Chapter III: Front Matter (3)

In 1906, he became a socialist and one of the leaders of the I.W.W. During the Lawrence strikes he preached the doctrine of Syndicalism and was arrested on the charge of inciting to riot. He also organized relief work for the strikers.

On an Italian newspaper; editor of _Il Proletario_, a socialist paper. His first speech in English was made at the time of his trial and produced a powerful effect upon his audience. During his imprisonment, he studied English literature and wrote poems, of which the most famous is "The Walker." His chief concern is with the submerged, and he writes from actual experience of having been "one of those who sleep in the park."

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

1. What are the main features of the social creed at the root of Giovannitti's poetry?

2. Is he a poet or a propagandist? Test his sincerity; his passion; his truth to experience.

3. What are his limitations as thinker and as poet?

4. Compare and contrast his work with Whitman's in ideas and in form.

5. Do you find marks of greatness in him?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Arrows in the Gale. 1914. (With introduction by Helen Keller.)
Also in: Others. 1919.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Untermeyer.

Atlan, 111 ('13): 853.
Cur. Op. 54 ('13): 24 (portrait).
Forum, 52 ('14): 609.
Lit. Digest, 45 ('12): 441.
Outlook, 104 ('13): 504.
Poetry, 6 ('15): 36.
Survey, 29 ('12): 163 (portrait).

+Ellen (Anderson Gholson) Glasgow+--novelist.

Born at Richmond, Virginia, 1874. Privately educated. Her best work deals with life in Virginia.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Descendant. 1897.
Phases of an Inferior Planet. 1898.
The Voice of the People. 1900.
The Battle-ground. 1902.
The Deliverance. 1904.
The Ancient Law. 1908.
*The Romance of a Plain Man. 1909.
*The Miller of Old Church. 1911.
Virginia. 1913.
Life and Gabriella. 1916.
The Builders. 1919.
Stranger Things Have Happened. 1922.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Cooper.
Harkins. (Women).
Overton.

Bookm. 19 ('04): 14 (portrait), 43; 29 ('09): 613 (portrait), 619.
Critic, 44 ('04): 200 (portrait).
Cur. Lit. 32 ('02): 623.
Cur. Op. 55 ('13): 50 (portrait).
Outlook, 71 ('02): 213 (portrait).
World's Work, 5 ('02): 2793 (portrait); 39 ('20): 492 (portrait).

+Susan Glaspell (Mrs. George Cram Cook)+--dramatist, novelist.

Born at Davenport, Iowa, 1882. Ph.B., Drake University and post-graduate work at the University of Chicago. Statehouse and legislative reporter for the _News_ and the _Capitol_, Des Moines. Connected with the Little Theatre movement through the Provincetown Players.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Glory of the Conquered; the Story of a Great Love. 1909.
The Visioning. 1911. (Novel.)
Lifted Masks. 1912. (Short stories.)
Fidelity. 1915. (Novel.)
Suppressed Desires. 1915. (With George Cram Cook, q.v.)
Trifles. 1916.
People; and Close the Book. 1918.
Plays. 1920. (Trifles, The People, Close the Book, The Outside, Woman's
Honor, Suppressed Desires, with George Cram Cook, Tickless Time, with
same; and Bernice, a three act play.)
Inheritors. 1921.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 33 ('11): 350 (portrait), 419; 46 ('18): 700 (portrait).
Cur. Op. 59 ('15): 48 (portrait).
Freeman, 1 ('20): 518.
Nation, 111 ('20): 509; 113 ('21): 708.
R. of Rs. 39 ('09): 760 (portrait).
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1915, 1920.

+Montague (Marsden) Glass+ (England, 1877)--short-story writer. The
creator of Potash and Perlmutter.

For bibliography, see _Who's Who in America_.

+Kenneth Sawyer Goodman+--dramatist.

Born in 1883. Lieutenant in the Navy, chief aide at Great Lakes Naval Station. Coöperated with B. Iden Payne at Fine Arts Theatre, 1913. Died in 1918.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Dust of the Road, a Play in One Act. 1912.
Holbein in Blackfriars; an Improbable Comedy. 1913. (With Thomas Wood
Stevens.)
Back of the Yards, a Play in One Act. 1914.
Barbara, a Play in One Act. 1914.
The Game of Chess; a Play in One Act. 1914.
Ephraim and the Winged Bear; a Christmas-Eve Nightmare in One Act. 1914.
Dancing Dolls, a Fantastic Comedy in One Act. 1915.
A Man Can Only Do His Best; a Fantastic Comedy in One Act. 1915.
*Quick Curtains. 1915. (Includes all the preceding plays.)
The Green Scarf; an Artificial Comedy in One Act. 1920.
The Hero of Santa Maria; a Ridiculous Tragedy in One Act, 1920. (With
Ben Hecht, q.v.)
The Wonder Hat; a Harlequinade in One Act. 1920. (With Ben Hecht, q.v.)

+Robert Grant+--novelist.

Born at Boston, 1852. A.B., Harvard, 1873; Ph.D., 1876; LL.B., 1879. Judge since 1893. Overseer of Harvard, 1895--.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Little Tin Gods on Wheels. 1879.
An Average Man. 1883.
The Reflections of a Married Man. 1892.
The Opinions of a Philosopher. 1893.
The Art of Living. 1895.
Unleavened Bread. 1900.
The Orchid. 1905.
The Chippendales. 1909.
The Convictions of a Grandfather. 1912.
Their Spirit. 1916.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Harkins.

Bookm. 11 ('00): 463.
Critic, 37 ('00): 3 (portrait); 46 ('05): 209 (portrait), 368.
Cur. Lit. 29 ('00): 418.
Ind. 58 ('05): 1006 (portrait), 1008; 60 ('06): 1047.
Outlook, 78 ('04): 867 (portrait); 92 ('09): 42.
R. of Rs. 31 ('05): 118 (portrait.)

+"Grayson, David."+ See _Ray Stannard Baker_.

+Zane Grey+ (Ohio, 1875)--novelist.

Writes of the West, from Idaho to Texas. For bibliography, see _Who's Who in America_.

+Arthur Guiterman+--poet.

Born of American parents in Vienna, Austria, 1871. B.A., College of the City of New York, 1891. Editorial work on the _Woman's Home Companion_, _Literary Digest_, and other magazines, 1891-1906. Lecturer on magazine and newspaper verse, New York School of Journalism, 1912-15.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Laughing Muse. 1915.
The Mirthful Lyre. 1918.
Ballads of Old New York. 1919.
Chips of Jade, or What They Say in China. 1920. (Includes _Betel Nuts,
or What They Say in Hindustan_.)
The Ballad-Maker's Pack. 1921.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 42 ('15): 461.
Ind. 88 ('16): 312 (portrait).
Lit. Digest, 52 ('16): 241.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1920.

+Francis (O'Byrne) Hackett+--critic.

Born in Kilkenny, Ireland, 1883. Son of a physician. Educated at Clongowes Wood College, Kildare. Came to America in 1900. Began as office boy and gradually worked his way up as critic and editorial writer. Connected with the _Chicago Evening Post_, 1906-11. Associate editor of the _New Republic_, 1914-22.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ireland, A Study in Nationalism. 1918.
Horizons. 1918.
The Invisible Censor. 1921.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 47 ('18): 312.
New Repub. 16 ('18): 308; 19 ('19): 88.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1918, 1921.

+Hermann Hagedorn, Jr.+--man of letters.

