922.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Lond. Times, June 23, 1921: 402.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1920.

+John Gould Fletcher+--poet, critic.

Born at Little Rock, Arkansas, 1886. Studied at Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts, and at Harvard, 1903-7. Has lived much in England.

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

1. Read the prefaces to _Irradiations_ and _Goblins and Pagodas_ for Mr. Fletcher's theory of poetry before you read the poems themselves. Has he succeeded in making the arts of painting and music do service to poetry?

2. After reading the poems, consider the justice or injustice of Mr. Aiken's criticism: "It is a sort of absolute poetry, a poetry of detached waver and brilliance, a beautiful flowering of language alone--a parthenogenesis, as if language were fertilized by itself rather than by thought or feeling. Remove the magic of phrase and sound and there is nothing left: no thread of continuity, no thought, no story, no emotion. But the magic of phrase and sound is powerful, and it takes one into a fantastic world."

3. Do you find any poems to which the quotation given above does not apply? Are these of more or of less value than the others?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Irradiations--Sand and Spray. 1915.
Goblins and Pagodas. 1916.
Japanese Prints. 1917.
The Tree of Life. 1918.
Breakers and Granite. 1921.
Paul Gauguin; His Life and Art. 1921.

For bibliography of editions out of print, see _A Miscellany of American Poetry_. 1920.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Lowell.
Untermeyer.

Bookm. 41 ('15): 236 (portrait).
Dial, 66 ('19): 189.
Egoist, 2 ('15): 73, 79, 177 (portrait); 3 ('16): 173.
New Repub. 3 ('15): 75, 154, 204; 5 ('15): 280; 9 ('16): supp. p. 11.
Poetry, 7 ('15): 44, 88; 9 ('16): 43; 13 ('19); 340; 19 ('21): 155.
Sat. Rev. 126 ('18): 1039.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1915, 1918, 1919, 1921.

+Sewell Ford+ (Maine, 1868)--short-story writer.

The creator of Shorty McCabe and Torchy. For bibliography, see _Who's Who in America_.

+John (William) Fox, Jr.+--novelist.

Born in Kentucky, 1862, of a pioneer family. Pupil of James Lane Allen (q.v.), whose influence on his work should be noted. Also associated in friendship with Roosevelt and with Thomas Nelson Page. War correspondent during the Spanish and Japanese wars. Died in 1919.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

*The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come. 1903.
Following the Sun Flag. 1905.
A Knight of the Cumberland. 1906.
*The Trail of the Lonesome Pine. 1908.
The Heart of the Hills. 1913.
In Happy Valley, 1917.
Erskine Dale; Pioneer. 1920.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 32 ('10): 363.
Nation, 109 ('19): 72.
Outlook, 90 ('08): 700; 126 ('20): 333. (Portraits.)
Scrib. M. 66 ('19): 674. (Thomas Nelson Page.)

+Waldo David Frank+--novelist.

Born in 1889. His criticism of America (1919) roused much discussion.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Unwelcome Man. A Novel. 1917.
Our America. 1919.
Dark Mother. 1920.
Rahab. 1922.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Cur. Op. 68 ('20): 80 (portrait).
Dial, 62 ('17): 244 (Van Wyck Brooks); 70 ('21): 95.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1917, 1919.

+Mary E(leanor) Wilkins Freeman (Mrs. Charles M. Freeman)+--short-story
writer, novelist, dramatist.

Born at Randolph, Massachusetts, 1862. Educated there and at Mount Holyoke Seminary, 1874.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

*A Humble Romance and Other Stories. 1887.
*A New England Nun and Other Stories. 1891.
A Pot of Gold and Other Stories. [1892.]
Young Lucretia. 1892.
Giles Corey, Yeoman. A Play. 1893.
Jane Field. A Novel. 1893.
Pembroke. A Novel. 1894.
Comfort Pease and Her Gold Ring. 1895.
Madelon. A Novel. 1896.
Jerome, a Poor Man. 1897.
Silence and Other Stories. 1898.
People of Our Neighborhood. 1898.
In Colonial Times. 1899.
Evelina's Garden. 1899.
The Jamesons. 1899.
The Love of Parson Lord and Other Stories. 1900.
The Hearts Highway. A Romance of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century.
1900.
The Portion of Labor. 1901.
The Home-Coming of Jessica. 1901.
Understudies. 1901.
Six Trees. 1903.
The Wind in the Rose Bush and Other Stories of the Supernatural. 1903.
The Givers. 1904.
The Debtor. A Novel. 1905.
"Doc." Gordon. 1906.
By the Light of the Soul. 1906.
The Fair Lavinia. 1907.
The Shoulders of Atlas. A Novel. 1908.
The Winning Lady. 1909.
The Green Door. 1910.
The Butterfly House. 1912.
The Yates Pride. 1912.
The Copy-Cat and Other Stories. 1914.
An Alabaster Box. 1917. (With Florence Morse Kingsley.)
Edgewater People. 1918.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Halsey. (Women.)
Harkins. (Women.)
Overton.
Pattee.

