Chapter V: Part 5

=861. del=: the later editions read =el=. Ditto in lines 862, 863, 866. =De= is also omitted in 865.

=868. jamás=: I restore the 1840 reading. Later editions read =y no=.

=916. que=: a conjunction introducing a clause, the verb of which (=pese=) has to be supplied.

=921.= The usual accent is intentionally omitted from =veame=. To read this verse correctly the second syllable, and not the first, must bear the stress. The bad prosody of this verse is discussed in the Introduction.

=943.= The Dance of Death begins.

=1012. misteriosa=: late editors wrongly change to =misterioso=. Espronceda is using =guía= as a feminine.

=1040. Dale=, etc.: 'plague take the tolling of the passing bell and these towers dancing in tangled confusion to the measure of such a concert.'

=1046. llegue=: I have emended =llegué= (which I believe Espronceda did not intend on account of the "obstructing syllable" which that accentuation would give to the verse) to =llegue=. I take =llegue= to be the subjunctive of emphatic asseveration. See Bello-Cuervo, "Gramática Castellana," paragraph 463. Other editors are perhaps right in interpreting the passage differently. They suppress the period after =maravillas=, the exclamation point before =Que=, and write =llegué=. This makes equally good sense and is just as grammatical, but the verse is less harmonious. This last point, however, is not a vital objection. The two ways of editing this passage seem to me to offer little choice.

=1062.= Construe =en que= with =ha dado=, above.

=1112.= The quotation from Mark xiv, 38 applies especially to this passage. Also to ll. 1626-1633.

=1121.= The three forms of address used by Don Félix in addressing _el enlutado_ indicate his change of manner from politeness to insolence. He begins with the polite third person singular form. Then, enraged by the answer, he is intentionally insulting in verse 1126, wishing to provoke a duel. As the other puts up a brave front, he next addresses him as an equal (verse 1127) by using the second person plural. This was the usual form of address between gentlemen of equal standing during the Renaissance period. But, again losing his temper, he relapses into the insulting second person singular (verse 1133 and following).

=1133. haga=: an instance of the use of the subjunctive after oaths and asseverations. See Bello-Cuervo, "Gramática Castellana," paragraph 463.

=1311. una=: goes with =gradería= in the following verse.

=1385.= Beginning with this verse and ending with l. 1680, the poet attempts to indicate the gathering and abating fury of the ghostly revel by the successive lengthening and shortening of the verses. The final verses also express Don Félix's waning strength. This device is an attempt to imitate the _crescendo_ and _diminuendo_ effect of music. This whole passage is an obvious imitation of Victor Hugo's "Les Djinns," a poem included in "Les Orientales." Nowhere has Espronceda shown greater virtuosity in the handling of meter.

=1448.= The nouns and infinitives in this and the following lines are objects of =siente=, l. 1456.

=1703. Y si, lector=, etc.: 'And if, reader, you say it is a fabrication, I tell it to you as they told it to me.' León Medina, "Frases literarias afortunadas," _Revue hispanique_, Vol. XVIII, p. 226, states that these two verses are a quotation from Juan de Castellanos, an obscure poet of the sixteenth century, author of _Elegías de Varones Ilustres de Indias_. (The first three parts of this work may be found in Vol. IV of the _Biblioteca de Autores Españoles_; Part IV has been edited by Paz y Melia for the _Colección de Escritores Castellanos_, Vols. XLIV and XLIX. The passage in question may be found in Canto II, octave 8.) Churchman, "Byron and Espronceda," _Revue hispanique_, Vol. XX, p. 210, adds the information that Espronceda probably took the lines directly from Villalta, who had quoted them in his historical novel _El Golpe en Vago_, Madrid, 1835. This is made probable by the fact that whereas Castellanos had written correctly =os lo cuento=, Villalta wrote =te lo cuento=, Espronceda following him in this grammatical error.

The form =dijerdes=, an old form for the second plural of the future subjunctive (modern =dijereis=), represents the syncopation of a still older =dijéredes=. Grammatically the pronoun =os= should have been used. Evidently both Villalta and Espronceda considered =dijerdes= to be a second singular form. A modern editor cannot undertake to correct a mistake made by the author. In Old Spanish infinitives could be very loosely used. It was not necessary that the subject of a dependent infinitive should be the same as that of the verb on which it depended.

The word =comento= here has the meaning "fiction," "fabrication." I find this meaning given in none of the dictionaries, but it can readily be inferred from the word =comentador=, which had as one of its meanings "an inventor of false reports." =Comento=, like Latin _commentum_, has as one of its meanings "fiction," "fabrication."

The writers of =leyendas= were fond of stressing the traditional nature of their poems. Thus Zorrilla concludes his "Capitán Montoya":

El pueblo me lo contó
Sin notas ni aclaraciones,
Con sus mismas espresiones
Se lo cuento al pueblo yo.

CANCIÓN DEL PIRATA

=7. en todo mar conocido=: I follow the reading of the text as it originally appeared in _El Artista_. The later version of 1840 is peculiar in the reading =en todo el mar conocido=. We cannot be certain that this is a change made by Espronceda himself.

=84.= Instead of =negro= the 1840 edition reads =ronco=.

EL CANTO DEL COSACO

Attila, king of the Huns, reigned from 433 until his death 453 A.D. He is noted for the barbaric ferocity of his campaigns against the Eastern and Western Roman Empires and the Germanic kingdoms of the West. In 447 he ravaged seventy cities in Thrace, Macedonia, and Greece, and all but captured Constantinople. In 451 he crossed the Rhine and sacked the cities of Belgic Gaul. He was decisively defeated at Troyes by the Gothic leader Theodoric in league with the Roman general Aëtius. He then entered northern Italy, where he continued his depredations and advanced upon Rome. The Emperor Valentinianus II saved the city by paying tribute. Legend has it that while in Gaul a hermit called Attila to his face the "scourge of God." Attila accepted the designation and replied with the remark quoted in the text. This story is not found in Jordanes, Priscus, or any of the contemporary historians. Gibbon says: "It is a saying worthy of the ferocious pride of Attila that the grass never grew on the spot where his horse had trod" ("Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," London, 1897, III, p. 469). This poem is a magnificent expression of barbaric battle-lust. Espronceda felt as a youth that wholesale destruction must precede the new order of things in Spain and Europe.

=50.= The poet hopelessly confuses the exploits of the Huns, the Goths, and the Cossacks. Neither the Cossacks nor the Huns ever captured Rome. Alaric the Goth took Rome in 410 A.D.

=65.= The principal Cossack invasion of Poland was in the first half of the seventeenth century, when Chmielnicki, hetman of the Cossacks, with the aid of his Tartar allies ruthlessly devastated the Polish provinces. This war has been vividly described by Sienkiewicz in his novel "With Fire and Sword."

=79.= The Huns are said to have carried raw meat beneath their saddles as they rode. At the end of the day's ride they would eat it.

EL MENDIGO

=108.= The poet has paraphrased the proverb =Allá van leyes do quieren reyes=, the idea of which is that a tyrant can twist the law to serve the purposes of his tyranny.

A TERESA. DESCANSA EN PAZ

For an account of Teresa, see the Introduction. For Miguel de los Santos Álvarez, see the note to "El Estudiante de Salamanca," Part IV.

=41.= The poet describes his three youthful passions: liberty, romantic literature, and love.

=49. Catón=: Caius Porcius Cato (95-46 B.C.), commonly called Cato of Utica, was a stalwart defender of Roman republicanism against Caesar and his party. His suicide after the defeat of the republican cause at Thapsus was regarded as an act of stoic heroism.

=50. Bruto=: it is not clear whether the poet refers to Lucius Junius Brutus, who drove from power Tarquinius Superbus, founded the Roman republic, and displayed his rigid justice by condemning to death his own sons, or Marcus Junius Brutus, who assassinated Cæsar in the name of liberty.

=51. Scévola=: a hero of early Rome who was captured by the enemy and threatened with death by fire if he refused to give important information. He replied by deliberately holding his hand in a flame.

=52. Sócrates= (469-400 B.C.): the celebrated Grecian philosopher. He believed in the immortality of the soul.

=54. Del orador de Atenas=: Demosthenes (385-322 B.C.), especially famous for his Philippics, a series of twelve orations directed against Philip of Macedon, the _tirano macedonio_ here alluded to. All these classical allusions seem to show that Espronceda, like most of the leaders of the French Revolution, was influenced by Plutarch.

=57.= In this octave the poet voices his enthusiasm for the Middle Ages and romantic literature in general. In his desire to embrace in his own life the careers of knight and troubadour, Espronceda is harking back to the "arms and letters" ideal of many of Spain's greatest writers.

=77. Soñaba al héroe=: =con= is the usual complement of =soñar= in prose.

=89.= Espronceda's first meeting with Teresa took place in Portugal in the beautiful region around Cintra.

=131. La sacra ninfa que bordando=, etc.: according to Menéndez y Pelayo, these two verses are taken from the "Fábula de Genil" of Pedro Espinosa, an author whom he says Espronceda knew by heart. (See "Discursos leídos ante la Real Academia Española en la recepción del excmo. señor D. Francisco Rodríguez Marín, el día 27 de octubre de 1907," Madrid, 1907, p. 86). The verses in question are:

Corta las aguas con los blancos brazos
La ninfa, que con otras ninfas mora
Debajo de las aguas cristalinas
En aposentos de esmeraldas finas.

And farther down,

El despreciado dios su dulce amante
Con las náyades vido estar bordando.