Born in New York City, 1882. A.B., Harvard, 1907. Studied at University of Berlin, 1907-8, and at Columbia, 1908-9. Instructor in English at Harvard, 1909-11.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Poems and Ballads. 1912.
Faces in the Dawn. 1914. (Novel.)
Makers of Madness. 1914. (Play.)
The Great Maze--The Heart of Youth. 1916. (Poem and play.)
Barbara Picks a Husband. 1918. (Novel.)
Hymn of Free Peoples Triumphant. 1918.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 47 ('18): 394.
Ind. 74 ('13): 53.
New Repub. 7 ('16): 234.
Outlook, 102 ('12): 207 (portrait); 103 ('13): 262.
Poetry, 9 ('16): 90.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1913-4, 1916-21.

+Clayton (Meeker) Hamilton+--critic, dramatist.

Born at Brooklyn, New York, 1881. A.B., Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, 1900; A.M., Columbia, 1901. Teacher of English and lecturer in various schools and colleges, 1901-17. Dramatic critic and associate editor of the _Forum_, 1907-09. Dramatic editor of _The Bookman_, 1910-18, and of other magazines. Has traveled widely.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Studies in Stage Craft. 1914.
The Big Idea. 1917. (With A.E. Thomas, q.v.)
Problems of the Playwright. 1917.
Seen on the Stage. 1920.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 27 ('08): 340 (portrait); 42 ('16): 523 (portrait); 46 ('17): 257
(portrait).
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1915, 1917.

+Arthur Sherburne Hardy+--novelist.

Born at Andover, Massachusetts, 1847. Graduate of U.S. Military Academy, 1869. Honorary higher degrees. Studied and taught civil engineering, 1874-78, and mathematics, 1878-93, at Dartmouth. Represented the United States in Persia and in various countries of Europe as minister, 1897-1905.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

But Yet a Woman. 1883.
*Passe Rose. 1889.
Aurélie. 1912.
Diane and Her Friends. 1914.
Helen. 1916.
No. 13, Rue du Bon Diable. 1917.
Peter. 1920.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bk. Buyer, 21 ('00): 96.
Nation, 99 ('14): 582.
R. of Rs. 27 ('03): 628 (portrait).

+Frank Harris+--man of letters.

Born in Galway, Ireland, 1854, but came to the United States in 1870. Naturalized. Educated at the universities of Kansas, Paris, Heidelberg, Strassburg, Göttingen, Berlin, Vienna, and Athens (no degrees). Admitted to the Kansas bar, 1875. Later, returned to Europe and became editor of the _Evening News_ and _Fortnightly Review_ and secured control of the _Saturday Review_.

Mr. Harris's work belongs in a class by itself. It is valuable partly for its content, as in the case of his intimate portraits of famous men whom he has known, and partly for the force and brilliancy of the style.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Elder Conklin. 1892. (Novel.)
The Bomb--A Story of the Chicago Anarchists of 1886. 1909.
The Man Shakespeare. 1909.
Montes, the Matador. 1910. (Short stories.)
Shakespeare and his Love. 1910.
The Women of Shakespeare. 1911.
Gravitation. 1912.
Unpathed Waters. 1913.
The Veils of Isis and Other Stories. 1914.
*Contemporary Portraits. 1914.
Great Days. 1914. (Novel.)
Love in Youth. 1914.
England or Germany? 1915.
Oscar Wilde; His Life and Confessions. 1916.
*Contemporary Portraits. Second Series. 1919.
A Mad Love. 1920.
*Contemporary Portraits. Third Series. 1921.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 36 ('13): 498; 37 ('13): 592.
Bookm. (Lond.) 45 ('14): 226; 47 ('15): 160.
Cur. Op. 59 ('15): 196.
Eng. Rev. 9 ('11): 599.
Forum, 55 ('16): 189.
Lit. Digest, 46 ('13): 134 (portrait).
Lond. Times, Oct. 7, 1915: 341.
Nation, 101 ('10): 361.
New Repub. 29 ('21): 21. (Hackett.)
No. Am. 202 ('15): 915.
Sat. Rev. 90 ('00): 551.

+Henry Sydnor Harrison+--novelist.

Born at Sewanee, Tennessee, 1880. A.B., Columbia, 1900; A.M., 1913.

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

Read the article by Robert Herrick listed below, and compare Harrison's work with that of Dickens, Sterne, and Meredith. Deal with each novelist separately according to the influences noted by Mr. Herrick.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Captivating Mary Carstairs. 1911. (Under the pseudonym, "Henry Second.")
Queed. 1911.
V.V.'s Eyes. 1913.
Angela's Business. 1915.
When I Come Back. 1919.
Saint Teresa. 1922.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 39 ('14): 420 (portrait).
Columbia Univ. Quar. 15 ('13): 341 (portrait).
Cur. Op. 58 ('15): 352 (portrait).
Ind. 71 ('11): 533 (portrait).
Lit. Digest, 48 ('14): 905 (portrait).
New Repub. 2 ('15): 199. (Herrick.)
World's Work, 26 ('13): 221.

+Ben Hecht+--novelist, dramatist.

Born in New York City, 1893. Traveled much until he was eight years old, then lived in Racine, Wisconsin, and was educated in the Racine high school. Went to Chicago, intending to join the Thomas Orchestra as violinist, but instead, joined the staff of the Chicago _Journal_ and later that of the _Daily News_. War correspondent in Germany.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Hero of Santa Maria; a Ridiculous Tragedy in One Act. 1920. (With
Kenneth Sawyer Goodman, q.v.)
The Wonder Hat; a Harlequinade in One Act. 1920. (With Kenneth Sawyer
Goodman, q.v.)
Erik Dorn. 1921. (Novel.)
Also in: The Little Review. (_Passim._)

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Cur. Op. 71 ('21): 644.
Dial, 71 ('21): 597.
Freeman, 4 ('21): 282.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1921.

+Joseph Hergesheimer+--novelist.

Born at Philadelphia, 1880. Educated for a short time at a Quaker school in Philadelphia and at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts.

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

1. Note Mr. Hergesheimer's use of setting and atmosphere. What is the relative importance of these to plot and character? Is the author's main interest in developing a story, in creating characters that live, or in suggesting particular phases of life, each with its own physical and emotional atmosphere?

2. What evidences of originality do you find in his books?

3. Is the author a realist or a romanticist? Is it true, as has been said, that he stands midway between the "unrelieved realism" of the new school of writers and the "genteel moralism" of the old?

4. Consider these two criticisms of Mr. Hergesheimer's work: (1) He aims to set down "relative truth ... the colors and scents and emotions of existence"; and (2) he is at times as much concerned "with the stuffs as with the stuff of life."

5. Make a special study of his style: (1) of his use of suggestion; (2) of his choice of words; (3) of his feeling for rhythm. It is true that there is both art and artifice in his methods?

6. In what ways, if any, has he made actual contribution to American literature? Can you prophesy as to his future?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Lay Anthony. 1914.
Mountain Blood. 1915.
The Three Black Pennys. 1917.
Gold and Iron. 1918. (Wild Oranges, Tubal Cain, The Dark Fleece.)
*Java Head. 1919.
The Happy End. 1919. (Play.)
*Linda Condon. 1919.
Hugh Walpole, an Appreciation. 1919.
San Cristóbal de la Habana. 1920.
Cytherea. 1922.
The Bright Shawl. 1922.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Ath. 1919, 2: 1339. (Conrad Aiken.)
Bookm. 50 ('19): 267. (James Branch Cabell.)
Bookm. (Lond.) 56 ('19): 65; 58 ('20): 193. (Portraits.)
Cur. Op. 66 ('19): 184; 68 ('20): 229; 71 ('21): 237. (Portraits.)
Dial, 66 ('19): 449.
Lond. Mercury, 1 ('20): 342.
Nation, 109 ('19): 404; 112 ('21): 741. (Carl Van Doren.)
Sat. Rev. 128 ('19): 343.
Spec. 125 ('20): 371.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1919.

