Chapter XI: Act 1881: , the Corrupt Practices and Bankruptcy Acts 1883, the County (7)

Head and Appendages.--J. C. Savigny, _Memoires sur les animaux sans
vertebres_ (Paris, 1816); C. Janet, _Essai sur la constitution
morphologique de la tete de l'insecte_ (Paris, 1899); J. H. Comstock
and C. Kochi (_American Naturalist_, xxxvi., 1902); V. L. Kellogg
(ibid.); W. A. Riley (_American Naturalist_, xxxviii., 1904); F.
Meinert (_Entom. Tidsskr._ i., 1880); H. J. Hansen (_Zool. Anz._ xvi.,
1893); J. B. Smith (_Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc._ xix., 1896); H. Holmgren
(_Zeitsch. wiss. Zoolog._ lxxvi., 1904); K. W. Verhoeff (_Abhandl. K.
Leop.-Carol. Akad._ lxxxiv., 1905).

Thorax, Legs and Wings.--K. W. Verhoeff (_Abhandl. K. Leop.-Carol.
Akad._ lxxxii., 1903); F. Voss (_Zeits. wiss. Zool._ lxxviii., 1905);
F. Dahl (_Arch. f. Naturgesch._ 1, 1884); J. Demoor (_Arch. de biol._
x., 1890); J. Redtenbacher (_Ann. Kais. naturhist. Museum, Wien_, i.,
1886); R. von Lendenfeld (_S. B. Akad. Wissens., Wien_, lxxxiii.,
1881); J. H. Comstock and J. G. Needham (_Amer. Nat._, xxxii.,
xxxiii., 1898-1899); C. W. Woodworth (_Univ. California Entom. Bull._
i., 1906).

Abdomen and Appendages.--E. Haase (_Morph. Jahrb._ xv., 1889); R.
Heymons (_Morph. Jahrb._ xxiv., 1896; _Abhandl. K. Leop.-Carol. Akad._
lxxiv., 1899); K. W. Verhoeff (_Zool. Anz._ xix., xx., 1896-1897); S.
A. Peytoureau, _Contribution a l'etude de la morphologie de l'armure
genitale des insectes_ (Bordeaux, 1895); H. Dewitz (_Zeits. wiss.
Zool._ xxv., xxviii., 1874, 1877); E. Zander (ibid. lxvi., lxvii.,
1899-1900).

Nervous System.--H. Viallanes (_Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool._ [6], xvii.,
xviii., xix., [7] ii., iv., 1884-1887); S. J. Hickson (_Quart. Journ.
Micr. Sci._ xxv., 1885); W. Patten (_Journ. Morph._ i., ii.,
1887-1888); F. Plateau (_Mem. Acad. Belg._ xliii., 1888); V. Graber
(_Arch. mikr. Anat._ xx., xxi., 1882).

Respiratory System.--J. A. Palmen, _Zur Morphologie des
Tracheensystems_ (Leipzig, 1877); F. Plateau (_Mem. Acad. Belg._ xiv.,
1884); L. C. Miall, _Natural History of Aquatic Insects_ (London,
1895).

Digestive System, &c.--L. Dufour (_Ann. Sci. Nat._, 1824-1860); V.
Faussek (_Zeits. wiss. Zool._ xlv., 1887).

Malpighian Tubes.--E. Schindler (_Zeits. wiss. Zool._ xxx., 1878); W.
M. Wheeler (_Psyche_ vi., 1893); L. Cuenot (_Arch. de biol._ xiv.,
1895).

Reproductive Organs.--H. V. Wielowiejski (Zool. Anz. ix., 1886); J. A.
Palmen, _Uber paarige Ausfuhrungsgange der Geschlechtsorgane bei
Insekten_ (Helsingfors, 1884); H. Henking (_Zeits. wiss. Zool._ xlix.,
li., liv., 1890-1892); F. Leydig (_Zool. Jahrb. Anat._ iii., 1889).

Embryology.--F. Blochmann (_Morph. Jahrb._ xii., 1887); A. Kovalevsky
(_Mem. Acad. St-Petersbourg_, xvi., 1871; _Zeits. wiss. Zool._ xlv.,
1887); V. Graber (_Denksch. Akad. Wissens., Wien_, lvi., 1889); K.
Heider, _Die Embryonalentwicklung von Hydrophilus piceus_ (Jena,
1889); W. M. Wheeler (_Journ. Morph._ iii., viii., 1889-1893); E.
Korschelt and K. Heider, _Handbook of the Comparative Embryology of
Invertebrates_ (trans. M. Bernard), (vol. iii., London, 1899); R.
Heymons, _Die Embryonalentwicklung von Dermapteren und Orthopteren_
(Jena, 1895) (also _Zeits. wiss. Zool._ liii., 1891, lxii., 1897;
_Anhang zu den Abhandl. K. Akad. d. Wissens., Berlin_, 1896); A.
Lecaillon (_Arch. d'anat. micr._ ii., 1898); J. Carriere and O. Burger
(_Abhandl. K. Leop.-Carol. Akad._ lxix., 1897); K. Escherich (ibid.
lxxvii., 1901); F. Schwangart (_Zeits. wiss. Zool._ lxxvi., 1904); R.
Ritter (_ib._ li., 1890); E. Metchnikoff (_ib._ xvi., 1866); H. Uzel
(_Zool. Anz._ xx., 1897); J. W. Folsom (_Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.
Harvard_., xxxvi., 1900).

Parthenogenesis and Paedogenesis.--T. H. Huxley (_Trans. Linn. Soc._
xxii., 1858); R. Leuckart, _Zur Kenntnis des Generationswechsels und
der Parthogenesis bei den Insekten_ (Frankfurt, 1858); N. Wagner
(_Zeits. wiss. Zool._ xv., 1865); L. F. Henneguy (_Bull. Soc.
Philomath._ [9], i. 1899); A. Petrunkevich (_Zool. Jahrb. Anat._ xiv.,
xvii., 1901-1903); P. Marchal (_Arch. zool. exp. et gen._ [4], ii.,
1904); L. Doncaster (_Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci._ xlix., li.,
1906-1907).

Growth and Metamorphosis.--A. Weismann (_Zeits. wiss. Zool._ xiii.,
xiv., 1863-1864); F. Brauer (_Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch., Wien_,
xix., 1869); Sir J. Lubbock (Lord Avebury), _Origin and Metamorphosis
of Insects_ (London, 1874); L. C. Miall (_Nature_, liii., 1895); L. C.
Miall and A. R. Hammond, _Structure and Life-history of the
Harlequin-fly_ (Oxford, 1900); J. Gonin (_Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat._
xxx., 1894); C. de Bruyne (_Arch. de biol._ xv. (1898); D. Sharp
(_Proc. Inter. Zool. Congress_, 1898); E. B. Poulton (_Trans. Linn.
Soc._ v., 1891); T. A. Chapman (_Trans. Ent. Soc._, 1893).

