Chapter III: Part 3

+--------+-------+------+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+
| | SiO2 | TiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | FeO | MgO | CaO | Na2O | K2O |
+--------+-------+------+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+
| I.[1]| 52.70 | 1.71 | 15.07 | 8.41 | ... | 7.23 | 5.33 | 3.12 | 4.81 |
| II. | 52.12 | 1.20 | 13.52 | 2.56 | 4.53 | 6.36 | 5.78 | 2.34 | 5.36 |
| III. | 45.15 | ... | 15.39 | 2.76 | 5.64 | 6.38 | 8.83 | 2.67 | 2.77 |
| IV. | 54.67 | ... | 12.68 | 11.68 | 2.13 | 6.11 | 4.96 | 3.85 | 3.65 |
| V. | 41.96 | 4.15 | 15.36 | 3.27 | 9.89 | 5.01 | 9.47 | 5.15 | 0.19 |
| VI. | 43.74 | 2.80 | 14.82 | 2.40 | 7.52 | 6.98 |10.81 | 3.06 | 2.90 |
| VII. | 29.25 | 2.54 | 8.80 | 3.92 | 5.42 |17.66 |17.86 | 0.77 | 2.45 |
+--------+-------+------+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+

In addition to the oxides given these rocks contain small quantities
of water (combined and hygroscopic), CO2, S, MnO, P2O5, Ca2O3, &c.
(J. S. F.)

FOOTNOTE:

[1] I. Minette (Weiler, Alsace). II. Kersantite (Neubrunn,
Thuringia). III. Vogesite (Castle Mountain, Montana). IV. Spessartite
(Waldmichael, Spessart). V. Camptonite (Campton Falls). VI.
Monchiquite (Ria do Ouro, Serra de Tingua). VII. Alnöite (Alnö,
Sweden).

LAMPSACUS, an ancient Greek colony in Mysia, Asia Minor, known as Pityusa or Pityussa before its colonization by Ionian Greeks from Phocaea and Miletus, was situated on the Hellespont, opposite Callipolis (Gallipoli) in Thrace. It possessed a good harbour; and the neighbourhood was famous for its wine, so that, having fallen into the hands of the Persians during the Ionian revolt, it was assigned by Artaxerxes I. to Themistocles to provide him with wine, as Percote did with meat and Magnesia with bread. After the battle of Mycale (479 B.C.), Lampsacus joined the Athenians, but, having revolted from them in 411, was reduced by force. It was defended in 196 B.C. against Antiochus the Great of Syria, after which its inhabitants were received as allies of Rome. Lampsacus was the chief seat of the worship of Priapus, a gross nature-god closely connected with the culture of the vine. The ancient name is preserved in that of the modern village of Lapsaki, but the Greek town possibly lay at Chardak immediately opposite Gallipoli.

See A. L. Castellan, _Lettres sur la Morée, l'Hellespont, &c._ (Paris,
1820); Choiseul Gouffier, _Voyage pittoresque dans l'empire ottoman_
(1842).

LAMPSTAND, a pillar, tripod or figure extending to the floor for supporting or holding a lamp. The lampstand (_lampadère_) is probably of French origin; it appears to have been in use in France before the end of the 17th century.

LANARK, a royal, municipal and police burgh, and county town of Lanarkshire, Scotland, standing on high ground about half a mile from the right bank of the Clyde, 31 m. S.E. of Glasgow by the Caledonian railway. Pop. (1901) 6440. It is a favourite holiday resort, being the point from which the falls of the Clyde are usually visited. The principal buildings are the town hall, the county buildings, the assembly rooms, occupying the site of an old Franciscan monastery, three hospitals, a convalescent home, the Smyllum orphanage and the Queen Victoria Jubilee fountain. The industries include cotton-spinning, weaving, nail-making and oilworks, and there are frequent markets for cattle and sheep. Lanark is a place of considerable antiquity. Kenneth II. held a parliament here in 978, and it was sometimes the residence of the Scottish kings, one of whom, William the Lion (d. 1214), granted it a charter. Several of the earlier exploits of William Wallace were achieved in the neighbourhood. He burned the town and slew the English sheriff William Hezelrig. About 1 m. N.W. are Cartland Craigs, where Mouse Water runs through a precipitous red sandstone ravine, the sides of which are about 400 ft. high. The stream is crossed by a bridge of single span, supposed to be Roman, and by a three-arched bridge, designed by Thomas Telford and erected in 1823. On the right bank, near this bridge, is the cave in which Wallace concealed himself after killing Hezelrig and which still bears his name. Lanark was the centre of much activity in the days of the Covenanters. William Lithgow (1582-1645), the traveller, William Smellie (1697-1763), the obstetrician and Gavin Hamilton (1730-1797), the painter, were born at Lanark. The town is one of the Falkirk district group of parliamentary burghs, the other constituents being Airdrie, Hamilton, Falkirk and Linlithgow.

New Lanark (pop. 795), 1 m. S., is famous in connexion with the socialist experiments of Robert Owen. The village was founded by David Dale (1739-1806) in 1785, with the support of Sir Richard Arkwright, inventor of the spinning-frame, who thought the spot might be made the Manchester of Scotland. In ten years four cotton mills were running, employing nearly 1400 hands. They were sold in 1799 to a Manchester company, who appointed Owen manager. In the same year he married Dale's daughter. For many years the mills were successfully conducted, but friction ultimately arose and Owen retired in 1828. The mills, however, are still carried on.

There are several interesting places near Lanark. Braxfield, on the
Clyde, gave the title of Lord Braxfield to Robert Macqueen
(1722-1799), who was born in the mansion and acquired on the bench the
character of the Scottish Jeffreys. Robert Baillie, the patriot who
was executed for conscience' sake (1684), belonged to Jerviswood, an
estate on the Mouse. Lee House, the home of the Lockharts, is 3 m.
N.W. The old castle was largely rebuilt in the 19th century. It
contains some fine tapestry and portraits, and the Lee Penny--familiar
to readers of Sir Walter Scott's _Talisman_--which was brought from
Palestine in the 14th century by the Crusading knight, Sir Simon
Lockhart. It is described as a cornelian encased in a silver coin.
Craignethan Castle on the Nethan, a left-hand tributary joining the
Clyde at Crossford, is said to be the original of the "Tillietudiem"
of Scott's _Old Mortality_.