+Robert Herrick+--novelist.

Born at Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1868. A.B., Harvard, 1890. Taught English at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1890-3, and at the University of Chicago since then, becoming professor, 1905. More important for interpretation of his work is the fact that he has carefully studied modern English and Continental literatures and is deeply interested in philosophy and the social sciences.

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

1. Much of Mr. Herrick's work must be regarded as primarily social criticism of American life. Does the interest tend to centre rather upon the problems of the characters, growing out of their circumstances, or upon the characters themselves?

2. Is Mr. Herrick's work more notable for scope and breadth or for intensity?

3. Note, especially in the novels previous to 1905, the conscientious artistry, the compactness of structure, and the unity of tone commonly associated with poetry. What other qualities characteristic of poetry appear in Mr. Herrick's work?

4. With the structure of his earlier work compare that of the _Memoirs of an American Citizen_ as showing an attempt at greater breadth of canvas and greater variety of tone. Trace this attempt further in his later work.

5. What evidences do you find in Mr. Herrick's novels of a carefully wrought theory of the art of the novelist?

6. Someone has called Mr. Herrick "a discouraged idealist." Is this just?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Man Who Wins. 1895.
Literary Love Letters and Other Stories. 1896.
The Gospel of Freedom. 1898.
Love's Dilemmas. 1898.
The Web of Life. 1900.
The Real World. 1901.
Their Child. 1903.
*The Common Lot. 1904.
The Memoirs of an American Citizen. 1905.
*The Master of the Inn. 1908.
*Together. 1908.
A Life for a Life. 1910.
The Healer. 1911.
One Woman's Life. 1913.
His Great Adventure. 1913.
Clark's Field. 1914.
The World Decision. 1916.
The Conscript Mother. 1916.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bjorkman, E. Voices of Tomorrow. 1913.
Cooper.

Acad. 75 ('08): 331.
Bookm. 20 ('04): 192 (portrait), 220; 28 ('08): 350 (portrait);
38 ('13): 274.
Critic, 44 ('04): 112 (portrait).
Cur. Op. 54 ('13): 317 (portrait).
Dial, 56 ('14): 5.
Lit. Digest, 44 ('12): 426 (portrait).
Nation, 113 ('21): 230.
No. Am. 189 ('09): 812. (Howells.)
Outlook, 78 ('04): 862, 864 (portrait).
Poet Lore, 19 ('08): 337.
R. of Rs. 42 ('10): 123 (portrait); 43 ('11): 380 (portrait);
49 ('14): 621.

+Robert Cortes Holliday ("Murray Hill")+--essayist, critic.

Born at Indianapolis, 1880. Studied at the Art Students' League, New York, 1899-1902, and at the University of; Kansas, 1903-4. Illustrator for magazines, 1904-5. Bookseller with Scribner's, 1906-11. Librarian, 1912-3. Held various editorial positions with New York publishers, 1913-8. Associate editor of _The Bookman_, 1918, and editor, 1919--.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Booth Tarkington. 1918.
The Walking Stick Papers. 1918.
Joyce Kilmer, A Memoir. 1918.
Peeps at People. 1919.
Broome Street Straws. 1919.
Men and Books and Cities. 1920.
Turns about Town. 1921.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 47 ('18): 149 (portrait); 48 ('18): 478.
Dial, 64 ('18): 297; 65 ('18): 419.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1918-21.

+William Dean Howells+--novelist, dramatist, critic, poet.

Born at Martins Ferry, Ohio, 1837. Of Welsh, English, Pennsylvania Dutch, and Irish ancestry. His father was a country editor, and Mr. Howells, living as he did under pioneer conditions, had very little formal education, but educated himself in working on newspapers as printer, correspondent, and editor. He read continually in boyhood, and taught himself to read six languages. As the result of a campaign life of Lincoln, he was appointed U.S. consul at Venice and lived there, 1861-5. After a year on the staff of the _Nation_, he became assistant editor of the _Atlantic Monthly_, 1866-72, and editor, 1872-81. Later, he became an editorial writer for _Harper's Magazine_, 1886-91, and finally writer of the "Editor's Easy Chair," for the same magazine.

Although Mr. Howells did not go to college, he received many honorary higher degrees, and was offered professorships by three Universities (including that which had been held by Longfellow and Lowell at Harvard); but he refused these, not considering himself fitted for such work. In his editorial capacity he gave much advice and help to authors who afterward became famous. He died in 1920.

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

1. For just appraisement of Mr. Howells, it is necessary to be familiar with the facts of his life, and with his theories of fiction. For his life the two autobiographical books _Years of My Youth_ and _My Literary Passions_ are most valuable. After reading these, it is possible to see the large use of autobiographical material in the novels.

2. It is interesting to group the books of Howells according to the sources of the material: (1) those growing out of his early life in Ohio; (2) those growing out of his life abroad; (3) those growing out of his life in Boston and New York. This last class might well be subdivided into those written before he came under the influence of Tolstoi and those written after. The turning-point is in _A Hazard of New Fortunes_. Does Mr. Howells's interest in sociological problems add to or lessen the final value of his work?

3. The realism of Howells set a standard for American literature, the effect of which has not yet passed. Study his theories of fiction (_Criticism and Fiction_, and _Literature and Life_) and consider the good and bad effects of his work upon the development of the novel.

4. Use the following quotation from Van Wyck Brooks, on Howells's "panoramic theory" of the novel as a test of his work:

To make a work of art, it is necessary to take a piece out of life
and round it off; and, so long as the piece is perfectly rounded off
and complete in itself, so long as the chosen group of characters
are perfectly proportioned in relation to one another, there is no
need to introduce an artificial chain of action.

5. Howells's style has often been admired. Try to analyze it into its elements. Consider Mark Twain's judgment:

For forty years his English has been to me a continual delight and
astonishment. In the sustained exhibition of certain great
qualities--clearness, compression, verbal exactness and unforced and
seemingly unconscious felicity of phrasing--he is, in my belief,
without his peer in the English-writing world.