Atlan. 83 ('99): 665.
Bk. Buyer, 8 ('91): 53 (portrait); 23 ('01): 379.
Bookm. 24 ('06): 20 (portrait).
Bookm. (Lond.) 24 ('06): 20 (portrait).
Bk. News, 11 ('93): 227.
Citizen, 4 ('98): 27.
Critic, 20 ('92): 13; 22 ('93): 256 (portrait); 32 ('98): 155
(portraits).
Harp. W. 47 ('03): 1879; 49 ('05): 1940. (Portraits.)

+Alice French ("Octave Thanet")+--novelist.

Born at Andover, Massachusetts, and educated at Abbott Academy there; Litt. D., University of Iowa, 1911.

Upon going to live in the Middle West, Miss French became interested in the local color of Iowa and Arkansas and in the labor conditions with which she came in contact as a member of a family of manufacturers. The sociological and propagandist elements are strong in her work.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Knitters in the Sun. 1887.
Stories of a Western Town. 1893.
The Man of the Hour. 1905.
The Lion's Share. 1907.
By Inheritance. 1910.
Stories That End Well. 1911.
A Step on the Stair. 1913.
And the Captain Answered. 1917.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Harkins. (Women.)
Patee.

Arena, 38 ('07): 683 (portrait), 691.
Cur. Lit. 28 ('00): 143.

+Robert Lee Frost+--poet.

Born at San Francisco, 1875. At the age of ten, he was taken to New England where eight generations of his forefathers had lived. In 1892, he spent a few months at Dartmouth College but disliking college routine, decided to earn his living, and became a millhand in Lawrence, Massachusetts. In 1897, two years after he had married, he entered Harvard and studied there for two years; but he finally gave up the idea of a degree and turned to various kinds of work, teaching, shoe-making, and newspaper work. From 1900-11, he was farming at Derry, New Hampshire, but with little success. At the same time, he was writing and offering for publication poems which were invariably refused. He likewise taught English at Derry, 1906-11, and psychology at Plymouth, 1911-2.

In 1912, he sold his farm and with his wife and four children went to England. He offered a collection of poems to an English publisher and went to live in the little country town of Beaconsfield. The poems were published and their merits were quickly recognized. In 1914, Mr. Frost rented a small place at Ledbury, Gloucestershire, near the English poets, Lascelles Abercrombie, and W.W. Gibson. With the publication of _North of Boston_ his reputation as a poet was established.

In 1915, Mr. Frost returned to America and went to live near Franconia, New Hampshire. From 1916 to 1919 he taught English at Amherst College. But he found that college life was disturbing to his creative energy, and in 1920 he bought land in Vermont and again became a farmer. In 1921, the University of Michigan, in recognition of his talents, offered him a salary to live in Ann Arbor without teaching. This position he accepted, but it is reported that he intends to return to farming to secure the leisure necessary for his work.

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

1. Make a list of subjects that you have not found treated elsewhere in poetry. Test the truth of the treatment by your own experience and decide whether Mr. Frost has converted these commonplace experiences into a new field of poetry.

2. Read in succession the poems concerning New England life and decide whether they seem more authentic and more valuable than the others. If so, why?

3. Is Mr. Frost's realism photographic? Consider in this connection his own statement: "There are two types of realist--the one who offers a good deal of dirt with his potato to show that it is a real one; and the one who is satisfied with the potato brushed clean.... To me the thing that art does for life is to strip it to form."

In view of the last sentence it is interesting to consider the kinds of details that Mr. Frost chooses for presentation and those that he omits.

4. Read several of the long poems to discover his relative strength in narrative and in dramatic presentation.

5. Examine the vocabulary for naturalness, colloquialism, and extraordinary occasional fitness of words.

6. Try to sum up briefly Mr. Frost's philosophy of life and his attitude toward nature and people.

7. What do you observe about the metrical forms, the beauty or lack of beauty in the rhythm? Do many of the poems sing?

8. What do you prophesy as to Mr. Frost's future?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A Boy's Will. 1913.
North of Boston. 1914.
Mountain Interval. 1916.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Boynton
Lowell.
Untermeyer.