LANARKSHIRE, a south-western county of Scotland, bounded N. by the shires of Dumbarton and Stirling, E. by Linlithgowshire, Mid-Lothian and Peeblesshire, S. by Dumfriesshire and W. by the counties of Ayr, Renfrew and Dumbarton. Its area is 879 sq. m. (562,821 acres). It may be described as embracing the valley of the Clyde; and, in addition to the gradual descent from the high land in the south, it is also characterized by a gentle slope towards both banks of the river. The shire is divided into three wards, the Upper, comprising all the southern section, or more than half the whole area (over 330,000 acres); the Middle, with Hamilton for its chief town, covering fully 190,000 acres; and the Lower, occupying the northern area of about 40,000 acres. The surface falls gradually from the uplands in the south to the Firth of Clyde. The highest hills are nearly all on or close to the borders of Peeblesshire and Dumfriesshire, and include Culter Fell (2454 ft.) and Lowther Hill (2377). The loftiest heights exclusively belonging to Lanarkshire are Green Lowther (2403), Tinto (2335), Ballencleuch Law (2267), Rodger Law (2257), Dun Law (2216), Shiel Dod (2190), Dungrain Law (2186) and Comb Law (2107). The principal rivers are the Clyde and its head waters and affluents (on the right, the Medwin, Mouse, South Calder, North Calder and Kelvin; on the left, the Douglas, Nethan, Avon, Rotten Calder and Cart). There are no lochs of considerable size, the few sheets of water in the north--Woodend Reservoir, Bishop Loch, Hogganfield Loch, Woodend Loch, Lochend Loch--mainly feeding the Monkland and the Forth and Clyde Canals. The most famous natural features are the Falls of Clyde at Bonnington, Corra, Dundaff and Stonebyres.

_Geology._--The southern upland portion is built up of Silurian and
Ordovician rocks; the northern lower-lying tracts are formed of
Carboniferous and Old Red Sandstone rocks. Ordovician strata cross the
county from S.W. to N.E. in a belt 5-7 m. in breadth which is brought
up by a fault against the Old Red and the Silurian on the northern
side. This fault runs by Lamington, Roberton and Crawfordjohn. The
Ordovician rocks lie in a synclinal fold with beds of Caradoc age in
the centre flanked by graptolitic shales, grits and conglomerates,
including among the last-named the local "Haggis-rock"; the well-known
lead mines of Leadhills are worked in these formations. Silurian
shales and sandstones, &c., extend south of the Ordovician belt to the
county boundary; and again, on the northern side of the Ordovician
belt two small tracts appear through the Old Red Sandstone on the
crests of anticlinal folds. The Old Red Sandstone covers an irregular
tract north of the Ordovician belt; a lower division consisting of
sandstone, conglomerates and mud-stones is the most extensively
developed; above this is found a series of contemporaneous porphyrites
and melaphyres, conformable upon the lower division in the west of the
county but are not so in the east. An upper series of sandstones and
grits is seen for a short distance west of Lamington. Lanark stands on
the Old Red Sandstone and the Falls of Clyde occur in the same rocks.
Economically the most important geological feature is the coal basin
of the Glasgow district. The axis of this basin lies in a N.E.-S.W.
direction; in the central part, including Glasgow, Airdrie,
Motherwell, Wishaw, Carluke, lie the coal-measures, consisting of
sandstones, shales, marls and fireclays with seams of coal and
ironstone. There are eleven beds of workable coal, the more important
seams being the Ell, Main, Splint, Pyotshaw and Virtuewell. Underlying
the coal-measures is the Millstone Grit seen on the northern side
between Glenboig and Hogganfield--here the fireclays of Garnkirk,
Gartcosh and Glenboig are worked--and on the south and south-east of
the coal-measures, but not on the western side, because it is there
cut out by a fault. Beneath the last-named formation comes the
Carboniferous Limestone series with thin coals and ironstones, and
again beneath this is the Calciferous Sandstone series which in the
south-east consists of sandstones, shales, &c., but in the west the
greater part of the series is composed of interbedded volcanic
rocks--porphyrites and melaphyres. It will be observed that in general
the younger formations lie nearer the centre of the basin and the
older ones crop out around them. Besides the volcanic rocks mentioned
there are intrusive basalts in the Carboniferous rocks like that in
the neighbourhood of Shotts, and the smaller masses at Hogganfield
near Glasgow and elsewhere. Volcanic necks are found in the Carluke
and Kilcadzow districts, marking the vents of former volcanoes and
several dikes of Tertiary age traverse the older rocks. An intrusion
of pink felsite in early Old Red times has been the cause of Tinto
Hill. Evidences of the Glacial period are abundant in the form of
kames and other deposits of gravel, sand and boulder clay. The ice in
flowing northward and southward from the higher ground took an
easterly direction when it reached the lower ground. In the lower
reaches of the Clyde the remains of old beaches at 25, 50 and 100 ft.
above the present sea-level are to be observed.

_Climate and Agriculture._--The rainfall averages 42 in. annually,
being higher in the hill country and lower towards the north. The
temperature for the year averages 48° F., for January 38° and for July
59°. The area under grain has shown a downward tendency since 1880.
Oats is the principal crop, but barley and wheat are also grown.
Potatoes and turnips are raised on a large scale. In the Lower Ward
market-gardening has increased considerably, and the quantity of
vegetables, grapes and tomatoes reared under glass has reached great
proportions. An ancient industry in the vale of the Clyde for many
miles below Lanark is the cultivation of fruit, several of the
orchards being said to date from the time of Bede. The apples and
pears are of good repute. There has been a remarkable extension in the
culture of strawberries, hundreds of acres being laid down in beds.
The sheep walks in the upper and middle wards are heavily stocked and
the herds of cattle are extensive, the favoured breeds being Ayrshire
and a cross between this and "improved Lanark." Dairy-farming
flourishes, the cheeses of Carnwath and Lesmahagow being in steady
demand. Clydesdale draught-horses are of high class. They are supposed
to have been bred from Flanders horses imported early in the 18th
century by the 5th duke of Hamilton. Most of the horses are kept for
agricultural work, but a considerable number of unbroken horses and
mares are maintained for stock. Pigs are numerous, being extensively
reared by the miners. The largest farms are situated in the Upper
Ward, but the general holding runs from 50 to 100 acres. More than
21,000 acres are under wood.

_Other Industries._--The leading industries are those in connexion
with the rich and extensive coal and iron field to the east and
southeast of Glasgow; the shipbuilding at Govan and Partick and in
Glasgow harbour; the textiles at Airdrie, Blantyre, Hamilton, Lanark,
New Lanark, Rutherglen and Glasgow; engineering at Cambuslang,
Carluke, Coatbridge, Kinning Park, Motherwell and Wishaw, and the
varied and flourishing manufactures centred in and around Glasgow.