Classification.--F. Brauer (_S. B. Akad. Wiss., Wien_, xci., 1885); A.
S. Packard (_Amer. Nat._ xx.; 1886); C. Borner, A. Handlirsch, F.
Klapalek (_Zool. Anz._ xxvii., 1904); G. Enderlein (_Zool. Anz._
xxvi., 1903).

Palaeontology.--S. H. Scudder, in Zittel's _Palaeontology_ (French
trans., vol. ii., Paris, 1887, and Eng. trans., vol. i., London,
1900); C. Brongniart, _Insectes fossiles des temps primaires_
(St-Etienne, 1894); A. Handlirsch, _Die fossilen Insekten und die
Phylogenie der rezenten Formen_ (Leipzig, 1906).

Phylogeny.--Brauer, Lubbock, Sharp, Borner, &c. (opp. cit.); P. Mayer
(_Jena, Zeits. Naturw._ x., 1876); B. Grassi (_Atti R. Accad. dei
Lincei, Roma_ [4], iv., 1888, and _Archiv ital. biol._ xi., 1889); F.
Muller, _Facts and Arguments for Darwin_ (trans. W. S. Dallas, London,
1869); N. Zograf (_Congr. Zool. Int._, 1892); E. R. Lankester (_Quart.
Journ. Micr. Sci._ xlvii., 1904); G. H. Carpenter (_Proc. R. Irish
Acad._ xxiv., 1903; _Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci._ xlix., 1905).
(D. S.*; G. H. C.)

HEXASTYLE (Gr. [Greek: hex], six, and [Greek: stylos], column), an architectural term given to a temple in the portico of which there are six columns in front.

HEXATEUCH, the name given to the first six books of the Old Testament (the Pentateuch and Joshua), to mark the fact that these form one literary whole, describing the early traditional history of the Israelites from the creation of the world to the conquest of Palestine and the origin of their national institutions. These books are the result of an intricate literary process, on which see BIBLE (Old Testament: _Canon_), and the articles on the separate books (GENESIS, EXODUS, LEVITICUS, NUMBERS, DEUTERONOMY and JOSHUA).

HEXHAM, a market town in the Hexham parliamentary division of Northumberland, England, 21 m. W. from Newcastle by the Carlisle branch of the North-Eastern railway, served also from Scotland by a branch of the North British railway. Pop. of urban district (1901) 7107. It is pleasantly situated beneath the hills on the S. bank of the Tyne, and its market square and narrow streets bear many marks of antiquity. It is famous for its great abbey church of St Andrew. This building, as renovated in the 12th century, was to consist of nave and transepts, choir and aisles, and massive central tower. The Scots are believed to have destroyed the nave in 1296, but it may be doubted if it was ever completed. In 1536 the last prior was hanged for being concerned in the insurrection called the Pilgrimage of Grace. The church as it stands is a fine monument of Early English work, with Transitional details. Within, although it suffered much loss during a restoration c. 1858, there are several objects of interest. Among these are a Roman slab, carved with figures of a horseman trampling upon an enemy, several fine tombs and stones of the 13th and 14th centuries, the frith or fridstool of stone, believed to be the original bishop's throne, and the fine Perpendicular roodscreen of oak, retaining its loft. The crypt, discovered in 1726, is part of the Saxon church, and a noteworthy example of architecture of the period. Its material is Roman, some of the stones having Roman inscriptions. These were brought from the Roman settlement at Corbridge, 4 m. E. of Hexham on the N. bank of the Tyne; for Hexham itself was not a Roman station. In 1832 a vessel containing about 8000 Saxon coins was discovered in the churchyard. Fragments of the monastic buildings remain, and west of the churchyard is the monks' park, known as the Seal, and now a promenade, commanding beautiful views. In the town are two strong castellated towers of the 14th century, known as the Moot Hall and the Manor Office. Their names explain their use, but they were doubtless also intended as defensive works. In the interesting and beautiful neighbourhood of Hexham there should be noticed Aydon castle near Corbridge, a fortified house of the late 13th century; and Dilston or Dyvilston, a typical border fortress dating from Norman times, of which only a tower and small chapel remain. It is replete with memories of the last earl of Derwentwater, who was beheaded in 1716 for his part in the Stuart rising of the previous year, and was buried in the chapel. There is an Elizabethan grammar school. Hexham and Newcastle form a Roman Catholic bishopric, with the cathedral at Newcastle. There are manufactures of leather gloves and other goods, and in the neighbourhood barytes and coal mines and extensive market gardens.

The church and monastery at Hexham (Hextoldesham) were founded about 673 by Wilfrid, archbishop of York, who is said to have received a grant of the whole of Hexhamshire from Aethelhryth, queen of Northumbria, and a grant of sanctuary in his church from the king. The church in 678 became the head of the new see of Bernicia, which was united to that of Lindisfarne about 821, when the bishop of Lindisfarne appears to have taken possession of the lordship which he and his successors held until it was restored to the archbishop of York by Henry II. The archbishops appear to have had almost royal power throughout the liberty, including the rights of trying all pleas of the crown in their court, of taking inquisitions and of taxation. In 1545 the archbishop exchanged Hexhamshire with the king for other property, and in 1572 all the separate privileges which had belonged to him were taken away, and the liberty was annexed to the county of Northumberland. Hexham was a borough by prescription, and governed by a bailiff at least as early as 1276, and the same form of government continued until 1853. In 1343 the men of Hexham were accused of pretending to be Scots and imprisoning many people of Northumberland and Cumberland, killing some and extorting ransoms for others. The Lancastrians were defeated in 1464 near Hexham, and legend says that it was in the woods round the town that Queen Margaret and her son hid until their escape to Flanders. In 1522 the bishop of Carlisle complained to Cardinal Wolsey, then archbishop of York, that the English thieves committed more thefts than "all the Scots of Scotland," the men of Hexham being worst of all, and appearing 100 strong at the markets held in Hexham, so that the men whom they had robbed dared not complain or "say one word to them." This state of affairs appears to have continued until the accession of James I., and in 1595 the bailiff and constables of Hexham were removed as being "infected with combination and toleration of thieves." Hexham was at one time the market town of a large agricultural district. In 1227 a market on Monday and a fair on the vigil and day of St Luke the Evangelist were granted to the archbishop, and in 1320 Archbishop Melton obtained the right of holding two new fairs on the feasts of St James the Apostle lasting five days and of SS. Simon and Jude lasting six days. The market day was altered to Tuesday in 1662, and Sir William Fenwick, then lord of the manor, received a grant of a cattle market on the Tuesday after the feast of St Cuthbert in March and every Tuesday fortnight until the feast of St Martin. The market rights were purchased from Wentworth B. Beaumont, lord of the manor, in 1886. During the 17th and 18th centuries Hexham was noted for the leather trade, especially for the manufacture of gloves, but in the 19th century the trade began to decline. Coal mines which had belonged to the archbishop, were sold to Sir John Fenwick, Kt., in 1628. Hexham has never been represented in parliament, but gives its name to one of the four parliamentary divisions of the county.