This in turn, it seems to me, may be reminiscent of Garcilaso de la Vega's _Égloga Tercera_. Apparently P. Henríquez Ureña has made this discovery independently. See _Revista de Filología Española_, IV, 3, p. 292.

=170.= The usual accent has been intentionally omitted from =aerea=.

=201.= "How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning." Isaiah xiv, 12.

=232.= The story of the man who spits upon himself while trying to spit upon the sky is as old as Berceo in Spanish literature.

=238.= One has to supply a =se= with =convirtieron=. This may readily be inferred from the preceding verse.

=352.= Foulché-Delbosc thinks that this last verse was suggested by Hugo, "Les Feuilles d'automne, XXXV, Soleils couchants." See _Revue hispanique_, XXI, p. 667.

VOCABULARY

The sign "-" means the word which stands in black type at the head of the paragraph; thus, =-se= under =abrir= means =abrirse=.

_acc._ = accusative.
_adj._ = adjective.
_adv._ = adverb.
_art._ = article.
_card._ = cardinal numeral.
_cf._ = compare.
_conj._ = conjunction.
_dat._ = dative.
_dem._ = demonstrative.
_f._ = feminine.
_impers._ = impersonal.
_inf._ = infinitive.
_interj._ = interjection.
_interrog._ = interrogation, interrogative.
_Ital._ = Italian.
_m._ = masculine.
_neut._ = neuter.
_p.p._ = past participle.
_pers._ = person, personal.
_pl._ = plural.
_poss._ = possessive.
_pr. n._ = proper noun.
_prep._ = preposition.
_pron._ = pronoun.
_refl._ = reflexive.
_rel._ = relative.
_sc._ = to wit.
_sing._ = singular.
_viz._ = namely.

=a= _prep._ to, at, on, upon, over, in, towards, with, from, for,
around, by, of, when, as; _as sign of the accusative, not to be
translated_; =----= + _inf._ if (=---- estar aquí= if she were
here); =al= + _inf._ upon, on, at, when.
=abandonar= abandon, forsake, leave.
=abandono= _m._ abandonment, surrender, yielding.
=abarcar= embrace, contain.
=abatir= overthrow, lay low.
=abierto, -a= open.
=abismo= _m._ abyss, hell, bottomless pit.
=ablandarse= soften, relent, give.
=abonar= improve, warrant, favor, become.
=abrasado, -a= burning, hot.
=abrasar= burn.
=abrazo= _m._ embrace.
=ábrego= _m._ southwest wind.
=abreviar= shorten.
=abrir= open, expand, cut; =--se= open, yawn, unfold, split.
=abrojo= _m._ thistle, thorn.
=absolución= _f._ absolution.
=abundante= _adj._ abundant, abounding, teeming.
=acá= _adv._ here, hither.
=acabar= end, cease; =--se= come to an end.
=acacia= _f._ acacia.
=acariciar= cherish, soothe, caress.
=acaso= _adv._ perchance, perhaps.
=acción= _f._ action, feat.
=acento= _m._ accent, voice, words, tone.
=acercar= approach, bring near; =--se= approach.
=acero= _m._ steel.
=acertar= guess aright, tell certainly, ascertain, divine.
=acompañar= accompany, follow.
=acudir= assist, hasten to assistance, come, appear.
=achacar= blame, impute, attribute.
=adelantar(se)= advance, proceed, hasten.
=adelante= _adv._ onward, on, farther, forward.
=ademán= _m._ gesture, attitude, look, manner.
=adiós= _m._ adieu, farewell.
=admirar= wonder at, admire.
=admitir= admit, accept, permit.
=adónde= _adv._ where? whither.
=adorar= adore.
=adormir= drop to sleep.
=adornar= adorn.
=adorno= _m._ ornament, adornment.
=aduar= _m._ camp, camp of gypsies, horde of gypsies.
=adusto, -a= austere, sullen, gloomy, solemn.
=advertir= warn.
=aéreo, -a= ethereal, aerial, airy.
=afán= _m._ eager desire, longing, anxiety, effort, toil, difficulty,
bustle.
=afanar= distress; =--se= desire eagerly, struggle for.
=afeminado, -a= effeminate.
=afilado, -a= sharp, slender, thin, tapering.
=afligido, -a= troubled, distressed.
=afligir= pain, grieve.
=afrenta= _f._ insult, affront.
=ágil= _adj._ nimble, light.
=agilidad= _f._ quickness, nimbleness, activity.
=agitar= agitate, move, stir, stir up, sway, shake, disturb.
=agolpado, -a= curdled.
=agolpar= rush, gather.
=agonía= _f._ agony, death struggle, pangs of death.
=agostar= parch, wither.
=agradecer= be grateful, render thanks, be grateful for.
=agradecido, -a= thankful, grateful.
=agreste= _adj._ wild, rude, rough.
=agrupar(se)= cluster.
=agua= _f._ water.
=aguardar= await, expect.
=agudo, -a= sharp, keen.
=¡ah!= _interj._ ah!
=ahínco= _m._ energy, determination.
=ahogar= stifle, smother, drown.
=ahora= _adv._ now, at present.
=airado, -a= angry.
=aire= _m._ air, atmosphere, wind, breeze, manner.
=airoso, -a= airy, lively, easy, genteel, elegant, graceful.
=aislamiento= _m._ isolation.
=ajar= spoil, crumple, fade.
=ajeno, -a= of another, ignorant, unaware; =---- de= free from.
=ala= _f._ wing, brim.
=alabar= praise, extol.
=alarido= _m._ cry, shout, shriek.
=alba= _f._ dawn.
=albo, -a= white.
=alborada= _f._ dawn.
=alborotar= stir up, agitate, arouse, excite, disturb, confuse;
=--se= get excited.
=alcanzar= attain, succeed, achieve, reach, obtain, take; =---- a
hacer= succeed in doing, be capable of doing.
=alcázar= _m._ castle, fortress.
=alegrarse= rejoice, be glad.
=alegre= _adj._ happy, joyful, merry, beautiful, fair, clear.
=alegría= _f._ joy, merriment.
=alejarse= move away, recede.
=alentar= animate, foster, cherish.
=alfombra= _f._ carpet.
=algazara= _f._ shout, shouting, hubbub.
=alguno, -a= _adj. pron._ some, some one.
=aliento= _m._ breath, spirit, exhalation.
=alma= _f._ soul, heart, person.
=almena= _f._ battlement.
=almo, -a= holy.
=alquiler= _m._ hire; =de ----= hired, let for hire.
=alrededor= _adv._ around; =a mi ----= around me.
=altanero, -a= soaring, haughty, arrogant, overbearing, proud.
=altar= _m._ altar.
=alterar= change, disturb, stir up.
=altísimo, -a= very high, lofty.
=altivez= _f._ arrogance, presumption.
=altiveza= _f._ arrogance, haughtiness.
=altivo, -a= haughty, proud, lofty.
=alto, -a= high, steep, tall, raised, lofty, erect, loud.
=altura= _f._ height; =----s= heavens, on high.
=alumbrar= light, shed light, illumine.
=Álvarez= _pr. n._ Álvarez.
=alzar= raise, lift, hoist; =--se= rise; =--se de pie= rise to one's
feet.
=allá= _adv._ there, yonder, thither; =---- va= here goes; =---- voy=
I am coming; =más ----= farther on, beyond.
=allí= _adv._ there.
=amable= _adj._ pleasing, lovely, kind.
=amado, -a= beloved, loved (one).
=amador= _m._ lover.
=amante= _adj._ loving.
=amante= _m. f._ lover, sweetheart.
=amar= love.
=amargo, -a= bitter.
=amargura= _f._ bitterness, sorrow.
=amarillo, -a= yellow.
=amedrentar= frighten, terrify.
=amigo= _m._ friend.
=amontonar= gather, pile up.
=amor= _m._ love, lady-love, sweetheart; =----es= love affairs,
amours, intrigues.
=amoroso, -a= loving, amorous, gentle.
=amparar= protect; =--se= be protected, enjoy protection.
=analizar= analyze.
=anatema= _m. f._ anathema.
=anclar= anchor.
=andado, -a= traversed.
=andadura= _f._ amble; =paso de ----= ambling gait.
=andar= go, move, walk, be; =vamos andando= let us be off.
=andar= _m._ gait, walk.
=andrajoso, -a= tattered.
=anegar= drown.
=ángel= _m._ angel.
=angélico, -a= angelic, heaven-born.
=ángulo= _m._ corner.
=angustia= _f._ anguish.
=angustiado, -a= anguished, distressed.
=angustioso, -a= full of anguish, miserable, painful.
=anhelante= _adj._ covetous, longing.
=anhelo= _m._ desire, longing, yearning.
=ánima= _f._ soul.
=animarse= take courage, become animated.
=ánimo= _m._ spirit, courage, mind, intention.
=animoso, -a= spirited, gallant, brave.
=ansia= _f._ longing, eagerness, anxiety, anguish.
=ansiar= desire, yearn for, long for, crave.
=ansiedad= _f._ anxiety, eagerness, longing, anguish.
=ansioso, -a= anxious.
=ante= _prep._ before.
=antes= _adv._ before; =---- de= _prep._ before.
=antiguo, -a= old, ancient, former.
=antojo= _m._ fancy, caprice.
=antorcha= _f._ torch, taper.
=anublar= becloud, darken.
=anunciar= announce, proclaim.
=añadir= add.
=año= _m._ year.
=apagado, -a= extinguished, softened.
=apagar= extinguish.
=aparecer(se)= appear.
=aparición= _f._ apparition, ghost.
=apartar= remove, withdraw.
=aparte= _adv._ aside.
=apenas= _adv._ hardly, barely.
=aplauso= _m._ applause.
=apoderarse de= take possession of.
=apostar= bet, wager, stake.
=apostura= _f._ neatness, spruceness, appearance.
=apoyar= rest, support.
=aprecio= _m._ regard; =hacer ---- de= note.
=apremiar= press.
=aprestar= make ready, prepare.
=apretado, -a= tight, close.
=apretar= press, clutch, tighten.
=aquel, -la= _adj. dem._ that.
=aquél, -la, aquello= _pron. dem._ that one.
=aquí= _adv._ here, now; =de ---- a una hora= an hour hence.
=Aquilón= _m._ north wind.
=ara= _f._ altar.
=árbol= _m._ tree.
=arboleda= _f._ grove.
=arcano= _m._ secret, mystery.
=arco= _m._ arch.
=archivo= _m._ archive, repository.
=arder= burn, glow.
=ardido, -a= burning.
=ardiente= _adj._ ardent, burning.
=ardite= _m._ ardite (an ancient coin); farthing.
=arenal= _m._ sandy place.
=argentado, -a= silvery, silvered.
=argentino, -a= silvery.
=árido, -a= dry, dried up, barren.
=arma= _f._ arms, weapon.
=armar= arm, start.
=armonía= _f._ harmony, music, rhythm, concord, peace.
=armonioso, -a= harmonious, melodious.
=aroma= _m._ aroma, fragrance, scent, perfume.
=aromoso, -a= aromatic, fragrant.
=arpa= _f._ harp.
=arrancar= tear out, pluck out, wring, wrest, tear away, take away.
=arrebatar= bear away, catch, snatch up, attract, captivate, charm;
=--se= grow furious, rush headlong, give way to passion.
=arrebolar= redden.
=arrogancia= _f._ arrogance.
=arrojar= throw, cast, cast off.
=arrojo= _m._ daring, fearlessness.
=arrostrar= face, fight, encounter.
=arroyuelo= _m._ little brook, brooklet.
=arruinado, -a= ruinous, crumbling.
=arrullar= lull.
=arrullo= _m._ lullaby.
=as= _m._ ace.
=asaz= _adv._ enough, sufficiently, very.
=ascender= ascend, rise.
=así= _adv._ so, thus.
=Asia= _f._ Asia.
=asiento= _m._ seat.
=asilo= _m._ refuge, protection, shelter, haven, asylum.
=asolador, -a= destroying, devastating.
=asomar= appear.
=asombro= _m._ amazement, wonder.
=aspecto= _m._ aspect, appearance, sight.
=áspero, -a= rough, rugged.
=aspirar= breathe, inhale, aspire.
=asqueroso, -a= loathsome, filthy.
=astro= _m._ heavenly body, orb, star.
=astuto, -a= cunning, crafty.
=asunto= _m._ affair, business.
=asustar= frighten.
=atajar= head off, stop, check, confound.
=ataúd= _m._ coffin.
=Atenas= _pr. n. f._ Athens.
=atento, -a= attentive, watchful, heedful, intent.
=aterrador, -a= frightening, terrible.
=Átila= _pr. n. m._ Attila.
=atrás= _adv._ behind, backward.
=atravesar= pass through, cross.
=atrevido, -a= bold, daring.
=atronador, -a= thundering.
=atropellar= trample under foot, strike down; =--se= hasten, crowd.
=audacia= _f._ audacity.
=audaz= _adj._ bold, fearless.
=aullar= howl.
=aullido= _m._ howl, cry of horror.
=aumentar= increase, enlarge, magnify.
=aún, aun= _adv._ yet, still, even, nevertheless.
=aunque= _conj._ although.
=aura= _f._ breeze, zephyr.
=aurora= _f._ dawn, break of day, aurora.
=ausencia= _f._ absence.
=autómata= _m._ automaton, mere machine, puppet.
=avanzar= advance, go forward.
=avariento, -a= avaricious.
=avaro, -a= avaricious, covetous.
=avaro= _m._ miser.
=ave= _f._ bird.
=aventura= _f._ adventure, affair.
=avergonzarse de= be ashamed of, blush for.
=ávido, -a= eager, covetous.
=ay= _interj._ alas, oh; =---- de= alas for.
=ay= _m._ groan.
=ayer= _adv._ yesterday, lately.
=azahar= _m._ orange blossom.
=azorar= terrify.
=azotar= lash, flog, whip.
=azul= _adj._ blue, azure.