Atlan. 116 ('15): 214.
Bookm. 45 ('17): 430 (portrait); 47 ('18): 135.
Chapbook, 1-2, May, 1920: 5.
Cur. Op. 58 ('15): 427 (portrait).
Dial, 61 ('16): 528.
Ind. 86 ('16): 283; 88 ('16): 533. (Portraits.)
Lit. Digest, 66 ('20): June 17, p. 32 (portrait).
Nation, 109 ('19): 713.
New Repub. 9 ('16): 219; 12 ('17): 109.
Poetry, 2 ('13): 72; 5 ('14): 127; 9 ('17): 202.
R. of Rs. 51 ('15): 432 (portrait).
School and Soc. 7 ('18): 117.
Spec. 126 ('21): 114.
Survey, 45 ('20): 318.
Touchstone, 3 ('18): 70 (portrait).

+Henry Blake Fuller+--novelist, short-story writer.

Born in Chicago, 1857. Educated in Chicago public schools, graded and high; and at a "classical academy" in Wisconsin. In Europe, '79-'80, '83, '92, '94, '96-7. Literary editor _Chicago Post_, 1902. Editorials _Chicago Record Herald_, 1910-11 and 1914; at present, _Literary Review_ of the _New York Evening Post_, for the _Freeman_, _New Republic_, _Nation_, etc.

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

1. Compare Mr. Fuller's stories of Europe with his studies of life in Chicago. What is their relative success? What inferences do you draw?

2. Considering dates, materials, and methods, where do you place Mr. Fuller's work in the development of the American novel?

3. Before reading _On the Stairs_, cf. _Dial_, 64 ('18): 405.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

*The Chevalier of Pensieri-Vani. 1891.
The Chatelaine of La Trinité. 1892.
The Cliff-Dwellers. 1893.
With the Procession. A Novel. 1895.
The Puppet-Booth. Twelve Plays. 1896.
From the Other Side. Stories of Transatlantic Travel. 1898.
The Last Refuge. A Sicilian Romance. 1900.
Under the Skylights. 1901.
Waldo Trench and Others. Stories of Americans in Italy. 1908.
Lines Long and Short. Biographical Sketches in Various Rhythms. 1917.
On the Stairs. 1918.
Bertram Cope's Year. 1919.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bk. Buyer, 24 ('02): 185 (portrait).
Bookm. 38 ('13): 275; 47 ('18): 340.
Dial, 64 ('18): 405.
Poetry, 10 ('17): 155.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1918, 1920.

+Zona Gale+--novelist, short-story writer, dramatist.

Born at Portage, Wisconsin, 1874. B.L., University of Wisconsin, 1895; M.L., 1899. On Milwaukee papers until 1901. Later on staff of the _New York World_.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Loves of Pelleas and Etarre. 1907.
Friendship Village. 1908.
Friendship Village Love Stories. 1909.
Mothers to Men. 1911.
When I Was a Little Girl. 1913.
Neighborhood Stories. 1914.
The Neighbors. 1914. (One-act play.)
A Daughter of the Morning. 1917.
Birth. 1918.
*Miss Lulu Bett. 1920. (Play, 1921.)
The Secret Way. 1921. (Poems.)

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Acad. 75 ('08): 595.
Bookm. 13 ('01): 520 (portrait); 25 ('07): 567 (portrait);
53 ('21): 123.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1915, 1917-19, 1920.

+Hamlin Garland+--short-story writer, novelist.

Born on a farm near West Salem, Wisconsin, 1860, of Scotch and New England ancestry. During his boyhood, his father moved first to Iowa, then to Dakota. As a boy, Mr. Garland helped his father with all the hard work of making farmland out of prairie. While still in his teens, he was able to do a man's work. His schooling was desultory, but he finished the course at Cedar Valley Seminary, Osage, Iowa, then taught, 1882-3. In 1883 he took up a claim in Dakota, but the next year went to Boston and began his career as teacher and writer.

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

1. Read the autobiographical books, _A Son of the Middle Border_ and _A Daughter of the Middle Border_, to get the background of Mr. Garland's work. Then read his essays called _Crumbling Idols_, for the literary theory on which his work was created.

2. Two literary landmarks in Mr. Garland's history are: Edward Eggleston's _The Hoosier Schoolmaster_ (1871), and Joseph Kirkland's _Zury: the Meanest Man in Spring County_ (1887). Read these and decide how much they influenced _Main-Traveled Roads_ and similar volumes of Mr. Garland's.

3. Mr. Garland says that he presents farm life "not as the summer boarder or the young lady novelist sees it--but as the working farmer endures it." Find evidence of this.

4. Consider how far Mr. Garland's success depends upon the richness of his material, how far upon his philosophy of life and his honesty to his own experience, and how far upon his technical skill as a writer.