6. Can you make any judgment now as to Howells's future place in American literature?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Poems by Two Friends. 1860. (With John J. Piatt.)
Life of Abraham Lincoln. 1860.
Venetian Life. 1866.
Italian Journeys. 1867.
No Love Lost: A Romance of Travel. 1869. (Poems.)
Suburban Sketches. 1871.
Their Wedding Journey. 1871.
Poems. 1873.
A Chance Acquaintance. 1873.
A Foregone Conclusion. 1875.
The Parlor Car. 1876. (Farce.)
A Day's Pleasure. 1876.
Out of the Question. 1877. (Comedy.)
A Counterfeit Presentment. 1877. (Comedy.)
*The Lady of the Aroostook. 1879.
The Undiscovered Country. 1880.
A Fearful Responsibility, and Other Stories. 1881.
A Day's Pleasure, and Other Sketches. 1881.
Dr. Breen's Practice. 1881.
*A Modern Instance. 1882.
The Sleeping-Car. 1883. (Farce.)
A Woman's Reason. 1883.
Three Villages. 1884.
The Register. 1884. (Farce.)
*The Rise of Silas Lapham. 1884.
The Elevator. 1885. (Farce.)
Five O'Clock Tea. 1885. (Farce.)
Indian Summer. 1885.
The Garroters. 1886. (Farce.)
Tuscan Cities. 1886.
Poems. 1886.
The Minister's Charge. 1887. (=The Apprenticeship of Lemuel Barker.)
Modern Italian Poets. 1887.
*April Hopes. 1888.
A Sea-Change or Love's Stowaway. 1888. (Farce.)
Annie Kilburn. 1889.
*A Hazard of New Fortunes. 1889.
The Mouse Trap, and Other Farces. 1889.
The Shadow of a Dream. 1890.
A Boy's Town. 1890. (Autobiographical.)
The Albany Depot. 1891. (Play.)
Criticism and Fiction. 1891.
An Imperative Duty. 1892.
*The Quality of Mercy. 1892.
A Letter of Introduction. 1892. (Farce.)
A Little Swiss Sojourn. 1892.
Christmas Every Day, and Other Stories for Children. 1893.
My Year in a Log Cabin. 1893. (Autobiographical.)
The Unexpected Guests. 1893. (Farce.)
The World of Chance. 1890.
Evening Dress. 1893. (Farce.)
The Coast of Bohemia. 1893.
A Likely Story, 1894. (Farce.)
A Traveler from Altruria. 1894. (Romance.)
My Literary Passions. 1895. (Autobiographical.)
Stops of Various Quills. 1895. (Poems.)
The Day of Their Wedding. 1896.
A Parting and a Meeting. 1896.
Impressions and Experiences. 1896.
Idyls in Drab. 1896.
The Landlord at Lion's Head. 1897.
A Previous Engagement. 1897. (Comedy.)
An Open-Eyed Conspiracy. 1897.
Stories of Ohio. 1897.
The Story of a Play. 1898.
The Ragged Lady. 1899.
Their Silver Wedding Journey. 1899.
An Indian Giver. 1900. (Comedy.)
Room Forty-five. 1900. (Farce.)
The Smoking Car. 1900. (Farce.)
Bride Roses. A Scene. 1900.
Literary Friends and Acquaintances. 1900.
A Personal Retrospect of American Authorship. 1900.
Doorstep Acquaintance and Other Sketches. 1900.
A Pair of Patient Lovers. 1901. (5 stories.)
Poems. 1901.
Heroines of Fiction. 1901.
The Kentons. 1902.
Literature and Life. 1902.
The Flight of Pony Baker. A Boy's Town Story. 1902.
Minor Dramas. 1902. (19 Farces.)
Letters Home. 1903.
Questionable Shapes. 1903. (3 stories.)
The Son of Royal Langbrith. 1904.
Miss Bellard's Inspiration. 1905.
London Films. 1905.
Certain Delightful English Towns. 1906.
Between the Dark and the Daylight. 1907. (7 stories.)
Through the Eye of the Needle. 1907. (Romance.)
Mulberries in Pay's Garden. 1907.
Roman Holidays and Others. 1908.
Fennel and Rue. 1908.
The Mother and the Father. Dramatic Passages. 1909.
Seven English Cities. 1909.
Imaginary Interviews. 1910.
My Mark Twain. 1910.
Parting Friends. 1911. (Farce.)
New Leaf Mills. 1913.
Familiar Spanish Travels. 1913.
The Seen and the Unseen at Stratford-on-Avon. A Fantasy. 1914.
Years of my Youth. 1916. (Autobiographical.)
Buying a Horse. 1916.
The Leatherwood God. 1916.
The Daughter of the Storage and Other Things in Prose and Verse. 1916.
The Vacation of the Kelwyns. 1920.
Mrs. Farrell. 1921.

For complete bibliography, see _Cambridge_, III (IV), 663.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Boynton.
Cambridge, III, 77.
Clemens, S.L. What is Man? and Other Essays. 1917.
Follett.
Halsey.
Harkins.
Harvey, A. William Dean Howells. 1917.
Macy.
Phelps. (Modern Novelists.)
Robertson, J.M. Essays toward a Critical Method. 1889.
Underwood.
Van Doren, Carl.

Ath. 1920, 1: 634.
Atlan. 91 ('03): 77; 119 ('17): 362.
Bookm. 21 ('05): 566; 25 ('07): 2 (portrait), 67; 45 ('17): 1 (Hamlin
Garland); 49 ('19): 549; 51 ('20): 385.
Bookm. (Lond.) 23 ('03): 214; 52 ('17): 88 (portrait).
Cath. World, 111 ('20): 445.
Cent. 100 ('20): 674 (portrait).
Critic, 38 ('01): 165.
Cur. Lit. 52 ('12): 461.
Cur. Op. 54 ('13): 411; 60 ('16): 352 (portrait); 62 ('17): 278, 357
(portrait); 63 ('17): 270; 69 ('20): 93 (portrait).
Fortn. 115 ('21): 154.
Forum, 32 ('02): 629; 49 ('13): 217.
Harp. 113 ('06): 221 (Mark Twain)=Cur. Lit. 41 ('06): 48 (condensed);
134 ('17): 903; 141 ('20): 265 (portrait), 346.
Harp. W. 46 ('02): 929 (portrait), 947; 56 ('12): Mar. 9, pp. 5, 27
(portrait).
Ind. 72 ('12): 533 (portrait).
J. Educ. 65 ('07): 311.
Lit. Digest, 44 ('12): 485; 65 ('20): My. 29, p. 34, Je. 12, p. 53
(portrait), Je. 19, pp. 37, 56.
Liv. Age, 294 ('17): 173; 306 ('20): 98; 308 ('21): 304; 312 ('21): 304.
Lond. Mer., 2 ('20): 133.
Lond. Times, Dec. 7, 1916: 585.
Nation, 31 ('80): 49 (W.C. Brownell); 104 ('17): 261; 110 ('20): 673.
New Repub. 10 ('17): supp. p. 3; 22 ('20): 393; 26 ('21): 192.
New Statesman, 15 ('20): 195.
No. Am. 176 ('03): 336; 195 ('12): 432 (portrait), 550; 196 ('12): 339;
212 ('20): 1 (portrait), 17.
Outlook, 69 ('01): 712 (portrait); 111 ('15): 786, 798 (portrait);
129 ('21): 187 (portrait).
R. of Rs. 61 ('20): 562 (portrait), 644.
Sat. Rev. 91 ('01): 806.
Spec. 98 ('07): 450; 117 ('16): 834.
Westm. R. 178 ('12): 597.
World's Work, 18 ('09): 11547. (Van Wyck Brooks.)
Yale Rev. n.s. 10 ('20): 99.
Cf. also _Cambridge_, III (IV), 665.

+James Gibbons Huneker+--critic.

Born at Philadelphia, 1860. Graduate of Roth's Military Academy, Philadelphia, 1873. Studied law five years at the Law Academy, Philadelphia. Studied piano in Paris and was for ten years associated with Rafael Joseffy, as teacher of piano at the National Conservatory, New York. Musical and dramatic critic of the _New York Recorder_, 1891-5; of the _Morning Advertiser_, 1895-7; also musical, dramatic, and art critic of the _New York Sun_. Died in 1921.

For an understanding of Mr. Huneker's criticisms, it is well to begin with his autobiography (_Steeplejack_).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Mezzotints in Modern Music. 1899.
Melomaniacs. 1902.
Overtones. 1904.
Iconoclasts--A Book of Dramatists. 1905.
Visionaries. 1905.
Egoists--A Book of Supermen. 1909.
Promenades of an Impressionist. 1910.
The Pathos of Distance. 1913.
Ivory Apes and Peacocks. 1915.
New Cosmopolis. 1915.
Unicorns. 1917.
Steeplejack. 1919.
Painted Veils. 1920.
Bedouins. 1920.
Variations. 1921.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Mencken, H.L. Prefaces.