=bajar= lower, descend, bow, hang down.
=bajel= _m._ ship.
=bajo= _prep._ under, beneath.
=baldón= _m._ reproach, insult.
=banda= _f._ side of a ship.
=bandera= _f._ banner, flag.
=bandolero= _m._ bandit.
=banquete= _m._ banquet.
=bañar= bathe.
=báquico, -a= Bacchanalian.
=bárbaro, -a= barbarous, cruel, fierce.
=barco= _m._ vessel, ship; =---- viene a= sail!
=barrer= sweep.
=barrera= _f._ barrier.
=barro= _m._ clay, mud.
=base= _f._ base, foundation.
=bastar= suffice, be enough.
=beber= drink, imbibe.
=befa= _f._ scoff, ridicule, taunt.
=beldad= _f._ beauty.
=beleño= _m._ henbane, poison.
=belleza= _f._ beauty.
=bello, -a= beautiful, fair.
=bendecir= bless, praise.
=bendición= _f._ blessing.
=bergantín= _m._ brigantine.
=beso= _m._ kiss.
=bien= _adv._ well, indeed, all right.
=bien= _m._ good, good thing, treasure, beloved one, blessing; =hacer
----= give alms, aid.
=bienhechor, -a= _m. f._ benefactor.
=bienvenido, -a= welcome.
=bigote= _m._ mustache; =hacerse el ----= curl one's mustache.
=blanca= _f._ blanca (old copper coin).
=blanco, -a= white, fair.
=blancor= _m._ whiteness.
=blando, -a= soft, tender, gentle, pleasing.
=blasfemar= blaspheme, curse.
=blasón= _m._ blazon, armorial bearings, honor, glory.
=bledo= _m._ blite, pigweed; =dar un ---- de= care a straw for.
=boca= _f._ mouth, lips.
=boda= _f._ marriage, wedding.
=bolsa= _f._ purse, money.
=bonanza= _f._ fair weather.
=bordar= embroider, embellish.
=borrasca= _f._ storm, tempest.
=borrascoso, -a= tempestuous, stormy.
=borrón= _m._ blot, stigma.
=bosque= _m._ forest, wood, bosk.
=bote= _m._ thrust.
=botín= _m._ booty, spoils.
=bóveda= _f._ arch, vault, cavern.
=bramador, -a= roaring, bellowing, raging.
=bramar= roar, rage, bluster, bellow.
=bramido= _m._ howling, roaring.
=bravío, -a= wild, fierce.
=bravo, -a= brave.
=bravura= _f._. bravado, fierceness, ferocity, boasting.
=brazo= _m._ arm, embrace.
=breve= _adj._ brief, short.
=bridón= _m._ steed, bridle.
=brillante= _adj._ brilliant, bright.
=brillar= glisten, shine.
=brindar= drink to one's health, offer, pledge.
=brío= _m._ strength, courage, mettle, spirit, resolution.
=brisa= _f._ breeze.
=broche= _m._ clasp, brooch.
=brotar= bud, bring forth, put forth, gush forth, shed.
=bruja= _f._ witch.
=brutal= _adj._ brutal.
=Bruto= _pr. n. m._ Brutus.
=bueno, -a= good, fine, pleasant.
=bujía= _f._ candle, taper.
=bulto= _m._ dim form.
=bulla= _f._ bustle, throng, noise.
=bullicio= _m._ tumult, bustle.
=bullidor, -a= restless, merry.
=burla= _f._ joke.
=buscar= seek, hunt, look for.
=buscarruidos= _m._ quarrelsome fellow.
=caballeresco, -a= gentlemanly.
=caballero= _m._ knight, gentleman, nobleman, sir; =¡mal ----!=
scoundrel!
=caballo= _m._ horse, steed, figure on horseback in Spanish pack of
cards, equivalent to the queen; =a ----= on horseback; =¡a ----!=
to horse!
=cabaña= _f._ cottage, hut, hovel.
=cabello= _m._ hair, locks.
=cabeza= _f._ head.
=cable= _m._ cable.
=cada= _adj._ every, each.
=cadáver= _m._ corpse, dead body.
=cadavérico, -a= cadaverous.
=cadena= _f._ chain.
=caduco, -a= worn out, decrepit, broken down.
=caer(se)= fall, set, sink, droop.
=calar= penetrate; =--se= pull down; =--se el sombrero= pull down
one's hat.
=calavera= _f._ skull.
=calentura= _f._ fever.
=caliz= _m._ chalice, calyx.
=calma= _f._ calm, quiet, calmness, coolness; =en ----= calm.
=calmar= calm, mitigate, soften, still, quiet, slake, cool.
=calmo, -a= calm, still.
=callado, -a= silent, quiet.
=callar= be silent.
=calle= _f._ street.
=cambiar(se)= change, turn.
=caminar= move, walk, go, go on, travel, march.
=camino= _m._ road, way, path, journey.
=campana= _f._ bell.
=campanilla= _f._ little bell.
=campaña= _f._ country.
=campiña= _f._ field.
=campo= _m._ field, country.
=can= _m._ dog, dog-star.
=canción= _f._ song.
=cándido, -a= white, bright, pure.
=candor= _m._ ingenuousness.
=candoroso, -a= candid, pure, innocent.
=cansar= weary, bore.
=cantar= sing, chant, sing of.
=cantar= _m._ song.
=cántico= _m._ canticle, song of praise.
=cantidad= _f._ amount, sum.
=canto= _m._ singing, song.
=cañón= _m._ cannon.
=capa= _f._ cape, cloak.
=capaz= _adj._ capable.
=capitán= _m._ captain.
=capricho= _m._ caprice, whim, fancy.
=capuz= _m._ cloak, hood, cape.
=caracol= _m._ snail, winding staircase; =gradería de ---- torcida=
spiral staircase.
=carbón= _m._ coal.
=carcajada= _f._ burst of laughter; =soltar una ----= burst out
laughing.
=cárcel= _f._ prison.
=cárdeno, -a= livid.
=carga= _f._ burden.
=cariado, -a= rotten, putrid.
=caricia= _f._ caress.
=caridad= _f._ charity, alms.
=carmín= _m._ carmine.
=carne= _f._ flesh.
=caro, -a= dear, expensive.
=carrera= _f._ course.
=carta= _f._ card.
=casa= _f._ house, home, building; =---- de huéspedes= lodging-house.
=casamiento= _m._ marriage, wedding.
=casi= _adv._ almost.
=caso= _m._ case, matter, event; =hacer ---- de= take notice of, heed.
=castigo= _m._ punishment; =dar ----=punish.
=castillo= _m._ castle.
=Catón= _pr. n. m._ Cato.
=caudal= _m._ fortune, abundance.
=causar= cause.
=cautivo, -a= _m. f._ captive.
=cavernoso, -a= cavernous.
=ceder= decrease, slacken, abate, diminish.
=céfiro= _m._ zephyr, breeze.
=ceja= _f._ eyebrow.
=cejijunto, -a= close-knit.
=celebrar= celebrate, praise.
=celeste= _adj._ celestial, heavenly.
=celestial= _adj._ celestial, heavenly.
=celoso, -a= jealous.
=cena= _f._ supper.
=cenar= sup.
=centinela= _m. f._ sentinel.
=ceñir= gird.
=ceño= _m._ frown.
=cerca= _adv._ near, close.
=cercano, -a= close by, near, approaching.
=cercar= encircle, surround.
=cesar= cease; =sin ----= incessantly, constantly.
=cetro= _m._ scepter.
=ciego, -a= blind.
=cielo= _m._ sky, heaven.
=ciencia= _f._ science, knowledge.
=ciento, cien=, _card._ hundred.
=cierto, -a= certain, sure, assured; =por ----= certainly, indeed.