See Edward Bateson and A. B. Hinds, _A History of Northumberland_ vol.
iii. (1893-1896); A. B. Wright, _An Essay towards the History of
Hexham_ (1823); James Hewitt, _A Handbook to Hexham and its
Antiquities_ (1879).

HEYDEN, JAN VAN DER (1637-1712), Dutch painter, was born at Gorcum in 1637, and died at Amsterdam on the 12th of September 1712. He was an architectural landscape painter, a contemporary of Hobbema and Jacob Ruysdael, with the advantage, which they lacked, of a certain professional versatility; for, whilst they painted admirable pictures and starved, he varied the practice of art with the study of mechanics, improved the fire engine, and died superintendent of the lighting and director of the firemen's company at Amsterdam. Till 1672 he painted in partnership with Adrian van der Velde. After Adrian's death, and probably because of the loss which that event entailed upon him, he accepted the offices to which allusion has just been made. At no period of artistic activity had the system of division of labour been more fully or more constantly applied to art than it was in Holland towards the close of the 17th century. Van der Heyden, who was perfect as an architectural draughtsman in so far as he painted the outside of buildings and thoroughly mastered linear perspective, seldom turned his hand to the delineation of anything but brick houses and churches in streets and squares, or rows along canals, or "moated granges," common in his native country. He was a travelled man, had seen The Hague, Ghent and Brussels, and had ascended the Rhine past Xanten to Cologne, where he copied over and over again the tower and crane of the great cathedral. But he cared nothing for hill or vale, or stream or wood. He could reproduce the rows of bricks in a square of Dutch houses sparkling in the sun, or stunted trees and lines of dwellings varied by steeples, all in light or thrown into passing shadow by moving cloud. He had the art of painting microscopically without loss of breadth or keeping. But he could draw neither man nor beast, nor ships nor carts; and this was his disadvantage. His good genius under these circumstances was Adrian van der Velde, who enlivened his compositions with spirited figures; and the joint labour of both is a delicate, minute, transparent work, radiant with glow and atmosphere.

HEYLYN (or HEYLIN), PETER (1600-1662), English historian and controversialist, was born at Burford in Oxfordshire. Having made great progress in his studies, he entered Hart Hall, Oxford, in 1613, afterwards joining Magdalen College; and in 1618 he began to lecture on cosmography, being made fellow of Magdalen in the same year. His lectures, under the title of [Greek: Mikrokosmos], were published in 1621, and many editions of this useful book, each somewhat enlarged, subsequently appeared. Having been ordained in 1624 Heylyn attracted the notice of William Laud, then bishop of Bath and Wells; and in 1628 he married Laetitia, daughter of Thomas Highgate, or Heygate, of Hayes, Middlesex; but he appears to have kept his marriage secret and did not resign his fellowship. After serving as chaplain to Danby in the Channel Islands, he became chaplain to Charles I. in 1630, and was appointed by the king to the rectory of Hemingford, Huntingdonshire. John Williams, bishop of Lincoln, however, refused to institute Heylyn to this living, owing to his friendship with Laud; and in return Charles appointed him a prebendary of Westminster, where he made himself very objectionable to Williams, who held the deanery _in commendam_. In 1633 he became rector of Alresford, soon afterwards vicar of South Warnborough, and he became treasurer of Westminster Abbey in 1637; but before this date he was widely known as one of the most prominent and able controversialists among the high-church party. Entering with great ardour into the religious controversies of the time he disputed with John Prideaux, regius professor of divinity at Oxford, replied to the arguments of Williams in his pamphlets, "A Coal from the Altar" and "Antidotum Lincolnense," and was hostile to the Puritan element both within and without the Church of England. He assisted William Noy to prepare the case against Prynne for the publication of his _Histriomastix_, and made himself useful to the Royalist party in other ways. However, when the Long Parliament met he was allowed to retire to Alresford, where he remained until he was disturbed by Sir William Waller's army in 1642, when he joined the king at Oxford. At Oxford Heylyn edited _Mercurius Aulicus_, a vivacious but virulent news-sheet, which greatly annoyed the Parliamentarians; and consequently his house at Alresford was plundered and his library dispersed. Subsequently he led for some years a wandering life of poverty, afterwards settling at Winchester and then at Minster Lovel in Oxfordshire; and he refers to his hardships in his pamphlet "Extraneus Vapulans," the cleverest of his controversial writings, which was written in answer to Hamon l'Estrange. In 1653 he settled at Lacy's Court, Abingdon, where he resided undisturbed by the government of the Commonwealth, and where he wrote several books and pamphlets, both against those of his own communion, like Thomas Fuller, whose opinions were less unyielding than his own, and against the Presbyterians and others, like Richard Baxter.

His works, all of which are marred by political or theological rancour, number over fifty. Among the most important are: a legendary and learned _History of St. George of Cappadocia_, written in 1631; _Cyprianus Anglicus, or the history of the Life and Death of William Laud_, a defence of Laud and a valuable authority for his life; _Ecclesia restaurata, or the History of the Reformation of the Church of England_ (1661; ed. J. C. Robertson, Cambridge, 1849); _Ecclesia vindicata, or the Church of England justified_; _Aerius redivivus, or History of the Presbyterians_; and _Help to English History_, an edition of which, with additions by P. Wright, was published in 1773. In 1636 he wrote a _History of the Sabbath_, by order of Charles I. to answer the Puritans; and in consequence of a journey through France in 1625 he wrote _A Survey of France_, a work, frequently reprinted, which was termed by Southey "one of the liveliest books of travel in its lighter parts, and one of the wisest and most replete with information that was ever written by a young man." Some verses of merit also came from his active pen, and his poetical memorial of William of Waynflete was published by the Caxton Society in 1851.