_Communications._--In the north of the county, where population is
most dense and the mineral field exceptionally rich, railway
facilities are highly developed, there being for 10 or 12 m. around
Glasgow quite a network of lines. The Caledonian Railway Company's
main line to the south runs through the whole length of the shire,
sending off branches at several points, especially at Carstairs
Junction. The North British Railway Company serves various towns in
the lower and middle wards and its lines to Edinburgh cross the
northwestern corner and the north of the county. Only in the immediate
neighbourhood of Glasgow does the Glasgow and South Western system
compete for Lanarkshire traffic, though it combines with the
Caledonian to work the Mid-Lanarkshire and Ayrshire railway. The
Monkland Canal in the far north and the Forth and Clyde Canal in the
north and north-west carry a considerable amount of goods, and before
the days of railways afforded one of the principal means of
communication between east and west.

_Population and Administration._--The population amounted in 1891 to
1,105,899 and in 1901 to 1,339,327, or 1523 persons to the sq. m. Thus
though only tenth in point of extent, it is much the most populous
county in Scotland, containing within its bounds nearly one-third of
the population of the country. In 1901 there were 104 persons speaking
Gaelic only, and 26,905 speaking Gaelic and English. The chief towns,
with populations in 1901, apart from Glasgow, are Airdrie (22,288),
Cambuslang (12,252), Coatbridge (36,991), Govan (82,174), Hamilton
(32,775), Kinning Park (13,852), Larkhall (11,879), Motherwell
(30,418), Partick (54,298), Rutherglen (17,220), Shettleston (12,154),
Wishaw (20,873). Among smaller towns are Bellshill, Carluke, Holytown,
Lanark, Stonefield, Tollcross and Uddingston; and Lesmahagow and East
Kilbride are populous villages and mining centres. The county is
divided into six parliamentary divisions:--North-east, North-west, Mid
and South Lanark, Govan and Partick each returning one member. The
royal burghs are Glasgow, Lanark and Rutherglen; the municipal and
police burghs Airdrie, Biggar, Coatbridge, Glasgow, Govan, Hamilton,
Kinning Park, Lanark, Motherwell, Partick, Rutherglen and Wishaw.
Glasgow returns seven members to Parliament; Airdrie, Hamilton and
Lanark belong to the Falkirk group and Rutherglen to the Kilmarnock
group of parliamentary burghs. Lanarkshire is a sheriffdom, whose
sheriff-principal is confined to his judicial duties in the county,
and he has eight substitutes, five of whom sit constantly in Glasgow,
and one each at Airdrie, Hamilton and Lanark. The shire is under
school-board jurisdiction, many schools earning grants for higher
education. For advanced education, besides the university and many
other institutions in Glasgow there are a high school in Hamilton, and
technical schools at Coatbridge and Wishaw. The county council expends
the "residue" grant in supporting lectures and classes in agriculture
and agricultural chemistry, mining, dairying, cookery, laundry work,
nursery and poultry-keeping, in paying fees and railway fares and
providing bursaries for technical students, and in subsidizing science
and art and technical classes in day and evening schools. A director
of technical education is maintained by the council. Lanark,
Motherwell and Biggar entrust their shares of the grant to the county
council, and Coatbridge and Airdrie themselves subsidize science and
art and evening classes and continuation schools.

_History._--At an early period Lanarkshire was inhabited by a Celtic tribe, the Damnonii, whose territory was divided by the wall of Antoninus between the Forth and Clyde (remains of which are found in the parish of Cadder), but who were never wholly subjugated by the Romans. Traces of their fortifications, mounds and circles exist, while stone axes, bronze celts, querns and urns belonging to their age are occasionally unearthed. Of the Romans there are traces in the camp on Beattock summit near Elvanfoot, in the fine bridge over the Mouse near Lanark, in the road to the south of Strathaven, in the wall already mentioned and in the coins and other relics that have been dug up. After their departure the country which included Lanarkshire formed part of the kingdom of Strathclyde, which, in the 7th century, was subdued by Northumbrian Saxons, when great numbers of the Celts migrated into Wales. The county once embraced a portion of Renfrewshire, but this was disjoined in the time of Robert III. The shire was then divided into two wards, the Over (with Lanark as its chief town) and the Nether (with Rutherglen as its capital). The present division into three wards was not effected till the 18th century. Independently of Glasgow, Lanarkshire has not borne any part continuously in the general history of Scotland, but has been the scene of several exciting episodes. Many of Wallace's daring deeds were performed in the county, Queen Mary met her fate at Langside (1568) and the Covenanters received constant support from the people, defeating Claverhouse at Drumclog (1679), but suffering defeat themselves at Bothwell Brig (1679).

See W. Hamilton, _Description of the Sheriffdoms of Lanark and
Renfrew_, Maitland Club (1831); C. V. Irving and A. Murray, _The Upper
Ward of Lanarkshire_ (Glasgow, 1864); _The Clydesdale Stud Book_
(Glasgow); W. A. Cowan, _History of Lanark_ (Lanark, 1867); _Extracts
from the Records of the Burgh of Lanark_ (Glasgow, 1893).