=cifrar en= place in, fix upon.
=cima= _f._ crest, summit, top.
=cimiento= _m._ foundation.
=cinco= _card._ five.
=cincuenta= _card._ fifty.
=cinta= _f._ ribbon, band, belt, girdle.
=círculo= _m._ circle, circling.
=cita= _f._ appointment, meeting, rendezvous.
=ciudad= _f._ city.
=claridad= _f._ light.
=claro, -a= bright, clear, pure.
=clavar= nail, fasten, fix.
=coagular= coagulate, curdle.
=cobarde= _adj._ cowardly.
=cobarde= _m._ coward.
=codicioso, -a= greedy, eager.
=coger= seize, take, catch.
=cogido (lo)= booty, plunder.
=cólera= _f._ anger, wrath.
=colérico, -a= choleric, angry.
=colgar= hang.
=color= _m._ color, hue, complexion.
=colorar= color, tinge; =--se= become colored, color.
=columna= _f._ column, pillar.
=combatido, -a= contending, struggling.
=combatir= combat, attack, contend, fight.
=comento= _m._ comment, fiction, fabrication.
=comenzar= commence.
=comer= eat, dine.
=como= _adv._ like, as, how, about; =tan ... ----= as ... as;
=---- cuánto= about how much.
=cómo= _interrog._ how.
=compañero= _m._ companion.
=compañía= _f._ company, companionship.
=comparar= compare.
=compás= _m._ measure, time; =a ----= in time; =al ---- de= in the
time of.
=compasión= _f._ pity.
=compasivo, -a= compassionate, sympathetic.
=comprender= comprehend, understand.
=con= _prep._ with, in, against, on.
=cóncavo, -a= concave, hollow.
=cóncavo= _m._ concavity.
=conceder= grant, give.
=contento= _m._ harmony.
=conciencia= _f._ conscience, consciousness.
=concierto= _m._ harmony.
=condenar= condemn, sentence.
=conducir= lead.
=confianza= _f._ confidence, intimacy.
=confín= _m._ confine, limit, border.
=confundir= overwhelm, engulf, confuse, confound, mingle, heap up;
=--se= be bewildered, be perplexed.
=confusión= _f._ confusion, disorder.
=confuso, -a= confused, dim, indistinct, bewildering.
=conjurar= conjure, implore.
=conjuro= _m._ conjuration, incantation.
=conmigo= _pron. pers._ with me.
=conmover= stir, affect.
=conocer= know, be acquainted with, recognize; =--se= know each other.
=conque= _conj._ so then, and so.
=conquistar= conquer, subdue.
=conseguir= attain, obtain, gain.
=consentido, -a= spoiled.
=considerable= _adj._ considerable.
=consigo= _pron. pers._ with one's self, with himself, _etc._.
=consolar= console, comfort.
=consorte= _m. f._ husband, wife.
=constancia= _f._ constancy, firmness, determination.
=Constantinopla= _pr. n. f._ Constantinople.
=consuelo= _m._ consolation.
=consumir= consume, burn out.
=contar= recount, relate, tell, tell off, count, consider, look upon;
=---- con= count upon, reckon with; =con vos no cuento= I pass you
by.
=contemplar= contemplate, behold, gaze at, look at, meditate.
=contenerse= restrain one's self, keep one's temper.
=contento= _m._ contentment, joy, mirth.
=contigo= _pron. pers._ with thee.
=continente= _m._ manner, mien, gait.
=contino= _adv._ constantly, continually; =de ----= continually.
=continuo, -a= continual, constant.
=contra= _prep._ against; =en ----= against.
=conversión= _f._ conversion, reform.
=convertir= convert, reform, change; =--se en= change to, become.
=convidar= invite, entice, allure.
=convocar= convoke, summon.
=convulso, -a= convulsive.
=copa= _f._ foliage, branches.
=corazón= _m._ heart, breast, love, courage, spirit.
=cornudo, -a= horned.
=coro= _m._ chorus.
=corona= _f._ crown.
=coronar= crown.
=corredor= _m._ corridor, gallery.
=correr= run, meet with, pass, pass away, flow.
=corresponder= return, requite, reciprocate.
=corriente= _f._ current, stream.
=corro= _m._ group, circle.
=corromper= pollute.
=corrompido, -a= polluted, foul.
=cortar= cut.
=corte= _f._ court, retinue.
=cortejar= court, woo.
=cosa= _f._ thing, matter; =gran ----= much.
=Cosaco= _m._ Cossack.
=cosecha= _f._ harvest; =de mi ----= of my invention.
=coyuntura= _f._ joint.
=cráneo= _m._ skull.
=crear= create.
=crecer= grow, rage, increase.
=creer= believe, think.
=crescendo= _Ital._ crescendo.
=crespón= _m._ crape.
=criatura= _f._ creature, being, man.
=crimen= _m._ crime.
=crispante= _adj._ shivery.
=crisparse= twitch.
=cristal= _m._ crystal, glass.
=cristalino, -a= crystalline, transparent, bright.
=Cristo= _pr. n. m._ Christ, image of Christ.
=crudeza= _f._ severity, cruelty.
=crudo, -a= raw.
=cruel= _adj._ cruel, intolerable.
=crujido= _m._ crackling.
=crujir= clash, click, clank, crack, crackle, creak, rustle.
=cruz= _f._ cross.
=cruzar= cross, pass, pass through, cruise.
=cuadrar= befit, suit.
=cuadro= _m._ picture, scene.
=cuajar= coagulate, coat over.
=cual= _adv._ like, as.
=cuál= _pron. interrog._ which, which one, what, what one.
=cualquier, -a= any whatever; =---- ... que= whoever, whichever,
whatever.
=cualquiera= _pron._ any one, either one.
=cuán= _adv._ how.
=cuando= _conj._ when, if, in case; =---- ... ----= now ... now, at
one time ... at another.
=cuanto= _adv._ as much as, all that; =en ---- a= with regard to, as
to; =---- más ... tanto más= the more ... the more.
=cuánto, -a= _prop. interrog._ how much; =como ----= about how much.
=cuaresma= _f._ Lent.
=cuarto, -a= fourth.
=cuatrocientos, -as= four hundred.
=cubrir= cover, veil, shroud.
=cuello= _m._ neck, throat.
=cuenta= _f._ count, reckoning, account; =dar ----= explain, report,
give account; =pedir ----= bring to account, demand account of.
=cuento= _m._ tale, story.
=cuerdamente= _adv._ sensibly.
=cuerno= _m._ horn.
=cuerpo= _m._ body; =---- muerto= corpse.
=cuidado= _m._ care, anxiety.
=cuidadoso, -a= careful.
=culpa= _f._ fault.
=culpar= blame, accuse.
=culto= _m._ worship, homage, veneration, respect.
=cumbre= _f._ summit, crest, peak.
=cumplir= fulfill, accomplish, satisfy, keep; =cúmplase tu voluntad=
thy will be done.
=curso= _m._ course.
=cuyo, -a= _pron. rel._ whose.