5. What are his most obvious limitations? What is the relative importance of his novels and of his short stories?

6. Consider separately: (1) his power of visualization; (2) his choice of significant detail; (3) his originality or lack of it; (4) his range in characterization; (5) his power of suggestion as over against his vividness of delineation; (6) his economy--or lack of it--in expression. Where does his main strength lie?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Under the Wheel. A Modern Play in Six Scenes. 1890.
*Main-Traveled Roads. 1890.
Jason Edwards. 1891.
A Little Norsk. 1891.
*Prairie Folks. 1892.
A Spoil of Office. A Story of the Modern West. 1892.
A Member of the Third House. 1892.
Crumbling Idols. 1893. (Essays.)
Prairie Songs. 1894.
*Rose of Dutcher's Coolly. 1895.
Wayside Courtships. 1897.
The Spirit of Sweetwater. 1898.
Boy Life on the Prairie. 1899. (Autobiographical.)
The Eagle's Heart. 1900.
Her Mountain Lover. 1901.
The Captain of the Gray Horse Troop. A Novel. 1902.
Hesper. A Novel. 1903.
The Light of the Star. A Novel. 1904.
The Tyranny of the Dark. 1905. (Novel.)
The Long Trail. A Story of the Northwest Wilderness. 1907.
Money Magic. A Novel. 1907.
The Shadow World. 1908. (Novel.)
The Moccasin Ranch. A Story of Dakota. 1909.
Cavanagh, Forest Ranger. A Romance of the Mountain West. 1909.
*Other Main-Traveled Roads. 1910.
Victor Ollnee's Discipline, 1911. (Novel.)
The Forester's Daughter. A Romance of the Bear-Tooth Range. 1914.
They of the High Trails. 1916.
A Son of the Middle Border. 1917. (Autobiographical.)
A Daughter of the Middle Border. 1921. (Autobiographical.)

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Boynton.
Harkins.
Pattee.

Arena, 34 ('05): 112 (portrait), 206.
Bookm. 31 ('10): 226 (portrait), 309.
Chaut. 64 ('11): 322 (portrait).
Cur. Lit. 53 ('12): 589.
Cur. Op. 63 ('17): 412.
Lit. Digest, 55 ('17): Sept. 15, p. 28 (portrait).
No. Am. 196 ('12): 523.
R. of Rs. 25 ('02): 701 (portrait).
Sewanee R. 27 ('19): 411.
Touchstone, 2 ('17): 322.
World's Work, 6 ('03): 3695.

+Katharine Fullerton Gerould (Mrs. Gordon Hall Gerould)+--short-story
writer, novelist, essayist.

Born at Brockton, Massachusetts, 1879. A.B., Radcliffe College, 1900; A.M., 1901. Reader in English at Bryn Mawr College, 1901-10, except 1908-9 which she spent in England and France.

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

1. Mrs. Gerould belongs to the school of Henry James, but shows marked individuality in her themes and in her dramatic power. A comparison of some of her short stories with stories by Mr. James (q.v.) and by Mrs. Wharton (q.v.) is illuminating for the powers and limitations of all three.

2. Another interesting comparison is between Mrs. Gerould's stories and the collection entitled _Bliss_ by the English writer, Katherine Mansfield (Mrs. J. Middleton Murry); cf. Manly and Rickert, _Contemporary British Literature_.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

*Vain Oblations. 1914.
*The Great Tradition. 1915.
Hawaii, Scenes and Impressions. 1916.
A Change of Air. 1917.
Modes and Morals. 1919. (Essays.)
Lost Valley. 1921. (Novel.)

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 44 ('16): 31.
Cur. Lit. 58 ('15):353.
New Repub. 22 ('20): 97.
No. Am. 211 ('20): 564. (Lawrence Gilman.)
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1914-17, 1920.

+Fannie Stearns Davis Gifford (Mrs. Augustus McKinstry Gifford)+--poet.

Born at Cleveland, Ohio, 1884. A.B., Smith College, 1904. Taught English at Kemper Hall, Kenosha, Wisconsin, 1906-7.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Myself and I. 1913.
Crack o' Dawn. 1915.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 47 ('18): 388.
Poetry, 2 ('13): 225; 6 ('15): 45.

+Arturo Giovannitti+--poet.

Born in the Abruzzi, Italy, 1884, of a family of good social standing, his father and one of his brothers being doctors, and another brother a lawyer. Educated in a local Italian college. Came to America in 1900, full of enthusiasm for democracy. Worked in a coal mine. Later, studied at Union Theological Seminary. Conducted Presbyterian missions in several places.