Bookm. 11 ('00): 501 (portrait); 21 ('05): 79 (portrait), 564, 565
(portrait); 29 ('09): 236 (portrait); 31 ('14): 241 (portrait);
37 ('13): 598 (portrait); 41 ('15): 246 (portrait); 53 ('21): 124.
Cent. 102 ('21): 191.
Critic, 36 ('00): 487 (portrait).
Cur. Lit. 39 ('05): 75 (portrait); 42 ('07): 167; 47 ('09): 57
(portrait).
Cur. Op. 65 ('18): 392; 70 ('21): 534. (Portraits.)
Forum, 41 ('09): 600.
Lit. Digest, 68 ('21): Mar. 5, p. 28 (portrait).
Liv. Age, 309 ('21): 426.
New Repub. 25 ('21): 357.
No. Am. 213 ('21): 556.
Outlook, 126 ('20): 469 (portrait); 127 ('21): 286.
Sat. Rev. 97 ('04): 551.
Spec. 115 ('15): 879.

+Fannie Hurst+ (Missouri, 1889)--short-story writer, novelist.

Has studied especially the lives of working girls. For bibliography, see _Who's Who in America_.

+Wallace Irwin+ (New York, 1875)--short-story writer.

Most characteristic material life in California and the Japanese there. For bibliography, see _Who's Who in America_.

+Henry James+--novelist.

Born in New York City, 1843. Younger brother of William James, the psychologist. Educated largely in France and Switzerland. Studied at the Harvard Law School. After 1869, lived for the most part abroad, chiefly in England. Spent much time at Lamb House, Rye, a beautiful eighteenth century English house which he purchased in order to live in retirement. Just before his death, to show his sympathy for the part played by England in the War and his criticism of what he considered our backwardness, he became naturalized as a British citizen. In 1916, received the Order of Merit (O.M.), the highest honor for literary men conferred in England. His death in 1916 was attributed to overstrain caused by the War and his efforts to help the sufferers.

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

1. A good approach to the work of Henry James is through the three articles from the _Quarterly Review_ listed below. Mr. Fullerton sums up the material scattered through the prefaces to the definitive edition of 1909. Mr. Percy Lubbock writes as the editor of the _Letters_. Mrs. Wharton adds to criticism of the _Letters_ illuminating personal reminiscences.

2. One of the important _Prefaces_ on James's theory of the novel and his method of work is that to the _Portrait of a Lady_, from which the extract below is taken. In speaking of Turgenev's attitude toward his characters, James says:

He saw them, in that fashion, as disponible, saw them subject to the
chances, the complications of existence, and saw them vividly but
then had to find for them the right relations, those that would most
bring them out; to imagine, to invent and select and piece together
the situations most useful and favourable to the sense of the
creatures themselves, the complications they would be most likely to
produce and to feel.

"To arrive at these things is to arrive at my 'story,' he said, "and
that's the way I look for it. The result is that I'm often accused
of not having 'story' enough...."

So this beautiful genius, and I recall with comfort the gratitude I
drew from his reference to the intensity of suggestion that may
reside in the stray figure, the unattached character, the image _en
disponible_. It gave me higher warrant than I seemed then to have
met for just that blest habit of one's own imagination, the trick of
investing some conceived or encountered individual, some brace or
group of individuals, with the germinal property and authority. I
was myself so much more antecedently conscious of my figures than of
their setting--a too preliminary, a preferential interest in which
struck me as in general such a putting of the cart before the horse.
I might envy, though I couldn't emulate, the imaginative writer so
constituted as to see his fable first and to make out his agents
afterwards: I could think so little of any situation that didn't
depend for its interest on the nature of the persons situated, and
thereby on their way of taking it....

The question comes back thus, obviously, to the kind and the degree
of the artist's prime sensibility, which is the soil out of which
his subject springs. The quality and capacity of that soil, its
ability to "grow" with due freshness and straightness any vision of
life, represents, strongly or weakly, the projected morality. That
element is but another name for the more or less close connexion of
the subject with some mark made on the intelligence, with some
sincere experience.

On one thing I was determined; that, though I should clearly have to
pile brick upon brick for the creation of an interest, I would leave
no pretext for saying that anything is out of line, scale or
perspective. I would build large--in fine embossed vaults and
painted arches, as who should say, and yet never let it appear that
the chequered pavement, the ground under the reader's feet, fails
to stretch at every point to the base of the walls....

The bricks, for the whole counting-over--putting for bricks little
touches and inventions and enhancements by the way--affect me in
truth as well-nigh innumerable and as ever so scrupulously fitted
together and packed-in. It is an effect of detail, of the minutest;
though, if one were in this connexion to say all, one would express
the hope that the general, the ampler part of the modest monument
still survives....

So early was to begin my tendency to _overtreat_, rather than
undertreat (when there was choice or danger) my subject. (Many
members of my craft, I gather, are far from agreeing with me, but I
have always held overtreating the minor disservice.) ... There was
the danger of the noted "thinness"--which was to be averted, tooth
and nail, by cultivation of the lively.... And then there was
another matter. I had, within the few preceding years, come to live
in London, and the "international" light lay, in those days, to my
sense, thick and rich upon the scene. It was the light in which so
much of the picture hung. But that _is_ another matter. There is
really too much to say.

3. Remember the following clues in reading James's, work: "His one preoccupation was the criticism, for his own purpose, of the art of life." The emphasis is on the word _art_. His _purpose_ is suggested by his own claim to have "that tender appreciation of actuality which makes even the application of a single coat of rose-color seem an act of violence."

4. There is suggestion of Mr. James's limitations in the facts that he was tone deaf and so could not appreciate music, and that he is said not to have written a line of verse, and also in the fact that although his method of presentation in the novels is dramatic throughout and he strongly desired to write plays, the eight plays that he wrote (three of which were presented) were failures.

5. Mr. James's place in the sequence of great European novelists is as a follower of Balzac, Flaubert, De Maupassant, and Turgenev, and as a predecessor of Conrad (whose study of him listed below should be read).

6. Early in the nineties, a great change in method came about in James's work (cf. _Cambridge_, III, 98, 103). Judge separately typical books written before this change and others written after; then read several books of the period of change and decide what happened and whether or not it enhanced the value of his work.

7. One of the remarkable facts about James's style is its influence upon the critics who write about him. A close analysis of its qualities--sentence length, the order and placing of the parts of the sentence, punctuation, vocabulary, etc., might bring a more definite understanding of the reasons for this influence.

8. A comparison of the work and qualities of Henry and William James might be made a valuable contribution to criticism.

9. For a student familiar with Europe, a study of the reasons for James's affinity with Europe and dislike for American life would make an interesting study.