=chancearse= joke, jest.
=charca= _f._ pool.
=chasco= _m._ joke, fiasco, disappointment.
=chimenea= _f._ fireplace, hearth, stove.
=chispa= _f._ spark, flash.
=chiste= _m._ jest.
=chocar= strike, combat, clash, encounter, collide.

=dado= _m._ die.
=dale= _interj._ (_expressive of displeasure_) hang it, come, again;
=---- con tocar a muerto= plague take this funeral tolling.
=dama= _f._ lady.
=danza= _f._ dance.
=danzar= dance.
=dar= give, give out, strike, cause, tell, make, grant, pay, render,
forebode; =---- en= persist in; =---- por perdida= consider lost;
=qué diantre me da= what the deuce do I care.
=de= _prep._ of, than, from, by, with, at, to, in, on account of,
for, about, on, as; =más ----= past.
=debajo de= _prep._ under, underneath.
=deber= have to, must, ought, can.
=deber= _m._ duty.
=débil= _adj._ feeble, weak.
=decidido, -a= decided, devoted, determined.
=decir= say, speak, tell, call.
=decisión= _f._ decision, determination, resolution.
=declinar= decline, sink.
=dedo= _m._ finger.
=dejar= leave, quit, abandon, forsake; =---- de= stop, cease.
=delante= _adv._ before, in front, ahead; =---- de= _prep._ in front
of, before.
=deleite= _m._ pleasure, delight.
=delicado, -a= delicate, sweet.
=delicia= _f._ delight.
=delicioso, -a= delicious, delightful.
=delirante= _adj._ delirious, raving.
=delirar= rave, dote.
=delirio= _m._ delirium, madness, rapture, rant, idle talk.
=delito= _m._ crime.
=demasía= _f._ excess.
=demasiado, -a= too much, too great.
=demonio= _m._ devil, demon.
=denso, -a= dense, thick.
=dentro= _adv._ within; =---- de= _prep._ within.
=denuesto= _m._ insult, abuse.
=derecho= _m._ right.
=derramar= shed.
=derredor= _m._ circuit; =en ---- de= round about, around.
=desafiar= challenge, defy.
=desafío= _m._ duel, combat.
=desahogo= _m._ relief, alleviation, comfort.
=desalentado, -a= discouraged, abject.
=desasirse= disengage one's self, break loose, extricate one's self.
=desatar= untie, undo, loosen, let loose; =--se= break loose, break
out.
=desatento, -a= unmindful, heedless, rude.
=desatino= _m._ folly, wildness, reeling.
=descansar= rest, repose, sleep.
=descarnado, -a= emaciated, fleshless, bare.
=descender= descend, go down, sink.
=descolorido, -a= colorless, pale.
=desconocer= not know, be ignorant of, ignore.
=desconsuelo= _m._ trouble, affliction.
=descortés= _adj._ discourteous, ill-bred, impudent.
=descortesía= _f._ discourtesy.
=descreer= disbelieve, deny, discredit, disown.
=descubrir= discover, reveal, expose, uncover, make known.
=descuidado, -a= care-free.
=desde= _prep._ from.
=desdén= _m._ disdain, scorn, contempt.
=desdeño= _m._ disdain, scorn.
=desdeñoso, -a= scornful, contemptuous.
=desdicha= _f._ unhappiness, wretchedness, misery.
=desdichado, -a= unhappy, unfortunate, wretched.
=desear= desire, covet.
=desembozar= unmuffle.
=desengaño= _m._ disillusion.
=deseo= _m._ desire, longing.
=desesperación= _f._ despair.
=desesperado, -a= desperate, despairing, hopeless.
=desfallecer= weaken, swoon, fail, give way.
=desgarrar= rend.
=desgracia= _f._ misfortune, sorrow, unhappiness.
=desgraciado, -a= unfortunate, hapless, miserable.
=deshacer= undo, break.
=deshojado, -a= leafless, petalless, blighted.
=desierto, -a= deserted, lonely.
=desierto= _m._ desert.
=desigual= _adj._ uneven, dissimilar.
=deslizarse= glide along, slip along.
=desmayado, -a= faint, swooning.
=desmayar= be discouraged, be faint, swoon.
=desmayo= _m._ drooping, swooning, faltering.
=desmentir= belie, deny, dissemble.
=desnudo, -a= naked, unsheathed, drawn.
=despacio= _adv._ slowly.
=desparecer= disappear, vanish.
=despecho= _m._ spite, insolence, anger, despair, dismay; =a ---- de=
in spite of; =a su ----= in spite of himself.
=despedida= _f._ farewell.
=despego= _m._ indifference, coldness, coyness.
=despeñado, -a= headlong.
=despeñar= precipitate, fling down.
=despertar= awaken, arouse, break, dawn.
=despierto, -a= awake, brisk.
=desplegado, -a= flowing.
=desplegar= unfold, unfurl, hoist; =--se= unfold, spread.
=despojos= _m. pl._ remains.
=despreciar= spurn, neglect, reject.
=desprender(se)= fall, tear, separate, issue from, arise, relax one's
hold, let go.
=desprendido, -a= loosened, falling, torn, broken.
=después= _adv._ afterward, then.
=despuntar= begin to dawn.
=desquiciarse= be unhinged, shake.
=destellar= flash, twinkle.
=desterrar= banish, exile.
=destilar= drip.
=destino= _m._ destiny, fate, lot.
=desvanecerse= vanish, disappear, fade away.
=desvanecido, -a= dizzy, vague, faint.
=desvarío= _m._ delirium, raving.
=desventura= _f._ misfortune, misery.
=detener= detain, stop, halt.
=detenido, -a= stagnant.
=determinado, -a= determined, resolute, resolved.
=detrás= _adv._ behind, after.
=devaneo= _m._ giddiness, frenzy, mad passion.
=devorar= devour, consume.
=devoto, -a= devout, pious.
=día= _m._ day; =----s= life; =hoy en ----= nowadays; =un ----= some
day, once.
=diablo= _m._ devil.
=diabólico, -a= diabolical.
=diamante= _m._ diamond, adamant.
=diantre= _m._ deuce.
=dibujar= outline, delineate; =--se= be outlined, throw a shadow, be
visible.
=dictar= dictate, prescribe.
=dicha= _f._ happiness, delight.
=dichoso, -a= happy, fortunate, precious, blessed.
=Diego= _pr. n. m._ James.
=diente= _m._ tooth.
=diestra= _f._ right hand.
=diez= _card._ ten.
=difunto, -a= deceased (one), dead (one).
=dilatar= overspread, suffuse, expand.
=diligencia= _f._ assiduity, effort, haste, business, affair.
=dinero= _m._ money.
=Dios= _m._ God.
=diosa= _f._ goddess.
=disculpar= excuse, exonerate.
=discurrir= flow, course.
=disfrutar= enjoy, profit, reap the benefit.
=disipar= dissipate, scatter, put to flight, drive away; =--se= be
dissipated, be scattered.
=disolver= dissolve, dissipate, scatter, disperse.
=disparate= _m._ folly, piece of folly, blunder.
=distante= _adj._ distant, afar.
=distinguir= distinguish, see clearly.
=distraído, -a= distracted, absentminded.
=diverso, -a= various, dissimilar, different.
=divertir= amuse.
=dividir= divide, separate, cut, cleave.
=divino, -a= divine, heavenly.
=do= _adv._ where; =a ----= whither, where.
=dó= _adv. interrog._ where.
=doblar= bend.
=doble= _m._ tolling; =dar ----s= toll.
=doctrina= _f._ doctrine, wisdom, teaching.
=doliente= _adj._ suffering, sorrowful.
=dolor= _m._ grief, sorrow, pain, anguish.
=dolorido, -a= afflicted, grief-stricken, painful, doleful, heart-sick.
=doloroso, -a= painful.
=don= _m._ Don, sir.
=doncella= _f._ maiden.
=donde= _adv._ where.
=dónde= _adv. interrog._ where, whither; =en ----= where.
=dondequiera= _adv._ everywhere, anywhere.
=doquiera= _adv._ wherever, everywhere.
=dorado, -a= golden.
=dormido, -a= sleeping, slumbering.
=dormir= sleep; =--se= go to sleep.
=dos= _card._ two; =los ----= both.
=dramático, -a= dramatic.
=ducado= _m._ ducat (former coin worth about $3).
=duda= _f._ doubt.
=dudar= doubt, hesitate.
=dudoso, -a= doubtful, uncertain, indistinct, nebulous, hesitating.
=duelo= _m._ sorrow, grief, duel, combat.
=dueña= _f._ duenna.
=dulce= _adj._ sweet, soft, gentle, pleasant.
=dulcísimo, -a= very sweet.
=dulzura= _f._ sweetness.
=durar= last, endure.
=duro, -a= hard, cruel, unbearable, heavy.