LANCASHIRE, a north-western county of England, bounded N.E. by Westmorland, E. by Yorkshire, S. by Cheshire, W. by the Irish Sea and N.W. by Cumberland. The area is 1880.2 sq. m., the county being the sixth in size in England. The coast is generally flat, and broken by great inlets, with wide expanses of sandy foreshore at low tide. The chief inlets, from N. to S., are--the estuary of the river Duddon, which, with the river itself, separates the county from Cumberland; Morecambe Bay; and the estuaries of the Ribble and the Mersey. Morecambe Bay receives the rivers Crake and Leven in a common estuary, and the Kent from Westmorland; while the Lune and the Wyre discharge into Lancaster Bay, which is only partially separated from Morecambe Bay by the promontory of Red Nab. Morecambe Bay also detaches from the rest of the county the district of Furness (q.v.), extending westward to the Duddon, and having off its coast the island of Walney, 8 m. in length, and several small isles within the strait between Walney and the mainland. The principal seaside resorts and watering-places, from S. to N., are Southport, Lytham, St Anne's-on-the-Sea, Blackpool, Fleetwood and Morecambe; while at the head of Morecambe Bay are several pleasant villages frequented by visitors, such as Arnside and Grange. Of the rivers the Mersey (q.v.), separating the county from Cheshire, is the principal, and receives from Lancashire the Irwell, Sankey and other small streams. The Ribble, which rises in the mountains of the West Riding of Yorkshire, forms for a few miles the boundary with that county, and then flows S.W. to Preston, receiving the Hodder from the N. and the Calder and Darwen from the S. Lancashire has a share in two of the English districts most famous for their scenery, but does not include the finest part of either. Furness, entirely hilly except for a narrow coastal tract, extends N. to include the southern part of the Lake District (q.v.); it contains Coniston Lake and borders Windermere, which are drained respectively by the Leven and Crake, with some smaller lakes and such mountains as the Old Man and Wetherlam. Another elevated district, forming part of a mountainous chain stretching from the Scottish border, covered by the name of Pennine uplands in its broader application, runs along the whole eastern boundary of the main portion of the county, and to the south of the Ribble occupies more than half the area, stretching west nearly to Liverpool. The moorlands in the southern district are generally bleak and covered with heather. Towards the north the scenery is frequently beautiful, the green rounded elevated ridges being separated by pleasant cultivated valleys variegated by woods and watered by rivers. None of the summits of the range within Lancashire attains an elevation of 2000 ft., the highest being Blackstone Edge (1523 ft.), Pendle Hill (1831 ft.) and Boulsworth Hill (1700 ft.).

Along the sea-coast from the Mersey to Lancaster there is a continuous plain formerly occupied by peat mosses, many of which have been reclaimed. The largest is Chat Moss between Liverpool and Manchester. In some instances these mosses have exhibited the phenomenon of a moving bog. A large district in the north belonging to the duchy of Lancaster was at one time occupied by forests, but these have wholly disappeared, though their existence is recalled in nomenclature, as in the Forest of Rossendale, near the Yorkshire boundary somewhat south of the centre.

_Geology._--The greater part of Lancashire, the central and eastern
portions, is occupied by Carboniferous rocks; a broad belt of Triassic
strata fringes the west and south; while most of the detached northern
portion is made up of Silurian and Ordovician formations. The
Carboniferous system includes the great coal-field in which are
gathered all the principal manufacturing towns, Colne, Burnley,
Blackburn, Chorley, Wigan, Bolton, Preston, Oldham, Rochdale and
Manchester. In the centre of the coal-field is an elevated moorland
tract formed of the grits and shales of the Millstone Grit series.
Part of the small coal-field of Ingleton also lies within the county.
Between these two coal basins there is a moderately hilly district in
which grits and black shales predominate, with a broad tract of
limestone and shales which are well exposed in the quarries at
Clitheroe and at Longridge, Chipping, Whalley and Downham. The
limestone again appears in the north at Bolton-le-Sands,
Burton-in-Kendall, Grange, Ulverston and Dalton-in-Furness. Large
pockets of rich iron ore are worked in the limestone in the Furness
district. The belt of Trias includes the Bunter sandstone and
conglomerate, which ranges from Barrow-in-Furness, through Garstang,
Preston, Ormskirk, Liverpool, Warrington and Salford; and Keuper
marls, which underlie the surface between the Bunter outcrop and the
sea. On the coast there is a considerable development of blown sand
between Blackpool and Lytham and between Southport and Seaforth. North
of Broughton-in-Furness, Ulverston and Cartmel are the Silurian rocks
around Lakes Windermere and Coniston Water, including the Coniston
grits and flags and the Brathay flags. These rocks are bounded by the
Ordovician Coniston limestone, ranging north-east and south-west, and
the volcanic series of Borrowdale. A good deal of the solid geology is
obscured in many places by glacial drift, boulder clay and sands.

The available coal supply of Lancashire has been estimated at about
five thousand millions of tons. In 1852 the amount raised was
8,225,000 tons; in 1899 it was 24,387,475 tons. In the production of
coal Lancashire vies with Yorkshire, but each is about one-third below
Durham. There are also raised in large quantities--fireclay,
limestone, sandstone, slate and salt, which is also obtained from
brine. The red hematitic iron obtained in the Furness district is very
valuable, but is liable to decrease. The district also produces a fine
blue slate. Metals, excepting iron, are unimportant.

_Climate and Agriculture._--The climate in the hilly districts is
frequently cold, but in the more sheltered parts lying to the south
and west it is mild and genial. From its westerly situation and the
attraction of the hills there is a high rainfall in the hilly
districts (e.g. at Bolton the average is 58.71 in.), while the average
for the other districts is about 35. The soil after reclamation and
drainage is fertile; but, as it is for the most part a strong clayey
loam it requires a large amount of labour. In some districts it is
more of a peaty nature, and in the Old Red Sandstone districts of the
Mersey there is a tract of light sandy loam, easily worked, and well
adapted for wheat and potatoes. In many districts the ground has been
rendered unfit for agricultural operations by the rubbish from
coal-pits. A low proportion (about seven-tenths) of the total area is
under cultivation, and of this nearly three-fourths is in permanent
pasture, cows being largely kept for the supply of milk to the towns,
while in the uplands many sheep are reared. In addition to the
cultivated area, about 92,000 acres are under hill pasturage. A
gradual increase is noticeable in the acreage under oats, which occupy
more than seven-tenths of the area under grain crops, and in that
under wheat, to the exclusion of the cultivation of barley. Of green
crops the potato is the chief.

_Industries and Trade._--South Lancashire is the principal seat of the cotton manufacture in the world, the trade centring upon Manchester, Oldham and the neighbouring densely populated district. It employs upwards of 400,000 operatives. The worsted, woollen and silk manufactures, flax, hemp and jute industries, though of less importance, employ considerable numbers. Non-textile factories employ about 385,000 hands. The manufacture of machines, appliances, conveyances, tools, &c., are very important, especially in supplying the needs of the immense weaving and spinning industries. For the same purpose there is a large branch of industry in the manufacture of bobbins from the wood grown in the northern districts of the county. Of industries principally confined to certain definite centres there may be mentioned--the manufacture of iron and steel at Barrow-in-Furness, a town of remarkably rapid growth since the middle of the 19th century; the great glass works at St Helens; the watch-making works at Prescot and the leather works at Warrington. Printing, bleaching and dyeing works, paper and chemical works, india-rubber and tobacco manufactures are among the chief of the other resources of this great industrial region. Besides the port of Liverpool, of worldwide importance, the principal ports are Manchester, brought into communication with the sea by the Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894, Barrow-in-Furness and Fleetwood, while Preston and Lancaster have docks and a considerable shipping trade by the rivers Lune and Ribble respectively. The sea fisheries, for which Fleetwood and Liverpool are the chief ports, are of considerable value.