10. What different types of reasons can you bring to show that Henry James is likely to be a permanent force in American literature?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A Passionate Pilgrim, and Other Tales. 1875.
Transatlantic Sketches. 1875.
Roderick Hudson. 1876.
*The American. 1877.
Watch and Ward. 1878.
French Poets and Novelists. 1878.
The Europeans. A Sketch. 1878.
*Daisy Miller. A Study. 1879.
An International Episode. 1879.
Daisy Miller: A Study. An International Episode. Four Meetings. 1879.
The Madonna of the Future and Other Tales. 1879.
Hawthorne. 1879. (English Men of Letters.)
The Diary of a Man of Fifty and A Bundle of Letters. 1880.
Confidence. 1880.
Washington Square. 1881.
Washington Square. The Pension Beaurepas. A Bundle of Letters. 1881.
*The Portrait of a Lady. 1881.
Daisy Miller: A Comedy. 1882. (Privately printed.)
The Siege of London, The Pension Beaurepas, and The Point of View. 1883.
Portraits of Places. 1883.
Tales of Three Cities. 1884.
A Little Tour in France. 1885.
Stories Revived. 1885. (3 vols. of Short Stories.)
The Bostonians. 1886.
The Princess Casamassima. 1886.
The Reverberator. 1888.
The Aspern Papers. Louisa Pallant. The Modern Warning. 1888.
Partial Portraits. 1888.
A London Life. The Patagonia. The Liar. Mrs. Temperley. 1889.
The Tragic Muse. 1892.
The Lesson of the Master. The Marriages. The Pupil. Brooksmith. The
Solution. Sir Edward Orme. 1892.
The Real Thing and Other Tales. 1893.
The Private Life. Lord Beaupré. The Visits. 1893.
The Wheel of Time. Collaboration. Owen Wingrave. 1893.
Picture and Text. 1893.
Essays in London and Elsewhere. 1893.
Theatricals. Two Comedies: Tenants. Disengaged. 1894.
Theatricals. Second Series. The Album. The Reprobate. 1895.
*Terminations. The Death of the Lion. The Coxon Fund. The Middle Years.
The Altar of the Dead. 1895.
Embarrassments. The Figure in the Carpet. Glasses. The Next Time. The
Way It Came. 1896.
The Other House. 1896.
*The Spoils of Poynton. 1897.
*What Maisie Knew. 1897.
In the Cage. 1898.
The Two Magics. The Turn of the Screw. Covering End. 1898.
The Awkward Age. 1899.
The Soft Side. 1900.
The Sacred Fount. 1901.
*The Wings of the Dove. 1902.
The Better Sort. 1903. (Short stories.)
*The Ambassadors. 1903.
William Wetmore Story and His Friends. 1903.
*The Golden Bowl. 1904.
English Hours. 1905.
The Question of Our Speech. The Lesson of Balzac: Two Lectures. 1905.
The American Scene. 1907.
Views and Reviews, Now First Collected. 1908.
Italian Hours. 1909.
*The Altar of the Dead. The Beast in the Jungle. The Birthplace, and
Other Tales. 1909.
The Finer Grain. 1910. (Short stories.)
The Outcry. 1911.
A Small Boy and Others. 1913. (Autobiography.)
Notes of a Son and Brother. 1914. (Autobiography.)
Notes on Novelists. With Some Other Notes. 1914.
The Ivory Tower. 1917.
The Sense of the Past. 1917.
The Middle Years. 1917. (Autobiography.)
Gabrielle de Bergerac. 1918. (_Atlantic_, 1860.)
Travelling Companions. 1919. (7 stories originally published 1868-74.)
A Landscape Painter. 1919. (4 stories originally published 1866-68.)
Master Eustace. 1920. (5 stories originally published 1869-78.)
The Letters of Henry James. 1920. (Selected and edited by Percy
Lubbock.)

For further bibliographical references, see _Cambridge_, III (IV), 671.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Beach, J.W. The Method of Henry James. 1918.
Brownell.
Cambridge.
Cary, Elizabeth Luther. The Novels of Henry James. 1905.
Elton, Oliver. Modern Studies. 1907.
Follett.
Freeman, John. The Moderns. 1917.
Hacket, Francis. Horizons. 1918.
Harkins.
Hueffer, Ford Madox. Henry James: a Critical Study. 1913.
Macy.
Perry, Bliss. The American Spirit in Literature. 1918.
Phelps.
Sherman, Stuart P. On Contemporary Literature. 1917.
Underwood.
Van Doren, Carl.
West, Rebecca. Henry James. 1916.

Acad. 75 ('08): 609; 86 ('14): 359; 87 ('14): 509; 89 ('15): 67.
Ath. 1919, 1: 518.
Atlan. 95 ('05): 496; 100 ('07): 458; 117 ('16): 801.
Bookm. 15 ('02): 396; 21 ('05): 23 (portrait), 71, 464; 26 ('07): 357;
30 ('09): 138 (portrait); 36 ('12): 176; 37 ('13): 595; 43 ('16): 219;
51 ('20): 364, 389.
Bookm. (Lond.) 43 ('13): 299 (portraits); 45 ('14): 302; 53 ('17): 107;
53 ('18): 163.
Contemp. 101 ('12): 69=Liv. Age, 272 ('12): 287.
Critic, 42 ('03): 31, 107 (portrait), 204, 393 (portrait); 44 ('04):
146; 46 ('05): 98 (portrait), 146.
Cur. Lit. 27 ('00): 21; 29 ('00): 148.
Cur. Op. 54 ('13): 489 (portrait); 56 ('14): 457; 60 ('16): 280
(portrait); 63 ('17): 118, 247, 407 (portrait).
Dial, 44 ('08): 174; 54 ('13): 372; 60 ('16): 259, 313, 316;
63 ('17): 260.
Egoist, 5 ('18): 1 (T.S. Eliot), 2 (Ezra Pound), 3, 4.
Eng. R. 22 ('16): 317.
Fortn. 105 ('16): 620=Liv. Age, 290 ('16): 281; 107 ('17): 995=Liv.
Age, 294 ('17): 346=Bookm, 45 ('18): 571; 113 ('20): 864.
Forum, 55 ('16): 551.
Harp. W. 47 ('03): 273, 532, 552 (portrait); 48 ('04): 1375 (portrait),
1548 (portrait); 57 ('13): May 3, p. 18 (portrait); 62 ('16): March
25: 291. (Canby.)
Lamp, 28 ('04): 47. (Herbert Croly.)
Little Review, 5 ('18): August number.
Liv. Age, 236 ('03): 577; 240 ('04): 1; 262 ('09): 691; 289 ('16): 122,
229, 568; 306 ('20): 55; 310 ('21): 267.
Lond. Merc. 1 ('20): 673; 2 ('20): 29. (Edmund Gosse.)
Lond. Times, Apr. 10, 1913: 150; Mar. 9, 1916: 109; Oct. 19, 1917: 497;
Dec. 27, 1918: 655; Mar. 28, 1919: 163.
Nation, 85 ('07): 343; 102 ('16): 244; 104 ('17): 393; 110 ('20): 690;
111 ('20): 441.
New Repub. 6 ('16): 152, 191; 7 ('16): 171; 13 ('17): 119, 254;
16 ('18): 172; 20 ('19): 113; 23 ('20): 63.
New Statesman, 6 ('16): 518; 9 ('17): 375; 15 ('20): 162.
19th Cent. 80 ('16): 141=Liv. Age, 290 ('16): 505.
No. Am. 176 ('03): 125; 180 ('05): 102 (Joseph Conrad); 185 ('07): 214;
203 ('16): 572 (Howells), 585 (Conrad), 592; 207 ('18): 130; 211
('20): 682; 213 ('21): 211.
Outlook, 79 ('05): 838; 125 ('20): 167. (Portraits.)
Quar. 212 ('10): 393=Liv. Age, 265 ('10): 643; 226 ('16): 60=Liv. Age,
290 ('16): 733; 234 ('20): 188.
Sat. Rev. 95 ('03): 79; 107 ('09): 266; 121 ('16): 226; 123 ('17): 201;
129 ('20): 537.
Scrib. M. 36 ('04): 394; 67 ('20): 422, 548; 68 ('20): 89.
Sewanee Rev. 27 ('19): 1.
Spec. 98 ('07): 334; 116 ('16): 312.
Yale R. n.s. 5 ('16): 783; n.s. 10 ('20): 143.
Cf. also _Cambridge_, III (IV), 674.

+Orrick Johns+--poet.