=e= _conj._ and.
=eco= _m._ echo.
=echar= throw, cast, cast away, deal, put.
=Edén= _pr. n. m._ Eden.
=edificio= _m._ building, edifice.
=ejército= _m._ army.
=el, la, lo, los, las=, _art._ the; =---- que=, _etc., pron. rel._ he
who(m), the one who(m), who, that which.
=él, ella, ello=, _pron. pers._ he, him; she, her; it.
=elevar= raise; =--se= rise.
=elocuente= _adj._ eloquent.
=Elvira= _pr. n. f._ Elvira.
=ella= _pron. pers._ she, her, it.
=ellas= _pron. pers._ they, them.
=embalsamarse= be perfumed.
=embargar= overwhelm, seize, overcome, impede.
=embebecido, -a= absorbed, enraptured.
=embeleso= _m._ rapture.
=embestir= assail, attack.
=embolismo= _m._ confusion, maze, embarrassment, falsehood.
=embolsarse= pocket.
=embozado= _m._ muffled one.
=embozar= cloak, muffle.
=embriagar= intoxicate, transport, enrapture; =--se= get intoxicated.
=empañar= dim, tarnish.
=empapar= soak, steep.
=empedernido, -a= hard-hearted.
=empeñarse= persist, insist.
=empeño= _m._ determination, desire.
=empero= _adv._ however, notwithstanding.
=empezar= begin.
=empleo= _m._ employment, use.
=emponzoñar= poison, taint.
=empuje= _m._ impulse.
=empuñar= grasp, grip.
=en= _prep._ in, into, at, for, among, on, upon, with, of, to, against,
by, over, like; =---- que= when.
=enamorado, -a= enamored, loving, in love.
=enamorar= inspire love, woo; =--se de= fall in love with.
=encadenar= enchain, shackle.
=encantador, -a= enchanting, delightful.
=encantar= charm, delight, fascinate.
=encanto= _m._ charm, fascination, enchantment, spell.
=encapotar= cloak, cover.
=encapuchado, -a= hooded one.
=encender= light, kindle, enkindle; =--se= glow.
=enclavar= nail, fasten.
=encomendar= commend.
=encono= _m._ rancor, ill-will, malevolence.
=encontrar= meet, meet with, find.
=encubrir= cover, conceal, hide.
=encuentro= _m._ meeting, encounter; =a su ----= to meet him.
=endiablado, -a= diabolical, bedeviled.
=endurecer= harden, cake.
=enemigo, -a= hostile, unfriendly.
=engalanar= adorn.
=engañador, -a= deceiving.
=engañar= deceive, beguile.
=engaño= _m._ deception, illusion.
=engañoso, -a= deceptive, false.
=engendro= _m._ abortion, monster, progeny.
=enhiesto, -a= upright, erect.
=enjugar= wipe.
=enjuto, -a= lean, wasted, dried up.
=enlazar= join, clasp.
=enlutado, -a= in mourning, veiled, muffled.
=enmudecer= grow dumb, grow silent.
=enojarse= be angry, be displeased, get angry.
=enojo= _m._ anger, vexation, displeasure, annoyance.
=enojoso, -a= troublesome.
=enredar= entangle, ensnare.
=ensueño= _m._ dream, fantasy, illusion.
=entena= _f._ yard, spar.
=entender= understand, know, hear; =---- de= be familiar with, be
interested in.
=entero, -a= entire, whole.
=enterrar= bury.
=entierro= _m._ funeral, burial, funeral procession.
=entonar= sing.
=entonces= _adv._ then.
=entrada= _f._ entrance, coming, beginning.
=entrambos, -as= both.
=entrañas= _f. pl._ entrails, bowels, recesses.
=entrar= enter, come in, advance, begin.
=entre= _prep._ between, among, in, amid, within, to; =---- sí=
to himself; =---- tanto= meanwhile; =de ----= out of; =por ----=
through, between, among.
=entregar= hand over, give, pay.
=entretanto= _adv._ meanwhile; =---- que= _conj._ while.
=entretener= entertain, divert, amuse, occupy.
=enturbiar= disturb, derange, cloud.
=envenenar= poison.
=enviar= send.
=envidar= stake, open a game of cards by staking a sum.
=envidiar= envy.
=envilecido, -a= degraded, disgraced.
=envite= _m._ stake, bet.
=envolver= envelop, enwrap, enfold.
=erguido, -a= erect, straight.
=errante= _adj._ wandering.
=escaldar= scald.
=escalón= _m._ step.
=escapar(se)= escape, flee.
=escape= _m._ escape, flight.
=escena= _f._ scene.
=esclavo, -a= _m. f._ slave.
=escoger= choose, select, cull.
=esconder= conceal, veil, hide.
=escribir= write.
=escuchar= hear, listen to, listen; =--se= be heard.
=escudo= _m._ escudo (a coin); shield, protection.
=escupir= spit upon.
=ese, -a= _adj. dem._ that.
=ése, -a, eso=, _pron. dem._ that one, that.
=esfera= _f._ sphere, heaven, orb.
=esmeralda= _f._ emerald.
=espacio= _m._ space.
=espada= _f._ sword.
=espalda= _f._ back, shoulder; =----s= back.
=espantado, -a= frightened, astonished.
=espantar= frighten, terrify, intimidate.
=espanto= _m._ fright, consternation, fear.
=espantoso, -a= frightful, horrible.
=esparcir= scatter, shed, spread.
=espectro= _m._ specter, ghost.
=espejo= _m._ mirror.
=esperanza= _f._ hope.
=esperar= await, wait for, expect, hope.
=espeso, -a= thick, dense.
=espina= _f._ thorn.
=espiral= _f._ spiral line.
=espirante= _adj._ dying.
=espirar= expire.
=espíritu= _m._ spirit, mind, soul, courage; =----s= spirits, demons.
=espléndido, -a= splendid.
=esplendor= _m._ splendor, magnificence, glory; =de ----= glorious.
=esposa= _f._ wife, spouse, betrothed.
=esposo= _m._ husband, spouse, betrothed.
=espuela= _f._ spur.
=espuma= _f._ foam, froth.
=esqueleto= _m._ skeleton, framework.
=estación= _f._ season.
=estado= _m._ state, condition.
=estallar= burst, crack, detonate.
=estallido= _m._ crackling.
=estampido= _m._ report, crash.
=estancia= _f._ room, mansion, abode.
=estanque= _m._ pond, pool.
=estar= be; =---- en sí= be in one's senses.
=estatua= _f._ statue.
=este, -a= _adj. dem._ this.
=éste, -a, esto=, _pron. dem._ this one, this.
=estima= _f._ esteem, respect.
=estocada= _f._ stab.
=estorbar= forbid, hinder.
=estrechar= press, clasp.
=estrecho, -a= narrow.
=estrella= _f._ star.
=estremecerse= shake, tremble.
=estrépito= _m._ din, clamor, noise.
=estruendo= _m._ din, pomp, turmoil, clatter.
=estudiante= _m._ student.
=estúpido, -a= stupid, dull.
=éter= _m._ ether, sky.
=eterno, -a= eternal, everlasting.
=Europa= _f._ Europe.
=evangelio= _m._ gospel.
=evaporarse= evaporate, pass away, vanish.
=exaltar= exalt, praise.
=examinar= examine, scrutinize.
=exclamar= exclaim.
=exento, -a= free.
=exhalar= breathe forth, exhale, emit, utter.
=exigir= demand, exact, require.
=existencia= _f._ existence, life.
=expiación= _f._ expiation, atonement.
=éxtasis= _m._ ecstasy.
=extático, -a= ecstatic.
=extender(se)= extend, stretch out, spread, prolong.
=extranjero, -a= foreign.
=extraño, -a= strange.
=extremo= _m._ end; =llevar al ----= terminate.