_Communications._--Apart from the Manchester Ship Canal, canal-traffic
plays an important part in the industrial region. In 1760 the Sankey
canal, 10 m. long, the first canal opened in Britain (apart from very
early works), was constructed to carry coal from St Helens to
Liverpool. Shortly afterwards the duke of Bridgewater projected the
great canal from Manchester across the Irwell to Worsley, completed in
1761 and bearing the name of its originator. The Leeds and Liverpool
canal, begun in 1770, connects Liverpool and other important towns
with Leeds by a circuitous route of 130 m. The other principal canals
are the Rochdale, the Manchester (to Huddersfield) and the Lancaster,
connecting Preston and Kendal. A short canal connects Ulverston with
Morecambe Bay. A network of railways covers the industrial region. The
main line of the London and North Western railway enters the county at
Warrington, and runs north through Wigan, Preston, Lancaster and
Carnforth. It also serves Liverpool and Manchester, providing the
shortest route to each of these cities from London, and shares with
the Lancashire and Yorkshire company joint lines to Southport, to
Blackpool and to Fleetwood, whence there is regular steamship
communication with Belfast. The Lancashire and Yorkshire line serves
practically all the important centres as far north as Preston and
Fleetwood. All the northern trunk lines from London have services to
Manchester and Liverpool. The Cheshire Lines system, worked by a
committee of the Great Northern, Great Central and Midland companies,
links their systems with the South Lancashire district generally, and
maintains lines between Liverpool and Manchester, both these cities
with Southport, and numerous branches. Branches of the Midland railway
from its main line in Yorkshire serve Lancaster, Morecambe, and
Heysham and Carnforth, where connexion is made with the Furness
railway to Ulverston, Barrow, Lake Side, Coniston, &c.

_Population and Administration._--The area of the ancient county is 1,203,365 acres. Its population in 1801 was 673,486; in 1891, 3,926,760; and in 1901, 4,406,409. The area of the administrative county is 1,196,753 acres. The distribution of the industrial population may be best appreciated by showing the parliamentary divisions, parliamentary, county and municipal boroughs and urban districts as placed among the four divisions of the ancient county. In the case of urban districts the name of the great town to which each is near or adjacent follows where necessary. The figures show population in 1901.

NORTHERN DIVISION.--This embraces almost all the county N. of the
Ribble, including Furness, and a small area S. of the Ribble estuary.
It is considerably the largest of the divisions. _Parliamentary
divisions_, from N. to S.--North Lonsdale, Lancaster, Blackpool,
Chorley. _Parliamentary, county and municipal
boroughs_--Barrow-in-Furness (57,586; one member); Preston (112,989;
two members). _Municipal boroughs_--Blackpool (county borough;
47,348), Chorley (26,852), Lancaster (40,329; county town), Morecambe
(11,798). _Urban districts_--Adlington (4523; Chorley),
Bispham-with-Norbreck (Blackpool), Carnforth (3040; Lancaster),
Croston (2102; Chorley), Dalton-in-Furness (13,020), Fleetwood
(12,082), Fulwood (5238; Preston), Grange (1993), Heysham (3381;
Morecambe), Kirkham (3693; Preston), Leyland (6865; Chorley),
Longridge (4304; Preston), Lytham (7185), Poulon-le-Fylde (2223;
Blackpool). Preesall-with-Hackinsall (1423; Fleetwood), St
Anne's-on-the-Sea (6838, a watering-place between Blackpool and
Lytham), Thornton (3108; Fleetwood), Ulverston (10,064, in Furness),
Withnell (3349; Chorley).

NORTH-EASTERN-DIVISION.--This lies E. of Preston, and is the smallest
of the four. _Parliamentary divisions_--Accrington, Clitheroe, Darwen,
Rossendale. _Parliamentary, county and municipal boroughs_--Blackburn
(127,626; two members); Burnley (97,043; one member). _Municipal
boroughs_--Accrington (43,122), Bacup (22,505), Clitheroe (11,414),
Colne (23,000), Darwen (38,212), Haslingden (18,543, extending into
South-Eastern division), Nelson (32,816), Rawtenstall (31,053). _Urban
districts_--Barrowford (4959; Colne), Brierfield (7288; Burnley),
Church (6463; Accrington), Clayton-le-Moors (8153; Accrington), Great
Harwood (12,015; Blackburn), Oswaldtwistle (14,192; Blackburn),
Padiham (12,205; Burnley), Rishton (7031; Blackburn), Trawden (2641;
Colne), Walton-le-Dale (11,271; Preston).

SOUTH-WESTERN DIVISION.--This division represents roughly a quadrant
with radius of 20 m. drawn from Liverpool. _Parliamentary
divisions_--Bootle, Ince, Leigh, Newton, Ormskirk, Southport, Widnes.
_Parliamentary boroughs_--the city and county and municipal borough of
Liverpool (684,958; nine members); the county and municipal boroughs
of St Helens (84,410; one member); Wigan (60,764; one member),
Warrington (64,242; a part only of the parliamentary borough is in
this county). _Municipal boroughs_--Bootle (58,566), Leigh (40,001),
Southport (county borough; 48,083), Widnes (28,580). _Urban
districts_--Abram (6306; Wigan), Allerton (1101; Liverpool),
Ashton-in-Makerfield (18,687), Atherton (16,211), Billinge (4232;
Wigan), Birkdale (14,197; Southport), Childwall (219; Liverpool),
Formby (6060), Golborne (6789; St Helens), Great Crosby (7555;
Liverpool), Haydock (8575; St Helens), Hindley (23,504; Wigan),
Huyton-with-Roby (4661; St Helens), Ince-in-Makerfield (21,262),
Lathom-and-Burscough (7113; Ormskirk), Litherland (10,592; Liverpool),
Little Crosby (563; Liverpool), Little Woolton (1091; Liverpool), Much
Woolton (4731; Liverpool), Newton-in-Makerfield (16,699), Ormskirk
(6857), Orrell (5436; Wigan), Prescot (7855; St Helens), Rainford
(3359; St Helens), Skelmersdale (5699; Ormskirk),
Standish-with-Langtree (6303; Wigan), Tyldesley-with-Shakerley
(14,843), Upholland (4773; Wigan), Waterloo-with-Seaforth (23,102;
Liverpool).