Born at St. Louis, Missouri, 1887. Trained as an advertising copy writer. Won the prize of the _Lyric Year_, 1912, for his _Second Avenue_.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Asphalt and Other Poems. 1917.
Black Branches. 1920.
Also in: Others, 1916, 1917, 1919.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Untermeyer.
Dial, 62 ('17): 476.
Poetry, 11 ('17): 44; 16 ('20): 162.
Bookm. 46 ('18): 578.

+Owen McMahon Johnson+ (New York City, 1878)--novelist short-story
writer.

Best known for studies in college life and in the psychology of the young woman (_The Salamander_, 1913). For bibliography, see _Who's Who in America_.

+Robert Underwood Johnson+--poet.

Born at Washington, D.C., 1853. B.S., Earlham College, 1871. Has many honorary higher degrees and decorations. Joined the staff of the _Century_, 1873; associate editor, 1881-1909; editor, 1909-13. Father of Owen McMahon Johnson (q.v.).

Ambassador to Italy, 1920-1.

For Mr. Johnson's many activities outside his work as poet and as editor, see _Who's Who in America_.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Collected Poems. 1919.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 47 ('18): 547. (Phelps.)
Critic, 42 ('03): 231 (portrait).
Lit. Digest, 64 ('20): Mar. 6, p. 32 (portrait).
R. of Rs. 49 ('14): 759 (portrait).

+Mary Johnston+ (Virginia, 1870)--novelist.

Historical material, especially colonial Virginia. For bibliography, see _Who's Who in America_.

+Charles Rann Kennedy+--dramatist.

Born at Derby, England, 1871. Largely self-educated. Office boy and clerk, thirteen to sixteen. Lecturer and writer to twenty-six. Actor, press-agent, and miscellaneous writer and theatrical business manager to thirty-four. His play, _The Servant in the House_, established his reputation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

*The Servant in the House. 1908.
The Winterfeast. 1908.
The Terrible Meek. 1911.
The Necessary Evil. 1913.
The Idol-Breaker. 1914.
The Rib of the Man. 1917.
The Army With Banners; A Divine Comedy of this Very Day. 1917.
The Fool from the Hills. 1919.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Boynton.
Arena, 40 ('08): 18 (portrait), 20.
Atlan. 103 ('09): 73.
Dial, 45 ('08): 36.
Ind. 72 ('12): 725.
R. of Rs. 37 ('08): 757; 45 ('12): 633; 49 ('14): 501. (Portraits.)

+(Alfred) Joyce Kilmer+--poet, essayist.

Born at New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1886. Of mixed ancestry, Irish, German, English, Scotch. A.B., Rutgers, 1904; Columbia, 1906. Married Miss Aline Murray, step-daughter of Henry Mills Alden, editor of _Harper's Magazine_ (cf. Aline Kilmer). Taught a short time, then held various editorial positions on _The Churchman_, the _Literary Digest_, _Current Literature_, the _New York Times Sunday Magazine_, among others. In 1913, he and his wife were converted to Catholicism. In 1916, he was called to the faculty of the School of Journalism, New York University, succeeding Arthur Guiterman (q.v.). Enlisted as a private in the War and was killed in action, 1918.

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

1. Kilmer wished to be judged by poetry written after October, 1913, and to discard all earlier work. Why?

2. The following influences are traceable in his poetry: (1) Francis Thompson, Coventry Patmore, and earlier Catholic poets; (2) his mother's musical talent; (3) his journalistic work; (4) the War.

3. Kilmer's letters illustrate and explain the qualities of his work.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Trees and Other Poems. 1915.
Main Street and Other Poems. 1917.
Joyce Kilmer, edited by Robert Cortes Holliday. 1918. (Poems, essays,
and letters.)
Circus, and Other Essays and Fugitive Pieces. 1921.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Holliday, R.C. Memoir in _Joyce Kilmer_ (listed in bibliography).
Kilmer, Mrs. Annie Kilburn. Memories of my Son, Sergeant Joyce Kilmer,
1920.

Ath. 1919, 2: 1220.
Bookm. 48 ('18): 133 (portrait).
Bookm. (Lond.) 56 ('19): 122; 57 ('19): 118.
Cath. World, 100 ('14): 301; 108 ('18): 224.
Lit. Digest, 58 ('18): Aug. 31, p. 36 (portrait); Sept. 7, pp. 32
(portrait), 42.
Outlook, 120 ('18): 12, 16; 122 ('19): 467.
Poetry, 11 ('18): 281; 13 ('18): 31. 149.
R. of Rs. 58 ('18): 431 (portrait).

+Aline Murray Kilmer+--poet.

Step-daughter of Henry Mills Alden. Married in 1909 to Joyce Kilmer (q.v.).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Candles that Burn. 1919.
Vigils. 1921.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 54 ('21): 384.
Nation, 109 ('19): 116.
New Repub. 29 ('21): 133.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1919, 1921.

+Grace Elizabeth King+--novelist.

Born at New Orleans, 1852, and educated there and in France. Her stories and novels furnish material for an interesting comparison with the work of G.W. Cable (q.v.). Her writing grew out of the desire to present from the inside the Creole Society in which she had grown up, to which she felt that Mr. Cable, as an outsider, had not done justice.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Monsieur Motte. 1888.
Balcony Stories. 1893.
The Pleasant Ways of St. Médard. 1916.

For reviews, see _Pattee_; also _Book Review Digest_, 1916.

+Harry Herbert Knibbs+ (Ontario, Canada, 1874)--poet.

His material is cowboy life. For bibliography see _Who's Who in America_.

+Alfred Kreymborg+--poet.

Born in New York City, 1883, of Danish ancestry. Educated at the Morris High School. A chess prodigy at the age of ten, and supported himself from seventeen to twenty-five by teaching chess and playing matches. Had several years of experience as bookkeeper.

In 1914, founded and edited _The Glebe_, which issued the first anthology of free verse. In 1916, 1917, 1919, published _Others_--three anthologies of radical poets. In 1921, went to Rome to edit, in association with Harold Loeb, an international magazine of the arts called _The Broom_ (cf. _Dial_ 70 ['21]: 606), but shortly after resigned.

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

1. Mr. Kreymborg is a rebel against all conventions of form and content in poetry. Consequently, the one thing to be expected in his work is the unexpected. How far his utterances are sincere and how far posed, each reader must judge for himself.

2. The following quotation from _Poetry_ (9 ['16]: 51) may serve as a starting-point in discussing Mr. Kreymborg's qualities: "An insinuating, meddlesome, quizzical, inquiring spirit; sometimes a clown, oftener a wit, now and then a lyric poet ... trips about cheerfully among life's little incongruities; laughs at you and me and progress and prejudice and dreams; says 'I told you so!' with an air, as if after a double somersault in the circus ring; grows wistful, even tender, with emotions always genuine ... always ... as becomes the harlequin-philosopher, entertaining."

3. The new movements in art--Futurist, Cubist, Vorticist--should be remembered in studying Mr. Kreymborg's verse.

4. What is to be said of his economy in words?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Love and Life and Other Studies. 1908.
Apostrophes. 1910.
Erna Vitek. 1914. (Novel.)
Mushrooms; A Book of Free Forms. 1916.
Others, An Anthology of New Verse. 1916, 1917, 1919.
Plays for Poem-Mimes. 1918.
Blood of Things. 1920.
Plays for Merry Andrews. 1920.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Untermeyer.

Ath. 1919, 2: 1003. (Conrad Aiken.)
Chapbook, 1-2, May, 1920: 30.
Dial, 66 ('19): 29. (Lola Ridge.)
Poetry, 9 ('16): 51; 11 ('18): 201; 13 ('19): 224; 17 ('20): 153.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1916, 1920.

+Peter Bernard Kyne+ (San Francisco, 1860)--novelist.