=fábrica= _f._ structure.
=fácil= _adj._ easy, easily persuaded.
=fada= _f._ fairy, sprite.
=faena= _f._ task, work, labor, toil.
=falaz= _adj._ deceitful, deceptive, fallacious.
=falda= _f._ skirt, lap.
=falso, -a= false, treacherous, feigned, simulated, mock.
=faltar= fail, be missing, be lacking, give way.
=fallido, -a= frustrated, amiss.
=fama= _f._ reputation, report, rumor; =es ----= it is said.
=famoso, -a= famous, renowned, notorious.
=fanal= _m._ lantern, light, beacon.
=fanfarrón= _m._ boaster, bully.
=fango= _m._ mud, mire, slime.
=fantasía= _f._ fancy, imagination, caprice, whim.
=fantasma= _m. f._ phantom, ghost, specter, scarecrow.
=fantástico, -a= fantastic, imaginary.
=farsa= _f._ farce, humbug.
=fascinar= fascinate.
=fatal= _adj._ fatal, ominous, unfortunate.
=fatídico, -a= baleful, sinister.
=fatigado, -a= weary.
=favor= _m._ favor, protection, help.
=faz= _f._ face, aspect.
=fe= _f._ faith, honor, trust; =a -----= in truth; =a ---- mía= upon
my word.
=fecundar= fertilize, make fruitful.
=fecundo, -a= fecund, teeming.
=Félix= _pr. n. m._ Felix.
=feliz= _adj._ happy, blessed, fortunate.
=feo, -a= ugly, homely.
=féretro= _m._ bier.
=feroz= _adj._ fierce, cruel.
=férreo, -a= iron.
=fértil= _adj._ fertile.
=fervor= _m._ fervor, ardor, zeal.
=festín= _m._ feast, banquet.
=fétido, -a= fetid, stinking, foul.
=Fez= _pr. n. f._ Fez.
=fiado, -a= trusting.
=fiar= trust; =---- de= trust in.
=fiel= _adj._ faithful, true.
=fiereza= _f._ fierceness, hardness.
=fiero, -a= fierce, cruel, savage, furious, terrible, rude.
=fiesta= _f._ festival, feast, celebration, rejoicing, merriment.
=figura= _f._ figure, face, form.
=figurar= fashion, sketch, represent; =--se= imagine, fancy.
=fijar= fix, fasten, determine.
=fijo, -a= fixed, fastened, determined.
=fin= _m._ end; =al ----= at last, finally, after all; =en ----= at
last, finally, in short, after all; =por ----= at last; =sin ----=
endless, endlessly.
=fingido, -a= feigned, false.
=fingir= feign, imagine.
=firme= _adj._ firm, unswerving, unshaken, resolute, stout, stanch.
=flaco, -a= frail, weak.
=Flandes= _pr. n. f._ Flanders.
=flébil= _adj._ mournful.
=flojo, -a= feeble, weak.
=flor= _f._ flower, blossom.
=florecer= blossom, bud, cover with flowers.
=florido, -a= blooming, flower-filled, flowery.
=flotante= _adj._ floating.
=fondo= _m._ depth, farthest end.
=forcejear= struggle.
=forma= _f._ form, shape, figure.
=formar= form, make, engender.
=fórmula= _f._ formula, form.
=fortuna= _f._ fortune, fate, good fortune.
=forzoso, -a= necessary.
=fosfórico, -a= phosphorescent.
=fragante= _adj._ fragrant.
=frágil= _adj._ fragile, frail, weak.
=fragor= _m._ crash, noise.
=fragrancia= _f._ fragrance.
=Franco= _pr. n. m._ Franco.
=franja= _f._ fringe, band, border.
=frenético, -a= frenzied, mad, furious, frantic.
=frente= _f._ brow, face, head, forehead, intellect; =---- a=
opposite, in front of, before; =a su ----= straight ahead.
=fresco, -a= fresh.
=frescura= _f._ coolness, luxuriant verdure, freshness.
=frío, -a= cold, indifferent, unsympathetic, unruffled; =sangre fría=
sang-froid, coolness, calmness.
=frío= _m._ cold.
=frívolo, -a= frivolous.
=fruncir= knit (the brow).
=fuego= _m._ fire, ardor, flame, passion; =prender ----= set fire.
=fuente= _f._ spring, fountain, source.
=fuera= _adv._ outside; =---- de= _prep._ out of.
=fuero= _m._ privilege, statute law.
=fuerza= _f._ force, strength, might.
=fugaz= _adj._ fleeting.
=fugitivo, -a= fugitive, fleeting, fleeing, flying.
=fúlgido, -a= bright, resplendent.
=fulgor= _m._ gleam.
=fulguroso, -a= shining, flashing.
=fulgurante= _adj._ shining.
=fúnebre= _adj._ funereal, lugubrious, mournful.
=funeral= _adj._ funeral, funereal, lugubrious.
=funesto, -a= doleful, dismal, sinister, fatal.
=furia= _f._ rage.
=furioso, -a= furious, mad, raging, violent.
=furor= _m._ rage, fury.
=futuro, -a= future.

=gala= _f._ grace, gem, choicest part (of a thing); =----s= finery.
=galán= _m._ gallant, dandy.
=galanura= _f._ elegance, showiness, gorgeousness.
=galería= _f._ gallery.
=galvánico, -a= galvanic.
=gallardo, -a= graceful, bold.
=ganancia= _f._ winning.
=ganar= win.
=gasa= _f._ gauze.
=gastar= waste, fling away, wear out.
=gemido= _m._ groan, moan, sigh.
=gemir= moan, howl, whistle.
=generoso, -a= noble, illustrious, excellent, generous.
=gente= _f._ people, race, nation.
=gentil= _adj._ elegant, handsome, graceful.
=gesto= _m._ face, expression, gesture.
=girar= revolve, hover, whirl.
=giro= _m._ turn, motion, roll, circling.
=gloria= _f._ glory, fame, pleasure, bliss, honor, heaven.
=glorioso -a= glorious.
=goce= _m._ joy.
=golpe= _m._ stroke, blow, knock, striking, clash, throw, cast.
=golpear(se)= strike, hit, beat.
=gorjear= warble, trill.
=gótico, -a= Gothic.
=gozar= rejoice, take delight, enjoy; =---- de= enjoy; =--se= rejoice.
=gozo= _m._ joy, pleasure, delight.
=grabar= engrave.
=gracia= _f._ grace, charm, gracefulness; =----s= thanks.
=gradería= _f._ steps; =---- de caracol torcida= spiral staircase.
=grajo= _m._ jackdaw, crow.
=grana= _f._ scarlet.
=grande= _adj._ great, important.
=grandeza= _f._ greatness, grandeur.
=grandioso, -a= great, impressive.
=grato, -a= pleasing.
=grave= _adj._ heavy.
=gritar= cry, shout, cry out.
=gritería= _f._ outcry, shouting, screaming.
=grito= _m._ cry, howl.
=grotesco, -a= grotesque.
=grupo= _m._ group.
=guarida= _f._ den, lurking-place.
=guerra= _f._ war; =mover ----= wage war.
=guerrero, -a= warlike, of war.
=guerrero= _m._ warrior, soldier.
=guía= _m. f._ guide, leader.
=guiar= guide, direct.
=guirnalda= _f._ garland, wreath.
=gustar= please.

=haber= have; _impers._ be; =---- de= have to, be to, be going
to, must, can; =hay= there is; =no haya= let there not be.
=habitación= _f._ dwelling, residence, room, suite.
=habitar= live, reside, lie.
=hablador, -a= talking, prattling.
=hablador, -a= _m. f._ talker, prattler.
=hablar= talk, speak, address.
=hacer= do, make, effect, bring about, cause, commit; =---- aprecio de=
note; =---- bien= give alms, aid; =---- caso de= take notice of,
heed; =---- juego= make the bets; =hecho el juego= bets closed;
=---- pedazos= break to pieces, tear; =--se= become, turn to, get;
=--se el bigote= curl one's mustache; _impers._ =se hace tarde=
it is growing late.
=hacia= _prep._ toward.
=hado= _m._ fate.
=halagar= flatter, allure, soothe.
=hallar= find; =-se= be.
=hambre= _f._ hunger.
=hambriento, -a= hungry, eager.
=harapo= _m._ rag, tatter.
=hartar= satisfy, gratify.
=harto, -a= sated.
=hasta= _adv._ even; _prep._ to, up to, down to, until, as many as;
=---- que= _conj._ until.
=hastiar= bore, weary, disgust.
=hecho, -a= made, done; =a lo ----, pecho= make the best of it.
=hecho= _m._ deed.
=helado, -a= icy, cold, frozen.
=helar= freeze, congeal.
=hembra= _f._ female, woman.
=henchir= fill.
=hender= cleave.
=heredar= inherit.
=herencia= _f._ inheritance, heritage.
=herir= strike, smite, wound, affect.
=hermana= _f._ sister.
=hermano= _m._ brother.
=hermoso, -a= beautiful, fair.
=hermosura= _f._ beauty.
=héroe= _m._ hero.
=herradura= _f._ horseshoe, hoof-print.
=hervir= boil, seethe, swarm.
=hidalgo, -a= noble.
=hiel= _f._ gall, bitterness.
=hielo= _m._ ice.
=hijo= _m._ son; =----s= children.
=hilera= _f._ file.
=hinchar= swell.
=histérico, -a= hysterical.
=historia= _f._ history, tale, story.
=hoguera= _f._ bonfire.
=hoja= _f._ leaf, petal, wing of a door.
=hola= _interj._ hello.
=hollar= tread upon, trample upon, ride over, humble.
=hombre= _m._ man; =buen ----= my good fellow.
=hombro= _m._ shoulder.
=hondo, -a= deep, profound.
=hondo= _m._ bottom, depth.
=honroso, -a= honorable.
=hora= _f._ hour, time; =a buena ----= opportunely; =en mal ---- o
en buena= well and good; =----s muertas= idle hours.
=horizonte= _m._ horizon.
=horrendo, -a= horrible, dreadful.
=horrible= _adj._ horrible.
=hórrido, -a= hideous, horrible.
=horrísono, -a= horrisonous.
=horror= _m._ horror, fright.
=horrorizado, -a= stricken with horror.
=hospital= _m._ hospital, poorhouse.
=hoy= _adv._ to-day, now, the present time; =---- en día= nowadays.
=hoyo= _m._ hole, grave, pit.
=hueco, -a= hollow, resounding, empty.
=hueco= _m._ hollow, hole, gap, concavity.
=hueso= _m._ bone.
=huésped= _m._ guest, stranger; =casa de ----es= lodging-house.
=huida= _f._ flight.
=huir= flee, escape, disappear.
=humano, -a= human.
=humear= emit fumes, reek, smoke.
=húmedo, -a= damp, wet.
=humildemente= _adv._ humbly.
=humo= _m._ smoke, fumes.
=hundido, -a= sunken, hollow.
=hundir= sink.
=huracán= _m._ hurricane, storm.
=hurra= _interj._ hurrah.