SOUTH-EASTERN DIVISION.--This is of about the same area as the
South-Western division, and it constitutes the heart of the industrial
region. _Parliamentary divisions_--Eccles, Gorton, Heywood, Middleton,
Prestwich, Radcliffe-cum-Farnworth, Stretford, Westhoughton.
_Parliamentary boroughs_--the city and county of a city of Manchester
(543,872; six members); with which should be correlated the adjoining
county and municipal borough of Salford (220,957; three members), also
the county and municipal boroughs of Bolton (168,215; two members),
Bury (58,029; one member), Rochdale (83,114; one member), Oldham
(137,246; two members), and the municipal borough of Ashton-under-Lyne
(43,890). Part only of the last parliamentary borough is within the
county, and this division also contains part of the parliamentary
boroughs of Stalybridge and Stockport. _Municipal boroughs_--Eccles
(34,369), Heywood (25,458), Middleton (25,178), Mossley (13,452).
_Urban districts_--Aspull (8388; Wigan), Audenshaw (7216;
Ashton-under-Lyne), Blackrod (3875; Wigan), Chadderton (24,892;
Oldham), Crompton (13,427; Oldham), Denton (14,934;
Ashton-under-Lyne), Droylsden (11,087; Manchester), Failsworth
(14,152; Manchester), Farnworth (25,925; Bolton), Gorton (26,564;
Manchester), Heaton Norris (9474; Stockport). Horwich (15,084;
Bolton), Hurst (7145; Ashton-under-Lyne), Irlam (4335; Eccles),
Kearsley (9218; Bolton), Lees (3621; Oldham), Levenshulme (11,485;
Manchester), Littleborough (11,166; Rochdale), Little Hulton (7294;
Bolton), Little Lever (5119; Bolton), Milnrow (8241; Rochdale), Norden
(3907; Rochdale), Prestwich (12,839; Manchester), Radcliffe (25,368;
Bury), Ramsbottom (15,920; Bury), Royton (14,881; Oldham), Stretford
(30,436; Manchester), Swinton-and-Pendlebury (27,005; Manchester),
Tottington (6118; Bury), Turton (12,355; Bolton), Urmston (6594;
Manchester), Wardle (4427; Rochdale), Westhoughton (14,377; Bolton),
Whitefield or Stand (6588; Bury), Whitworth (9578; Rochdale), Worsley
(12,462; Eccles).

Lancashire is one of the counties palatine. It is attached to the duchy of Lancaster, a crown office, and retains the chancery court for the county palatine. The chancery of the duchy of Lancaster was once a court of appeal for the chancery of the county palatine, but now even its jurisdiction in regard to the estates of the duchy is merely nominal. The chancery of the county palatine has concurrent jurisdiction with the High Court of Chancery in all matters of equity within the county palatine, and independent jurisdiction in regard to a variety of other matters. The county palatine comprises six hundreds.

Lancashire is in the northern circuit, and assizes are held at
Lancaster for the north, and at Liverpool and Manchester for the south
of the county. There is one court of quarter sessions, and the county
is divided into 33 petty sessional divisions. The boroughs of
Blackburn, Bolton, Burnley, Liverpool, Manchester, Oldham, Salford and
Wigan have separate commissions of the peace and courts of quarter
sessions; and those of Accrington, Ashton-under-Lyne,
Barrow-in-Furness, Blackpool, Bolton, Bury, Clitheroe, Colne, Darwen,
Eccles, Heywood, Lancaster, Middleton, Mossley, Nelson, Preston,
Rochdale, St Helens, Southport and Warrington have separate
commissions of the peace only. There are 430 civil parishes.
Lancashire is mainly in the diocese of Manchester, but parts are in
those of Liverpool, Carlisle, Ripon, Chester and Wakefield. There are
787 ecclesiastical parishes or districts wholly or in part within the
county.

Manchester and Liverpool are each seats of a university and of other
important educational institutions. Within the bounds of the county
there are many denominational colleges, and near Clitheroe is the
famous Roman Catholic college of Stonyhurst. There is a day training
college for schoolmasters in connexion with University College,
Liverpool, and a day training college for both schoolmasters and
schoolmistresses in connexion with Owens College, Manchester. At
Edgehill, Liverpool, there is a residential training college for
schoolmistresses which takes day pupils, at Liverpool a residential
Roman Catholic training college for schoolmasters, and at Warrington a
residential training college (Chester, Manchester and Liverpool
diocesan) for schoolmistresses.

_History._--The district afterwards known as Lancashire was after the departure of the Romans for many years apparently little better than a waste. It was not until the victory of Æthelfrith, king of Deira, near Chester in 613 cut off the Britons of Wales from those of Lancashire and Cumberland that even Lancashire south of the Ribble was conquered. The part north of the Ribble was not absorbed in the Northumbrian kingdom till the reign of Ecgfrith (670-685). Of the details of this long struggle we know nothing, but to the stubborn resistance made by the British leaders are due the legends of Arthur; and of the twelve great battles he is supposed to have fought against the English, four are traditionally, though probably erroneously, said to have taken place on the river Douglas near Wigan. In the long struggle for supremacy between Mercia and Northumbria, the country between the Mersey and Ribble was sometimes under one, sometimes under the other kingdom. During the 9th century Lancashire was constantly invaded by the Danes, and after the peace of Wedmore (878) it was included in the Danish kingdom of Northumbria. The _A.S. Chronicle_ records the reconquest of the district between the Ribble and Mersey in 923 by the English king, when it appears to have been severed from the kingdom of Northumbria and united to Mercia, but the districts north of the Ribble now comprised in the county belonged to Northumbria until its incorporation with the kingdom of England. The names on the Lancashire coast ending in _by_, such as Crosby, Formby, Roby, Kirkby, Derby, show where the Danish settlements were thickest. William the Conqueror gave the lands between the Ribble and Mersey, and Amounderness to Roger de Poictou, but at the time of Domesday Book these had passed out of his hand and belonged to the king.