Heylyn was a diligent writer and investigator, a good ecclesiastical lawyer, and had always learning at his command. His principles, to which he was honestly attached, were defended with ability; but his efforts to uphold the church passed unrecognized at the Restoration, probably owing to his physical infirmities. His sight had been very bad for several years; yet he rejoiced that his "bad old eyes" had seen the king's return, and upon this event he preached before a large audience in Westminster Abbey on the 29th of May 1661. He died on the 8th of May 1662 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, where he had been sub-dean for some years.

Lives of Heylyn were written by his son-in-law Dr John Barnard or
Bernard, and by George Vernon (1682). Bernard's work was reprinted
with Robertson's edition of Heylyn's _History of the Reformation_ in
1849.

HEYN, PIETER PIETERZOON [commonly abbreviated to PIET] (1578-1629), Dutch admiral, was born at Delfshaven in 1578, the son of Pieter Hein, who was engaged in the herring fishery. The son went early to sea. In his youth he was taken prisoner by the Spaniards, and was forced to row in the galleys during four years. Having recovered his freedom by an exchange of prisoners, he worked for several years as a merchant skipper with success. The then dangerous state of the seas at all times, and the continuous war with Spain, gave him ample opportunity to gain a reputation as a resolute fighting man. Wills which he made before 1623 show that he had been able to acquire considerable property. When the Dutch West India Company was formed he was Director on the Rotterdam Board, and in 1624 he served as second in command of the fleet which took San Salvador in Bahia de Todos os Santos in Brazil. Till 1628 he continued to serve the Company, both on the coast of Brazil, and in the West Indies. In the month of September of that year he made himself famous, gained immense advantage for the Company, and inflicted ruinous loss on the Spaniards, by the capture of the fleet which was bringing the bullion from the American mines home to Spain. The Spanish ships were outnumbered chiefly because the convoy had become scattered by bad management and bad seamanship. The more valuable part of it, consisting of the four galleons, and eleven trading ships in which the king's share of the treasure was being carried, became separated from the rest, and on being chased by the superior force of Heyn endeavoured to take refuge at Matanzas in the island of Cuba, hoping to be able to land the bullion in the bush before the Dutchman could come up with them. But Juan de Benavides, the Spanish commander, failed to act with decision, was overtaken, and his ships captured in the harbour before the silver could be discharged. The total loss was estimated by the Spaniards at four millions of ducats. Piet Heyn now returned home, and bought himself a house at Delft with the intention of retiring from the sea. In the following year, however, he was chosen at a crisis to take command of the naval force of the Republic, with the rank of Lieutenant-Admiral of Holland, in order to clear the North Sea and Channel of the Dunkirkers, who acted for the king of Spain in his possessions in the Netherlands. In June of 1629 he brought the Dunkirkers to action, and they were severely beaten, but Piet Heyn did not live to enjoy his victory. He was struck early in the battle by a cannon shot on the shoulder and fell dead on the spot. His memory has been preserved by his capture of the Treasure Galleons, which had never been taken so far, but he is also the traditional representative of the Dutch "sea dogs" of the 17th century.

See de Jonge, _Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche Zeewezen_; I. Duro,
_Armada espanola_, iv.; der Aa, _Biograph. Woordenboek der
Nederlanden_. (D. H.)

HEYNE, CHRISTIAN GOTTLOB (1729-1812), German classical scholar and archaeologist, was born on the 25th of September 1729, at Chemnitz in Saxony. His father was a poor weaver, and the expenses of his early education were paid by one of his godfathers. In 1748 he entered the university of Leipzig, where he was frequently in want of the necessaries of life. His distress had almost amounted to despair, when he procured the situation of tutor in the family of a French merchant in Leipzig, which enabled him to continue his studies. After he had completed his university course, he was for many years in very straitened circumstances. An elegy written by him in Latin on the death of a friend attracted the attention of Count von Bruhl, the prime minister, who expressed a desire to see the author. Accordingly, in April 1752, Heyne journeyed to Dresden, believing that his fortune was made. He was well received, promised a secretaryship and a good salary, but nothing came of it. Another period of want followed, and it was only by persistent solicitation that Heyne was able to obtain the post of under-clerk in the count's library, with a salary of somewhat less than twenty pounds sterling. He increased his scanty pittance by translation; in addition to some French novels, he rendered into German the _Chaereas and Callirrhoe_ of Chariton, the Greek romance writer. He published his first edition of _Tibullus_ in 1755, and in 1756 his _Epictetus_. In the latter year the Seven Years' War broke out, and Heyne was once more in a state of destitution. In 1757 he was offered a tutorship in the household of Frau Von Schonberg, where he met his future wife. In January 1759 he accompanied his pupil to the university of Wittenberg, from which he was driven in 1760 by the Prussian cannon. The bombardment of Dresden (to which city he had meanwhile returned) on the 18th of July 1760, destroyed all his possessions, including an almost finished edition of Lucian, based on a valuable codex of the Dresden Library. In the summer of 1761, although still without any fixed income, he married, and for some time he found it necessary to devote himself to the duties of land-steward to the Baron von Loben in Lusatia. At the end of 1762, however, he was enabled to return to Dresden, where he was commissioned by P. D. Lippert to prepare the Latin text of the third volume of his _Dactyliotheca_ (an account of a collection of gems). On the death of Johann Matthias Gesner at Gottingen in 1761, the vacant chair was refused first by Ernesti and then by Ruhnken, who persuaded Munchhausen, the Hanoverian minister and principal curator of the university, to bestow it on Heyne (1763). His emoluments were gradually augmented, and his growing celebrity brought him most advantageous offers from other German governments, which he persistently refused. After a long and useful career, he died on the 14th of July 1812. Unlike Gottfried Hermann, Heyne regarded the study of grammar and language only as the means to an end, not as the chief object of philology. But, although not a critical scholar, he was the first to attempt a scientific treatment of Greek mythology, and he gave an undoubted impulse to philological studies.

Of Heyne's numerous writings, the following may be mentioned.
Editions, with copious commentaries, of Tibullus (ed. E. C.
Wunderlich, 1817), Virgil (ed. G. P. Wagner, 1830-1841), Pindar (3rd
ed. by G. H. Schafer, 1817), Apollodorus, _Bibliotheca Graeca_ (1803),
Homer, _Iliad_ (1802); _Opuscula academica_ (1785-1812), containing
more than a hundred academical dissertations, of which the most
valuable are those relating to the colonies of Greece and the
antiquities of Etruscan art and history. His _Antiquarische Aufsatze_
(1778-1779) is a valuable collection of essays connected with the
history of ancient art. His contributions to the _Gottingische
gelehrte Anzeigen_ are said to have been between 7000 and 8000 in
number. See biography by A. H. Heeren (1813) which forms the basis of
the interesting essay by Carlyle (_Misc. Essays_, ii.); H. Sauppe,
_Gottinger Professoren_ (1872); C. Bursian in _Allgemeine deutsche
Biographie_, xii.; J. E. Sandys, _Hist. Class. Schol._ iii. 36-44.