=ideal= _adj._ ideal, imaginary.
=iglesia= _f._ church.
=igual= _adj._ equal; =me es ----= it is all the same to me;
=por ----= equally.
=igualar= equal, consider equal.
=iluminar= illumine, enlighten, illuminate, light.
=ilusión= _f._ illusion, fancy, self-deception, mockery.
=ilusorio, -a= illusory, delusive, deceptive.
=ilustre= _adj._ illustrious, noble, celebrated, distinguished.
=imagen= _f._ image, statue, likeness, picture, conception, fancy,
appearance.
=imaginación= _f._ imagination, fancy, mind.
=imaginar= imagine, fancy, believe, conceive.
=impaciente= _adj._ impatient.
=impávid, -a= undaunted.
=imperial= _adj._ imperial.
=impetuoso, -a= violent, fierce.
=impiedad= _f._ impiety, impiousness.
=impío, -a= impious, profane, wicked, godless.
=implacable= _adj._ implacable, relentless.
=implorar= implore.
=imponer= impose.
=importar= _impers._ matter, concern.
=importunar= disturb, harass.
=importuno, -a= troublesome, ill-timed, vexatious, importunate,
unreasonable.
=imposible= _adj._ impossible.
=impotencia= _f._ helplessness.
=impulso= _m._ impulse, force.
=impuro, -a= impure, foul.
=inagotable= _adj._ never-failing, inexhaustible.
=incentivo= _m._ incentive.
=incierto, -a= uncertain, unknown, doubtful, unsteady, wandering,
restless.
=inclinar= incline, bend, bow, droop, nod.
=indiferencia= _f._ indifference.
=indiferente= _adj._ indifferent.
=indomable= _adj._ indomitable.
=inefable= _adj._ ineffable, unutterable.
=infalible= _adj._ infallible.
=infante= _m._ child.
=infeliz= _adj._ unhappy, wretched.
=infernal= _adj._ infernal.
=infiel= _adj._ faithless (one).
=infierno= _m._ hell, infernal region.
=infinito, -a= infinite, endless.
=inflamarse= blaze.
=informe= _adj._ ill-shapen, uncanny, inarticulate.
=infortunio= _m._ misfortune, misery, calamity.
=infundir= infuse, instill, inspire.
=inglés, -a= English.
=Inglés= _m._ Englishman.
=ingrato, -a= ungrateful (one), ingrate.
=injuria= _f._ insult.
=inmensidad= _f._ immensity, vastness, infinity, unbounded greatness.
=inmenso, -a= immense, infinite, vast.
=inmortal= _adj._ immortal.
=inmóvil= _adj._ motionless, fixed, set, unaffected.
=inmundo, -a= dirty, obscene, unclean.
=inocente= _adj._ innocent, young.
=inquieto, -a= restless, uneasy, anxious, disturbed, agitated.
=inquietud= _f._ uneasiness, anxiety, disquietude, restlessness.
=insano, -a= insane, mad.
=insensible= _adj._ indifferent, without feeling.
=insigne= _adj._ renowned, famed, distinguished.
=insistir= insist, persist.
=insolencia= _f._ insolence.
=insolente= _adj._ insolent.
=inspirar= inspire, impart.
=instante= _m._ instant, moment.
=insultar= insult.
=insulto= _m._ insult.
=intención= _f._ intention, purpose, mind.
=intenso, -a= intense, intent, keen.
=intentar= attempt, endeavor, try.
=interponerse= interpose, intervene.
=interrumpir= interrupt.
=intrépido, -a= courageous, dauntless.
=inundar= flood, deluge.
=inútil= _adj._ useless.
=invencible= _adj._ invincible.
=invención= _f._ invention.
=invisible= _adj._ invisible, unseen.
=ir= go, be, be at stake; =----= + _gerund_ go on, keep;
=---- a= be about to, be going to; =--se= go away, go; =allá voy=
I am coming; =me va en ello mi fama= my reputation is at stake in
it; =quién va= who goes there; =vamos= come now, well; =vamos
andando= let us be off; =van los cincuenta= I bet fifty.
=ira= _f._ anger, ire.
=iracundo, -a= wrathful.
=ironía= _f._ irony.
=irónico, -a= ironical.
=irreligioso, -a= irreligious.
=irreverencia= _f._ irreverence, disrespect.
=irritar= anger, excite, arouse, provoke, nettle, exasperate.
=izquierdo, -a= left.

=jamás= _adv._ never, ever.
=jardín= _m._ garden.
=jaula= _f._ cage.
=jerezano, -a= of Jerez.
=Jesús= _pr. n. m._ Jesus.
=joven= _adj._ young, youthful.
=joya= _f._ jewel.
=Juan= _pr. n. m._ John.
=júbilo= _m._ glee, joy.
=juego= _m._ game, sport, play, playing; =hacer ----= make the bets;
=hecho el ----= bets closed.
=jugador= _m._ player, gambler.
=jugar= play, sport, frolic, gamble.
=jugo= _m._ juice.
=juguete= _m._ plaything, toy, sport.
=juicio= _m._ judgment, sense, reason, mind.
=juntar= join, unite, touch, knit; =--se= gather, assemble, join,
meet, approach.
=junto, -a= joined, united, connected.
=junto= _adv._ near, close; =---- a= _prep._ near, close to.
=juntura= _f._ joint, seam.
=jurar= swear.
=juventud= _f._ youth.
=juzgar= judge, think.

=la= _art. f._ the; _pron. pers. acc._ her, it; _pl._
them; _pron. pers. dat._ to her, to it; =---- que= _pron. dem.
and rel._ she who, the one who, who.
=labio= _m._ lip.
=lado= _m._ side, place.
=lago= _m._ lake.
=lágrima= _f._ tear.
=lamentable= _adj._ deplorable.
=lamentar= lament, bewail, bemoan.
=lamento= _m._ lament, lamentation, wail, wailing cry.
=lámpara= _f._ lamp, light.
=lance= _m._ incident, love-affair, affair of honor.
=languidez= _f._ languor, weakness, faintness.
=lánguido, -a= languid, gentle, apathetic, faint, weak, feeble.
=lanza= _f._ lance, spear.
=lanzar= throw, fling, cast, let loose, emit, utter; =--se= dart, rush.
=lares= _m. pl._ lares, home.
=largo, -a= long; _pl._ many.
=lastimar= hurt, wound, move to pity; =--se= grieve, be sorry, be
moved to pity.
=lastimero, -a= sad, mournful.
=latido= _m._ throbbing.
=lava= _f._ lava.
=lazo= _m._ bond, tie, knot; toils, web, snare.
=le= _pron. pers. dat. acc._ him, her, it.
=lector= _m._ reader.
=lecho= _m._ bed, couch.
=lejano, -a= distant.
=lejos= _adv._ far, far away, afar; =a lo ----= in the distance;
=de ----= from afar, at a great distance.
=lengua= _f._ tongue.
=lenguaje= _m._ language, speech, tongue.
=lento, -a= slow.
=leña= _f._ wood, firewood.
=les= _pron. pers. dat. acc._ them.
=letal= _adj._ deadly.
=letra= _f._ letter; =----s= letters, literature, lore.
=levantar= raise, lift up, erect, set up; =--se= rise, get up, stand
up.
=leve= _adj._ light, slight, delicate.
=ley= _f._ law, religion.
=libertad= _f._ liberty, freedom.
=librar= free, preserve, save.
=libre= _adj._ free, open, innocent, alone.
=lid= _f._ contest, conflict, fight.
=ligar= bind.
=ligeramente= _adv._ slightly, lightly.
=ligero, -a= slight.
=límite= _m._ limit, bound.
=limosna= _f._ alms, charity.
=límpido, -a= limpid, pure, clear.
=limpieza= _f._ limpidity, purity, clearness.
=lino= _m._ linen.
=lira= _f._ lyre.
=lisonjero, -a= flattering, pleasing, cajoling.
=liviano, -a= frivolous, lewd.
=lívido, -a= livid.
=lo= _art. neut._ the; _pron. pers. acc._ it, him; =---- que=
_pron. dem. and rel._ what, that which; =---- que es por= as for,
when it comes to.
=lóbrego, -a= lugubrious, mournful, gloomy, obscure, dismal, dark, sad.
=loco, -a= mad, wild, crazy.
=locura= _f._ madness, folly.
=lodo= _m._ mire.
=lograr= attain, gain.
=loma= _f._ hillock, ridge.
=lona= _f._ canvas.
=lontananza= _f._ distance.
=los= _art. pl. m._ the; _pron. pers. acc._ them; =---- que=
_pron. dem. and rel._ those who, the ones who.
=losa= _f._ slab, stone.
=lozano, -a= luxuriant, sprightly.
=lúbrico, -a= slippery, lewd.
=lucero= _m._ bright star, morning star, star.
=luciente= _adj._ shining.
=Lucifer= _pr. n. m._ Lucifer.
=luchar= struggle.
=luego= _adv._ then, at once, presently, soon, next, subsequently.
=lugar= _m._ place, town.
=lúgubre= _adj._ sad, mournful, dismal.
=lujo= _m._ luxury, finery.
=lumbre= _f._ light.
=luminoso, -a= luminous, shining, bright.
=luna= _f._ moon.
=luz= _f._ light, illumination, flame, taper, lamp.
=Luzbel= _pr. n. m._ Lucifer, Satan.

=llagar= wound.
=llama= _f._ flame, light.
=llamar= call, summon, knock, name, call upon, invoke; =--se= be
named; =cómo os llamáis= what is your name.
=llanto= _m._ weeping, tears.
=llegar= arrive, come; =---- a= come to, succeed in, happen to,
reach; _or simply takes the signification of the verb to which it
is joined:_ =llegó a ver= he saw.
=llenar= fill, pervade.
=lleno, -a= full, filled.
=llevar= carry, bear, bring, wear, take, carry away; =----= + _p.p._
have; =---- al extremo= terminate; =--se algo= take something
away.
=llorar= weep, mourn, weep for, mourn for.