The name Lancashire does not appear in Domesday; the lands between the Ribble and Mersey were included in Cheshire and those north of the Ribble in Yorkshire. Roger de Poictou soon regained his lands, and Rufus added to his possessions the rest of Lonsdale south of the Sands, of which he already held a part; and as he had the Furness fells as well, he owned all that is now known as Lancashire. In 1102 he finally forfeited all his lands, which Henry I. held till, in 1118, he created the honour of Lancaster by incorporating with Roger's forfeited lands certain escheated manors in the counties of Nottingham, Derby and Lincoln, and certain royal manors, and bestowed it upon his nephew Stephen, afterwards king. During Stephen's reign the history of the honour presents certain difficulties, for David of Scotland held the lands north of the Ribble for a time, and in 1147 the earl of Chester held the district between the Ribble and Mersey. Henry II. gave the whole honour to William, Stephen's son, but in 1164 it came again into the king's hands until 1189, when Richard I. granted it to his brother John. In 1194, owing to John's rebellion, it was confiscated and the honour remained with the crown till 1267. In 1229, however, all the crown demesne between the Ribble and Mersey was granted to Ranulf, earl of Chester, and on his death in 1232 came to William Ferrers, earl of Derby, in right of his wife Agnes, sister and co-heir of Ranulf. The Ferrers held it till 1266, when it was confiscated owing to the earl's rebellion. In 1267 Henry III. granted the honour and county and all the royal demesne therein to his son Edmund, who was created earl of Lancaster. His son, Earl Thomas, married the heiress of Henry de Lacy, earl of Lincoln, and thus obtained the great estates belonging to the de Lacys in Lancashire. On the death of Henry, the first duke of Lancaster, in 1361, the estates, title and honour fell to John of Gaunt in right of his wife Blanche, the duke's elder daughter, and by the accession of Henry IV., John of Gaunt's only son, to the throne, the duchy and honour became merged in the crown.

The county of Lancaster is first mentioned in 1169 as contributing 100 marks to the Royal Exchequer for defaults and fines. The creation of the honour decided the boundaries, throwing into it Furness and Cartmel, which geographically belong to Westmorland; Lonsdale and Amounderness, which in Domesday had been surveyed under Yorkshire; and the land between the Ribble and Mersey. In Domesday this district south of the Ribble was divided into the six hundreds of West Derby, Newton, Warrington, Blackburn, Salford and Leyland, but before Henry II.'s reign the hundreds of Warrington and Newton were absorbed in that of West Derby. Neither Amounderness nor Lonsdale was called a hundred in Domesday, but soon after that time the former was treated as a hundred. Ecclesiastically the whole of the county originally belonged to the diocese of York, but after the reconquest of the district between the Ribble and Mersey in 923 this part was placed under the bishop of Lichfield in the archdeaconry of Chester, which was subdivided into the rural deaneries of Manchester, Warrington and Leyland. Up to 1541 the district north of the Ribble belonged to the archdeaconry of Richmond in the diocese of York, and was subdivided into the rural deaneries of Amounderness, Lonsdale and Coupland. In 1541 the diocese of Chester was created, including all Lancashire, which was divided into two archdeaconries: Chester, comprising the rural deaneries of Manchester, Warrington and Blackburn, and Richmond, comprising the deaneries of Amounderness, Furness, Lonsdale and Kendal. In 1847 the diocese of Manchester was created, which included all Lancashire except parts of West Derby, which still belonged to the diocese of Chester, and Furness and Cartmel, which were added to Carlisle in 1856. In 1878 by the creation of the diocese of Liverpool the south-eastern part of the county was subtracted from the Manchester diocese.

No shire court was ever held for the county, but as a duchy and county palatine it has its own special courts. It may have enjoyed palatine jurisdiction under Earl Morcar before the Conquest, but these privileges, if ever exercised, remained in abeyance till 1351, when Henry, duke of Lancaster, received power to have a chancery in the county of Lancaster and to issue writs therefrom under his own seal, as well touching pleas of the crown as any other relating to the common laws, and to have all _Jura Regalia_ belonging to a county palatine. In 1377 the county was erected into a palatinate for John of Gaunt's life, and in 1390 these rights of jurisdiction were extended and settled in perpetuity on the dukes of Lancaster. The county palatine courts consist of a chancery which dates back at least to 1376, a court of common pleas, the jurisdiction of which was transferred in 1873 by the Judicature Act to the high court of justice, and a court of criminal jurisdiction which in no way differs from the king's ordinary court. In 1407 the duchy court of Lancaster was created, in which all questions of revenue and dignities affecting the duchy possessions are settled. The chancery of the duchy has been for years practically obsolete. The duchy and county palatine each has its own seal. The office of chancellor of the duchy and county palatine dates back to 1351.

Lancashire is famed for the number of old and important county
families living within its borders. The most intimately connected with
the history of the county are the Stanleys, whose chief seat is
Knowsley Hall. Sir John Stanley early in the 15th century married the
heiress of Lathom and thus obtained possession of Lathom and Knowsley.
In 1456 the head of the family was created a peer by the title of
Baron Stanley and in 1485 raised to the earldom of Derby. The
Molyneuxes of Sephton and Croxteth are probably descended from William
de Molines, who came to England with William the Conqueror, and is on
the roll of Battle Abbey. Roger de Poictou gave him the manor of
Sephton, and Richard de Molyneux who held the estate under Henry II.
is undoubtedly an ancestor of the family. In 1628 Sir Richard Molyneux
was advanced to the peerage of Ireland by the title of Viscount
Maryborough, and in 1771 Charles, Lord Maryborough, became earl of
Sefton in the peerage of Ireland. His son was created a peer of the
United Kingdom as Baron Sefton of Croxteth. The Bootle Wilbrahams,
earls of Lathom, are, it is said, descended from John Botyll of
Melling, who was alive in 1421, and from the Wilbrahams of Cheshire,
who date back at least to Henry III.'s reign. In 1755 the two families
intermarried. In 1828 the title of Baron Skelmersdale was bestowed on
the head of the family and in 1880 that of earl of Lathorn. The
Gerards of Bryn are said to be descended from an old Tuscan family,
one of whom came to England in Edward the Confessor's time, and whose
son is mentioned in Domesday. Bryn came into this family by marriage
early in the 14th century. Sir Thomas Gerard was created a baronet by
James I. in 1611, and in 1876 a peerage was conferred on Sir Robert
Gerard. The Gerards of Ince were a collateral branch. The Lindsays,
earls of Crawford and Balcarres, are representative on the female side
of the Bradshaighs of Haigh Hall, who are said to be of Saxon origin.
Other great Lancashire families are the Hoghtons of Hoghton Tower,
dating back to the 12th century, the Blundells of Ince Blundell, who
are said to have held the manor since the 12th century, now
represented by the Weld-Blundells, the Tyldesleys of Tyldesley, now
extinct, and the Butlers of Bewsey, barons of Warrington, of whom the
last male heir died in 1586.