HEYSE, PAUL JOHANN LUDWIG (1830- ), German novelist, dramatist and poet, was born at Berlin on the 15th of March 1830, the son of the distinguished philologist Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Heyse (1797-1855). After attending the Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium in Berlin, he went, in 1849, to Bonn University as a student of the Romance languages, and in 1852 took his doctor's degree. He had already given proof of great literary ability in the production in 1850 of _Der Jungbrunnen, Marchen eines fahrenden Schulers_ and of the tragedy _Francesca von Rimini_, when after a year's stay in Italy, he was summoned, early in 1854, by King Maximilian II. to Munich, where he subsequently lived. Here he turned his attention to novel-writing. He published at Munich in 1855 four short stories in one volume, one of which, at least, _L'Arrabbiata_, was a masterpiece of its kind. These were the precursors of a series of similar volumes, necessarily unequal at times, but on the whole constituting such a mass of highly complex miniature fiction as seldom before had proceeded from the pen of a single writer. Heyse works in the spirit of a sculptor; he seizes upon some picturesque incident or situation, and chisels and polishes until all the effect which it is capable of producing has been extracted from it. The success of the story usually depends upon the theme, for the artist's skill is generally much the same, and the situation usually leaves a deeper impression than the characters. Heyse is also the author of several novels on a larger scale, all of which have gained success and provoked abundant discussion. The more important are _Kinder der Welt_ (1873), _Im Paradiese_ (1875)--the one dealing with the religious and social problems of its time, the other with artist-life in Munich--_Der Roman der Stiftsdame_ (1888), and _Merlin_ (1892), a novel directed against the modern realistic movement of which Heyse had been the leading opponent in Germany. He has also been a prolific dramatist, but his plays are deficient in theatrical qualities and are rarely seen on the stage. Among the best of them are _Die Sabinerinnen_ (1859); _Hans Lange_ (1866), _Kolberg_ (1868), _Die Weisheit Salomos_ (1886), and _Maria von Magdala_ (1903). There are masterly translations by him of Leopardi, Giusti, and other Italian poets (_Italienische Dichter seit der Mitte des 18ten Jahrhundert_) (4 vols., 1889-1890).

Heyse's _Gesammelte Werke_ appeared in 29 vols. (1897-1899); there is
also a popular edition of his _Romane_ (8 vols., 1902-1904) and
_Novellen_ (10 vols., 1904-1906). See his autobiography,
_Jugenderinnerungen und Bekenntnisse_ (1901); also O. Kraus, _Paul
Heyses Novellen und Romane_ (1888); E. Petzet, _Paul Heyse als
Dramatiker_ (1904), and the essays by T. Ziegler (in _Studien und
Studienkopfe_, 1877), and G. Brandes (in _Moderne Geister_, 1887).

HEYSHAM, a seaport in the Lancaster parliamentary division of Lancashire, England, on the south shore of Morecambe Bay, served by the Midland railway. Pop. (1901) 3381. Under powers obtained from parliament in 1896, the Midland Railway Company constructed, and opened in 1904, a harbour, enclosed by breakwaters, for the development of traffic with Belfast and other Irish ports, a daily passenger-service of the first class being established to Belfast. The harbour has a depth at low tide of 17 ft., and extensive accommodation for live-stock and goods of all kinds is provided. Heysham is in some favour as a watering-place. The church of St Peter is mainly Norman, and has fragments of even earlier date. Ruins of a very ancient oratory stand near it. This was dedicated to St Patrick, and is traditionally said to have been erected as a place of prayer for those at sea.

HEYWOOD, JOHN (b. 1497), English dramatist and epigrammatist, is generally said to have been a native of North Mimms, near St Albans, Hertfordshire, though Bale says he was born in London. A letter from a John Heywood, who may fairly be identified with him, is dated from Malines in 1575, when he called himself an old man of seventy-eight, which would fix his birth in 1497. He was a chorister of the Chapel Royal, and is said to have been educated at Broadgates Hall (Pembroke College), Oxford. From 1521 onwards his name appears in the king's accounts as the recipient of an annuity of ten marks as player of the virginals, and in 1538 he received forty shillings for "playing an interlude with his children" before the Princess Mary. He is said to have owed his introduction to her to Sir Thomas More, at whose seat at Gobions near St Albans he wrote his Epigrams, according to Henry Peacham. More took a keen interest in the drama, and is represented by tradition as stepping on to the stage and taking an impromptu part in the dialogue. William Rastell, the printer of four of Heywood's plays, was the son of More's brother-in-law, John Rastell, who organized dramatic representations, and possibly wrote plays himself. Mr A. W. Pollard sees in Heywood's firm adherence to Catholicism and his free satire of legal and social abuses a reflection of the ideas of More and his friends, which counts for much in his dramatic development. His skill in music and his inexhaustible wit made him a favourite both with Henry VIII. and Mary. Under Edward VI. he was accused of denying the king's supremacy over the church, and had to make a public recantation in 1554; but with the accession of Mary his prospects brightened. He made a Latin speech to her in St Paul's Churchyard at her coronation, and wrote a poem to celebrate her marriage. Shortly before her death she granted him the lease of a manor and lands in Yorkshire. When Elizabeth succeeded to the throne he fled to Malines, and is said to have returned in 1577. In 1587 he is spoken of as "dead and gone" in Thomas Newton's epilogue to his works.