The inventor of Cappy Ricks in stories of business life in California. For bibliography, see _Who's Who in America_.

+Stephen Butler Leacock+--humorist.

Born in Hampshire, England, 1869. B.A., Toronto University; Ph.D., University of Chicago. Honorary higher degrees. Head of the department of economics, McGill University.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Literary Lapses. 1910.
Nonsense Novels. 1911.
Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town. 1912.
Behind the Beyond. 1913.
Arcadian Adventures with the Idle Rich. 1914.
Moonbeams from the Larger Lunacy. 1915.
Essays and Literary Studies. 1916.
Further Foolishness. 1916.
Frenzied Fiction. 1917.
The Hohenzollerns in America. 1919.
The Unsolved Riddle of Social Justice. 1920. (Sociological discussion.)
Winsome Winnie and Other New Nonsense Novels. 1920.

For study, see Bookm. (Lond.) 51 ('16): 39; also _Book Review Digest_, 1914-7, 1919, 1920.

+Jennette (Barbour Perry) Lee (Mrs. Gerald Stanley Lee)+--novelist.

Born at Bristol, Connecticut, 1860. A.B., Smith, 1886. Taught English at Vassar, 1890-3; at Western Reserve, 1893-6; instructor and professor of English at Smith, 1901-13.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Son of a Fiddler. 1902.
*Uncle William. 1906.
Happy Island. 1910.
Mr. Achilles. 1912.
The Taste of Apples. 1913.
Aunt Jane. 1915.
The Green Jacket. 1917.
The Air-Man and the Tramp. 1918.
The Rain-Coat Girl. 1919.
The Chinese Coat. 1920.
The Other Susan. 1921.
Uncle Bijah's Ghost. 1922.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bk. Buyer, 22 ('01): 99 (portrait).
Bookm. 36 ('12): 347 (portrait); 38 ('13): 233, 236 (portrait).
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1913, 1915-8.

+Edwin Lefevre+ (Colombia, South America, 1871)--novelist, short-story
writer.

Uses Wall Street as material. For bibliography, see _Who's Who in America_.

+Sinclair Lewis+--novelist.

Born at Sauk Center, Minnesota, 1885. Son of a physician. A.B., Yale, 1907. During the next ten years was a newspaper man in Connecticut, Iowa, and California, a magazine editor in Washington, D.C., and editor for New York book publishers. During the last five years has been traveling in the United States, living from one day to six months in the most diverse places, and motoring from end to end of twenty-six states. While supporting himself by short stories and experimental novels, he laid the foundation for his unusually successful _Main Street_. His first book, _Our Mr. Wrenn_, is said to contain a good deal of autobiography.

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

1. Do you recognize Gopher Prairie as a type? Is Mr. Lewis's picture photography, caricature, or the kind of portraiture that is art? Or to what degree do you find all these elements?

2. Is the main interest of the book in the story? in the characterization? in the satire? or in an element of propaganda?

3. What is to be said of the constructive theory of living proposed by the heroine? Is it better or worse than the standard that prevailed before she went to Gopher Prairie to live?

4. Explain the success of the book. What, if any, elements of permanent value do you find? What conspicuous defects?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Our Mr. Wrenn. 1914.
The Trail of the Hawk. 1915.
The Job. 1917.
The Innocents. 1917.
Free Air. 1919.
*Main Street. 1920.
Babbitt. 1922.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Am. M. 91 ('21): Apr., p. 16 (portrait). Bookm. 39 ('14): 242, 248 (portrait); 54 ('21): 9. (Archibald Marshall.) Freeman, 2 ('20): 237. Lit. Digest, 68 ('21): Feb. 12, p. 28 (portrait). New Repub. 25 ('20): 20. Sat. Rev. 132 ('21): 230. See also _Book Review Digest_, 1920.

+Ludwig Lewisohn+--critic.

Born at Berlin, Germany. 1882. Brought to America, 1890. A.B., and A.M., College of Charleston, 1901 (Litt. D., 1914); A.M., Columbia, 1903. Editorial work and writing for magazines, 1904-10. Translator from the German. College instructor and professor, 1910-19. Dramatic editor of _The Nation_, 1919--.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Modern Drama. 1915.
A Modern Book of Criticism. 1919.
Up Stream, an American Chronicle. 1922.
The Drama and the Stage. 1922.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 48 ('19): 558.
Nation 111 ('20): 219.
Sewanee R. 17 ('09): 458.
See also _Book Review Digest_, 1915, 1920.

+Joseph Crosby Lincoln+ (Massachusetts, 1870)--novelist.

Writes of New England types, especially sailors. For bibliography, see _Who's Who in America_.

+(Nicholas) Vachel Lindsay+--poet.

Born at Springfield, Illinois, 1879. Educated in the public schools. Studied at Hiram College, Ohio, 1897-1900; at the Art Institute, Chicago, 1900-3, and at the New York School of Art, 1904-5. Member of the Christian (Disciples) Church. Y.M.C.A. lecturer, 1905-09. Lecturer for the Anti-Saloon League throughout central Illinois, 1909-10. Makes long pilgrimages on foot (cf. _A Handy Guide for Beggars_).

In the summer of 1912, he walked from Illinois to New Mexico, distributing his poems and speaking in behalf of "The Gospel of Beauty."

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

1. Read for background _A Handy Guide for Beggars_ and _Adventures while Preaching the Gospel of Beauty_.

2. An important clue to Mr. Lindsay's work is suggested in his own note on reading his poems. Referring to the Greek lyrics as the type which survives in American vaudeville where every line may be two-thirds spoken and one-third sung, he adds: "I respectfully submit these poems as experiments in which I endeavor to carry this vaudeville form back towards the old Greek presentation of the half-chanted lyric. In this case the one-third of music must be added by the instinct of the reader.... Big general contrasts between the main sections should be the rule of the first attempts at improvising. It is the hope of the writer that after two or three readings each line will suggest its own separate touch of melody to the reader who has become accustomed to the cadences. Let him read what he likes read, and sing what he likes sung."

In carrying out this suggestion, note that Mr. Lindsay often prints aids to expression by means of italics, capitals, spaces, and even side notes and other notes on expression.

3. What different kinds of material appeal especially to Mr. Lindsay's imagination? How do you explain his choice, and his limitations?

4. What effect upon his poetry has the missionary spirit which is so strong in him? Is his poetry more valuable for its singing element or for its ethical appeal? Do you discover any special originality?

5. How does his use of local material compare with that of Masters? of Frost? of Sandburg?

6. Study his rhythmic sense in different poems, the verse forms that he uses, the tendencies in rhyme, his use of refrain, of onomatopoeia, of catalogues, etc.

7. Does Mr. Lindsay offend your poetic taste? If so, can you justify his use of the material you object to?

8. Do you judge that Mr. Lindsay is likely to write much greater poetry than he has hitherto produced?

9. Mr. Lindsay's drawings are worth study for comparison with his poems.

10. Compare Mr. Lindsay's development of the idea of the "poem game" with the "poem dance" of Bliss Carman (q.v.).

11. Consider Mr. Lindsay as the "poet of democracy." What is he likely to do for the people? for poetry?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

General William Booth Enters into Heaven, and Other Poems. 1913.
Adventures While Preaching the Gospel of Beauty. 1914. (Prose.)
The Congo and Other Poems. 1914.
The Art of the Moving Picture. 1913. (Prose.)
A Handy Guide for Beggars. 1916. (Prose.)
The Chinese Nightingale and Other Poems. 1917.
The Daniel Jazz and Other Poems. 1920.
The Golden Book of Springfield. 1920. (Prose.)
The Golden Whales of California. 1920.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Boynton.
Untermeyer.