At the close of the 12th and during the 13th century there was a considerable advance in the importance of the towns; in 1199 Lancaster became a borough, in 1207 Liverpool, in 1230 Salford, in 1246 Wigan, and in 1301 Manchester. The Scottish wars were a great drain to the county, not only because the north part was subject to frequent invasions, as in 1322, but because some of the best blood was taken for these wars. In 1297 Lancashire raised 1000 men, and at the battle of Falkirk (1298) 1000 Lancashire soldiers were in the vanguard, led by Henry de Lacy, earl of Lincoln. In 1349 the county was visited by the Black Death and a record exists of its ravages in Amounderness. In ten parishes between September 1349 and January 1350, 13,180 persons perished. At Preston 3000 died, at Lancaster 3000, at Garstang 2000 and at Kirkham 3000. From the effects of this plague Lancashire was apparently slow to recover; its boroughs ceased to return members early in the 14th century and trade had not yet made any great advance. The drain of the Wars of the Roses on the county must also have been heavy, although none of the battles was fought within its borders; Lord Stanley's force of 5000 raised in Lancashire and Cheshire virtually decided the battle of Bosworth Field. The poverty of the county is shown by the fact that out of £40,000 granted in 1504 by parliament to the king, Lancashire's share was only £318. At the battle of Flodden (1513) the Lancashire archers led by Sir Edward Stanley almost totally destroyed the Highlanders on the right Scottish wing and greatly contributed to the victory. Under the Tudors the county prospered; the parliamentary boroughs once more began to return members, the towns increased in size, many halls were built by the gentry and trade increased.

In 1617 James I. visited Lancashire, and in consequence of a petition
presented to him at Hoghton, complaining of the restrictions imposed
upon Sunday amusements, he issued in 1618 the famous _Book of Sports_.
Another of James's works, the _Daemonologie_, is closely connected
with the gross superstitions concerning witches which were specially
prevalent in Lancashire. The great centre of this witchcraft was
Pendle Forest, in the parish of Whalley, and in 1612 twelve persons
from Pendle and eight from Samlesbury were tried for witchcraft, nine
of whom were hanged. In 1633 another batch of seventeen witches from
Pendle were tried and all sentenced to be executed, but the king
pardoned them. This was the last important case of witchcraft in
Lancashire.

In the assessment of ship money in 1636 the county was put down for £1000, towards which Wigan was to raise £50, Preston £40, Lancaster £30, and Liverpool £25, and these figures compared with the assessments of £140 on Hull and £200 on Leeds show the comparative unimportance of the Lancashire boroughs. On the eve of the Great Rebellion in 1641 parliament resolved to take command of the militia, and Lord Strange, Lord Derby's eldest son, was removed from the lord lieutenancy. On the whole, the county was Royalist, and the moving spirit among the Royalists was Lord Strange, who became Lord Derby in 1642. Manchester was the headquarters of the Parliamentarians, and was besieged by Lord Derby in September 1642 for seven days, but not taken. Lord Derby himself took up his headquarters at Warrington and garrisoned Wigan. At the opening of 1643 Sir Thomas Fairfax made Manchester his headquarters. Early in February the Parliamentarians from Manchester successfully assaulted Preston, which was strongly Royalist; thence the Parliamentarians marched to Hoghton Tower, which they took, and within a few days captured Lancaster. On the Royalist side Lord Derby made an unsuccessful attack on Bolton from Wigan. In March a large Spanish ship, laden with ammunition for the use of parliament, was driven by a storm on Rossall Point and seized by the Royalists; Lord Derby ordered the ship to be burned, but the parliament forces from Preston succeeded in carrying off some of the guns to Lancaster castle. In March Lord Derby captured the town of Lancaster but not the castle, and marching to Preston regained it for the king, but was repulsed in an attack on Bolton. In April Wigan, one of the chief Royalist strongholds in the county, was taken by the parliament forces, who also again captured Lancaster, and the guns from the Spanish ship were moved for use against Warrington, which was obliged to surrender in May after a week's siege. Lord Derby also failed in an attempt on Liverpool, and the tide of war had clearly turned against the Royalists in Lancashire. In June Lord Derby went to the Isle of Man, which was threatened by the king's enemies. Soon after, the Parliamentarians captured Hornby castle, and only two strongholds, Thurland castle and Lathom house, remained in Royalist hands. In the summer, after a seven weeks' siege by Colonel Alexander Rigby, Thurland castle surrendered and was demolished. In February 1644 the Parliamentarians, under Colonel Rigby, Colonel Ashton and Colonel Moore, besieged Lathom house, the one refuge left to the Royalists, which was bravely defended by Lord Derby's heroic wife, Charlotte de la Trémoille. The siege lasted nearly four months and was raised on the approach of Prince Rupert, who marched to Bolton and was joined on his arrival outside the town by Lord Derby. Bolton was carried by storm; Rupert ordered that no quarter should be given, and it is usually said at least 1500 of the garrison were slain. Prince Rupert advanced without delay to Liverpool, which was defended by Colonel Moore, and took it after a siege of three weeks. After the battle of Marston Moor Prince Rupert again appeared in Lancashire and small engagements took place at Ormskirk, Upholland and Preston; in November Liverpool surrendered to the Parliamentarians. Lathom house was again the only strong place in Lancashire left to the Royalists, and in December 1645 after a five months' siege it was compelled to surrender through lack of provisions, and was almost entirely destroyed. For the moment the war in Lancashire was over. In 1648, however, the Royalist forces under the duke of Hamilton and Sir Marmaduke Langdale marched through Lancaster to Preston, hoping to reach Manchester; but near Preston were defeated by Cromwell in person. The remnant retreated through Wigan towards Warrington, and after being again defeated at Winwick surrendered at Warrington. In 1651 Charles II. advanced through Lancaster, Preston and Chorley on his southward march, and Lord Derby after gathering forces was on his way to meet him when he was defeated at Wigan. In 1658, after Cromwell's death, a Royalist rebellion was raised in which Lancashire took a prominent part, but it was quickly suppressed. During the Rebellion of 1715 Manchester was the chief centre of Roman Catholic and High Church Toryism. On the 7th of November the Scottish army entered Lancaster, where the Pretender was proclaimed king, and advanced to Preston, at which place a considerable body of Roman Catholics joined it. The rebels remained at Preston a few days, apparently unaware of the advance of the government troops, until General Wills from Manchester and General Carpenter from Lancaster surrounded the town, and on the 13th of November the town and the rebel garrison surrendered. Several of the rebels were hanged at Preston, Wigan, Lancaster and other places. In 1745 Prince Charles Edward passed through the county and was joined by about 200 adherents, called the Manchester regiment and placed under the command of Colonel Townley, who was afterwards executed.