John Heywood is important in the history of English drama as the first writer to turn the abstract characters of the morality plays into real persons. His interludes link the morality plays to the modern drama, and were very popular in their day. They represent ludicrous incidents of a homely kind in a style of the broadest farce, and approximate to the French dramatic renderings of the subjects of the _fabliaux_. The fun in them still survives in spite of the long arguments between the characters and what one of their editors calls his "humour of filth." Heywood's name was actually attached to four interludes. _The Playe called the foure PP; a newe and a very mery interlude of a palmer, a pardoner, a potycary, a pedler_ (not dated) is a contest in lying, easily won by Palmer, who said he had never known a woman out of patience. _The Play of the Wether, a new and a very mery interlude of all maner of Wethers_ (printed 1533) describes the chaotic results of Jupiter's attempts to suit the weather to the desires of a number of different people. _The Play of Love_ (printed 1533) is an extreme instance of the author's love of wire-drawn argument. It is a double dispute between "Loving not Loved" and "Loved not Loving" as to which is the more wretched, and between "Both Loved and Loving" and "Neither Loving nor Loved" to decide which is the happier. The only action in this piece is indicated by the stage direction marking the entrance of "Neither loved nor loving," who is to run about the audience with a huge copper tank on his head full of lighted squibs, and is to cry "Water, water! Fire, fire!" _The Dialogue of Wit and Folly_ is more of an academic dispute than a play. But two pieces universally assigned to Heywood, although they were printed by Rastell without any author's name, combine action with dialogue, and are much more dramatic. In _The Mery Play between the Pardoner and the Frere, the Curate and Neybour Pratte_ (printed 1533, but probably written much earlier) the Pardoner and the Friar both try to preach at the same time, and, coming at last to blows, are separated by the other two personages of the piece. The _Mery Play betwene Johan Johan the Husbande, Tyb the Wyfe, and Syr Jhan the Preest_ (printed 1533) is the best constructed of all his pieces. Tyb and Syr Jhan eat the "Pye" which is the central "property" of the piece, while Johan Johan is made to chafe wax at the fire to stop a hole in a pail. This incident occurs in a French _Farce nouvelle tres bonne et fort joyeuse de Pernet qui va au vin_. Heywood has sometimes been credited with the authorship of the dialogue of _Gentylnes and Nobylyte_ printed by Rastell without date, and Mr Pollard adduces some ground for attributing to him the anonymous _New Enterlude called Thersytes_ (played 1538). Heywood's other works are a collection of proverbs and epigrams, the earliest extant edition of which is dated 1562; some ballads, one of them being the "Willow Garland," known to Desdemona; and a long verse allegory of over 7000 lines entitled _The Spider and the Flie_ (1556). A contemporary writer in Holinshed's _Chronicle_ said that neither its author nor any one else could "reach unto the meaning thereof." But the flies are generally taken to represent the Roman Catholics and the spiders the Protestants, while Queen Mary is represented by the housemaid who with her broom (the sword) executes the commands of her master (Christ) and her mistress (the church). Dr A. W. Ward speaks of its "general lucidity and relative variety of treatment." Heywood says that he laid it aside for twenty years before he finished it, and, whatever may be the final interpretation put upon it, it contains a very energetic statement of the social evils of the time, and especially of the deficiencies of English law.

The proverbs and epigrams were reprinted by the Spenser Society in
1867, the _Dialogue on Wit and Folly_ by the Percy Society from an MS.
in the British Museum in 1846, with an account of Heywood by F. W.
Fairholt, and there are modern reprints of _Johan Johan_ (Chiswick
Press, 1819), _The Foure PP_. (Dodsley's _Old Plays_, 1825, 1874), and
_The Pardoner and the Frere_ (Dodsley's _Old Plays_, 1874). _The
Spider and the Flie_ was edited by A. W. Ward for the Spenser Society
in 1894. For notes and strictures on that edition see J. Haber in
_Litterarhistorische Forschungen_, vol. xv. (1900). See also A. W.
Pollard's introduction to the reprint of the _Play of the Wether_ and
_Johan Johan in Representative English Comedies_ (1903), and _The
Dramatic Writings of John Heywood_, edited by John S. Farmer for the
Early English Drama Society (1905).

His son, JASPER HEYWOOD (1535-1598), who translated into English three plays of Seneca, the _Troas_ (1559), the _Thyestes_ (1560) and _Hercules Furens_ (1561), was a fellow of Merton College, Oxford, but was compelled to resign from that society in 1558. In the same year he was elected a fellow of All Souls College, but, refusing to conform to the changes in religion at the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth, he gave up his fellowship and went to Rome, where he was received into the Society of Jesus. For seventeen years he was professor of moral theology and controversy in the Jesuit College at Dillingen, Bavaria. In 1581 he was sent to England as superior of the Jesuit mission, but his leniency in that position led to his recall. He was on his way back to the Continent when a violent storm drove him back to the English coast. He was arrested on the charge of being a priest, but, although extraordinary efforts were made to induce him to abjure his opinions, he remained firm. He was condemned to perpetual exile on pain of death, and died at Naples on the 9th of January 1598. His translations of Seneca were supplemented by other plays contributed by Alexander Neville, Thomas Nuce, John Studley and Thomas Newton. Newton collected these translations in one volume, _Seneca, his tenne tragedies translated into Englysh_ (1581). The importance of this work in the development of English drama can hardly be over-estimated.

See Dr J. W. Cunliffe, _On the Influence of Seneca upon Elizabethan
Tragedy_ (1893).

HEYWOOD, THOMAS (d. c. 1650), English dramatist and miscellaneous author, was a native of Lincolnshire, born about 1575, and said to have been educated at Cambridge and to have become a fellow of Peterhouse. Heywood is mentioned by Philip Henslowe as having written a book or play for the Lord Admiral's company of actors in October 1596; and in 1598 he was regularly engaged as a player in the company, in which he presumably had a share, as no wages are mentioned. He was also a member of other companies, of Lord Southampton's, of the earl of Derby's and of the earl of Worcester's players, afterwards known as the Queen's Servants. In his preface to the _English Traveller_ (1633) he describes himself as having had "an entire hand or at least a main finger in two hundred and twenty plays." Of this number, probably considerably increased before the close of his dramatic career, only twenty-three survive. He wrote for the stage, not for the press, and protested against the printing of his works, which he said he had no time to revise. He was, said Tieck, the "model of a light and rapid talent," and his plays, as might be expected from his rate of production, bear little trace of artistic elaboration. Charles Lamb called him a "prose Shakespeare"; Professor Ward, one of Heywood's most sympathetic editors, points out that this epigrammatic statement can only be accepted with reservations. Heywood had a keen eye for dramatic situations and great constructive skill, but his powers of characterization were not on a par with his stagecraft. He delighted in what he called "merry accidents," that is, in coarse, broad farce; his fancy and invention were inexhaustible. It was in the domestic drama of sentiment that he won his most distinctive success. For this he was especially fitted by his genuine tenderness and his freedom from affectation, by the sweetness and gentleness for which Lamb praised him. His masterpiece, _A Woman kilde with kindnesse_ (acted 1603; printed 1607), is a type of the _comedie larmoyante_, and _The English Traveller_ (1633) is a domestic tragedy scarcely inferior to it in pathos and in the elevation of its moral tone. His first play was probably _The Foure Prentises of London: With the Conquest of Jerusalem_ (printed 1615, but acted some fifteen years earlier). This may have been intended as a burlesque of the old romances, but it is more likely that it was meant seriously to attract the apprentice public to whom it was dedicated, and its popularity was no doubt aimed at in Beaumont and Fletcher's travesty of the City taste in drama in their _Knight of the Burning Pestle_. The two parts of _King Edward the Fourth_ (printed 1600), and of _If you know not me, you know no bodie; Or, The Troubles of Queene Elizabeth_ (1605 and 1606) are chronicle histories. His other comedies include: _The Royall King, and the Loyall subject_ (acted c. 1600; printed 1637); the two parts of _The Fair Maid of the West; Or, A Girle worth Gold_ (two parts, printed 1631); _The Fayre Maid of the Exchange_ (printed anonymously 1607); _The Late Lancashire Witches_ (1634), written with Richard Brome, and prompted by an actual trial in the preceding year; _A Pleasant Comedy, called A Mayden-Head well lost_ (1634); _A Challenge for Beautie_ (1636); _The Wise-Woman of Hogsdon_ (printed 1638), the witchcraft in this case being matter for comedy, not seriously treated as in the Lancashire play; and _Fortune by Land and Sea_ (printed 1655), with William Rowley. The five plays called respectively _The Golden_, _The Silver_, _The Brazen_ and _The Iron Age_ (the last in two parts), dated 1611, 1613, 1613, 1632, are series of classical stories strung together with no particular connexion except that "old Homer" introduces the performers of each act in turn. _Loves Maistresse; Or, The Queens Masque_ (printed 1636) is on the story of Cupid and Psyche as told by Apuleius; and the tragedy of the _Rape of Lucrece_ (1608) is varied by a "merry lord," Valerius, who lightens the gloom of the situation by singing comic songs. A series of pageants, most of them devised for the City of London, or its guilds, by Heywood, were printed in 1637. In vol. iv. of his _Collection of Old English Plays_ (1885), Mr A. H. Bullen printed for the first time a comedy by Heywood, _The Captives, or The Lost Recovered_ (licensed 1624), and in vol. ii. of the same series, _Dicke of Devonshire_, which he tentatively assigns to the same hand.

Besides his dramatic works, twelve of which were reprinted by the "Shakespeare Society," and were published by Mr John Pearson in a complete edition of six vols. with notes and illustrations in 1874, he was the author of _Troia Britannica, or Great Britain's Troy_ (1609), a poem in seventeen cantos "intermixed with many pleasant poetical tales" and "concluding with an universal chronicle from the creation until the present time"; _An Apology for Actors, containing three brief treatises_ (1612) edited for the Shakespeare Society in 1841; [Greek: Gynaikeion] _or nine books of various history concerning women_ (1624); _England's Elizabeth, her Life and Troubles during her minority from the Cradle to the Crown_ (1631); _The Hierarchy of the Blessed Angels_ (1635), a didactic poem in nine books; _Pleasant Dialogue, and Dramas selected out of Lucian_, &c. (1637; ed. W. Bang, Louvain, 1903); and _The Life of Merlin surnamed Ambrosius_ (1641).

See A. W. Ward, _History of English Dram. Lit._ ii. 550 seq. (1899);
the same author's Introduction to _A woman killed with kindness_
("Temple Dramatists," 1897); J. A. Symonds in the Introduction to
_Thomas Heywood_ in the "Mermaid" series (new issue, 1903).

HEYWOOD, a municipal borough in the Heywood parliamentary division of Lancashire, England, 9 m. N. of Manchester on the Lancashire and Yorkshire railway. Pop. (1901) 25,458. It is of modern growth and possesses several handsome churches, chapels and public buildings. The Queen's Park, purchased and laid out at a cost of L11,000 with money which devolved to Queen Victoria in right of her duchy and county palatine of Lancaster, was opened in 1879. Heywood Hall in the neighbourhood of the town was the residence of Peter Heywood, who contributed to the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot. Heywood owes its rise to the enterprise of the Peels, its first manufactures having been introduced by the father of the first Sir Robert Peel. It is an important seat of the cotton manufacture, and there are power-loom factories, iron foundries, chemical works, boiler-works and railway wagon works. Coal is worked extensively in the neighbourhood. Heywood was incorporated in 1881, and the corporation consists of a mayor, 6 aldermen and 18 councillors. Area, 3660 acres.

HEZEKIAH (Heb. for "[my] strength is [of] Yah"), in the Bible son of Ahaz, one of the greatest of the kings of Judah. He flourished at the end of the 8th and beginning of the 7th century B.C., when Palestine passed through one of the most eventful periods of its history. There is much that is uncertain in his reign, and with the exception of the great crisis of 701 B.C. its chronology has not been unanimously fixed. Whether he came to the throne before or after the fall of Samaria (722-721 B.C.) is disputed,[1] nor is it clear what share Judah took in the Assyrian conflicts down to 701.[2] Shortly before this date the whole of western Asia was in a ferment; Sargon had died and Sennacherib had come to the throne (in 705); vassal kings plotted to recover their independence and Assyrian puppets were removed by their opponents. Judah was in touch with a general rising in S.W. Palestine, in which Ekron, Lachish, Ascalon (Ashkelon) and other towns of the Philistines were supported by the kings of Musri and Meluhha.[3] Sennacherib completely routed them at Eltekeh (a Danite city), and thence turned against Hezekiah, who had been in league with Ekron and had imprisoned its king Padi, an Assyrian vassal. In this invasion of Judah the Assyrian claims entire success; 46 towns of Judah were captured, 200,150 men and many herds of cattle were carried off among the spoil, and Jerusalem itself was closely invested. Hezekiah was imprisoned "like a bird in a cage"[4]--to quote Sennacherib, and the Urbi (Arabian?) troops in Jerusalem laid down their arms. Thirty talents of gold, eight hundred of silver, precious stones, couches and seats of ivory--"all kinds of valuable treasure",--the ladies of the court, male and female attendants (perhaps "singers") were carried away to Nineveh. Here the Assyrian record ends somewhat abruptly, for, in the meanwhile, Babylonia had again revolted (700 B.C.) and Sennacherib's presence was urgently needed nearer home.

At what precise period the Babylonian Merodach (i.e. Marduk)-Baladan sent his embassy to Hezekiah is disputed. Although ostensibly to congratulate the king upon his recovery from a sickness, it was really sent in the hope of enlisting his support, and the excessive courtesy and complaisance with which it was received suggest that it found a ready ally in Judah (2 Kings xx. 12 sqq.; Isa. xxxix.). Merodach-Baladan was overthrown by Sargon in 710 B.C., but succeeded in making a fresh revolt some years later (704-703 B.C.), and opinion is much divided whether his embassy was to secure the friendship of the youthful Hezekiah at his succession or is to be associated with the later widespread attempt to remove the Assyrian yoke.[5]

The brief account of the Assyrian invasion, Hezekiah's submission, and the payment of tribute in 2 Kings xviii. 14-16, supplements the Assyrian record by the statement that Sennacherib besieged Lachish, a fact which is confirmed by a bas-relief (now in the British Museum) depicting the king in the act of besieging that town.[6] This thoroughly historical fragment is followed by two narratives which tell how the king sent an official from Lachish to demand the submission of Hezekiah and conclude with the unexpected deliverance of Jerusalem. Both these stories appear to belong to a biography of Isaiah, and, like the similar biographies of Elijah and Elisha, are open to the suspicion that historical facts have been subordinated to idealize the work of the prophet. See KINGS, BOOKS OF.

The narratives are (a) 2 Kings xviii. 13, 17-xix. 8; cf. Isa. xxxvi.
1-xxxvii. 8, and (b) xix. 9b-35; cp. Isa. xxxvii. 9-36 (2 Chron.
xxxii. 9 sqq. is based on both), and Jerusalem's deliverance is
attributed to a certain rumour (xix. 7), to the advance of Tirhakah,
king of Ethiopia (v. 9), and to a remarkable pestilence (v. 35) which
finds an echo in a famous story related, not without some confusion of
essential facts, by Herodotus (ii. 141; cf. Josephus _Antiq._ x. i.
5).[7] It is difficult to decide whether xix. 9a belongs to the first
or second of these narratives; and whether the "rumour" refers to the
approach of Tirhakah, or rather to the serious troubles which had
arisen in Babylonia. It is equally difficult to determine whether
Tirhakah actually appeared on the scene in 701, and the precise
application of the term Musri (Mizraim) is much debated. Unless the
two narratives are duplicates of the same event, it may be urged that
Sennacherib's attack upon Arabia (apparently about 689) involved an
invasion of Judah, by which time Egypt was in a position to be of
material assistance (cf. Isa. xxx. 1-5, xxxi. 1-3?). This theory of a
second campaign (first suggested by Sir Henry Rawlinson) has been
contested, although it is pointed out that Sennacherib at all events
did not invade Egypt, and that 2 Kings xix. 24 (Isa. xxxvii. 25) can
only refer to his successor. The allusion to the murder of Sennacherib
(xix. 36 sq.)[8] points to the year 681, but it is uncertain to which
of the above narratives it belongs. On the whole, the question must be
left open, and with it both the problem of the extension of the name
Musri and Mizraim outside Egypt in the Assyrian and Hebrew records of
this period and the true historical background of a number of the
Isaianic prophecies. It is quite possible that later events which
belong to the time of the Egyptian supremacy and the wars of
Esarhaddon have been confused with the history of Sennacherib's
invasion.

It is not certain whether Hezekiah's conflict with the Philistines as far as Gaza or his preparations to secure for Jerusalem a good water supply (xviii. 8, xx. 20; 2 Chron. xxxii. 30; Ecclus. xlviii. 17 sq.)[9] should precede or follow the events which have been discussed. On the other hand, the reforms which the compiler of the book has attributed to the early part of the reign were doubtless much later (2 Kings xviii. 1-8). Not the fall of Samaria, but the crisis of 701, is the earliest date that could safely be chosen, and the extent of these reforms must not be overestimated. They are related in terms that imply an acquaintance with the great "Deuteronomic" movement (see DEUTERONOMY), and are magnified further with characteristic detail by the chronicler (2 Chron. xxix.-xxxi.). The most remarkable was the destruction of a brazen serpent, the cult of which was traditionally traced back to the time of Moses (Num. xxi. 9).[10] This persistence of serpent-cult, and the idolatry (necromancy, tree-worship) which the contemporary prophets denounce, do not support the view that the apparently radical reforms of Hezekiah were extensive or permanent, and Jer. xxvi. 17-19 (which suggests that Micah had a greater influence than Isaiah) throws another light upon the conditions during his reign. Hezekiah was succeeded by his son MANASSEH (q.v.).

See further W. R. Smith, _Prophets_, 359-364, and HEBREW RELIGION.
According to PROV. xxv. 1, Hezekiah was a patron of literature (see
PROVERBS). The hymn which is ascribed to the king (Isa. xxxviii. 9-20,
wanting in 2 Kings) is of post-exilic origin (see Cheyne, _Introd. to
Isaiah_, 222 sq.), but is further proof of the manner in which the
Judaean king was idealized in subsequent ages, partly, perhaps, in the
belief that the deliverance of Jerusalem was the reward for his piety.
For special discussions, see Stade, _Zeits. d. alttest. Wissenschaft_,
1886, pp. 173 sqq.; Winckler, _Alttest. Untersuch_., 26 sqq.;
Schrader, _Cuneiform Inscr. and Old Test_. (on 2 Kings, _l.c_.);
Driver, _Isaiah, his Life and Times_, pp. 43-83; A. Jeremias, _Alte
Test_. 304-310; Nagel, _Zug d. Sanherib gegen Jerus_. (Leipzig, 1903,
conservative); and especially Prasek, Sanherib's "Feldzuge gegen Juda"
(_Mitteil. d. Vorderasiat. Gesell_., 1903, pp. 113-158), K. Fullerton,
_Bibliotheca sacra_, 1906, pp. 577-634, A. Alt, _Israel u. Agypten_
(Leipzig, 1909); also the bibliography to ISAIAH. (S. A. C.)

FOOTNOTES:

[1] See W. R. Smith, Prophets of Israel,[2] 415 sqq.; O. C.
Whitehouse, _Isaiah_, pp. 20 sqq., 372; J. Skinner, _Kings_, p. 43
seq.; T. K. Cheyne, _Ency. Bib._ col. 2058, n. 1, and references.

[2] The chief dates are: 720, defeat of a coalition (Hamath, Gaza and
Musri) at Karkar in north Syria and Raphia (S. Palestine); 715, a
rising of Musri and Arabian tribes; 713-711, revolt and capture of
Ashdod (cp. Is. xx.). That Judah was invaded on this latter occasion
is not improbable.

[3] Meluhha is held by many critics to be N.W. Arabia; the
identification of Musri is uncertain, see below.